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1
Ericson, U., E. Wirfält, I. Mattisson, B. Gullberg, and K. Skog. "Dietary intake of heterocyclic amines in relation to socio-economic, lifestyle and other dietary factors: estimates in a Swedish population." Public Health Nutrition 10, no. 6 (June 2007): 616–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007352518.
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AbstractObjectivesTo estimate the dietary intakes of heterocyclic amines (HCAs), to examine the intakes in relation to socio-economics, lifestyle and other dietary factors and to compare the classification of subjects by intake of HCA versus intake of meat and fish.DesignCross-sectional analysis within the Malmö Diet and Cancer (MDC) cohort. Data were obtained from a modified diet history, a structured questionnaire on socio-economics and lifestyle, anthropometric measurements and chemical analysis of HCAs. HCA intake was cross-classified against meat and fish intake. The likelihood of being a high consumer of HCAs was estimated by logistic regression analysis. Dietary intakes were examined across quintiles of HCA intake using analysis of variance.SettingBaseline examinations conducted in 1991–1994 in Malmö, Sweden.SubjectsA sub-sample of 8599 women and 6575 men of the MDC cohort.ResultsThe mean daily HCA intake was 583 ng for women and 821 ng for men. Subjects were ranked differently with respect to HCA intake compared with intake of fried and baked meat and fish (κ = 0.13). High HCA intake was significantly associated with lower age, overweight, sedentary lifestyle and smoking. Intakes of dietary fibre, fruits and fermented milk products were negatively associated with HCA intake, while intakes of selenium, vegetables, potatoes, alcohol (among men) and non-milk-based margarines (among women) were positively associated with HCA intake.ConclusionsThe estimated daily HCA intake of 690 ng is similar to values obtained elsewhere. The present study suggests that lifestyle factors (e.g. smoking, physical activity, fruit and vegetable intakes, and types of milk products and margarines) may confound associations between HCA intake and disease. The poor correlation between HCA intake and intakes of fried meat and fish facilitates an isolation of the health effects of HCAs.
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Rees, Albert. "The Salaries of Ph.D.'s in Academe and Elsewhere." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 1 (February 1, 1993): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.1.151.
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It has long been known that Ph.D.'s working for academic institutions earn less than Ph.D.'s in the same disciplines working for other kinds of employers, especially government and industry. It has not been possible to tell, however, whether this difference in earnings represents a difference in average quality of the employees in the two sectors or whether it represents a compensating differential reflecting the greater autonomy and freedom from control of superiors in the academic sector and the greater job security of tenured professors. It is now possible to answer this question through the use of special tabulations of data from the Survey of Doctoral Recipients of the National Research Council (1989).
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Kopacz, Marek S., Cathleen P. Kane, Brady Stephens, and Wilfred R. Pigeon. "Use ofICD-9-CMDiagnosis Code V62.89 (Other Psychological or Physical Stress, Not Elsewhere Classified) Following a Suicide Attempt." Psychiatric Services 67, no. 7 (July 2016): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201500302.
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Čipin, Ivan. "Razlike u kohortnom fertilitetu prema migracijskom obilježju: slučaj Grada Zagreba." Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 38, no. 1 (2022): 7–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.38.1.1.
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The impact of migration on fertility is becoming an increasingly common research theme within the framework of population studies. Numerous demographic and geographical studies have found lower fertility in urban than in rural areas, both in developing and developed countries. Structural and contextual factors most often explain this difference. Structural factors refer to people of dissimilar socio-economic characteristics living in different areas, while contextual factors cover the current living conditions in the broadest sense. However, when explaining the urban–rural fertility differences, the selectivity of migration should also be considered, as people who (currently) have no fertility plans prefer to move to large cities. Most studies that measured fertility levels by migrant characteristics have relied on period fertility rates, while only a few have investigated cohort fertility. This study explores the cohort fertility of females by migrant status in the City of Zagreb, the largest urban centre in Croatia. Therefore, the aim is to better understand the relationship between completed fertility and migration in an urban context. Within a country, areas with the lowest fertility are often capital cities with highly educated and highly mobile populations. Although the fertility of international mi¬grants attracts more attention than internal migration, studying the association between fertility and both types of migration is especially important in a capital city with relatively high rates of inward migration. How much is known about the repro¬ductive behaviour of inward migrants in Zagreb? Are there significant differences between their fertility patterns and the patterns of native women? This paper fills this gap in the Croatian demographic literature by comparing fertility differences by migrant status across cohorts. The analysis is based on the 2011 Census data for the City of Zagreb. The Central Bureau of Statistics created a multidimensional table based on the data from this census, which includes the following variables for the female population of the City of Zagreb aged 15 or over: year of birth, number of liveborn children, highest completed education and place of birth. For analytical purposes, the data were aggre¬gated into eight five-year cohorts, with the oldest cohort born in 1930–1934 and the youngest in 1965–1969. Fertility is measured as the completed number of liveborn children per woman, which corresponds to the cohort fertility rate (CFR). The calculations are based on the standard analytical procedures used in cohort fertility analysis with census data or reproductive histories from surveys. Women are classified into four categories by migrant type: born in the City of Zagreb (native population), born in another city or another municipality in the Republic of Croatia (internal migrants), born in Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – B&H), born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina (external migrants – others). The 2011 census data on the number of live births are retrospective and based on the census question asking for the number of children a woman has ever had, including children who were no longer alive at the time of the census. The analysis is restricted to women born from 1930 (aged 80–81 at the time of the census) to 1969 (aged 41–42 at the time of the census), as younger women may have (more) children, while the fertility of women over 80 may be biased due to mortality and non-reporting of de¬ceased children. The analysis has shown significant differences in cohort fertility in the City of Zagreb by women’s place of birth. In all cohorts, the lowest completed fertility was achieved by women who were born in the City of Zagreb and (most likely) had no migration experience. In older cohorts, the highest fertility was recorded among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In younger cohorts, fertility was highest for women born in other countries abroad. The substantial difference in completed fertility between older cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and those born in the City of Zagreb is not surprising, given that considerable differences in cohort fertility were observed between the equivalent cohorts in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. The comparison between cohort fertility rates in the City of Zagreb and Croatia shows that the cohort fertility rate in the City of Zagreb is about 0.25 (in younger co¬horts) and about 0.5 (in older cohorts) lower than in Croatia as a whole. The completed fertility of Zagreb-born women and those born elsewhere in Croatia slowly grew from older to younger cohorts (except for the youngest one). A similar trend, with some fluctuations, was observed for cohort fertility of women born abroad other than Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the other hand, completed fertility for the cohorts born in Bosnia and Herzegovina shows the opposite intercohort trend, with a notice¬able decline from the oldest to the youngest cohorts. Nevertheless, the overall cohort fertility trend is equal to that for the cohorts born in the City of Zagreb and the cohort of in-migrants from other cities/municipalities in Croatia. The share of childless women in the analysed City of Zagreb cohorts ranged from 11% to 15%, except for the youngest cohort (19%). The proportion of women who had only one child decreased from a relatively high 38% in the oldest cohort to 22– 23% in the cohorts born during the 1960s. The share of women of low parity (parities 0 and 1) decreased over time. While they represented a clear majority in the cohorts born in the 1930s, they account for below 40% in those born from 1945 to 1964. In these cohorts, in the City of Zagreb, the model of two-children families was prevalent, which is not surprising as in most post-socialist countries, having two children was a standard at the time. Women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina had lower childlessness rates than the other three categories. Women from the native cohort, especially older ones, have a rela¬tively high proportion of parity 1, while among women born in Bosnia and Herze¬govina, parity 1 is relatively low. There were no major differences in parity 2 among the analysed cohorts, with a slightly higher proportion of the two-children norm among women born in Croatia and somewhat lower in cohorts born abroad. This is expected because approximately half of the women born in the City of Zagreb in older cohorts no longer participated in reproduction after the first birth. On the other hand, women with higher parities (3 and 4+) dominate among women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina in older cohorts and among women born elsewhere abroad in the youngest cohorts. This is due to their relatively high progression to the third child (parity progression ratio 2→3 rose from 0.45 to 0.6). Interestingly, younger cohorts of women born in the City of Zagreb and the rest of Croatia are more represented in higher parities than the older cohorts. A possible explanation lies in the potentially disproportionately more significant impact of the second generation of the immigrant population whose parents were born abroad, but we should not ig¬nore numerous other economic, institutional and cultural factors of migrant fertility. In the City of Zagreb, the number and share of women with primary education has decreased, while the number and share of women with secondary and higher levels of education has increased. However, cohort fertility for all three educational groups has increased over time, with a slight decline in the youngest cohort among women with medium and high education. Probably due to the previous selectivity among the highly educated, the oldest cohort recorded a very low rate of completed fertility (about 1.1). The analysis has shown that the reproductive behaviour of in-migrants in the City of Zagreb differs from that of the native female population, depending on the place of origin. The difference between internal migrant women is minor – on average less than 0.1 children, with a convergence in the cohort fertility of younger cohorts. At the same time, the cohort fertility of women born abroad is significantly higher than of women born in Zagreb, on average by one child in older cohorts of women born in Bosnia and Herzegovina and by 0.5 children in younger cohorts born in other countries. Moving to the largest city in the country is apparently associated with lower fertility due to adaptation to high competition in the sphere of economic life on the one hand, and low urban reproductive norms on the other. The role of selective migration and the fact that individuals and couples who do not plan to have children disproportionately move to the largest urban centres should not be ignored either.
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Rol, Menno. "On ceteris paribus laws in economics (and elsewhere): why do social sciences matter to each other?" Erasmus Journal for Philosophy and Economics 5, no. 2 (November 23, 2012): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23941/ejpe.v5i2.104.
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Stipulating universal propositions with a ceteris paribus clause is normal practice in science and especially in economics. Yet there are several problems associated with the use of ceteris paribus clauses in theorising and in policy matters. This paper first investigates three questions: how can ceteris paribus clauses be non-vacuous? How can ceteris paribus laws be true? And how can they help in formulating successful policy interventions in a diversity of contexts? It turns out that ceteris paribus clauses are not always used legitimately. They are meant to fence off a theory from disturbing factors, but economists who do not specify the clause well enough tend to fence variables in rather than off. In such cases, it would be better to use theoretical abstraction, which is something very different from the use of ceteris paribus clauses. However, abstract theorising conceptually leads one away from the concrete detail of real world situations in which policies take place. Hence, a fourth question arises: how can policy interventions be properly designed on the basis of abstract laws? To answer this question, I defend interdisciplinarity in concept choice.
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WALTON, JOHN K., and DAVID TIDSWELL. "‘Classified at random by veritable illiterates’: the taking of the Spanish census of 1920 in Guipúzcoa province." Continuity and Change 20, no. 2 (August 2005): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005503.
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This article offers an approach through administrative and cultural history to the problems associated with gathering and processing data for the Spanish national census of 1920, and by implication for earlier Spanish censuses. It focuses on the Basque province of Guipúzcoa, making use of correspondence between the central statistical office in Madrid, the provincial jefe de estadística and the localities, and of reports on three problematic towns within the province. The issues that emerge regarding ‘undercounting’, the definition of administrative boundaries and the classification of demographic characteristics are set in the wider context of census-taking practices and problems elsewhere in Spain and in other cultures.
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Leach, Stephen. "History, Ethics and Philosophy: Bernard Williams’ Appraisal of R. G. Collingwood." Journal of the Philosophy of History 5, no. 1 (2011): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187226311x555446.
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AbstractThe author examines Williams’ appraisal of Collingwood both in his eponymous essay on Collingwood, in the posthumously published Sense of the Past (2006), and elsewhere in his work. The similarities and differences between their philosophies are explored: in particular, with regard to the relationship between philosophy and history and the relationship between the study of history and our present-day moral attitudes. It is argued that, despite Williams usually being classified as an analytic philosopher and Collingwood being classified as an idealist, there is substantial common ground between them. Williams was aware of this and made clear his sympathy for Collingwood; but, nonetheless, the relationship between Williams and Collingwood has not previously been explored in any detail. After establishing the common ground between these philosophers, and the areas of disagreement, the author suggests that both may have something to gain from the other.
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Sweeney, Vincent P., Adele D. Sadovnick, and Vilma Brandejs. "Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in British Columbia." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 13, no. 1 (February 1986): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100035782.
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ABSTRACT:A province wide prevalence study on multiple sclerosis (MS) was conducted in British Columbia (B.C.). The prevalence date was July 1, 1982. The major portion of this study was a review of all the files of neurologists practicing in B.C. as this was judged to be the most accurate source for identifying MS patients. 239,412 neurologists' files were hand searched by one researcher using modified Schumacher criteria for classification. Other sources used during the study for identifying MS patients were the MS Clinic, general practitioners, ophthalmologists, urologists, specialized facilities such as long term care facilities and rehabilitation centres, and patient self-referrals.A total of 4,620 non-duplicated cases were identified and classified. 4,112 of these (89%) were classified according to information contained in neurologists' records.The prevalence estimate for definite/probable MS in B.C. was 93.3/100,000 population. This increased to 130.5/100,000 population if possible MS and optic neuritis were also included. These rates are among the highest reported in Canada or elsewhere. The cooperation of B.C. neurologists made this study unique in its scope and accuracy of diagnosis.
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Lasaosa, A., J. Micklewright, E. Bardasi, and Gy Nagy. "MEASURING THE GENEROSITY OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFIT SYSTEMS: EVIDENCE FROM HUNGARY AND ELSEWHERE IN CENTRAL EUROPE." Acta Oeconomica 51, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 17–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aoecon.51.2000-2001.1.2.
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The paper considers two aspects of the targeting of unemployment benefit systems: (a) the probability that benefit is received in the population of those unemployed on standard international criteria of search and availability, and (b) the probability in the population of benefit recipients that search is conducted. The focus is on Hungary but stylised facts for a range of Central European countries and two EU comparators are derived in the first part of the paper. The second part of the paper finds that most of the large decline in coverage of the Hungarian unemployed by insurance benefit (received by only a quarter of the searching stock in 1997) cannot be explained by changes in the composition of unemployment observable in labour force survey data (including unemployment duration). The probability of active search (search other than through a state employment office) is found to be very similar for those receiving insurance and assistance benefit.
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Ray, Debraj, and Rajiv Vohra. "Maximality in the Farsighted Stable Set." Econometrica 87, no. 5 (2019): 1763–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta16047.
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Harsanyi (1974) and Ray and Vohra (2015) extended the stable set of von Neumann and Morgenstern to impose farsighted credibility on coalitional deviations. But the resulting farsighted stable set suffers from a conceptual drawback: while coalitional moves improve on existing outcomes, coalitions might do even better by moving elsewhere. Or other coalitions might intervene to impose their favored moves. We show that every farsighted stable set satisfying some reasonable and easily verifiable properties is unaffected by the imposition of these stringent maximality constraints. The properties we describe are satisfied by many, but not all, farsighted stable sets.
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Blau, Francine D., and Lawrence M. Kahn. "Gender Differences in Pay." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (November 1, 2000): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.4.75.
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We consider the gender pay gap in the United States. Both gender-specific factors, including gender differences in qualifications and discrimination, and overall wage structure, the rewards for skills and employment in particular sectors, importantly influence the gender pay gap. Declining gender differentials in the U.S., and the more rapid closing of the gender pay gap in the U.S. than elsewhere, appear to be primarily due to gender-specific factors. However, the relatively large gender pay gap in the U.S. compared to a number of other advanced countries seems primarily attributable to the very high level of U.S. wage inequality.
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Nábrádi, András, and József Popp. "Economics of GM crop cultivation." Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 5, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2011): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2011/3-4/1.
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Asynchronous approval of new GM crops across international jurisdictions is of growing concern due to its potential impact on global trade. Different countries have different authorisation procedures and, even if regulatory dossiers are submitted at the same time, approval is not given simultaneously (in some cases, delays can even amount to years). For instance, by mid-2009 over 40 transgenic events were approved or close to approval elsewhere but not yet approved – or not even submitted – in the EU.Yet, like some other jurisdictions,the EU also operates a zero-tolerance policy to even the smallest traces of nationally unapproved GM crops (so-called low-level presence). The resultant rejection of agricultural imports has already caused high economic losses and threatens to disrupt global agri-food supply chains. The risk that feed supplies could be affected by a low-level presence of non-EU approved GM material could be resolved if the EU allowed a tolerance for this, rather than operating a strict zero tolerance as now. The Commission has undertaken to come forward with a nonlegislative technical solution to address the difficulties created by a strict zero tolerance policy. To what extent this would be helpful will depend on the nature of the proposed solution.
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Nissenson, Allen R. "Health-Care Economics and Peritoneal Dialysis." Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 16, no. 1_suppl (January 1996): 373–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686089601601s71.
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There is no question that the next decade will see an enormous growth in the worldwide dialysis population. Increasingly, old and sick patients will be accepted on dialysis, and the worldwide dialysis population characteristics will approach those now seen in the U.S. In addition, recent attention in the U.S. and elsewhere on the mortality of dialysis patients is already resulting in an improvement in this regard, further expanding the future dialysis population. PD will continue to increase in use, particularly with continued worldwide economic pressures on dialysis providers. To the extent that the efficacy of this treatment can be improved, without eroding its economic benefits over HD, it should fare well in the future. If, on the other hand, expensive “adjustments” in the practice of PD are needed to assure reasonable medical outcomes, PD will likely fade in popularity. The challenge to those involved in PD clinicians, scientists, companies -is to develop a PD system that optimizes patient medical and psychosocial outcomes, and minimizes costs. If this cannot be accomplished, PD is likely to be replaced by new dialytic systems in the future (e.g., daily, slow, home hemodialysis) that can succeed in these areas.
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Zanjani, George. "Regulation, Capital, and the Evolution of Organizational Form in US Life Insurance." American Economic Review 97, no. 3 (May 1, 2007): 973–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.97.3.973.
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This paper studies the association between regulation and the organizational form of new life insurers between 1900 and 1949. The mutual form was popular in states with low initial capital requirements for mutual companies and differentially higher requirements for stock companies, but was rarely used elsewhere. This suggests that entrepreneurs took a “path of least resistance” when choosing organizational form and that the mutual's disadvantage in raising capital contributed to its decline–a decline that accelerated as states raised requirements and eliminated the aforementioned differentials. Contrary to previous analysis, the paper finds little evidence connecting other regulations to mutual decline. (JEL G21, L51, N21, N22)
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Miller, Nathan H. "Strategic Leniency and Cartel Enforcement." American Economic Review 99, no. 3 (May 1, 2009): 750–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.99.3.750.
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The cornerstone of cartel enforcement in the United States and elsewhere is a commitment to the lenient prosecution of early confessors. A burgeoning game-theoretical literature is ambiguous regarding the impacts of leniency. I develop a theoretical model of cartel behavior that provides empirical predictions and moment conditions, and apply the model to the complete set of indictments and information reports issued over a 20-year span. Statistical tests are consistent with the notion that leniency enhances deterrence and detection capabilities. The results have implications for market efficiency and enforcement efforts against cartels and other forms of organized crime. (JEL D43, L12, L13, K21)
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Kopczuk, Wojciech, and Eric Zwick. "Business Incomes at the Top." Journal of Economic Perspectives 34, no. 4 (November 1, 2020): 27–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.34.4.27.
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Business income constitutes a large and increasing share of income and wealth at the top of the distribution. We discuss how tax policy treats and shapes how businesses are organized and how they distribute economic gains to owners, with the focus on closely held and pass-through firms. These considerations influence whether and how labor and capital income is observed in economic data and feed into research controversies regarding the measurement of inequality and the progressivity of the tax code. We discuss the importance of these issues in the United States and highlight that limited evidence from other countries suggests that they are likely to be important elsewhere.
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Passinsky, Asya. "Should Bitcoin Be Classified as Money?" Journal of Social Ontology 6, no. 2 (August 1, 2020): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jso-2020-0022.
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Abstract The advent of virtual currencies such as bitcoin raises a pressing question for lawmakers, regulators, and judges: should bitcoin and other virtual currencies be classified as money or currency for legal and regulatory purposes? I examine two different approaches to answering this question—a descriptive approach and a normative approach. The descriptive approach says that bitcoin and other virtual currencies should be classified as money or currency just in case they really are money or currency, whereas the normative approach says that this question of classification should be answered on the basis of substantive normative considerations. I argue against the descriptive approach and in favor of the normative approach.
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Alexander, P., K. Paustian, P. Smith, and D. Moran. "The economics of soil C sequestration." SOIL Discussions 1, no. 1 (December 2, 2014): 1073–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-1073-2014.
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Abstract. Carbon is a critical component of soil vitality and of our ability to produce food. Carbon sequestered in soils also provides a further regulating ecosystem service, valued as the avoided damage from global climate change. We consider the demand and supply attributes that underpin and constrain the emergence of a market value for this vital global ecosystem service: markets being what economists regard as the most efficient institutions for allocating scarce resources to the supply and consumption of valuable goods. This paper considers how a potentially large global supply of soil carbon sequestration is reduced by economic and behavioural constraints that impinge on the emergence of markets, and alternative public policies that can efficiently transact demand for the service from private and public sector agents. In essence this is a case of significant market failure. In the design of alternative policy options we consider whether soil carbon mitigation is actually cost-effective relative to other measures in agriculture and elsewhere in the economy, and the nature of behavioural incentives that hinder policy options. We suggest that reducing cost and uncertainties of mitigation through soil-based measures is crucial for improving uptake. Monitoring and auditing processes will also be required to eventually facilitate wide-scale adoption of these measures.
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Hannah, Leslie. "Why Employer-based Pension Plans? The Case of Britain." Journal of Economic History 45, no. 2 (June 1985): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700034033.
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Private savings–often through employer-based pension plans–account for a larger proportion of retirement incomes in Britain than elsewhere. The strength of employer–based pension plans in Britain can be traced to a variety of factors; their early development and security are emphasized. The pattern of spread, with heavy concentration initially in bureaucratic firms, suggests that old-age saving entered the employment relationship around 1900 because large-scale bureaucracies needed conditional, lifetime payment systems. By the 1930s, the other main intermediaries for old-age saving, specializing in private provision on an individual basis, had moved into the market for collective, employer-based pension plans.
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Long, Jason, and Henry Siu. "Refugees from Dust and Shrinking Land: Tracking the Dust Bowl Migrants." Journal of Economic History 78, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 1001–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000591.
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We construct longitudinal data from U.S. census records to study the economics of the Dust Bowl migration of the 1930s. Most of our findings contradict long-standing perceptions. While migration rates were high relative to elsewhere in the United States, they were similar to migration rates from the region in the 1920s. Relative to other occupations, farmers were the least likely to move. Furthermore, migrants from the Dust Bowl were not exceptionally likely to move to California. Finally, there was negligible migrant selectivity, and migration was not associated with long-lasting negative labor market outcomes; indeed, for farmers, the gains from migration were positive.
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Beetsma, Roel, and Massimo Giuliodori. "The Macroeconomic Costs and Benefits of the EMU and Other Monetary Unions: An Overview of Recent Research." Journal of Economic Literature 48, no. 3 (September 1, 2010): 603–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.3.603.
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This article provides an overview of recent research into the macroeconomic costs and benefits of monetary unification. We are primarily interested in Europe's monetary union. Given that unification entails the loss of a policy instrument, its potential benefits have to be found elsewhere. Unification may serve as a vehicle for beneficial institutional changes. In particular, it may be a route toward an independent monetary policy, which alleviates the scope for political pressure to relax monetary policy. Unification also eliminates harmful monetary policy spillovers and competitive devaluations. We explore how disagreement between the monetary and fiscal authorities about their policy objectives can lead to extreme macroeconomic outcomes. Further, we pay considerable attention to the desirability (or not) of fiscal constraints and fiscal coordination in a monetary union. Monetary commitment and fiscal free riding play a key role in this regard. Similar free-riding issues also feature prominently in the analysis of how unification influences structural reforms. We end with a brief discussion of monetary unification outside Europe. The cost–benefit trade-off of unification may differ substantially between industrialized and less-developed countries, where differences in fiscal needs and, hence, the reliance on seigniorage revenues may dominate the scope for unification.
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Yu, Guanghua. "Open Access in the Economic Sphere or the Political Sphere: Evidence from Japan." Law and Development Review 11, no. 1 (January 26, 2018): 173–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2017-0037.
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AbstractThe article uses the case of Japan to argue that the theory of open access order advocated by North and his colleagues goes beyond what is necessary. Although their theory of open access order explains the West relatively well, it does not always apply to contemporary non-Western countries. Similar to the case of India examined elsewhere, the case of Japan reveals that what is more important to economic and human development is the open access in the economic sphere and the interconnected institutions in the areas of property rights protection and contract enforcement, financial market, rule of law, and human resource accumulation. In other words, countries without open access in the political sphere may also be able to achieve a great deal of success in terms of economic and human development if they ensure open access in the economic sphere and devote adequate resources to establishing the necessary interconnected institutions examined in this article. Further research elsewhere on Singapore and China will shed more light on this debate.
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Nagy, Barnabás. "A Mecsek Orthoptera faunájának jellegzetes vonásai." Natura Somogyiensis, no. 9 (2006): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.24394/natsom.2006.9.153.
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The Mecsek Mts and the Villány Hills represent the most southern (low)mountain region of Hungary. Here 63 grasshopper species were detected (=51,6% of the total Hungarian Orthoptera fauna), however, several in Hungary elsewhere common species were not found. High percentage of some Mediterranean, Balkan and other, elsewhere in Hungary rare or missing Orthoptera species (as e.g. Poecilimon fussi, Poecilimon intermedius, Isophya costata, I. modestior, I. modesta, I. camptoxypha, Sagapedo, Odontopodisma decipiens, O. schmidtii, Aiolopus strepens, Acrotylus insubricus, etc.), are characteristic to this fauna and to these grasshopper assemblages. The joint and frequent occurrence of bigger, mostly predaceous decticines (3 Pholidoptera spp., Pachytrachis gracilis, Pterolepis germanica) is also remarkable. Species being under legislative nature protection in Hungary amounted to 10 taxons (=15,9 %) in the Mecsek, - among them with two sub-endemics for the Carpathian Basin: Isophya costata and /. camptoxypha. However, during the last decades some flightless phaneropterids (/. modesta, I. camptoxypha, I. modestior) seem to have suffered local extiction around settlements due to the urbanization pressure. Species occurring in the Mecsek Mts were classified according to their phenology. The northernmost sites of the area of Aiolopus strepens - the adults overwinter - were detected in the Mecsek. Places of occurrence of rare and protected species {Isophya spp., Poecilimon intermedius, Aiolopus strepens) are endangered by habitat destruction, especially around the city Pécs, that is extending to parts of the southern slopes of the Misina Mt (535 m).
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Paltridge, Rachel. "The diets of cats, foxes and dingoes in relation to prey availability in the Tanami Desert, Northern Territory." Wildlife Research 29, no. 4 (2002): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr00010.
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In most areas of Australia, mammals constitute the staple diets of cats, foxes and dingoes. In central Australia the abundance of mammals is often too low to meet the dietary requirements of these carnivores and yet populations of cats, foxes and dingoes persist. To investigate alternative feeding strategies of cats, foxes and dingoes in arid environments, their diets were monitored in relation to prey availability in two areas of the Tanami Desert where rabbits do not occur. Dietary information was obtained by analysing predator scats collected between 1995 and 1997. Prey availability was monitored by track counts, pitfall trapping, Elliott trapping, and bird counts along walked transects. In contrast to dietary studies elsewhere in Australia, it was found that reptiles were an important component of the diets of predators in the Tanami Desert, and should be classified as seasonal staples. Birds increased in importance in the diets of cats and foxes during the winter, when reptiles were less active. There was considerable overlap between the diets of all three predators, although dingoes ate more large prey items (e.g.�macropods) than the other two predators. Results highlight the opportunistic feeding habits of cats, foxes and dingoes and show that, although mammalian prey are less important in central Australia than has been found elsewhere, species that are vulnerable to extinction, such as the bilby (Macrotis lagotis), mulgara (Dasycercus cristicauda) and marsupial mole (Notoryctes typhlops), are also consumed by these predators.
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VERLEY, PATRICK. "Is Economic History too Complex to be Left to Historians? Comments on Some Recent Works by Economists and Political Scientists." Contemporary European History 14, no. 3 (August 2005): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s096077730500250x.
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Economic history, in France at least, sometimes suffers from rather shallow thinking, the result of a lack of communication with other human sciences whose concepts and fields of investigation it appropriates without reciprocation. There are, of course, exceptions to this rule as is seen in a number of studies based on the analysis of institutions and organisations, on discourse or representation analysis, or in some divergent field of economics inspired by conventional theory or the Regulation School, which is influential in France and Belgium but little known elsewhere.
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Lutz, Brenda J., and James M. Lutz. "Factory Farming and Potential Problems in International Trade." Global Economy Journal 9, no. 3 (September 24, 2009): 1850174. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1518.
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Trade in products from intensive farming of livestock has the potential to lead to disputes, especially as opposition to factory farming on ethical, health, environmental, and developmental grounds has increased. Many European countries currently prohibit livestock agricultural practices that are allowed in the United States, Canada, and elsewhere, thus creating the possibility of international economic conflict. WTO regulations permit the consideration of health and environmental factors as possible causes for placing limitations on imports but not ethical or developmental causes. While the WTO currently does not directly recognize concerns about animal welfare and developmental issues, interest groups and parties emphasizing these factors can support other efforts to limit imports.
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Chen, Heng, and Wing Suen. "Falling Dominoes: A Theory of Rare Events and Crisis Contagion." American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 228–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/mic.20140147.
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Crises, such as revolutions and currency attacks, rarely occur; but when they do they typically arrive in waves. The rarity of crises is an important contagion mechanism in a multiple-country dynamic global game model. When players are uncertain about the true model of the world, observing a rare success elsewhere can substantially change their expectations concerning the payoffs from attacking or defending the regime. Such dramatic revisions in beliefs, amplified by strategic complementarity in actions, may lead to a series of attacks in other countries. The crisis period can be long-lasting, but will eventually come to an end. (JEL D74, D83, F33, G01)
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Blinder, Alan S. "How Central Should the Central Bank Be?" Journal of Economic Literature 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.48.1.123.
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The nature and scope of the Federal Reserve's authority and the structure of its decision making are now “on the table” to an extent that has not been seen since 1935, and the Fed's vaunted independence is under some attack. This essay asks what the Federal Reserve should—and shouldn't—do, leaning heavily on the concept of economies of scope. In particular, I conclude that the central bank should monitor and regulate systemic risk because preserving financial stability is (a) closely aligned with the standard objectives of monetary policy and (b) likely to require lender of last resort powers. I also conclude that the Fed should supervise large financial institutions because that function is so closely to regulating systemic risk. However, several other functions now performed by the Fed could easily be done elsewhere. (JEL E52, E58, G21, G28)
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Hare, Paul G. "Hungary: In Transition to a Market Economy." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.4.195.
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Hungary began its transition to a market economy as long ago as 1968 with the adoption of the New Economic Mechanism, when detailed central planning was abandoned and the economy was regulated by means of financial and economic levers. However, after a period of re-centralization in the 1970s and further market-oriented reforms during the 1980s, it became evident that the country was still far from achieving a successful transition. Nevertheless, Hungary's attempts at economic reform over the last 20 years are remarkably instructive, both for the present government's program of transition and for other Eastern European nations. Moreover, many of the measures now being implemented in Hungary were prepared and in many cases began to be implemented prior to the country's political transformation. Hence, there is much stronger continuity in the Hungarian reforms than one can find elsewhere in the region.
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O'Regan, Patrick W., Jennifer M. Ní Mhuircheartaigh, Timothy G. Scanlon, and Martin J. Shelly. "Radiology of the Mesentery." Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery 35, no. 04 (July 2022): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1744481.
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AbstractThe recent description and re-classification of the mesentery as an organ prompted renewed interest in its role in physiological and pathological processes. With an improved understanding of its anatomy, accurately and reliably assessing the mesentery with non-invasive radiological investigation becomes more feasible.Multi-detector computed tomography is the main radiological modality employed to assess the mesentery due to its speed, widespread availability, and diagnostic accuracy.Pathologies affecting the mesentery can be classified as primary or secondary mesenteropathies. Primary mesenteropathies originate in the mesentery and subsequently progress to involve other organ systems (e.g., mesenteric ischemia or mesenteric volvulus). Secondary mesenteropathies describe disease processes that originate elsewhere and progress to involve the mesentery with varying degrees of severity (e.g., lymphoma).The implementation of standardized radiological imaging protocols, nomenclature, and reporting format with regard to the mesentery will be essential in improving the assessment of mesenteric anatomy and various mesenteropathies.In this article, we describe and illustrate the current state of art in respect of the radiological assessment of the mesentery.
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Hoffmann, A. A., and M. Turelli. "Unidirectional incompatibility in Drosophila simulans: inheritance, geographic variation and fitness effects." Genetics 119, no. 2 (June 1, 1988): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/119.2.435.
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Abstract In California, Drosophila simulans females from some populations (type W) produce relatively few adult progeny when crossed to males from some other populations (type R), but the productivity of the reciprocal cross is comparable to within-population controls. These two incompatibility types are widespread in North America and are also present elsewhere. Both types sometimes occur in the same population. Type R females always produce type R progeny irrespective of the father's type. However, matings between R males and females from stocks classified as type W produce type R progeny at low frequency. This suggests rare paternal transmission of the R incompatibility type, as we have found no evidence for segregation of incompatibility types in the W stocks. There is quantitative variation among type R lines for compatibility with W females, but not vice versa. Population cage studies and productivity tests suggest that deleterious side effects are associated with the type R cytoplasm.
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Yajima, Y., and Y. Takahashi. "Lorentz And Interference Electron Microscopy On A Scanning Tem." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 38–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600013519.
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Magnetic imaging can be performed both on conventional (projection) and scanning TEM (CTEM/STEM). The CTEM-based magnetic imaging, classified into Fresnel, Foucault, holography, and other modes, has proven successful by now in observing various magnetic objects, and has accordingly been well documented elsewhere. The STEMbased one has emerged relatively recently prompted by the rapid growth of current STEM technology.The most ubiquitous implementation of Lorentz microscopy on a STEM is the differential phase contrast (DPC) mode. Each scanning signal obtained in the DPC mode is linear to Lorentz deflection, thus reflects the magnitude of an in-plane component of magnetic induction integrated along the optical axis(Fig.l). The signals therefore suffice to generate integrated in-plane magnetic induction maps(Fig.2). Furthermore, by making use of the fact that the Lorentz deflection distribution across the image plane forms an irrotational (vortex-free) 2D vector field, a pertinent numerical image processing yields a function equivalent to the electron phase function representing magnetically distorted electron wavefront.
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Estrin, Saul. "Yugoslavia: The Case of Self-Managing Market Socialism." Journal of Economic Perspectives 5, no. 4 (November 1, 1991): 187–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.5.4.187.
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For many years the Yugoslav economic system appeared to offer a middle way between capitalism and Soviet central planning. The Yugoslavs' brand of market socialism placed reliance on markets to guide both domestic and international production and exchange, with the socialist element coming from the “social ownership” and workers' self-management of enterprises. The system seemed successful until the late 1970s. However, in recent years, many of the problems besetting other socialist economies like Poland and Hungary—like stagnation, international debt, enterprise inefficiency, and inflation—have emerged to bring the whole experiment into question. Reforms paralleling those elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe are now on the agenda. This paper will first describe how the Yugoslav economy has been distinguished from those of its socialist neighbors. The following sections will describe the economic record of Yugoslavia since the 1950s and the lessons to be drawn from the long-standing Yugoslav experiment.
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Alexander, P., K. Paustian, P. Smith, and D. Moran. "The economics of soil C sequestration and agricultural emissions abatement." SOIL 1, no. 1 (April 10, 2015): 331–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-331-2015.
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Abstract. Carbon is a critical component of soil vitality and is crucial to our ability to produce food. Carbon sequestered in soils also provides a further regulating ecosystem service, valued as the avoided damage from global climate change. We consider the demand and supply attributes that underpin and constrain the emergence of a market value for this vital global ecosystem service: markets being what economists regard as the most efficient institutions for allocating scarce resources to the supply and consumption of valuable goods. This paper considers how a potentially large global supply of soil carbon sequestration is reduced by economic and behavioural constraints that impinge on the emergence of markets, and alternative public policies that can efficiently transact demand for the service from private and public sector agents. In essence, this is a case of significant market failure. In the design of alternative policy options, we consider whether soil carbon mitigation is actually cost-effective relative to other measures in agriculture and elsewhere in the economy, and the nature of behavioural incentives that hinder policy options. We suggest that reducing the cost and uncertainties of mitigation through soil-based measures is crucial for improving uptake. Monitoring and auditing processes will also be required to eventually facilitate wide-scale adoption of these measures.
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Rodrik, Dani. "Goodbye Washington Consensus, Hello Washington Confusion? A Review of the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform." Journal of Economic Literature 44, no. 4 (November 1, 2006): 973–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.44.4.973.
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Proponents and critics alike agree that the policies spawned by the Washington Consensus have not produced the desired results. The debate now is not over whether the Washington Consensus is dead or alive, but over what will replace it. An important marker in this intellectual terrain is the World Bank's Economic Growth in the 1990s: Learning from a Decade of Reform (2005). With its emphasis on humility, policy diversity, selective and modest reforms, and experimentation, this is a rather extraordinary document demonstrating the extent to which the thinking of the development policy community has been transformed over the years. But there are other competing perspectives as well. One (trumpeted elsewhere in Washington) puts faith on extensive institutional reform, and another (exemplified by the U.N. Millennium Report) puts faith on foreign aid. Sorting intelligently among these diverse perspectives requires an explicitly diagnostic approach that recognizes that the binding constraints on growth differ from setting to setting.
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Ellis, Luci. "International Real Estate Review." International Real Estate Review 13, no. 3 (December 31, 2010): 351–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.53383/100131.
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The crisis enveloping global financial markets since August 2007 was triggered by actual and prospective credit losses on US mortgages. Was the United States just unlucky to have been the first to experience a housing crisis? Or was it inherently more susceptible to one? I examine the limited international evidence available, to ask how the boom- bust cycle in the US housing market differed from elsewhere and what the underlying institutional drivers of these differences were. Compared with other countries, the United States seems to have: built up a larger overhang of excess housing supply; experienced a greater easing in mortgage lending standards; and ended up with a household sector more vulnerable to falling housing prices. Some of these outcomes seem to have been driven by tax, legal and regulatory systems that encouraged households to increase their leverage and permitted lenders to enable that development. Given the institutional background, it may have been that the US housing boom was always more likely to end badly than the booms elsewhere.
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Angrist, Josh, Pierre Azoulay, Glenn Ellison, Ryan Hill, and Susan Feng Lu. "Inside Job or Deep Impact? Extramural Citations and the Influence of Economic Scholarship." Journal of Economic Literature 58, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 3–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20181508.
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Does academic economic research produce material of general scientific value, or do academic economists write only for peers? Is economics scholarship uniquely insular? We address these questions by quantifying interactions between economics and other disciplines. Changes in the influence of economic scholarship are measured here by the frequency with which other disciplines cite papers in economics journals. We document a clear rise in the extramural influence of economic research, while also showing that economics is increasingly likely to reference other social sciences. A breakdown of extramural citations by economics fields shows broad field influence. Differentiating between theoretical and empirical papers classified using machine learning, we see that much of the rise in economics’ extramural influence reflects growth in citations to empirical work. This growth parallels an increase in the share of empirical cites within economics. At the same time, some disciplines that primarily cite economic theory have also recently increased citations of economics scholarship. ( JEL A11, A14)
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CHIMELI, ARIASTER B., FRANCISCO DE ASSIS DE SOUZA FILHO, MARCOS COSTA HOLANDA, and FRANCIS CARLO PETTERINI. "Forecasting the impacts of climate variability: lessons from the rainfed corn market in Ceará, Brazil." Environment and Development Economics 13, no. 2 (April 2008): 201–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x07004172.
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ABSTRACTA number of studies show that climatic shocks have significant economic impacts in several regions of the world, especially in, but not limited to, developing economies. In this paper we focus on a drought-related indicator of well-being and emergency spending in the Brazilian semi-arid zone – rainfed corn market – and estimate aggregate behavioral and forecast models for this market conditional on local climate determinants. We find encouraging evidence that our approach can help policy makers buy time to help them prepare for drought mitigating actions. The analysis is applicable to economies elsewhere in the world and climatic impacts other than those caused by droughts.
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Sarika, H.-L., A. Papathoma, M. Garofalaki, K. Saltiki, T. Pappa, K. Pazaitou-Panayiotou, E. Anastasiou, and M. Alevizaki. "Genetic screening of patients with medullary thyroid cancer in a referral center in Greece during the past two decades." European Journal of Endocrinology 172, no. 4 (April 2015): 501–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-14-0817.
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ObjectiveMutations in theRETgene are responsible for hereditary medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) and may vary between ethnic groups. We report the spectrum of mutations detected in patients with MTC in a referral center in Greece.Patients and methodsScreening forRETmutations was performed in 313 subjects from 188 unrelated families: 51 patients had clinical suspicion for familial disease, 133 were apparently sporadic, four patients had only C cell hyperplasia, and 125 were family members. Exons 8, 10, 11, and 13–16 were screened.ResultsA total of 58 individuals (30.85%) wereRETmutations carriers, 120 (63.8%) were finally classified as sporadic, 13 apparently sporadic cases (9.8%) were identified withRETmutation: ten carried the exon 8 at codon 533 mutation (previously reported), two the exon 14 at codon 804 mutation, and one the exon 13 at codon 768 mutation. Six patients (3.19%) with clinical features of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A and negative forRETmutations were classified as ‘unknown cause’. The mutations of hereditary cases were as follows: 21 cases (36.2%) in exon 8 codon 533, 19 (32.8%) in exon 11 codon 634, nine (15.5%) in exon 10, five (8.6%) in exon 16, three (5.2%) in exon 14 codon 804, and one in exon 13 codon 768 (1.7%).ConclusionThe spectrum ofRETmutations in Greece differs from that in other populations and the prevalence of familial cases is higher. The exon 8 (Gly533Cys) mutation was the most prevalent in familial cases unlike other series, followed by exon 11 (codon 634) mutations which are the most frequent elsewhere. The wide application of genetic screening in MTC reveals new molecular defects and helps to characterize the spectrum of mutations in each ethnic group.
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Dakskobler, Igor, and Jernej Peljhan. "Viola Pyrenaica Ramond Ex Dc in the Northern Part of the Dinaric Mountains (The Plateaus of Trnovski Gozd and Nanos, Slovenia)." Hacquetia 6, no. 2 (December 1, 2007): 143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10028-007-0009-5.
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Viola PyrenaicaRamond Ex Dc in the Northern Part of the Dinaric Mountains (The Plateaus of Trnovski Gozd and Nanos, Slovenia)The article describes new localities of a south-European montane speciesViola pyrenaicain the Julian Alps and in the Trnovski gozd and Nanos plateaus (the northern part of the Dinaric mountains). It has been established that in the localities known so far in Slovenia, the species grows on similar sites as elsewhere in the Alps and other mountain ranges of the Balkan Peninsula, above all on overgrown screes, stony grasslands, on forest edges, in light forests on stony ground and in tall herb communities on calcareous bedrock in the submontane, montane and subalpine belt (450 to 1600 m a.s.l.). The floristic composition of the communities in which it grows is presented in four tables. On the Trnovski gozd plateau it was found in various successional stages of abandoned pastures or grasslands of the associationGenisto sericeae-Seslerietum kalnikensisand in open coppice stands of hop hornbeam and flowering ash, which are classified into the associationSeslerio autumnalis-Ostryetum carpinifoliae.
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De Carlo, D., L. Dal Zotto, E. Perissinotto, L. Gallo, M. Gatta, U. Balottin, G. Mazzotta, et al. "Osmophobia in migraine classification: A multicentre study in juvenile patients." Cephalalgia 30, no. 12 (March 26, 2010): 1486–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0333102410362928.
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Aims: This study was planned to investigate the diagnostic utility of osmophobia as criterion for migraine without aura (MO) as proposed in the Appendix (A1.1) of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II, 2004). Methods: We analysed 1020 patients presenting at 10 Italian juvenile headache centres, 622 affected by migraine (M) and 328 by tension-type headache (TTH); 70 were affected by headache not elsewhere classified (NEC) in ICHD-II. By using a semi-structured questionnaire, the prevalence of osmophobia was 26.9%, significantly higher in M than TTH patients (34.6% vs 14.3%). Results: Osmophobia was correlated with: (i) family history of M and osmophobia; and (ii) other accompanying symptoms of M. By applying these ‘new’ criteria, we found an agreement with the current criteria for the diagnosis of migraine without aura (MO) in 96.2% of cases; 54.3% of previously unclassifiable patients received a ‘new’ diagnosis. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study demonstrates that this new approach, proposed in the Appendix (A1.1), appears easy to apply and should improve the diagnostic standard of ICHD-II in young patients too.
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Kuhn, Steven T., and Serge Moresi. "Pure and Utilitarian Prisoner's Dilemmas." Economics and Philosophy 11, no. 2 (October 1995): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266267100003424.
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The prisoner 's dilemma game (henceforth, PD) has acquired large literatures in several disciplines. It is surprising, therefore, that a good definition of the game is hard to find. Typically an author relates a story about captured criminals or military rivals, provides a particular payoff matrix and asserts that the PD is characterized, or illustrated, by that matrix. In the few cases in which characterizing conditions are given, the conditions, and the motivations for them, do not always agree with each other or with the paradigm examples elsewhere. In this paper we describe several varieties of PD's. In particular, we suggest there are two distinctions among PD's with philosophical significance, the pure/impure and the utilitarian/nonutilitarian distinctions. In the first section, we explain and characterize the two distinctions. In the second, we discuss an issue of moral philosophy that illustrates the significance of the former.
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Miniesy, Rania S., and Eman Elish. "Is Chinese outward FDI in MENA little?" Journal of Chinese Economic and Foreign Trade Studies 10, no. 1 (February 6, 2017): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcefts-09-2016-0026.
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Purpose This paper aims to investigate the host country determinants of Chinese Outward FDI (OFDI) and, given these determinants, examines whether Chinese OFDI in MENA is less than elsewhere. Design/methodology/approach Data for the top 40 Chinese OFDI recipients including seven MENA countries from 2003 to 2012 were obtained. A pooled ordinary least squares estimation technique on the lagged explanatory variables and the lagged dependent variable – flows and stocks alternatively – with robust standard errors was used. Findings Chinese OFDI is market, resource and efficiency seeking and is attracted by poor governance. The seven MENA countries seemingly receive significantly less Chinese OFDI flows compared to other countries. However, careful inspection shows that UAE is creating this bias. This maybe because exporting to UAE rather than licensing or FDI seems like the best scenario, or UAE is already satiated with FDI from other countries, or China is waiting for the right time to enter such an FDI-competitive market like that of UAE. Originality/value Chinese OFDI is particularly important for MENA because it has a comparative advantage relative to other FDI source countries, and no research so far has investigated if it is less than in other regions, which could provide insights on how to attract it.
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Green, Richard K., and Susan M. Wachter. "The American Mortgage in Historical and International Context." Journal of Economic Perspectives 19, no. 4 (November 1, 2005): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/089533005775196660.
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The U.S. mortgage before the 1930s would be nearly unrecognizable today: it featured variable interest rates, high down payments and short maturities. The authors compare the form of U.S. home mortgages today with those in other countries. The U.S. mortgage provides many more options to borrowers than are commonly provided elsewhere: American homebuyers can choose whether to pay a fixed or floating rate of interest; they can lock in their interest rate in between the time they apply for the mortgage and the time they purchase their house; they can choose the time at which the mortgage rate resets; they can choose the term and the amortization period; they can prepay freely; and they can generally borrow against home equity freely. They can also obtain home mortgages at attractive terms with very low down payments. The authors discuss the nature of the U.S. government intervention in home mortgage markets that has led to the specific choices available to American homebuyers. They believe that the unique characteristics of the U.S. mortgage provide substantial benefits for American homeowners and the overall stability of the economy.
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LIPSEY, RICHARD G. "Economic growth related to mutually interdependent institutions and technology." Journal of Institutional Economics 5, no. 3 (October 23, 2009): 259–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137409990014.
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Abstract:This paper argues that technological advance is a necessary condition for sustained economic growth. Technologies and institutions co-evolve in a system of mutual causation. Although some institutions inhibit growth while others encourage it, no single institution is either necessary or sufficient to produce sustained growth. However, some non-unique bundle of encouraging institutions is necessary. Sustained growth began with the Industrial Revolutions that did not just ‘fall out of the blue’ but were instead the culmination of three trajectories of technological advance in steam power, electric power, and the mechanization of textile manufacturing. These stretched over several centuries. Growth then became sustained when the West ‘invented how to invent’. A necessary condition for the Industrial Revolutions was Western science whose roots lie as far back as the scholastic philosophers and the medieval universities. Its absence elsewhere is a sufficient reason why no other place developed its own indigenous industrial revolution.
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Schade, Christian D. "Free will in the clustered-minds multiverse, and some comments on S. Sarasvathy’s ‘choice matters’." Mind & Society 19, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11299-020-00241-5.
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AbstractThis paper sketches a new version of the multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics, the clustered-minds multiverse, that has been presented in detail elsewhere (Schade 2018, Springer, New York). It briefly shows why it grants us with free will and reflects upon the (im-)possibilty of singular-universe explanations of free will (e.g., Laskey 2018, J Cogn Sci 19–2:125–163). It also critically comments upon S. Sarasvathy's 'choice matters,' one of the other contributions to this mini symposium.
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Clive, W. J., and Jin-Lung Lin. "Causality in the Long Run." Econometric Theory 11, no. 3 (June 1995): 530–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600009397.
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The definition of causation, discussed in Granger (1980) and elsewhere, has been widely applied in economics and in other disciplines. For this definition, a series yt is said to cause xt+l if it contains information about the forecastability for xt+l contained nowhere else in some large information set, which includes xt−j, j ≥ 0. However, it would be convenient to think of causality being different in extent or direction at seasonal or low frequencies, say, than at other frequencies. The fact that a stationary series is effectively the (uncountably infinite) sum of uncorrelated components, each of which is associated with a single frequency, or a narrow frequency band, introduces the possibility that the full causal relationship can be decomposed by frequency. This is known as the Wiener decomposition or the spectral decomposition of the series, as discussed by Hannan (1970). For any series generated by , where xt, and are both stationary, with finite variances and a(B) is a backward filterwith B the backward operator, there is a simple, well-known relationship between the spectral decompositions of the two series.
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Cokgezen, Murat, and Ahmet Mete Cilingirturk. "Attitudes of Turkish students against markets: does studying economics matter?" International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 10 (October 7, 2014): 944–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-05-2013-0120.
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Purpose – The literature shows economics students to be more market oriented than students from other disciplines. A major shortcoming of this work, however, is that it is based on research carried out in the west. The purpose of this paper is to examine the attitudes of Turkish economics students’ towards markets. Design/methodology/approach – The study reported here uses a survey developed by Lephard and Breeden to investigate students’ attitudes towards markets. The survey consists of 11 market-positive statements and 11 market-negative statements. Participants were asked to indicate their level of agreement with each statement, placed at between 0 and 100 per cent and classified into 11 categories. The survey was administered to economics, physics and mathematics students from different universities. Then, responses of economics students and others are compared. Findings – The results show that Turkish students are less market friendly than their western counterparts. Contrary to the findings of other studies, in Turkey studying economics is found to have no effect on attitudes in this respect. Originality/value – First, almost all of the other studies in this realm are all based on surveys carried out in the west. To the best of the knowledge, this is the first study for other parts of the world. Second, results show that Turkish economics students are less market friendly than their western counterparts, and that studying economics has no significant effect on this. These results are surprising and contrary to the consensus in the literature.
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Rehm, Jürgen, Mindaugas Štelemėkas, Carina Ferreira-Borges, Huan Jiang, Shannon Lange, Maria Neufeld, Robin Room, Sally Casswell, Alexander Tran, and Jakob Manthey. "Classifying Alcohol Control Policies with Respect to Expected Changes in Consumption and Alcohol-Attributable Harm: The Example of Lithuania, 2000–2019." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 5 (March 2, 2021): 2419. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052419.
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Due to the high levels of alcohol use, alcohol-attributable mortality and burden of disease, and detrimental drinking patterns, Lithuania implemented a series of alcohol control policies within a relatively short period of time, between 2008 and 2019. Based on their expected impact on alcohol consumption and alcohol-attributable harm, as well as their target population, these policies have been classified using a set of objective criteria and expert opinion. The classification criteria included: positive vs. negative outcomes, mainly immediate vs. delayed outcomes, and general population vs. specific group outcomes. The judgement of the alcohol policy experts converged on the objective criteria, and, as a result, two tiers of intervention were identified: Tier 1—highly effective general population interventions with an anticipated immediate impact; Tier 2—other interventions aimed at the general population. In addition, interventions directed at specific populations were identified. This adaptable methodological approach to alcohol control policy classification is intended to provide guidance and support for the evaluation of alcohol policies elsewhere, to lay the foundation for the critical assessment of the policies to improve health and increase life expectancy, and to reduce crime and violence.
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Adam, Ishag, Mohammad Shafiul Alam, Sisay Alemu, Chanaki Amaratunga, Roberto Amato, Voahangy Andrianaranjaka, Nicholas M. Anstey, et al. "An open dataset of Plasmodium vivax genome variation in 1,895 worldwide samples." Wellcome Open Research 7 (April 14, 2022): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17795.1.
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This report describes the MalariaGEN Pv4 dataset, a new release of curated genome variation data on 1,895 samples of Plasmodium vivax collected at 88 worldwide locations between 2001 and 2017. It includes 1,370 new samples contributed by MalariaGEN and VivaxGEN partner studies in addition to previously published samples from these and other sources. We provide genotype calls at over 4.5 million variable positions including over 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as short indels and tandem duplications. This enlarged dataset highlights major compartments of parasite population structure, with clear differentiation between Africa, Latin America, Oceania, Western Asia and different parts of Southeast Asia. Each sample has been classified for drug resistance to sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine and mefloquine based on known markers at the dhfr, dhps and mdr1 loci. The prevalence of all of these resistance markers was much higher in Southeast Asia and Oceania than elsewhere. This open resource of analysis-ready genome variation data from the MalariaGEN and VivaxGEN networks is driven by our collective goal to advance research into the complex biology of P. vivax and to accelerate genomic surveillance for malaria control and elimination.