Academic literature on the topic 'Other health sciences not elsewhere classified'

To better query regional sources of metal(loid) exposure in an under-communicated region, available scientific literature from 50 national universities (undergraduate and graduate theses and dissertations), peer-reviewed journals, and reports published in Spanish and English were synthesized with a focus on metal(loid) bioaccumulation in Peruvian food and medicinal products utilized locally. The study considered 16 metal(loid)s that are known to exert toxic impacts on humans (Hg, Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Sn, Ni, Ag, Pb, Se, Tl, Ti, and U). A total of 1907 individual analyses contained within 231 scientific publications largely conducted by Peruvian universities were analyzed. These analyses encompassed 239 reported species classified into five main food/medicinal groups—plants, fish, macroinvertebrates and mollusks, mammals, and “others” category. Our benchmark for comparison was the World Health Organization (Codex Alimentarius) standards. The organisms most frequently investigated included plants such as asparagus, corn, cacao, and rice; fish varieties like trout, tuna, and catfish; macroinvertebrates and mollusks including crab and shrimp; mammals such as alpaca, cow, chicken eggs, and milk; and other categories represented by propolis, honey, lichen, and edible frog. Bioaccumulation-related research increased from 2 to more than 25 publications per year between 2006 and 2022. The results indicate that Peruvian food and natural medicinal products can have dangerous levels of metal(loid)s, which can cause health problems for consumers. Many common and uncommon food/medicinal products and harmful metals identified in this analysis are not regulated on the WHO’s advisory lists, suggesting the urgent need for stronger regulations to ensure public safety. In general, Cd and Pb are the metals that violated WHO standards the most, although commonly non-WHO regulated metals such as Hg, Al, As, Cr, and Ni are also a concern. Metal concentrations found in Peru are on many occasions much higher than what has been reported elsewhere. We conclude that determining the safety of food/medicinal products is challenging due to varying metal concentrations that are influenced not only by metal type but also geographical location. Given the scarcity of research findings in many regions of Peru, urgent attention is required to address this critical knowledge gap and implement effective regulatory measures to protect public health.

Bats are excellent bioindicators and are increasingly used to assess ecosystem health and monitor changes in the environment. Due to increased awareness of the potential transmission of pathogens from bats to humans and recognizing the limitations of traditional bat sampling methods, the use of of non-invasive sampling techniques such as bat recorders were recommended for field-based monitoring studies. In the Philippines, however, bat bioacoustics is still a growing field, and the scarcity of acoustic data hinders the use of echolocation calls to conduct accurate inventories and population monitoring of echolocating bats. Here, we recorded and characterized echolocation calls of insectivorous bats from caves and karst areas located in southern Luzon Island, Philippines. In addition, we compared our results with other studies performed within and outside the country to identify possible regional and local variation in acoustic characters for some species. A total of 441 echolocation calls were recorded from six bat families: Hipposideridae (five species), Rhinolophidae (five species), Vespertilionidae (three species), Miniopteridae (two species), Megadermatidae (one species), and Emballonuridae (one species). Discriminant function analyses (DFA) with leave-one-out cross validation correctly classified bats emitting calls dominated with a constant frequency (CF) component (rhinolophids and hipposiderids) with >97% success and those producing frequency modulated (FM) calls (Miniopteridae and Vespertilionidae) with 88.9% success. We report echolocation calls for Philippine population of two species (Megaderma spasma and Hipposideros lekaguli) for the first time. Moreover, we present geographical variations in call frequencies for some species by comparing previously reported acoustic data elsewhere across the species’ range. This underscores the importance of establishing a readily accessible and comprehensive local reference library of echolocation calls which would serve as a valuable resource for examining taxonomic identities of echolocating bats, particularly those whose calls exhibit biogeographic variations.

This article offers an approach through administrative and cultural history to the problems associated with gathering and processing data for the Spanish national census of 1920, and by implication for earlier Spanish censuses. It focuses on the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, making use of correspondence between the central statistical office in Madrid, the provincial jefe de estadística and the localities, and of reports on three problematic towns within the province. The issues that emerge regarding ‘undercounting’, the definition of administrative boundaries and the classification of demographic characteristics are set in the wider context of census-taking practices and problems elsewhere in Spain and in other cultures.

SummaryThe family registration records from a village population in a small island of Japan are used to assess the effect of demographic differentiation within a population on genetic measures. When the couples studied are classified by birth cohorts and origins, wives of the couples where one spouse came from elsewhere were older at marriage and had a shorter duration of marriage or registration than wives where both spouses were natives of the village. The mean number of offspring is statistically smaller in the former except for the latest cohort, due mainly to out-migration during the reproductive ages which also resulted in low rates of marriage among the offspring within the village. This leads to a small effective population size and an increased likelihood of genetic drift in the overall population.

Due to the high levels of alcohol use, alcohol-attributable mortality and burden of disease, and detrimental drinking patterns, Lithuania implemented a series of alcohol control policies within a relatively short period of time, between 2008 and 2019. Based on their expected impact on alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable harm, as well as their target population, these policies have been classified using a set of objective criteria and expert opinion. The classification criteria included: positive vs. negative outcomes, mainly immediate vs. delayed outcomes, and general population vs. specific group outcomes. The judgement of the alcohol policy experts converged on the objective criteria, and, as a result, two tiers of intervention were identified: Tier 1—highly effective general population interventions with an anticipated immediate impact; Tier 2—other interventions aimed at the general population. In addition, interventions directed at specific populations were identified. This adaptable methodological approach to alcohol control policy classification is intended to provide guidance and support for the evaluation of alcohol policies elsewhere, to lay the foundation for the critical assessment of the policies to improve health and increase life expectancy, and to reduce crime and violence.

Abstract Background Retention in care is critical for treatment and prevention of HIV. Many HIV care clinics measure retention rate, but data are often incomplete for patients who are classified as lost to follow-up but may be actually in care elsewhere, moved, or died. The Data to Care (D2C) initiative supports data sharing between health departments and HIV providers to confirm patient care status and facilitate reengagement efforts for out of care HIV patients. Methods The University of Chicago Medicine (UCM) provided an electronic list to the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) of adult HIV-positive patients whose retention status was not certain. Retention in care was defined as at least 2 visits >90 days apart within the prior 12 months. CDPH matched this list of patients with data from the Chicago electronic HIV surveillance database. Matches were based on patient name, including alternative spellings and phonetics, and birth date. CDPH also cross-checked patient names with the CDC’s national enhanced HIV-AIDS Reporting System (eHARS) database. CDPH provided UCM with patient current care status, i.e., patient was in care elsewhere (as verified by lab data), moved out of state, or deceased. Results 780 HIV-positive patients received care in the UCM adult HIV clinic from January 1, 2013 to March 31, 2017. Of these, 360 were retained in care as of March 2017. We shared data with CDPH for 492 patients. Of these, 294 (59.8%) were matched, and 168 (34.1%) had a date of last medical care provided. See Table 1 for patient dispositions, before and after data sharing. 24 (13.4%) of patients believed to be lost to follow up according to UCM records were confirmed either transferred care or deceased according to health department data. Conclusion Data sharing between the health department and HIV providers can improve data accuracy regarding retention in care among people living with HIV. Disclosures J. P. Ridgway, Gilead FOCUS: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient; D. Pitrak, Gilead Sciences FOCUS: Grant Investigator, Grant recipient

SummaryThis paper examines the effects of a child's place of birth, mother's education, region of residence and rural and urban residence on infant mortality in Nigeria between 1965 and 1979, using data from the 1981/82 Nigeria Fertility Survey. Infant mortality rates declined in all regions between 1965 and 1979. Children born in modern health facilities, irrespective of their mothers' place of residence, experienced significantly lower rates of infant mortality than those born elsewhere. Logistic regression analysis showed that all other variables tested were also significant, although some to a lesser degree. Efforts to reduce infant mortality in Nigeria should include policies that rectify rural and urban differentials in the distribution of health facilities and encourage their use.

AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the dietary intakes of heterocyclic amines (HCAs), to examine the intakes in relation to socio-economics, lifestyle and other dietary factors and to compare the classification of subjects by intake of HCA versus intake of meat and fish.DesignCross-sectional analysis within the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort. Data were obtained from a modified diet history, a structured questionnaire on socio-economics and lifestyle, anthropometric measurements and chemical analysis of HCAs. HCA intake was cross-classified against meat and fish intake. The likelihood of being a high consumer of HCAs was estimated by logistic regression analysis. Dietary intakes were examined across quintiles of HCA intake using analysis of variance.SettingBaseline examinations conducted in 1991–1994 in Malmö, Sweden.SubjectsA sub-sample of 8599 women and 6575 men of the MDC cohort.ResultsThe mean daily HCA intake was 583 ng for women and 821 ng for men. Subjects were ranked differently with respect to HCA intake compared with intake of fried and baked meat and fish (κ = 0.13). High HCA intake was significantly associated with lower age, overweight, sedentary lifestyle and smoking. Intakes of dietary fibre, fruits and fermented milk products were negatively associated with HCA intake, while intakes of selenium, vegetables, potatoes, alcohol (among men) and non-milk-based margarines (among women) were positively associated with HCA intake.ConclusionsThe estimated daily HCA intake of 690 ng is similar to values obtained elsewhere. The present study suggests that lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intakes, and types of milk products and margarines) may confound associations between HCA intake and disease. The poor correlation between HCA intake and intakes of fried meat and fish facilitates an isolation of the health effects of HCAs.

Objectives: To review the literature evaluating outcomes resulting from expansion of the bipolar disorder (BD) diagnostic category. We were particularly interested in identifying high-level evidence for improved clinical outcomes as documented by randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or cohort studies. Methods: The English-language literature was searched using Ovid MEDLINE for studies of BD referenced against the key word spectrum. We used bibliographies and other databases to extend this search when no relevant RCTs or relevant cohort studies were identified. Results: In the MEDLINE searches, abstracts and titles of 86 studies were examined and 48 were found to be related to the topic of bipolar spectrum disorders (BSD). No RCTs or prospective cohort studies evaluating modified diagnostic or therapeutic practices were identified. The literature about the BSD consists mostly of expert opinion emphasizing: various links between bipolar and unipolar mood disorders; a proposal that a greater proportion of the population without a mood disorder as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders should be diagnosed under the BD category; and, proposals that syndromes currently classified elsewhere should be subsumed under the BD category. Conclusions: Our search failed to uncover high-level evidence demonstrating the clinical utility of proposed diagnostic realignments. The widespread acceptance of the expanded spectrum concept appears to be based on interpretation of descriptive epidemiologic data by high-profile experts.

The research presented here analyses and compares textual narratives generated within policy, scholarly and popular media to discern how the sexuality or intimacy needs of people categorised as ‘learning disabled’ have been historically and more recently managed in Australia and the United Kingdom. The research uses a modified critical discourse analytical approach which, in order to clarify the distinct role of power in the construction of discourses of sexuality, is mediated by the more recent ideas of progressive phronesis offered by Flyvbjerg (1998a; 2001). The analysis identifies three broad stages in the historical development of the discourses about the sexuality of learning disabled people. The first phase was prior to the 1800s, when these people were labelled non-derogatorily as ‘idiots’, and perceived as childlike, innocent and asexual. The second stage was in the 1800s when, with the emergence of scientific rationality and medicalisation, so-called idiots became medicalised and categorised as ‘feeble-minded’ or ‘moral imbeciles’. This thesis demonstrates that, during this period, an emphasis on sexual self-denial, anxieties about venereal disease and non-procreative erotic pleasure helped to inform discourses of eugenics and learning disabled people became perceived as a sexual threat to the society. This underpinned policies of sexual control through institutionalisation, gender segregation and sterilisation. The third period in the development of discourses relating to the sexuality of learning disabled people paralleled the ‘sexual revolution’ of the late- 1900s and the move towards deinstitutionalisation and human rights. This analysis shows that, although the principle of ‘sexual freedom’ was ostensibly incorporated in modern policy discourse, the sexuality of learning disabled people continues to be influenced by significant barriers of sexual intolerance, demonstrated by continuing practices of sexual segregation, sterilisation, criminal labelling and imprisonment. The analysis indicates that a discourse of sexuality, which has legitimised the control and management of learning disabled people in varying forms since the Enlightenment, continues to be encountered in policy and popular narratives. Robust sexuality awareness and education programs for carers of these people, and society in general, are necessary so that intimacy and/or sexual desires are accepted as a normal need for all human beings.

Training and development programmes should form an important part of human resource management functions within all organisations. Such programmes are needed whenever organisational goals and objectives can be furthered by improved employee performance. In order to provide suitable content within these programmes, precise information about the training needs of staff must be obtained. In this study a survey instrument was developed and used for the determination of professional development needs of staff in a higher education institution undergoing major organisational change.

Basketball teams typically undergo extensive training and competition demands across the season. Accordingly, it is becoming regular practice for basketball coaches and performance staff to implement monitoring programs to quantify external and internal loading in players during the season. As part of monitoring programs, it is essential to consider scheduling factors that may impact player loads across the regular season. In this regard, the impact of scheduling factors, such as game location, opposition ability, and fixture density, on player loads needs to be considered to precisely coordinate training schedules and appropriately manage player recovery in basketball teams. Thus, the aim of this research was to develop an evidence-based framework for use in practice to guide weekly training load prescription considering scheduling factors in basketball through: (i) conducting a systematic review to identify the precise impact of different scheduling factors on player loads in team sports; (ii) developing a framework that guides training load prescription across the regular season while factoring in prominent scheduling factors in basketball; and (iii) comparing the recommendations of the developed framework to training loads naturally prescribed in practice to a semi-professional basketball team. Ultimately, the number of games played in the current, previous, and subsequent weeks, days between games across subsequent weeks, and travel requirements were identified as the predominant scheduling factors to be considered in the TrAining load Recommendations based on weekly Game schEduling in baskeTball (TARGET) framework when planning weekly training loads for basketball players. In the TARGET framework, each scheduling factor is scored separately for each week of the season based on the team schedule. The overall score for each week in the TARGET framework is determined by summing the scores for all scheduling factors in that week to indicate schedule difficulty and guide training load prescription. The TARGET framework was retrospectively applied in practice to assess its utility and the extent to which coaching staff in a semi-professional basketball team may naturally consider scheduling factors when planning weekly team training loads. In this way, the weekly overall score in the TARGET framework was correlated with the weekly team training load prescribed across two regular seasons in a semi-professional, Australian basketball team. Accumulated PlayerLoadTM was measured using microsensors to quantify weekly team training load. The small, positive relationships (season one: r = 0.13; season two: r = 0.11) between weekly overall score in the TARGET framework scores and weekly team training load across two seasons suggest coaching staff of the investigated team tended to increase training load as schedule difficulty increased each week. Contrary to these findings, we expected coaching staff to reduce weekly team training loads as schedule difficulty increased, which suggests scheduling factors may not be adequately considered by some basketball coaching staff in real world contexts when planning team training loads across the regular season. The TARGET framework provides basketball coaches and performance staff with an easy-to-use, efficient, practical tool to inform weekly team training load prescription during the regular season. Furthermore, the ability to consider key scheduling factors in a prospective manner once the game schedule and travel plans are known for basketball teams, enables the TARGET framework to be used proactively to plan weekly training loads across the season.

The story behind this research project begins in 1962 when, at age 11, I developed an eating disorder and began to keep a diary. The themes and threads that bind the story together, however, began to weave a pattern almost as soon as I was born. In early childhood, the world through my eyes comprised a small, beautiful valley adjoining the Mitchell River National Park in Victoria, Australia. I lived on a dairy farm with my parents and sister. For my first 11 years, my home had no electricity, television or Internet, but my days were full. The farm, river and adjacent bushland provided a natural outdoors playground, seeding my imagination. Indoors, on rainy days and at night by lantern-light, at the solid oak kitchen table, I would ask my mother for pen and paper and write a note or two about my day. A friendship with words was already taking hold.

"The use of CATI methods for conducting population health surveys is an enduring and popular practice. Although it is one of the most reliable ways to collect data, there is a range of sampling and non sampling errors which can potentially affect the abiliity of CATI surveys to provide accurate results. This thesis examined the impact of a particular type of non-sampling error - question order effects - in CATI surveys. Two studies were conducted one which examined order effects in data collected using a standard health survey instrument designed to measure and classify physical activity behaviour, and one which examined order effects in data collected using two question blocks designed to evaluate health related knowledge and attitudes"--Abstract.

This dissertation examines the way in which the role and function of remote area nurses (RANs) employed by the Australian Inland Mission (AIM), was established and developed during the years 1923 to 1953 at Birdsville in far south-west Queensland. In a geographically remote and technologically isolated environment, registered trained nurses in the absence of any other on-site medical or allied health personnel, provided the only formal health service to the people of Birdsville and the surrounding district. A unique feature of the AIM'S nursing service is that it was designed to meet the holistic health needs of isolated white people and apart from strictly clinical services, did not include the local indigenous population. In effect, the nurses' role and function developed within a framework of institutional racism. Free of the rigid hierarchical constraints and structures experienced during this time period by their metropolitan colleagues, the RANs at Birdsville developed their role and function within the broader context of this remote community's culture. In such a small community as Birdsville, community dynamics and politics based on the concepts of class, religion and ethnicity were considerably heightened. Within this environment, the ability of the nurses to effectively carry out their role and function for all of the community, was at times severely challenged and restricted. Essentially, the nurses shared with the community harsh climatic and living conditions which were exacerbated at times by the AIM'S inability to raise sufficient funds to adequately support their nursing staff. The nurses' professional isolation although apparent throughout the period under study, was most acute in the first few years prior to the installation of a pedal radio transceiver at Birdsville. During these early years their extended scope of clinical practice was established. However, it is demonstrated within the dissertation that even with improved communication and aviation technology, a high degree of autonomy in their clinical decision-making was maintained and incorporated into a culture of remote area nursing.

Poisoning of cattle by plants of the Pimelea species incurs heavy losses to individual producers in regions of South West Queensland, North Western New South Wales, South Australia, and the Northern Territory. Due to the vast

areas of affected land, control of the plant is perceived as non -viable. Therefore, the aim of this study has been to contribute to the development of methods to reduce the losses caused by the condition from an animal health

perspective.

Immunisation with conjugates of a purified mixture of Pimelea toxins and ovalbumin with varying inclusion ratios has resulted in the production of bovine serum IgG antibodies, which attenuate the effect of purified Pimelea

toxins on bovine pulmonary venule preparations in vitro. Cattle immunised with a vaccine batched from two conjugates from experimental studies have been shown to develop toxin specific antibody responses while affected and unaffected by poisoning at the time of immunisation. Experiments to evaluate the protective attributes of the vaccine under field conditions have produced consistent, yet non -significant results regarding liveweight and condition

scores of vaccinated animals. Therefore, no immediate conclusions can be drawn regarding the protective properties of the experimental vaccine without futrther investigation.

Investigation of a structure -activity relationship of the Pimelea toxins has resulted in new knowledge regarding key functional requirements for binding to and activation of protein kinase C (PKC). A structural variant of simplexin

was found not to activate PKC in vitro, therefore the conversion of simplexin to this compound in the rumen of cattle would provide a means of reducing the impact caused by Pimelea poisoning. It was found that hydroxyl groups at the 4- and 5- positions of simplexin were essential for PKC binding. Carbonyl functionality at position 3- of simplexin, although significant for PKC binding, was shown to be more related to the activation properties of the resulting complex. The alteration of hydroxyl functionality at the 20- position of

mezerein (a selected reference compound) was shown not to significantly alter binding, however no conclusion can be drawn regarding the importance of this functionality of simplexin.

Derivatisation of Pimelea toxin for assay by gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was found not to be feasible.

It is mandated that all Australian hospitals employ a means of detecting patient deterioration, and in doing so, most have chosen to adopt Early Warning Scores (EWS). Over the past three decades, many variations of EWSs have been developed and tested in larger regional/metropolitan hospitals. However, there is a paucity of evidence as to which EWS is most effective in predicting deterioration events in small, poorly resourced regional/rural hospitals. The aim of this study was to inform small, poorly resourced regional/rural hospitals on the selection of the best EWS or class of EWS, to augment patient safety within their context. This multi-phase retrospective case-controlled study compared the efficiency of 12 existing EWSs using patient data from two small regional private hospitals (Phase 1). Outcomes from Phase 1 informed Phase 2 and the development of a new EWS for use in poorly resourced regional private hospitals. The new EWS was then validated using two independent patient cohorts from small, poorly resourced regional/rural public hospitals (n=7) and large, well-resourced public regional/metropolitan hospitals (n=6). Results showed that in small regional private hospitals, the aggregated weighted EWS, called Compass, was most effective in identifying deteriorating patients with an Area under the Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve (AUROC) of 0.747 (CI 0.73-0.76). However, Compass had a low sensitivity of 0.44, meaning that less than 50% of the deteriorating patients achieved an emergency call score. Given the suboptimal efficiency of the 12 EWSs tested, a new, more efficient EWS was developed. The first step in developing a new EWS involved determining the ability of the vital signs in predicting patient deterioration. While vital signs are good indicators of patient deterioration, no single vital sign was found to predict patient outcomes strongly. A rapid heart rate and the need for supplementary oxygen were identified as the best indicators of an impending clinical deterioration event in this patient cohort. Based on these findings, a new combination EWS, called MOD-6 was then developed. This was achieved by adding a single trigger component to Compass, extending the existing vital sign trigger threshold ranges and incorporating a graduated weighted scale for supplementary oxygen use. The new combination EWS, MOD-6, was 20% more effective than Compass when used in poorly resourced regional private hospitals. However, when validating the new MOD-6 using two independent patient cohorts from the public sector, the MOD-6 EWS was no more effective than existing EWSs. This study has produced evidence that EWSs are used differently in large, well-resourced regional/metropolitan hospitals compared to poorly resourced regional/rural hospitals. In the well-resourced hospitals, there is evidence that the EWSs are being used to identify clinical deterioration events, reactively using the EWS scores to guide the escalation of patient care. At the small, poorly resourced hospitals, the EWSs appear to be used proactively to predict patient deterioration and prevent adverse patient events. At these small regional/rural hospitals, staff appear to respond early to changes in the patients’ vital signs, transferring patients out to a better resource facility before triggering an emergency threshold score on the EWS. In conclusion, an aggregated weighted EWS, such as Compass, or a combination EWS such as the new MOD-6 EWS should be considered for implementation in the small, poorly resourced private hospitals. The best indicators of patients requiring transfer out to a higher level of care in this patient cohort are the use of supplementary oxygen and those with tachycardia. Findings from this research will inform nursing practice in small, poorly resourced regional/rural hospitals and positively contribute to patient safety.

The behaviour of waste biomass materials, specifically bagasse* and sawdust, in deep fluidized beds was investigated. The bagasse used was dry (less than 1% moisture by mass). Sawdust was from mixed eucalyptus hardwoods with moisture contents up to 25% by mass. A series of cold flow visualisation tests were completed in a bed of 190mm diameter using graded river sand of surface mean particle diameters of 180 and 490 microns. Bagasse was added to the bed in various quantities and the ingestion and mixing phenomena observed. The influence of distributor design, cones, and draft tubes on mixing rates were investigated for use in the combustor design. Combustion Tests using Sawdust and Bagasse were completed in a Combustor of 489mm diameter with graded river sands of surface mean particle diameters of 300,490 and 530 microns. Various configurations were tested including a shallow bed of depth 130mm, deep beds of depths up to 460mm, a Reverse Circulation Bed, and Modified Spouted Beds of depths up to 740mm. Fuel feeding systems included above bed chutes, an ingestor tube, a direct bed wall screw feeder, and a pressurised screw feeder fitted to the air supply of a Modified Spouted Bed. Bagasse was not successfully fed through the screw feeder systems used. Sawdust, which has similar fluidized bed combustion characteristics to bagasse, was used in screw feeders to indicate the possible results that could be obtained from bagasse using below bed feed systems. Configurations utilising direct below bed surface screw feed, Ingestor tube feed, and pressurised screw feed to the fluidizing air were all successful in increasing the percentage of combustion occurring below the bed surface. The best results were obtained from pre-mixed air and fuel particles entering the modified spouted bed giving combustion efficiencies of up to 60% comparable to coal. Higher efficiencies would be possible with further optimisation of the design. The results of the investigation open several avenues of development including partial gasification/combustion systems and further development of the ingestor tube, reverse circulation bed and modified spouted bed concepts. The problems encountered with the combustion of lightweight, particulate biomass fuels are now reduced to finding practical methods of fuel feeding and rate control. *Bagasse is the cellulose residue from sugar cane stalks which remains after crushing.It is particulate, fibrous, tangled and irregular in size, length and aspect ratio.

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.

Nutrition deals with study of dynamic process of utilization of ingested food for nourishment of the body to carry out various functions. In other words it deals with food assimilation. Foods can be classified as cereals, millets, pulses, vegetables, nuts and oil seeds, fruits, flesh and dairy foods, fats and oils, sugar and jaggery, condiments and spices, miscellaneous foods. All provide diverse nutrients. Functions, natural sources and daily requirement of these nutrients are important to know to maintain health and vitality. Some nutrients are “double edged swords”, i.e. their deficiency as well as excess results in diseases. Recognition of symptoms and signs of these diseases is first step of their management in practice.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the most common of tumors of the biliary tree, according to its location is classified as intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal. Intrahepatic CC (ICC) constitutes about 5-10% of all CC. Although rare, its incidence has been increasing in several parts of the world. The mixed tumor hepatocellular carcinoma/cholangiocarcinoma (HCC-CC), which is also rare, presents histological findings of both hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and iCC in the same nodule. Patients with a presumptive diagnosis of HCC on imaging tests undergo liver transplantation when, in fact, they have iCC or HCC-CC. A consensus meeting of the 2014 European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) and the American Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD) contraindicated liver transplantation (LT) in patients with iCC or HCC-CC. However, recent studies suggest that careful selection of patients with very early iCC have similar survival rates to patients transplanted by HCC, suggesting that early iCC patients should be considered for liver transplantation. Similar results were obtained in patients with HCC-CC; however, it would seem that the cutoff could be extended to 5 cm considering other post-LT variables

Low back pain (LBP) is a musculoskeletal complaint that can be defined as pain or discomfort referred to the lower part of the spine, between the last thoracic vertebra and the first sacral vertebra, above the upper gluteal line, and which may or may not radiate to the lower limbs. Highly prevalent, it affects about 84% of the adult population at some point in life, being classified as acute when it lasts up to 6 weeks, subacute when from 6 to 12 weeks and chronic if for more than 12 weeks 2. LBP is a public health problem, as it is related to functional disability, decreased quality of life, social and economic losses, both indirect, as it leads to absenteeism, withdrawal from work activities and/or disability retirement, and direct, due to public health costs with medical care and procedures related to LBP and its biopsychosocial consequences 3,4. The etiology of low back pain is complex and multifactorial, and can be specific when due to a known pathology or factor, and nonspecific when the causes are inevitable 5. However, they are often associated with an imbalance between the effort required to perform the activities and the insufficient capacity of the musculoskeletal system to do so 6, as well as other agents of mechanical origin, such as disc, joint, muscle, ligament and nerve alterations.

Contamination of aquatic environments by pollutants of emerging concern (PEC) creates new public health and environmental threats. Over the years, Africa has struggled to adequately treat wastewater before discharged into the environment. The situation is expected to be worsened by the more challenging to treat PEC like pharmaceuticals, endocrine disrupters, microplastics, surfactants, cyanotoxins, radioactive and flame retardants. Generally, the pollution of aquatic environments will have serious negative impacts on organisms that depend on the affected sources. Elsewhere, a number of research studies have reported the occurrence of these pollutants and in some cases exceeding the recommended levels. However, in Africa and other developing countries, a few studies have focused on PEC in aquatic resources. In this review, discussions are centered on the: (i) occurrence of PEC in African aquatic environments, (ii) potential risks to aquatic ecosystems and human health, and (iii) current chemical and biological monitoring techniques. There is need to include PEC in the research studies and routine environmental monitoring programmes particularly before the urban wastewater is discharged into the environment. Passive biomonitoring through using biomarkers like oxidative stress proteins and gonadal histopathology may be more informative and cheaper way of monitoring PEC than chemical analysis.

Introduction: Vancomycin is a strategic antibiotic in the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria. Controversies regarding its dosage and monitoring are important due to the risk of nephrotoxicity and the insurgency of resistant strains. Objectives: To describe vancomycin prescription patterns for adult patients, to observe vancomycin administration, vancocinemia collection and the timing of subsequent vancomycin dose adjustment, and to evaluate the conformity between prescription, administration and monitoring of vancomycin in a University Hospital (HU). Methodology: This was a cross-sectional and prospective study that included adult patients admitted to four clinical and surgical wards and two wards of the intensive care unit (SETI) using vancomycin. Six visits were made to the Internal Medicine, Neurology and Orthopedics wards and five visits to the Vascular Surgery and SETI wards, in which 67 patients and 989 prescriptions were evaluated, data from medical records were collected and nursing and medical routines regarding vancomycin administration, vancocinemia collection and antibiotic adjustment were observed. Results: There was no difference between the units in terms of gender, baseline creatinine levels, length of hospital stay, days of vancomycin use, and weight, with a predominance of younger patients in Neurology and a higher mean age in Vascular Surgery. The loading dose was prescribed in 83.8% of the patients, while dilution and infusion time were prescribed, respectively, in 768 (77.6%) and 212 (21.4%) of the prescriptions. The SETIs had rates of adequacy of the loading dose and frequency of dilution prescription and infusion time statistically higher than those of the wards (p 0.02, p 0.04 and p <0.001, respectively). Of the total dilutions prescribed, 56.4% were adequate. Internal medicine led in the proportion of correctly prescribed dilutions (82.8%, p<0.05), as opposed to the Intensive Care Unit – Ward 1 (SETI 1) and Neurology, which had the lowest adequacy rates, of 36.4% and 36.1%, respectively. The infusion time was correctly prescribed in 169 (79.7%) records. In Neurology, the infusion time was not prescribed at any time, and in Orthopedics, it was not adequate at any time. In the other sectors, the infusion time was mostly adequate, with a discrepant trend observed between SETI Wards 1 and 2 (p 0.058). In the analysis of SETIs versus wards, there were higher rates of adequacy of the prescribed infusion time in SETIs (p 0.003). There were nine cases of cutaneous reaction to vancomycin (13.4%). An inverse relationship was observed between the appropriate prescription for infusion time and the frequency of adverse skin reaction. A total of 56 administrations were observed, with 32 (57.1%) not being in accordance with the prescribed. Of the 59 patients using the first vancomycin regimen during hospitalization for two or more days, 52 (88.1%) had at least one vancokineemia collected, with the 1st vankokineemia collected predominantly on the 2nd day of antibiotic therapy in all sectors. It was not possible to establish comparisons between the sectors regarding dose collections and adjustments due to the reduced number of vancocinemia collections observed. Among the 265 levels of vanchokineemia recorded, 132 (49.8%) were classified as adequate. Acute kidney injury (AKI) developed in 13 (31.7%) of the total of 41 patients evaluated for this outcome and was more frequent in SETIs compared to wards (p<0.001). Comparing the day of antibiotic therapy with vancomycin that each patient was on at the time of the last creatinine measurement and the values of the 1st vanchokineemia, a median number of days and higher vanchokineemia levels were found among the patients who developed AKI (p 0.06 and p 0.002, respectively). Conclusion: There are failures in the prescription, administration and monitoring of vancomycin in all sectors of this UH. The Intensive Care Service – Ward 2 (SETI 2) and the Internal Medicine were the sectors that best met the criteria for adequate prescription. There is a need to implement measures to qualify and train professionals, as well as inspection actions regarding the rigor of prescription and administration. The data from medical records were not completely reliable to what was done in practice, however, the study was not able to reduce the importance of medical records as a data collection tool.

The Unani medical system that originated in the Greece was later on taken up by the Romans. Thereafter, it reached land of the Arabs and from there to Central Asia and parts of Europe during the Middle Ages. It reached to India from Arab and Iran and developed into comprehensive medical system. In order to promote and propagate Unani system of medicine worldwide, various efforts have been made and strategies have been formulated by Government of India and the International organizations such as World Health Organization. Ministry of Ayush and WHO have given recognition to this system and are doing their best in the upliftment of system. Although Unani medicine is popular among the masses of Islamic Republic of Iran, South Africa, and some other countries but it has a special status in Indian subcontinent. With a vast, functional network of institutions of higher learning, medical facilities, and research and development, India is currently leading the world in the field of n Unani Medicine. Few decades earlier, due to lack of awareness and information access, the Unani graduates were confined to the field of private practice only. Rapid expansion of healthcare industry, opening up of new colleges, institutions, hospitals, research unit has open the path of utilisation of Unani scholars. Various career opportunities available to Unani graduates in general or with specialisation can be classified as academics, civil services, hospital and health management, Research and Development, Drug Manufacturing Unit, Medical tourism, Medical informatics etc. Through qualifying TCAM exam, they can get license to practice in UAE. An attempt has been made in this chapter to explore the global status of Unani system of Medicine and career opportunities available for Unani scholars.

Abstract When the University of Heidelberg created a separate chair for experimental physiology in 1858, it did so in response to a decade-long battle for the establishment of this discipline. The decentralized structure of the German university system may have fostered the relatively rapid establishment of the experimental sciences throughout Germany (as compared to other European countries), but the decision, as I have been arguing, to invest heavily in these subjects was based in part on a broader “ideology of the practical” that rated highly the exact method of the experimental sciences as a tool for teaching a critical approach to problem solving. In addition, other concerns, peculiar to physiology, contributed to the establishment of this discipline. For one, methodological changes, foremost the development of sophisticated instrumental techniques, encouraged specialization, making it increasingly difficult for one individual to assume responsibility for all the life sciences. In Heidelberg, as elsewhere, this generated discussions on the advisability of expanding the medical faculty and creating a new position for a physiologist. One of the strongest advocates of this expansion was Henle, who, by mid-century, was defining himself more and more as an anatomist and actively campaigning for the appointment of a physiologist who could take over his classes in physiology and teach the experimental method to students. In his efforts he received strong support from members of both the state health commission and the local medical society, who fought for the appointment of an experimental physiologist as part of their greater plans to reform educational and licensing requirements in the state.

COVID-19 has variable symptoms, specific diagnosis, and no safe and effective treatment, in addition to prevention and vaccination measures. Among the risk groups are pregnant and puerperal women, with possible consequences for the fetus. In addition to hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), there is a high number of deaths classified as maternal mortality. Thus, the objective of this study is to identify the trend of Brazilian scientific production regarding pregnancy and COVID-19, with a review question: What is the trend of Brazilian dissertations and theses about pregnancy related to COVID-19? This is a narrative review of the literature, carried out in July 2022, in the theses and dissertations bank of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Commission (CAPES) portal, with a search strategy "pregnancy AND COVID-19" and clipping temporal. As inclusion criteria, field research theses or dissertations that answered the review question and excluded studies with incomplete abstracts and/or not available in the database. In the analysis, a detailed reading was carried out with the external organization of the data, consisting of eight theses and dissertations. As for the results, six are dissertations and two theses; mostly published in 2021 and 2022; in the Southeast and Northeast regions of Brazil; through four federal universities, two state universities, and one private university. Regarding the approach, four studies were qualitative, two quantitative, and one quali-quantitative; predominating the area of Medicine, followed by Biotechnology, Dentistry, and Collective Health. There was a lack of studies produced by other areas of health sciences on the theme supported by the need for specialized and multidisciplinary care with support for doubts. Complications such as an increase in the prevalence of preeclampsia, laboratory, and vascular alterations have been identified in pregnant women with COVID-19. Thus, care strategies are needed to reduce the risk of infection, such as the development of digital technologies and the use of telehealth. In addition to clinical issues, this group suffered impacts on mental health due to social isolation and changes in maternal-fetal attachment. It concludes the vast approach that pregnancy and COVID-19 can be researched, with gaps in maternal mortality, and reinforces the potential of prevention actions to meet the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

With the development of science and technology, the distance between people in space is getting smaller and smaller, and economic globalization has been a historical inevitability. At the time of accelerating globalization, the film and television industry, as a part of the economy, cannot escape the impact of globalization. Moreover, compared with other industries, film and television works often carry more cultural connotations. How should filmmakers cope with the cultural differences in storytelling, create cross-cultural works, and get the same or different word-of-mouth feedback from different cultural groups? In the current multi-cultural context, Wong Kar-wai can be said to be one of the representative figures. In his films, From "Carmen", "Ashes of Time" and "Days of Being Wild" to "Chungking Express", "In the Mood for Love" and "The Grandmaster", Wong Kar-wai has been widely understood and accepted in different cultural and social contexts. This article start with online comments and study the elements of cross-cultural film creation in the context of globalization according to data mining technology. Research methods and processes: Firstly, data acquisition and pre-processing are carried out. The data source of online comments needs to be determined before crawling the review data. For the research objects selected in this study, the relevant sections of online movie rating websites, online movie platforms and social attribute platforms with large audiences were chosen as data source. For example, metascore has a weighted average of many movie reviews from well-known critics, which is highly reliable. Then, the key step in text mining is word segmentation. It's the process of breaking a sentence into several words. Accurate word segmentation can improve the efficiency and accuracy of subsequent text mining. After the word cloud is established, attribute features of the comments are extracted and classified, and the factors that highly affect the acceptance and empathy of Wong Kar-wai's film works in the cross-cultural context are summarized. Finally, combined with the study of his film scenes and narrative structure, the research focuses on the following factors:1.Theme selection: Explore universal themes, such as love, loneliness, loss and dreams. These themes are cross-cultural, and people face similar issues and emotions across cultures.2.Narrative structure: Such as non-linear narrative structure, which not only increases the complexity of the film, but also provides the audience with space to think and interpret, so that audiences from different cultural backgrounds can interpret the film in different ways.3.How emotions are expressed: Wong Kar-wai's films emphasize the emotions and inner world of characters, which is a universal emotional experience that can touch people's emotions across cultural boundaries.4.Character complexity: Complex and multi-dimensional characters with unique personalities, desires and inner conflicts enable the audience to immerse themselves in understanding the inner journey of these characters, regardless of their cultural background.5.The beauty of cultural elements: Different cultural elements, such as the backgrounds and traditions of China Mainland, Hong Kong, or elsewhere. Although these elements sometimes have a specific impact on the story, they are usually presented in an aesthetic and emotional way that allows the audience to enjoy the film without knowing the cultural details.6.Aesthetic of sight and sound: Films have a distinctive vision and sound style. Create memorable movie atmospheres. This visual and aural allure can transcend the language barrier and touch the hearts of the audience.In a word, the reason why Wong Kar-wai's films can be accepted and understood by people in cross-cultural contexts will be explored in a more specific way along the above directions, and the methods of film creation will be explored under the background of multi-context globalization.