Journal articles on the topic 'Other Indigenous not elsewhere classified'
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1
Kouassi, Edmond Kwam. "Negotiation, Mediation and other Non-Juridical Ways of Managing Conflicts in Pre-Colonial West African Societies." International Negotiation 13, no. 2 (2008): 233–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157180608x320225.
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AbstractAfrican societies developed a wide range of conflict management, prevention, and termination methods as a basis for the negotiation of disputes well before the arrival of colonial rule. Many of these methods are similar to those practiced elsewhere, whereas others are indigenous to Africa.
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Waller, Michael, Rachel F. Buckley, Colin L. Masters, Francis R. Nona, Sandra J. Eades, and Annette J. Dobson. "Deaths with Dementia in Indigenous and Non-Indigenous Australians: A Nationwide Study." Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 81, no. 4 (June 15, 2021): 1589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jad-201175.
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Background: The prevalence of dementia is generally reported to be higher among Indigenous peoples. Objective: The rates and coding of dementia mortality were compared between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australians. Methods: De-identified individual records on causes of death for all people aged 40 years or more who died in Australia between 2006 and 2014 (n = 1,233,084) were used. There were 185,237 records with International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, codes for dementia (Alzheimer’s Disease, vascular dementia, or unspecified dementia) as the underlying cause of death or mentioned elsewhere on the death certificate. Death rates were compared using Poisson regression. Logistic regression was used to assess whether dementia was more likely to be classified as ‘unspecified’ type in Indigenous Australians. Results: The rates of death with dementia were 57% higher in Indigenous Australians, compared to non-Indigenous, relative rate (RR) 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) (1.48, 1.66), p < 0.0001. This excess of deaths was highest at ages below 75 (RRs > 2, test for interaction p < 0.0001), and among men (test for interaction p < 0.0001). When the underreporting of Indigenous status on the death certificate was taken into account the relative rate increased to 2.17, 95% CI (2.07, 2.29). Indigenous Australians were also more likely to have their dementia coded as ‘unspecified’ on their death certificate (Odds Ratio 1.92, 95% CI (1.66, 2.21), p < 0.0001), compared to the non-Indigenous group. Conclusion: This epidemiological analysis based on population level mortality data demonstrates the higher dementia-related mortality rate for Indigenous Australians especially at younger ages.
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Norget, Kristin. "Popes, Saints, Beato Bones and other Images at War." Postscripts: The Journal of Sacred Texts, Cultural Histories, and Contemporary Contexts 5, no. 3 (December 22, 2011): 337–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/post.v5i3.337.
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This article explores new political practices of the Roman Catholic Church by means of a close critical examination of the beatification of the Martyrs of Cajonos, two indigenous men from the Mexican village of San Francisco Cajonos, Oaxaca, in 2002. The Church’s new strategy to promote an upsurge in canonizations and beatifications forms part of a “war of images,” in Serge Gruzinski’s terms, deployed to maintain apparently peripheral populations within the Church’s central paternalistic fold of social and moral authority and influence, while at the same time as it must be seen to remain open to local cultures and realities. In Oaxaca and elsewhere, this ecclesiastical technique of “emplacement” may be understood as an attempt to engage indigenous-popular religious sensibilities and devotion to sacred images while at the same time implicitly trying to contain them, weaving their distinct local historical threads seamlessly into the fabric of a global Catholic history.
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Wright, Jason T. "Prior indigenous technological species." International Journal of Astrobiology 17, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1473550417000143.
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AbstractOne of the primary open questions of astrobiology is whether there is extant or extinct life elsewhere the solar system. Implicit in much of this work is that we are looking for microbial or, at best, unintelligent life, even though technological artefacts might be much easier to find. Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) work on searches for alien artefacts in the solar system typically presumes that such artefacts would be of extrasolar origin, even though life is known to have existed in the solar system, on Earth, for eons. But if a prior technological, perhaps spacefaring, species ever arose in the solar system, it might have produced artefacts or other technosignatures that have survived to present day, meaning solar system artefact SETI provides a potential path to resolving astrobiology's question. Here, I discuss the origins and possible locations for technosignatures of such a prior indigenous technological species, which might have arisen on ancient Earth or another body, such as a pre-greenhouse Venus or a wet Mars. In the case of Venus, the arrival of its global greenhouse and potential resurfacing might have erased all evidence of its existence on the Venusian surface. In the case of Earth, erosion and, ultimately, plate tectonics may have erased most such evidence if the species lived Gyr ago. Remaining indigenous technosignatures might be expected to be extremely old, limiting the places they might still be found to beneath the surfaces of Mars and the Moon, or in the outer solar system.
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Steele, Godfrey A. "Visibility and meaningful recognition for First Peoples: A critical discourse studies approach to communication, culture and conflict intersections in seeking social justice." Discourse & Communication 14, no. 5 (May 18, 2020): 489–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1750481320917553.
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Conflict revolves around communication and culture intersections. This interplay has historical antecedents and contemporary applications. Conflicts involving Indigenous Peoples and colonizers appear in literary representations (e.g. Shakespeare’s The Tempest), and contests between communities and cultures in historical, political and social settings. Amnesty International reports Indigenous Peoples’ realities and efforts to lobby for social justice. One effort is in becoming visible and seeking meaningful recognition examined in media coverage of the First Peoples’ holiday in Trinidad and Tobago, and resonates in conflicts reported elsewhere between Indigenous Peoples and others. Using media reports, interviews and other texts, this article employs a critical discourse studies approach to trace narrative elements and themes of communication, culture and conflict interplay, and interpret the contested expression and meaning of these texts to describe, understand, explain and construct a theoretical and applied account of resistance against unequal treatment.
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Padmanabha, Swapna. "Indigenous Methods and Pedagogy: Revisiting Ethics in Community Service-Learning." Engaged Scholar Journal: Community-Engaged Research, Teaching, and Learning 4, no. 1 (May 28, 2018): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15402/esj.v4i1.314.
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This paper looks at the development of a teaching module intended to enhance students’ understanding of ethics in a community service-learning (CSL) class. This module, created to meet academic (western) learning outcomes for CSL, is based upon Indigenous pedagogy and methods, and offers a non-western framing of specific community service goals, particularly reciprocity and transformative dissonance. The paper proposes that moving toward Indigenous or other ways of knowing offers students and instructors an entry point into decolonizing practices and into alternate ways of experiencing service, transformative learning, and power dynamics. The paper also includes a discussion of the theory behind the teaching module and focuses on the intertwining of ethical research protocols (from Tri-Council policy, OCAP® principles, and elsewhere), service-learning goals, and Indigenous methods within the context of settler colonial practices and policies. Alongside other traditional service-learning outcomes, the primary goal of the module is to encourage students to become critical thinkers reflecting on the mechanics of power and social inequity as they experience social justice founded upon the ideals of relationship building.
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Herrera, Diego, Alexander Pfaff, and Juan Robalino. "Impacts of protected areas vary with the level of government: Comparing avoided deforestation across agencies in the Brazilian Amazon." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 30 (July 8, 2019): 14916–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802877116.
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Protected areas (PAs) are the leading tools to conserve forests. However, given their mixed effectiveness, we want to know when they have impacts internally and, if they do, when they have spillovers. Political economy posits roles for the level of government. One hypothesis is that federal PAs avoid more internal deforestation than state PAs since federal agencies consider gains for other jurisdictions. Such political differences as well as economic mechanisms can cause PA spillovers to vary greatly, even from “leakage,” more deforestation elsewhere, to “blockage,” less deforestation elsewhere. We examine internal impacts and local spillovers for Brazilian Amazon federal and state agencies. Outside the region’s “arc of deforestation,” we confirm little internal impact and show no spillovers. In the “arc,” we test impacts by state, as states are large and feature considerably different dynamics. For internal impacts, estimates for federal PAs and indigenous lands are higher than for state PAs. For local spillover impacts, estimates for most arc states either are not significant or are not robust; however, for Pará, federal PAs and indigenous lands feature both internal impacts and local spillovers. Yet, the spillovers in Pará go in opposite directions across agencies, leakage for indigenous lands but blockage for federal PAs, suggesting a stronger external signal from the environmental agency. Across all these tools, only federal PAs lower deforestation internally and nearby. Results suggest that agencies’ objectives and capacities are critical parts of the contexts for conservation strategies.
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Semenova, Tamara. "Political mobilisation of northern indigenous peoples in Russia." Polar Record 43, no. 1 (January 2007): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247406005808.
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The analysis of international and national cooperation interprets relations between states, international organisations and indigenous peoples as currently being constructed in terms of political practices. Through practical work in their organisations (IPOs), indigenous peoples are building up a joint agenda to further their social and economic interests. This process is accompanied by a transformation of the agenda of sovereign states and subordinate government bodies as well as by the establishment of partnerships with indigenous peoples through their legally recognised organisations that have become new political actors. New methods are emerging in which these practices can evolve in the most efficient way: the recognition of IPOs as equal partners in the decision-making process; the allocation of resources to facilitate their participation; the incorporation of traditional knowledge; the accommodation of indigenous priorities; joint initiatives; and other collective actions. The intergovernmental forum of the Arctic Council may serve as a positive model in which both governments and indigenous peoples collaborate. IPOs fully participate in the regional decision-making process, and through building up a new collective identity, reach out to high-level international organisations and events such as the World Summit on Sustainable Development and the UN Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. In Russia, at the national level, the process has been less successful than elsewhere. This formation of collective identity is connected to two processes: one is a search for new opportunities of interaction with the state in the legal and governmental sphere: the other comprises regional cooperation and local interpretation of sustainable development. This is an INDIPO project paper (Tennberg 2006).
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Kawharu, Merata, Paul Tapsell, and Christine Woods. "Indigenous entrepreneurship in Aotearoa New Zealand." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 11, no. 1 (March 13, 2017): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-01-2015-0010.
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Purpose Exploring the links between resilience, sustainability and entrepreneurship from an indigenous perspective means exploring the historic and socio-cultural context out of which a community originates. From this perspective, informed insight into a community’s ability to adapt and to transform without major structural collapse when confronted with exogenous challenges or crises can be gained. This paper explores the interplay between resilience and entrepreneurship in a New Zealand indigenous setting. Design/methodology/approach The authors provide a theoretical and case study approach, exploring four intersecting leadership roles, their guiding value system and application at a micro kin family level through a tourism venture and at a macro kin tribal level through an urban land development venture. Findings The findings demonstrate the importance of historical precedent and socio-cultural values in shaping the leadership matrix that addresses exogenous challenges and crises in an entrepreneurship context. Research limitations/implications The research is limited to New Zealand, but the findings have synergies with other indigenous entrepreneurship elsewhere. Further cross-cultural research in this field includes examining the interplay between rights and duties within indigenous communities as contributing facets to indigenous resilience and entrepreneurship. Originality/value This research is a contribution to theory and to indigenous community entrepreneurship in demonstrating what values and behaviours are assistive in confronting shocks, crises and challenges. Its originality is in the multi-disciplinary approach, combining economic and social anthropological, indigenous and non-indigenous perspectives. The originality of this paper also includes an analysis of contexts that appear to fall outside contemporary entrepreneurship, but are in fact directly linked.
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Dematera, Anacito. "Ligao City’s Folklore: A Repertoire of Culture and Tradition, An Anthology of Indigenous Healing." Journal of Education, Management and Development Studies 2, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 86–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.52631/jemds.v2i1.70.
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The study is centered on the narratives on indigenous healing practices of Ligao City, Albay province, Philippines. It gathered genres, documented repertoire, validated text authenticity, translated texts into vernacular, and classified the typology of indigenous healing practices in the area. The research is descriptive ethno-literary in nature, employing ethnographic methods such as community immersion, participant observation, unstructured interviews, and digital documentation. The collected texts were transcribed from the dialect/vernacular and translated into the English language; they were then anthologized and classified according to their respective genres; and the research process and data were captured through a coffee table book and ethnovideography. The study found eighty-one (81) narratives on indigenous healing practices. Ligao’s indigenous healing practices are more difficult to translate into other Bicol dialects and into the English language due to its unique syllabication, sound, and spelling. Plenty of words spoken and written in the dialect do not have an exact translation or counterpart in the English language; they need lengthy elaboration to contextualize their meanings. Narratives on Indigenous Healing Practices in Ligao City are present in the culture and tradition of an older generation that in their dawn realized this repertoire of various lore showcasing valuable historical and cultural information could be eventually lost. As the different practices of indigenous healing continue to decrease in number significantly every year, abandoned by the generations who used to embrace them, preservation of the lore for posterity must be a priority.
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Hata, Ayano, Atsushi Takenouchi, Keiji Kinoshita, Momomi Hirokawa, Takeshi Igawa, Mitsuo Nunome, Takayuki Suzuki, and Masaoki Tsudzuki. "Geographic Origin and Genetic Characteristics of Japanese Indigenous Chickens Inferred from Mitochondrial D-Loop Region and Microsatellite DNA Markers." Animals 10, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 2074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112074.
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Japanese indigenous chickens have a long breeding history, possibly beginning 2000 years ago. Genetic characterization of Japanese indigenous chickens has been performed using mitochondrial D-loop region and microsatellite DNA markers. Their phylogenetic relationships with chickens worldwide and genetic variation within breeds have not yet been examined. In this study, the genetic characteristics of 38 Japanese indigenous chicken breeds were assessed by phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial D-loop sequences compared with those of indigenous chicken breeds overseas. To evaluate the genetic relationships among Japanese indigenous chicken breeds, a STRUCTURE analysis was conducted using 27 microsatellite DNA markers. D-loop sequences of Japanese indigenous chickens were classified into five major haplogroups, A–E, among 15 haplogroups found in chickens worldwide. The haplogroup composition suggested that Japanese indigenous chickens originated mainly from China, with some originating from Southeast Asia. The STRUCTURE analyses revealed that Japanese indigenous chickens are genetically differentiated from chickens overseas; Japanese indigenous chicken breeds possess distinctive genetic characteristics, and Jidori breeds, which have been reared in various regions of Japan for a long time, are genetically close to each other. These results provide new insights into the history of chickens around Asia in addition to novel genetic data for the conservation of Japanese indigenous chickens.
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Hägerdal, Hans. "Slaves and Slave Trade in the Timor Area: Between Indigenous Structures and External Impact." Journal of Social History 54, no. 1 (2020): 15–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jsh/shaa005.
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Abstract This study rethinks the patterns of slave-holding and slave trade that can be discerned in small-scale societies in the Timor region of the Indonesian archipelago, especially Timor, the Solor and Alor Islands, Rote, and Savu. It studies how European powers—the Dutch and the Portuguese—influenced the trade in enslaved human beings and how this was balanced by slaving conducted by Asian forces. The study is based in large part on archival sources from the VOC period, together with published Portuguese sources. Data on these issues provides some basis for comparisons with other, better documented cases of slavery and slaving in Southeast Asia and elsewhere. This contributes to an understanding of how local systems of slavery interacted with the transregional systems represented by external groups.
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Islam, Atiqul, Maurizio Labbate, Steven P. Djordjevic, Munirul Alam, Aaron Darling, Jacqueline Melvold, Andrew J. Holmes, et al. "Indigenous Vibrio cholerae strains from a non-endemic region are pathogenic." Open Biology 3, no. 2 (February 2013): 120181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsob.120181.
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Of the 200+ serogroups of Vibrio cholerae , only O1 or O139 strains are reported to cause cholera, and mostly in endemic regions. Cholera outbreaks elsewhere are considered to be via importation of pathogenic strains. Using established animal models, we show that diverse V. cholerae strains indigenous to a non-endemic environment (Sydney, Australia), including non-O1/O139 serogroup strains, are able to both colonize the intestine and result in fluid accumulation despite lacking virulence factors believed to be important. Most strains lacked the type three secretion system considered a mediator of diarrhoea in non-O1/O13 V. cholerae . Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) showed that the Sydney isolates did not form a single clade and were distinct from O1/O139 toxigenic strains. There was no correlation between genetic relatedness and the profile of virulence-associated factors. Current analyses of diseases mediated by V. cholerae focus on endemic regions, with only those strains that possess particular virulence factors considered pathogenic. Our data suggest that factors other than those previously well described are of potential importance in influencing disease outbreaks.
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Kopacz, Marek S., Cathleen P. Kane, Brady Stephens, and Wilfred R. Pigeon. "Use ofICD-9-CMDiagnosis Code V62.89 (Other Psychological or Physical Stress, Not Elsewhere Classified) Following a Suicide Attempt." Psychiatric Services 67, no. 7 (July 2016): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500302.
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Mashingaidze, Sivave. "Cosmovision and African conservation philosophy: indigenous knowledge system perspective." Environmental Economics 7, no. 4 (December 9, 2016): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(4).2016.03.
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Cosmovision is the worldview of a society that is deeply imbedded in the way in which that society is organized and evolves over time. It is a society’s attempt to explain and better understand all that surrounds it, including its place within the cosmos, or universe and how it conserves it environment. In Africa, like elsewhere, indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) were used to administer peace, harmony, and order amongst the people and their physical environment. However, with the advent of colonialism in Africa, IKSs were not only marginalized, but demonized leaving their potentials for establishing and maintaining a moral, virtuous society, unexploited. It is in this light that this article argues for a correction to the vestiges of colonialism. The article adopts examples of IKS success stories in pre-colonial era showing the beauty of the undiluted African indigenous knowledge systems and their potential for establishing a moral, virtuous society. To this end, the article argues that Africa, today, is in the grips of high crime rates, serious moral decadence, and other calamities because of the marginalization, false, and pejorative label attached to the African IKSs. This article criticizes, pulls down, and challenges the inherited colonial legacies, which have morally and socially injured many African societies. Keywords: cosmovision, indigenous, knowledge, conservation, philosophy, taboos. JEL Classification: D83, O13, O15
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Morehouse, Thomas A. "The meaning of political development in the north." Polar Record 23, no. 145 (January 1987): 405–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400007518.
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ABSTRACTPolitical development in the north (and elsewhere) often occurs in a context of confrontation and conflict between values of community and stability on one hand and economic growth and change on the other. Indigenous peoples of the north may not be able to resist strong tides of social and economic change—‘development’ toward forms of the dominant social, economic and political institutions—but they can substantially affect the terms of their integration into dominant societies. Alaska Natives seek both autonomy through tribal governments and access to the benefits of dominant institutions. Their ability to achieve and reconcile these purposes is a basic measure of their political development.
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Sarmiento, Iván, Germán Zuluaga, Sergio Paredes-Solís, Anne Marie Chomat, David Loutfi, Anne Cockcroft, and Neil Andersson. "Bridging Western and Indigenous knowledge through intercultural dialogue: lessons from participatory research in Mexico." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 9 (September 2020): e002488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002488.
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Indigenous communities in Latin America and elsewhere have complex bodies of knowledge, but Western health services generally approach them as vulnerable people in need of external solutions. Intercultural dialogue recognises the validity and value of Indigenous standpoints, and participatory research promotes reciprocal respect for stakeholder input in knowledge creation.As part of their decades-long community-based work in Mexico’s Guerrero State, researchers at the Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales responded to the request from Indigenous communities to help them address poor maternal health. We present the experience from this participatory research in which both parties contributed to finding solutions for a shared concern. The aim was to open an intercultural dialogue by respecting Indigenous skills and customs, recognising the needs of health service stakeholders for scientific evidence.Three steps summarise the opening of intercultural dialogue. Trust building and partnership based on mutual respect and principles of cultural safety. This focused on understanding traditional midwifery and the cultural conflicts in healthcare for Indigenous women. A pilot randomised controlled trial was an opportunity to listen and to adjust the lexicon identifying and testing culturally coherent responses for maternal health led by traditional midwives. Codesign, evaluation and discussion happened during a full cluster randomised trial to identify benefits of supporting traditional midwifery on maternal outcomes. A narrative mid-term evaluation and cognitive mapping of traditional knowledge offered additional evidence to discuss with other stakeholders the benefits of intercultural dialogue. These steps are not mechanistic or invariable. Other contexts might require additional steps. In Guerrero, intercultural dialogue included recovering traditional midwifery and producing high-level epidemiological evidence of the value of traditional midwives, allowing service providers to draw on the strengths of different cultures.
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Romana-Rivas, Yuri Alexander. "Legal Pluralism, Transitional Justice, and Ethnic Justice Systems." McGill GLSA Research Series 2, no. 1 (October 25, 2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/glsars.v2i1.190.
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Colombian law recognizes that traditional Indigenous and Black authorities can exercise legal jurisdiction and apply their laws and traditions in their ancestral territories. Despite this legal recognition, the legal system does not operate in a way that genuinely guarantees legal pluralism. In practice, higher courts repeatedly overturn or dismiss decisions by indigenous legal authorities.
As a result of the 2016 Peace Agreement between the Colombian Government and the former guerilla of the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – The People’s Army (“FARC-EP” in Spanish), a transitional justice tribunal was established: the Special Jurisdiction for Peace (“SJP” or “the Special Jurisdiction”). The Special Jurisdiction’s main task is to investigate and try the most serious crimes committed during the armed conflict, a conflict that has disproportionately impacted racialized communities. The SJP, unlike other tribunals in Colombia, has sought to adapt its work to meet the reality of legal pluralism by: 1) negotiating protocols for inter-jurisdictional interaction between the SJP and ethnic authorities, 2) consulting with Indigenous and Black communities on the adoption of some legal instruments, and 3) having a dialogue between equals with ethnic authorities when potential jurisdictional conflicts arise. This paper seeks to analyze this interaction and how it has allowed the Special Jurisdiction, as transitional justice mechanism, to work in close cooperation with Indigenous and Black communities in Colombia. As will be discussed throughout this paper, through the lens of the legal pluralism framework, such interaction has strengthened the legitimacy and recognition of Indigenous and Black communities’ legal authorities as parallel legal orders that can operate side-by-side with the State judicial system. This, in turn, has created an important precedent that can be emulated by other court jurisdictions in Colombia and elsewhere.
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Abdul Halim, Hashimah, and Rohaida Nordin. "Self-Determination of Indigenous Peoples in Greenland: A Comparison with The Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia." Jurnal Undang-undang dan Masyarakat 29 (December 1, 2021): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/juum-2021-29-04.
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For many years, the indigenous peoples had been experiencing various acts of marginalisation and discrimination. However, to this day, the definitions and rights of the indigenous peoples in certain jurisdictions are still left ambiguous. These rights includes the right to self-determination which, on the surface, is linked to freedom to choose political status and cultural or economical development and can be considered as one of the vital rights for indigenous peoples as it allows the community to decide on various aspects of their lives. Looking beyond that, this concept can be further classified into external and internal self-determination and each country may adopt a different approach to this right. As Greenland has a relatively higher population of indigenous peoples, the laws and regulations on indigenous peoples can be distinct. Therefore, this study examines the availability of self-determination policies and possible issues on it’s implementation in Greenland in comparison to the rights of the Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia. By using critical legal analysis, this study provides an insight to the exercise of self-determination rights of the indigenous peoples in other jurisdiction and the relevancy of the same right in Malaysia which can help to identify certain aspects to be improved on in the existing national indigenous peoples’ rights laws.
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Pearson, Jennie, Kate Shannon, Andrea Krüsi, Melissa Braschel, Jennifer McDermid, Brittany Bingham, and Shira M. Goldenberg. "Barriers to Governmental Income Supports for Sex Workers during COVID-19: Results of a Community-Based Cohort in Metro Vancouver." Social Sciences 11, no. 9 (August 26, 2022): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11090383.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has brought into stark focus the economic inequities faced by precarious, criminalized and racialized workers. Sex workers have been historically excluded from structural supports due to criminalization and occupational stigma. Given emerging concerns regarding sex workers’ inequitable access to COVID-19 income supports in Canada and elsewhere, our objective was to identify prevalence and correlates of accessing emergency income supports among women sex workers in Vancouver, Canada. Data were drawn from a longstanding community-based open cohort (AESHA) of cis and trans women sex workers in Metro Vancouver from April 2020–April 2021 (n = 208). We used logistic regression to model correlates of access to COVID-19 income supports. Among 208 participants, 52.9% were Indigenous, 6.3% Women of Colour (Asian, Southeast Asian, or Black), and 40.9% white. Overall, 48.6% reported accessing income supports during the pandemic. In adjusted multivariable analysis, non-injection drug use was associated with higher odds of accessing COVID-19 income supports (aOR: 2.58, 95% CI: 1.31–5.07), whereas Indigenous women faced reduced odds (aOR 0.55, 95% CI 0.30–1.01). In comparison with other service workers, access to income supports among sex workers was low overall, particularly for Indigenous sex workers, demonstrating the compounding impacts of colonization and disproportionate criminalization of Indigenous sex workers. Results highlight the need for structural supports that are low-barrier and culturally-safe to support sex workers’ health, safety and dignity.
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Pavao-Zuckerman, Barnet. "Deerskins and Domesticates: Creek Subsistence and Economic Strategies in the Historic Period." American Antiquity 72, no. 1 (January 2007): 5–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40035296.
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Previous research indicates that, following European colonization, animal husbandry did not replace hunting as the primary source of meat in the diet of southeastern Native Americans until the early nineteenth century. However, while the introduction of Eurasian domesticated animals had little immediate impact on the lives of indigenous peoples in the Southeast, the expansion of the European market economy had profound implications for the economic and subsistence strategies of Native Americans in all regions. In response to European demands for deerskins, furs, and other goods, Native Americans of the Southeast and elsewhere intensified exploitation of indigenous resources. The Creeks became one of the largest producers of deerskins for the European commodities trade in the Southeast. Ethnohistoric and zooarchaeological evidence indicates that the intensification of localized resource exploitation had a suppressive effect on the adoption of animal husbandry by the Creeks. It was only after the collapse of the deerskin trade in the Southeast that animal husbandry replaced hunting as the primary source of meat in the subsistence strategy of the Creeks.
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WALTON, JOHN K., and DAVID TIDSWELL. "‘Classified at random by veritable illiterates’: the taking of the Spanish census of 1920 in Guipúzcoa province." Continuity and Change 20, no. 2 (August 2005): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005503.
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This article offers an approach through administrative and cultural history to the problems associated with gathering and processing data for the Spanish national census of 1920, and by implication for earlier Spanish censuses. It focuses on the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, making use of correspondence between the central statistical office in Madrid, the provincial jefe de estadística and the localities, and of reports on three problematic towns within the province. The issues that emerge regarding ‘undercounting’, the definition of administrative boundaries and the classification of demographic characteristics are set in the wider context of census-taking practices and problems elsewhere in Spain and in other cultures.
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Stamatis, Costas, Franz Suchentrunk, Hakan Sert, Costas Triantaphyllidis, and Zissis Mamuris. "Genetic evidence for survival of released captive-bred brown hares Lepus europaeus during restocking operations in Greece." Oryx 41, no. 4 (October 2007): 548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605307007132.
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AbstractTo prevent the decline of the brown hare Lepus europaeus, especially as a result of hunting pressure, restocking programmes, using hares from elsewhere, were carried out in Greece up to 2001. Using diagnostic RFLP mitochondrial DNA markers we traced the origins of released captive-bred brown hares. We provide evidence that released animals survived long enough to have at least one reproductive cycle and to transmit their genome. If, in the long-term, introgressed foreign genes survive, forming new genotypes with indigenous genes, this would demonstrate that they are successful in terms of competition. As nuclear gene pools are not markedly divergent between Greek and other European hares foreign nuclear genes should not be a serious handicap. Hence, in certain situations release programmes may be appropriate.
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Watson, Shalini. "New Digital Technologies: Educational Opportunities for Australian Indigenous Learners." Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 42, no. 1 (August 2013): 58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jie.2013.8.
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This article presents a number of possibilities that digital technologies can offer to increase access for Indigenous people to higher education in Australia. Such technologies can assist Indigenous high school students acquire the knowledge and skills they require to be accepted into higher education courses. They can also assist Indigenous students to be more successful in their higher education studies. While this article is contextualised to the Australian higher education setting specifically, the principles derived within may be applied to other disadvantaged groups worldwide. It may be concluded that the despite the barriers to the uptake of digital technologies, the potential offered holds much promise for such groups. In Australia, Indigenous people are the most severely under-represented in higher education, with access rates that have been declining over the past 6 years. Therefore, this issue has been classified as a matter of the highest national priority (Bradley, Noonan, Nugent, & Scales, 2008, p. 16). Concurrently, evidence is mounting that digital learning environments are able to produce positive learning outcomes for Indigenous students, albeit with a number of barriers to their uptake. This literature review explores: current trends in digital technologies and tertiary instructional practices, barriers to the uptake of digital technologies for Indigenous learners in Australia, and the potential of digital technologies for accommodating Indigenous learning styles. A number of implications for practice are discussed, based on the review of the literature.
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Leach, Stephen. "History, Ethics and Philosophy: Bernard Williams’ Appraisal of R. G. Collingwood." Journal of the Philosophy of History 5, no. 1 (2011): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226311x555446.
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AbstractThe author examines Williams’ appraisal of Collingwood both in his eponymous essay on Collingwood, in the posthumously published Sense of the Past (2006), and elsewhere in his work. The similarities and differences between their philosophies are explored: in particular, with regard to the relationship between philosophy and history and the relationship between the study of history and our present-day moral attitudes. It is argued that, despite Williams usually being classified as an analytic philosopher and Collingwood being classified as an idealist, there is substantial common ground between them. Williams was aware of this and made clear his sympathy for Collingwood; but, nonetheless, the relationship between Williams and Collingwood has not previously been explored in any detail. After establishing the common ground between these philosophers, and the areas of disagreement, the author suggests that both may have something to gain from the other.
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Taja, Nadri, and Rika Sartika. "EXPLORATION OF THE VALUE OF LOCAL WISDOM OF THE CIRENDEU INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY AS A SOURCE OF ISLAMIC CHARACTER EDUCATION." Ta dib : Jurnal Pendidikan Islam 10, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/tjpi.v10i1.7845.
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The life of the Cirendeu indigenous people has become one of the village icons with a unique culture that is diverse in their customs and traditions. The culture of this community is classified as still holding a fairly strong tradition from its ancestors, marked by socio-cultural conditions which are prerequisite for the values of local wisdom. So that the complex substance of the values of local wisdom in the Cirendeu community can be revealed as a source of Islamic character education in this study. This research uses ethnographic methods to explore the values of local wisdom in the Cirendeu indigenous people. The results show that in the religious aspect, there are four main points, namely the prohibition of taking the rights of others, the prohibition on imposing other people's beliefs, mutual cooperation and tolerance. In the socio-cultural aspect, it shows that the indigenous people of Cirendeu are principled and adhere to the old traditions and follow the flow of changing times (protecting the time of the era). Meanwhile, the source of Islamic character education from the indigenous Cirendeu community refers to the meaning of symbolic, empirical, aesthetic, ethical, synoetic, and synoptic life.
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Rao, Q., C. Luo, H. Zhang, X. Guo, and G. J. Devine. "Distribution and dynamics of Bemisia tabaci invasive biotypes in central China." Bulletin of Entomological Research 101, no. 1 (September 8, 2010): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485310000428.
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AbstractThe tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), causes severe crop losses in many agricultural systems. The worst of these losses are often associated with the invasion and establishment of specific whitefly biotypes. In a comprehensive survey of biotypes present in central China between 2005 and 2007, we obtained 191 samples of B. tabaci from 19 districts in Hubei province and its surrounds. Biotypes were identified by RAPD-PCR and by sequencing the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCO1). We determined that these central Chinese haplotypes included the world's two most invasive B. tabaci biotypes (B and Q) and two indigenous biotypes (ZHJ1 and ZHJ3). The B biotype shared >99.7% identity with other Chinese B biotypes and the Q biotype shared >99.5% of its identity with Q samples from the Mediterranean, USA, Africa and East Asia. By 2007, the Q biotype was dominant over much of Hubei province and appeared to be supplanting all other biotypes, although both the invasive and indigenous biotypes existed in sympatry in some regions. The invasion and rapid establishment of the Q biotype in China mirrors events elsewhere in the world, and we suggest that this is a consequence of its reproductive isolation, its polyphagous nature and its broad-spectrum resistance to insecticides. Its dominance has severe implications for the sustainability of some insecticide groups and for the production of a number of crops.
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Delatte, H., B. Reynaud, M. Granier, L. Thornary, J. M. Lett, R. Goldbach, and M. Peterschmitt. "A new silverleaf-inducing biotype Ms of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) indigenous to the islands of the south-west Indian Ocean." Bulletin of Entomological Research 95, no. 1 (February 2005): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ber2004337.
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AbstractFollowing the first detection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) from R=union (700 km east of Madagascar) in 1997 and the upsurge of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on vegetable crops, two genetic types of B. tabaci were distinguished using RAPD–PCR and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene sequence comparisons. One type was assigned to biotype B and the other was genetically dissimilar to the populations described elsewhere and was named Ms, after the Mascarenes Archipelago. This new genetic type forms a distinct group that is sister to two other groups, one to which the B biotype is a member and one to which the Q biotype belongs. The Ms biotype is thought to be indigenous to the region as it was also detected in Mauritius, the Seychelles and Madagascar. Both B and Ms populations of B. tabaci induced silverleaf symptoms on Cucurbita sp., and were able to acquire and transmit TYLCV. Taken together these results indicate that the Ms genetic type should be considered a new biotype of B. tabaci.
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Escolar, Diego. "Huarpe Archives in the Argentine Desert: Indigenous Claims and State Construction in Nineteenth-Century Mendoza." Hispanic American Historical Review 93, no. 3 (August 1, 2013): 451–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2210867.
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Abstract The narrative of indigenous extinction and the construction of a “white” Argentina entailed an ethnogeographic imaginary by which the territories of the former Spanish colonies were inhabited since the nineteenth century by gauchos or eventually peasants. The population classified as indigenous, in this view, was projected outside the central areas controlled by the nation-state, beyond the frontiers of the Pampas, Patagonia, and the Chaco. Historical writing accepted and contributed to the formation of this image by characterizing the political mobilization of gauchos or peasants (especially in their bellicosity as montoneras — irregular militia units) as a natural reflection of the projects of elites, factions, patrons, or parties. That historiography dismissed as irrelevant any demands stemming from the gauchos and peasantry themselves, such as those based on the long historical experience of indigenous peoples. Based on documents preserved by inhabitants of the travesía, or the desert, of Guanacache, in the central Cuyo region, the descendants of the Huarpe Indians who were considered extinct in the seventeenth century, this analysis stresses the continuity of indigenous claims and the political strategies of the communities of the countryside during the nineteenth century. While recognizing that other factors were involved in political mobilization, this analysis shows the primary importance of indigenous claims in an area of traditional montonero rebellion and civil conflict, and the active participation of the region in the construction of the state beginning in the 1820s. Indigenous leaders who also served as government officials pressed for institutionalized recognition of indigenous rights. That pressure eventually led to the acceptance of their claims and the maintenance of relative political autonomy until the 1870s.
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Campbell, Lyle, and Verónica Grondona. "Who speaks what to whom? Multilingualism and language choice in Misión La Paz." Language in Society 39, no. 5 (November 2010): 617–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047404510000631.
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AbstractThe multilingualism and patterns of language use in Misión La Paz, Salta Province, Argentina are described and analyzed. Three indigenous languages, Chorote, Nivaclé, and Wichí, are spoken here, but interlocutors in conversations usually do not speak the same language to one another. There is extensive linguistic exogamy, and husbands and wives typically speak different languages to one another. Individuals identify with one language, speak it to all others, and claim only to understand but not to speak the other languages spoken to them. Children in the same family very often identify with and thus speak different languages from one another. This situation is examined and explanations are offered, with comparisons to similar situations elsewhere. The pattern of language choice and multilingual use in this case is arguably unique, with implications for several general claims about language contact and multilingualism.
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Eguíbar-Holgado, Miasol. "The Location of Settled Diasporas in Nova Scotian Fiction." Humanities 9, no. 3 (September 2, 2020): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h9030102.
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This article offers a comparative study between two novels by Nova Scotian writers: George and Rue (2006), by George Elliott Clarke, and No Great Mischief (2000), by Alistair MacLeod. The main purpose of this analysis is to transform some of the pervasive assumptions that dominate interpretations of diasporic ontologies. Most conceptual contexts of diaspora, constructed around the idea of a homeland that is located elsewhere, can only partially be applied to historically long-established communities. Clarke’s and MacLeod’s works emphasize “native” identity, the historical presence of Africans and Scots in Nova Scotia and their ensuing attachment to the (home)land. The novels illustrate how the hostland may be transformed into a homeland after centuries of settlement. The favoring of routes over roots of many current conceptualizations of the diaspora thus contravenes the foundations on which these groups construct a “native/diasporic” identity. However, in settler colonies such as Canada, identifying these groups as unequivocally native would imply the displacement of the legitimate Indigenous populations of these territories. A direct transformation from diaspora to indigenous subjectivity would entail the obliteration of a (however distant) history of migration, on the one hand, and the disavowal of Indigenous groups, on the other. For these reasons, new vocabulary needs to be developed that accurately comes to terms with this experience, which I propose to refer to as “settled diaspora.” In settled diasporas, the notions of attachment to a local identity are reconciled with having distant points of origin. At the same time, there is conceptual room to accommodate claims of belonging that differ from those by Indigenous populations. Thus, the concept of the settled diaspora redresses critical restrictions in diaspora theory that prevent discourses of migration from being applied to spaces of settlement.
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Berman, Matthew. "Household Harvesting, State Policy, and Migration: Evidence from the Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic." Sustainability 13, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 7071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13137071.
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Household harvesting of wild fish and game contributes to food security in indigenous communities across the Arctic, and in some regions plays an important role in cultural identity of indigenous peoples. The degree to which the state regulates harvesting and restricts distribution of country foods varies widely, however, and this intervention in local economies can affect livelihood opportunities. The paper hypothesizes that where state policy has contributed to harvesting remaining a culturally embedded livelihood strategy, its contribution to the quality of life may influence people to remain in rural communities, despite potentially lower material living standards. Lacking such a cultural linkage, harvesting may become the employer of last resort for people unable to find paying jobs or leave declining communities for a better life elsewhere. The paper examines the association between Survey of Living Conditions in the Arctic (SLiCA) respondents’ intent to remain in their community of residence and household harvesting, cash income from work, and other relevant factors. The results include both similarities and differences for residents of arctic Alaska, arctic Canada, Greenland, and Chukotka. Systematic differences found appear consistent with the hypothesis about the role of household harvesting and state policy toward harvest and distribution of country foods.
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KAPPERUD, G., J. LASSEN, and V. HASSELTVEDT. "Salmonella infections in Norway: descriptive epidemiology and a case-control study." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 3 (December 1998): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001551.
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The epidemiological progression of human salmonellosis in Norway is parallel to trends noted elsewhere in Europe. During the past two decades, the number of reported cases has increased steadily, with a special sharp rise in the early 1980s due to the emergence of Salmonella enteritidis, followed by a levelling off in recent years. However, in contrast to the situation in most other European countries, about 90% of the cases from whom a travel history is available, have acquired their infection abroad. The incidence of indigenous salmonella infections as well as the prevalence of the microorganism in the domestic food chain, are both comparatively low. In 1993–4, a national case-control study of sporadic indigenous salmonella infections was conducted to identify preventable risk factors and guide preventive efforts. Ninety-four case patients and 226 matched population controls were enrolled. The study failed to demonstrate any statistically significant association between salmonellosis and consumption of domestically produced red meat, poultry or eggs. The only factor which remained independently associated with an increased risk in conditional logistic regression analysis, was consumption of poultry purchased abroad during holiday visits to neighbouring countries. A separate analysis of Salmonella typhimurium infections incriminated food from catering establishments and foreign travel among household members, in addition to imported poultry.
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ANTIT, M., S. GOFAS, C. SALAS, and A. AZZOUNA. "One hundred years after Pinctada: an update on alien Mollusca in Tunisia." Mediterranean Marine Science 12, no. 1 (April 11, 2011): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mms.53.
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The occurrences of non-indigenous marine molluscs in Tunisia are reviewed, based booth on a literature survey and on original material. Species are accepted as established if there are two independent reports, either geographically separate or at least one month apart in time. On these grounds, 14 species are accepted (12 alien and 2 expanding their range from elsewhere in the Mediterranean), 3 aliens need confirmation but are likely to meet the standards for acceptation on a short future, and 5 records are rebutted or questioned. Two more species may be considered as cryptogenic, the reports are reliable but it is not clear indication that they are not indigenous. Two of the alien species are reported for the first time in Tunisian waters: the nudibranch Polycerella emertoni qualifies as established, and the bivalve Anadara transversa is tentatively identified from a juvenile live-taken specimen, which awaits further confirmation.The occurrence of aliens in Tunisia is balanced between presumably Lessepsian species of tropical Indo-Pacific origin, and species from other sources including species from the Tropical Atlantic introduced through shipping. Nevertheless there is a prevalence of Lessepsian species towards the Gulf of Gabes in the south, whereas the shipping activity in Tunis harbour may be the main pathway of introduction in the north.
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Lengkidworraphiphat, Phatthawin, Rawiwan Wongpoomchai, Sirinya Taya, and Sanchai Jaturasitha. "Effect of genotypes on macronutrients and antioxidant capacity of chicken breast meat." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 33, no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 1817–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.19.0736.
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Objective: The increasing consumer awareness of food, which can provide health benefits and potentially aid disease prevention, has become the driving force of the functional food market. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of chicken genotype on the macronutrient content, bioactive peptide content, and antioxidant capacity within different breast meat.Methods: In this experiment, three genotypes of chicken, Thai indigenous, black-boned, and broiler (control), were reared with commercial feed under the same conditions. Thirty chickens were slaughtered at typical market age and the breasts were separated from the carcass to determine macronutrient content using the AOAC method. The antioxidant capacities of the chicken breasts were evaluated by in vitro antioxidant assays and the protein pattern was investigated using gel electrophoresis. Carnosine and anserine, which have antioxidant properties in animal tissue, were determined using high performance liquid chromatography.Results: The results showed that breast meat from Thai indigenous chickens had a greater macronutrient content and higher antioxidant capacity compared with the other genotypes (p<0.05). The protein pattern was similar between genotypes, however Thai indigenous chickens had the greatest myosin and actin content (p<0.05). In addition, carnosine and anserine values were greatest in the black-boned and Thai indigenous chickens compared with the broiler genotype (p<0.05).Conclusion: Thai indigenous chicken breast meat may be classified as a functional food as it has good nutritional value and is rich in antioxidant peptides.
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Lightfoot, Kent G., Lee M. Panich, Tsim D. Schneider, Sara L. Gonzalez, Matthew A. Russell, Darren Modzelewski, Theresa Molino, and Elliot H. Blair. "The Study of Indigenous Political Economies and Colonialism in Native California: Implications for Contemporary Tribal Groups and Federal Recognition." American Antiquity 78, no. 1 (January 2013): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.78.1.89.
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AbstractThis article advocates for a comparative approach to archaeological studies of colonialism that considers how Native American societies with divergent political economies may have influenced various kinds of processes and outcomes in their encounters with European colonists. Three dimensions of indigenous political economies (polity size, polity structure, and landscape management practices) are identified as critical variables in colonial research. The importance of considering these dimensions is exemplified in a case study from California, which shows how small-sized polities, weak to moderate political hierarchies, and regionally oriented pyrodiversity economies played significant roles in the kinds of colonial relationships that unfolded. The case study illustrates how the colonial experiences of Native Californians differed from those of other tribal groups that confronted similar kinds of colonial programs involving Franciscan missionaries elsewhere in North America. The article stresses that the archaeology of colonialism is not simply an arcane academic exercise but, rather, has real-life relevancy for people who remain haunted by the legacies of colonialism, such as those petitioning for federal recognition in California.
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Brown, Jennifer S. H. "Intangible Culture on Inland Seas, from Hudson Bay to Canadian Heritage." Ethnologies 36, no. 1-2 (October 12, 2016): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037604ar.
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The author of this article examines the ways in which the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage considers the protection of aboriginal languages and provides a case study of the challenges of the preservation of the Cree language in Canada. For Indigenous people, in Canada as elsewhere, questions arise about who speaks for whom; many of their constituents may not identify with the major political organizations that represent their interests to governments and are recognized by government agencies; and other structural and logistical barriers also arise. The paper takes a look at the richness of Aboriginal history around Hudson Bay as held in language and stories, and then discusses the many challenges that a Hudson Bay Cree storyteller, Louis Bird, and his collaborators faced in pursuing an oral history project funded by a Canadian governmental agency with its own parameters and priorities.
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LIPSEY, RICHARD G. "Economic growth related to mutually interdependent institutions and technology." Journal of Institutional Economics 5, no. 3 (October 23, 2009): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137409990014.
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Abstract:This paper argues that technological advance is a necessary condition for sustained economic growth. Technologies and institutions co-evolve in a system of mutual causation. Although some institutions inhibit growth while others encourage it, no single institution is either necessary or sufficient to produce sustained growth. However, some non-unique bundle of encouraging institutions is necessary. Sustained growth began with the Industrial Revolutions that did not just ‘fall out of the blue’ but were instead the culmination of three trajectories of technological advance in steam power, electric power, and the mechanization of textile manufacturing. These stretched over several centuries. Growth then became sustained when the West ‘invented how to invent’. A necessary condition for the Industrial Revolutions was Western science whose roots lie as far back as the scholastic philosophers and the medieval universities. Its absence elsewhere is a sufficient reason why no other place developed its own indigenous industrial revolution.
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Zehmisch, Philipp. "Can migrants be indigenous? Affirmative action, space, and belonging in the Andaman Islands." Modern Asian Studies 56, no. 5 (September 2022): 1489–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x2100038x.
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AbstractIn India, the contested category of Scheduled Tribes (STs) is enacted in order to socially uplift certain indigenous communities. This article concentrates on analysing the intersection between modes of indigenous self-definition, political assertion, and localized conceptualizations of space and belonging. My ethnographic example from the Andaman Islands focuses on the Ranchis, aboriginal labour migrants from the Chotanagpur plateau in central India. Being classified as STs, both in their homelands and other localities to which they migrated, Ranchi activists seek to accomplish coeval recognition in the Andamans. Their demands to be rewarded for the labourers’ contribution to the islands’ development are complicated by their occupation of non-ancestral lands that were originally inhabited by indigenous hunter-gatherer communities. By narrowing the notion of indigeneity, and hence ST status, down to communities who live on ancestral lands and who are culturally, socially, and economically different to migrant communities, state authorities and activists reject the Ranchis’ demands for affirmative action as Adivasis from but not of the Andamans. Reflecting on the existential relationship between land and people in popular understandings of indigenousness, this article aims to investigate the Ranchis’ claims of being migrants, yet also indigenous, in order to explore alternative possibilities to think through the notion of indigeneity. In so doing, I focus on the Ranchis’ subaltern history of racialized labour migration, their lack of voice within the post-colonial welfare regime, and their striving for autonomy and autarky by applying principles of indigenous knowledge and cosmologies from their homelands to the Andamans.
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Thamrin, M.Si, Husni. "REKONTRUKSI ECORELIGIUS ORANG MELAYU Solusi Penyelamatan Lingkungan." Al-Fikra : Jurnal Ilmiah Keislaman 16, no. 1 (September 15, 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/af.v16i1.3649.
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Anthropocentric paradigm has distanced humans from nature, as well as causing the humans themselves become exploitative in attitude and do not really care about the nature. In relation, ecological crisis also can be seen as caused by mechanistic-reductionistic-dualistic of Cartesian science. The perspective of anthropocentric is corrected by biocentrism and ecocentrism ethics, particularly Deep Ecology, to re-look at the nature as an ethical community. The concept of ecoculture is already practiced from the beginning by indigenous or traditional societies in elsewhere. The perspective of the human being as an integral part of the nature, and the behaviour of full of resposibility, full of respect and care about the sustainability of all life in the universe have become perspectives and behaviours of various traditional people. The majority of local wisdom in the maintenance of the environment is still surviving in the midst of shifting currents waves by a pressure of anthropocentric perspective. There is also in a crisis because a pressure of the influences of a modernization. While others, drifting and eroding in the modernization and the anthropocentric perspective.In that context, ecoculture, particularly Deep Ecology, support for leaving the anthropocentric perspective, and when a holistic life perspective asks for leaving the anthropocentric perspective, the humans are invited to go back to thelocal wisdom, the old wisdom of the indigenous people. in other words, environmental ethics is to urge and invite the people to go back to the ethics of the indigenous people that are still relevant with the times. The essence of this perspective is back to the nature, back to his true identity as an ecological human in the ecoreligion perspective.
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Paterson, RK. "Protecting Taonga: the cultural heritage of the New Zealand Maori." International Journal of Cultural Property 8, no. 1 (January 1999): 108–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739199770633.
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New Zealand concerns regarding cultural heritage focus almost exclusively on the indigenous Maori of that country. This article includes discussion of the way in which New Zealand regulates the local sale and export of Maori material cultural objects. It examines recent proposals to reform this system, including allowing Maori custom to determine ownership of newly found objects.A major development in New Zealand law concerns the role of a quasi-judicial body, the Waitangi Tribunal. Many tribunal decisions have contained lengthy discussions of Maori taonga (cultural treasures) and of alleged past misconduct by former governments and their agents in relation to such objects and Maori cultural heritage in general.As is the case with legal systems elsewhere, New Zealand seeks to reconcile the claims of its indigenous peoples with other priorities, such as economic development and environmental protection. Maori concerns have led to major changes in New Zealand heritage conservation law. A Maori Heritage Council now acts to ensure that places and sites of Maori interest will be protected. The council also plays a role in mediating conflicting interests of Maori and others, such as scientists, in relation to the scientific investigation of various sites.Despite these developments, New Zealand has yet to sign the 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. The changes proposed to New Zealand cultural property law have yet to be implemented, and there is evidence of uncertainty about the extent to which protecting indigenous Maori rights can be reconciled with the development of a national cultural identity and the pursuit of universal concerns, such as sustainable development.
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Sweeney, Vincent P., Adele D. Sadovnick, and Vilma Brandejs. "Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 13, no. 1 (February 1986): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100035782.
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ABSTRACT:A province wide prevalence study on multiple sclerosis (MS) was conducted in British Columbia (B.C.). The prevalence date was July 1, 1982. The major portion of this study was a review of all the files of neurologists practicing in B.C. as this was judged to be the most accurate source for identifying MS patients. 239,412 neurologists' files were hand searched by one researcher using modified Schumacher criteria for classification. Other sources used during the study for identifying MS patients were the MS Clinic, general practitioners, ophthalmologists, urologists, specialized facilities such as long term care facilities and rehabilitation centres, and patient self-referrals.A total of 4,620 non-duplicated cases were identified and classified. 4,112 of these (89%) were classified according to information contained in neurologists' records.The prevalence estimate for definite/probable MS in B.C. was 93.3/100,000 population. This increased to 130.5/100,000 population if possible MS and optic neuritis were also included. These rates are among the highest reported in Canada or elsewhere. The cooperation of B.C. neurologists made this study unique in its scope and accuracy of diagnosis.
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Anchimbe, Eric A. "Lexical strategies in verbal linguistic victimisation in Cameroon." English Today 28, no. 2 (May 17, 2012): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078412000144.
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The aim of this illustrative paper is to show how words and expressions are coined or changed in Cameroonian speech in English and French in order to insult or stereotype other groups of people. Taken along official language lines, ethnic boundaries and social divides, these lexical elements reproduce some aspect of the addressee's history, social stance, academic achievement, professional background, linguistic and political belonging, and even gender. The expressions are from four major sources: French, English, Pidgin English and various indigenous languages. Some of them capture common social phenomena in the society. For example, Pidgin English supplies a descriptive name for a woman who moves in with a man to whom she is not married, i.e. come-we-stay. This appellation focuses more on the woman and the relationship rather than on the man. Such coinages are also common elsewhere in Africa. For instance, Nigerian Pidgin English supplies the appellation face-me-I-face-you for cramped up residential apartments in which rooms face each other on the corridor. Lexical strategies for naming and derogation are common in these two societies where groups compete with each other for their voices to be heard and respected.
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Langer, Erick D. "The Eastern Andean Frontier (Bolivia and Argentina) and Latin American Frontiers: Comparative Contexts (19th and 20th Centuries)." Americas 59, no. 1 (July 2002): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tam.2002.0077.
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The epic struggles between Mexicans and the Apaches and Comanches in the far northern reaches of the Spanish empire and the conflict between gauchos and Araucanians in the pampas in the far south are the images the mind conjures up when thinking of Latin American frontiers. We must now add for the twentieth century the dense Amazon jungle as one of the last frontiers in popular (and scholarly) minds. However, these images ignore the eastern Andean and Chaco frontier area, one of the most vital and important frontier regions in Latin America since colonial times, today divided up into three different countries (Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay) in the heart of the South American continent. This frontier region has not received sufficient attention from scholars despite its importance in at least three different aspects: First, the indigenous peoples were able to remain independent of the Creole states much longer than elsewhere other than the Amazon. Secondly, indigenous labor proved to be vitally important to the economic development along the fringes, and thirdly, a disastrous war was fought over the region in the 1930s by Bolivia and Paraguay. This essay provides an overview based on primary and secondary sources of the history of the eastern Andean frontier and compares it to other frontiers in Latin America. It thus endeavors to contribute to frontier studies by creating categories of analysis that make possible the comparisons between different frontiers in Latin America and placing within the scholarly discussion the eastern Andean region during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
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Anjoh, Rose Frii-Manyi, and Adolf Ngundu Lyonga. "Causes, Manifestations and Nature of Indigenous Wars in Upper Bakweri Land, 1880-1939." IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 9, no. 3 (December 19, 2017): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v9.n3.p2.
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The pursuit to control the villages of Upper Bakweri Land (UBL) by the villages of Soppo Mokongo (Great Soppo) and Gbea (Buea Town) led to a series of wars which erupted in the area between 1880 and 1939. The desire for domination resulted to the formation of two main groups which aligned the other villages of UBL under the leadership of either Soppo Mokongo or Gbea. The creation of competing blocs culminated to the upsurge of indigenous wars among the villages of UBL that dragged the two lead villages to support one side or the other. This paper examines the reasons for, the manifestation and the nature of indigenous wars in UBL between 1880 and 1939. To attain the goals of the paper, the chronological and thematic methods were employed in analyzing and synthesizing data obtained from primary and secondary sources. Information from primary sources came from the National Archives Buea (NAB) and oral interviews. Material gotten from secondary sources was from both published and unpublished works. The findings show that political, economic and socio-cultural factors were the driving force behind indigenous wars in the area. That ritualized combat, the cutting of the head of the leader illustrated the nature of warfare. That the weapons of war used were dane guns, cutlasses and clubs. Although, the wars were classified as either “just” or “unjust’; they never succeeded in establishing a lead village in UBL.
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Moyo, Bethwell, and Khuliso Emmanuel Ravhuhali. "Abandoned Croplands: Drivers and Secondary Succession Trajectories under Livestock Grazing in Communal Areas of South Africa." Sustainability 14, no. 10 (May 19, 2022): 6168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14106168.
Full textAbstract:
Cropland abandonment has been happening in different parts of the world and is being driven by socio-economic, ecological, edaphic, and environmental factors. Most of the research focusing on drivers of cropland abandonment, succession trajectories, and responses to active restoration initiatives has been conducted in the republic of Nepal and regions such as Europe and America. In South Africa, the impact of cropland abandonment on household livelihoods, changes in vegetation and soil properties, and soil seed bank statuses have been conducted mainly in the Eastern Cape Province. The drivers of cropland abandonment in South Africa are like those observed in other countries, except for a few, which are country-specific such as poor support of communal farmers compared to their counterparts in the highly mechanised commercial farming sector. There is also a shift from low input cropping in the distant fields to high input cultivation in homestead gardens. Research results elsewhere suggest a woody growth suppressive effect of grazing, particularly average grazing intensities, being crucial in suppressing woody proliferation while high grazing intensities are detrimental to herbaceous species’ richness and promote woody species’ encroachment. A combination of fire and grazing alters the natural succession trajectory by promoting fire-tolerant species and arresting woody species. Similar to other countries, cropland abandonment is associated with colonisation by alien invasive species which are favoured by cropping legacies, such as altered soil levels of pH, Nitrogen, and phosphorus. Furthermore, limited moisture in semi-arid areas promotes the encroachment of indigenous woody species. Secondary succession in abandoned croplands can be manipulated for the benefit of livestock production in communal areas by introducing management strategies that will discourage encroachment by both invasive and indigenous woody species which lowers the grazing capacity. Furthermore, active restorative practices, such as reseeding with indigenous mid succession perennial grasses and legumes, will improve forage quality in abandoned croplands. Our understanding of succession trajectories under various unique disturbance regimes experienced in South Africa, such as communal grazing of abandoned croplands, compared to situations in other parts of the world is limited. Furthermore, the influence of other factors such as fire, soil fertility, and moisture needs to be understood.
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Woodfill, Brent K. S. "Contextualizing Caves within an Animate Maya Landscape: Caves as Living Agents in the Past and Present." Religions 12, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12121109.
Full textAbstract:
After groundbreaking work by multiple archaeologists in the latter half of the 20th century, caves in the Maya world are currently acknowledged as fundamentally ritual rather than domestic spaces. However, a more nuanced read of the anthropological literature and conversations with Indigenous collaborators in the past and present pushes us to move still farther and see caves not as passive contexts to contain ceremonies directed elsewhere but animate beings with unique identities and personalities in their own right. This article combines archaeological, ethnohistoric, and ethnographic documentation of Maya cave use in central Guatemala to build a foundation for examining caves as living beings, with particular attention played to the role they play as active agents in local politics and quotidian life. Through ritual offerings, neighboring residents and travelers maintain tight reciprocal relationships with specific caves and other geographic idiosyncrasies dotting the landscape to ensure the success of multiple important activities and the continued well-being of families and communities.
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Comrie, Bernard, and Raoul Zamponi. "Expanding the boundaries of Asian linguistics." Asian Languages and Linguistics 2, no. 1 (July 30, 2021): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/alal.20031.com.
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Abstract While the general lines of the areal linguistic typology of Asia are well known, there are some less well understood pockets that promise to throw light on the overall range of variation within the continent. These include the indigenous languages of the Andaman Islands, which have for much of history stood apart from the population and language spreads that have characterized most of Asia. They fall into two families: Great Andamanese – the focus of this article – and Ongan. In some respects Great Andamanese languages go with the bulk of Asia, e.g. verb-final constituent order, but other aspects even of constituent order represent a mixture that matches neither the general Asian head-final type nor the Southeast Asian head-initial type. Some properties of Great Andamanese are typologically unusual, but do find presumably accidental parallels in languages spoken inside Asia, e.g. retroflex consonants, or elsewhere, e.g. body-part prefixes and verb root ellipsis.
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Anoee, Nunia Qanatsiaq, Shelley Tulloch, Jeannie Arreak-Kullualik, Kerri Wheatley, and Sandy McAuley. "(Re)Invigorating family and community leadership in Inuit bilingual education." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 13, no. 1 (February 16, 2017): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180116689025.
Full textAbstract:
This article contextualizes community discourse about promising practices in Inuit bilingual education within the findings of Canada’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Arviat, Nunavut (Canada), is recognized as a success story in English-Inuktitut bilingualism. It has also been a nexus of elder- and Inuit-driven curriculum reform for strong bilingual education. A community-based research team facilitated conversations with 17 elders, teachers, and parents in Arviat, and 10 Inuit leaders elsewhere, about what is supporting bilingual education. Grounded theory analysis revealed family and community leadership as a key theme. Participants attributed successful bilingual education outcomes to family- and community-based language policies and practices that prioritize Inuktitut and support lifelong language learning. Their emphasis is echoed in discourse in other Inuit and Indigenous contexts. We argue that reclaiming the family leadership that was interrupted by residential schooling is a key to achieving or sustaining bilingualism and school success, and is also one aspect of achieving reconciliation.
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Lima, Carlos Neandro Cordeiro, Isabella Nogueira Abreu, Eliene Putira Sacuena Rodrigues, Vanessa de Oliveira Freitas, Bruno José Sarmento Botelho, Sandra Lima Souza, Izaura Cayres-Vallinoto, João Farias Guerreiro, Ricardo Ishak, and Antonio C. R. Vallinoto. "Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies among indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon: a cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 12, no. 2 (February 2022): e054271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054271.
Full textAbstract:
ObjectivesThe emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its pandemic spread generated serious concern about the impact of the infection on vulnerable indigenous populations of the Brazilian Amazon. Thus, this study aimed to perform a seroepidemiological survey of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in those populations.SettingSix indigenous ethnic groups living in the State of Pará (Northern Brazil) were investigated. The villages of Xikrin do Bacajá, Assurini, Araweté, Parakanã, Munduruku and Kararaô were visited from October 2020 to January 2021.Design and participantsWe performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of anti-spike (S1) IgG antibodies. Plasma was tested for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies using two assays (a lateral flow rapid test and an ELISA). A total of 1185 individuals of both sexes were enrolled in the study.ResultsThe prevalences of IgM and IgG antibodies were 6.9% and 68.1%, respectively, ranging from 0% to 79.6%, with significant differences (p<0.001) between age groups in three communities (Araweté, Xikrin and Munduruku) and a virulence rate of 0.86%. The overall IgG prevalence obtained by rapid tests and ELISAs were similar, and the agreement of the results between the two tests was 80%, which was classified as good (kappa=0.4987; p<0.001; sensitivity of 82.1% and specificity of 71.6%). Herd immunity was probably attained, similar to that found in other communities of the Amazon.ConclusionsSARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly among the indigenous populations investigated, but it had a low mortality rate. It is necessary to expand serological investigations to other communities in the Amazon region of Brazil.