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Journal articles on the topic 'OTC'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 September 2023

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1

Kornieieva, M. O., P. I. Vakulenko, L. S. Andrieieva, and S. M. Tymchychyn. "The potential of adaptivity of sugar beet sterility maintainers to regulated abiotic factors." Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 27 (September 1, 2020): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v27.1311.

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Aim. To determine the expression of the adaptive ability of sterility maintainers of sugar beet under different combination of abiotic factors. Methods. Testing breeding materials against agricultural backgrounds with different combinations of controlled abiotic factors: Normal and Large Growing Space; Normal and Rich Mineral Nutrition Background. Results. Genotypes had a specific interaction with a specific background. The range of variation of the effects of the general adaptive ability of the lines on the yield was -2.9 ... + 3.4 and sugar content -0.6…+0.6. With the increased background of mineral fertilizers and different areas of nutrition, respectively, 11 and 9 sources of valuable genes were selected. The elevated mineral fertilizer background over the usual feeding area was the background that distinguished specific combinations with high SAA effects: Ot1/Ot4 (+2.5), Ot3/Ot4 (+0.9), Ot4/Ot2 (+0.9) and Ot6/Ot5 (0.8). In the extended area, the lines Ot1 and Ot2 combined well with the line Ot 4 (respectively +1.1 and +0.9). Conclusions. O-type lines are characterized by a specific response to the controlled abiotic factors. O-type 4 and O-type 6 lines can be attributed to intensive type. Stable on both grounds include the Ot3 line. For the collection of sugar on the ordinary background of mineral fertilizers GAA were preferred lines Ot6 and Ot4, and on the higher - respectively lines Ot6, Ot3 and Ot4. High differential ability of selective with backgrounds with regulated abiotic factors has been established. Keywords: sterility maintainers, yield, sugar content, general and specific adaptive ability, the coefficient of plasticity.

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2

Tan, Siyi, Qin Wang, Qiuxia Tan, Shaojing Zhao, Lei Huang, Benhua Wang, Xiangzhi Song, and Minhuan Lan. "Ratiometric Fluorescence Probe Based on Deep-Red Emissive CdTe Quantum Dots and Eu3+ Hybrid for Oxytetracycline Detection." Chemosensors 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010062.

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Oxytetracycline (OTC) is an environmental pollutant caused by the abuse of antibiotics, and its content in water is closely related to human health. Therefore, the development of a simple, rapid, and accurate method to detect OTC has become desirable. In this work, a ratiometric fluorescence probe based on deep red emissive CdTe quantum dots (QDs) modified by mercaptopropionic acid and Eu3+ is developed to accurately and rapidly detect OTC in water. After the addition of OTC, the photoluminescence intensity of CdTe QDs at 698 nm remains almost unchanged, while the peak at 617 nm intensifies within 40 s due to the coordination of Eu3+ with OTC. An excellent linear relationship is present between the photoluminescence intensity ratio of I617/I698 and the concentration of OTC. The limit of detection of the probe towards OCT is 5.4 nM. In addition, the probe shows good selectivity and anti-interference ability for OTC in the presence of other antibiotics, including other antibiotics, ions, and amino acids. The probe has been successfully applied to detect OTC in actual samples, demonstrating its potential for environmental application.

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3

McCarthy, Bozena, Samuel Obeng Apori, Michelle Giltrap, Abhijnan Bhat, James Curtin, and Furong Tian. "Hospital Effluents and Wastewater Treatment Plants: A Source of Oxytetracycline and Antimicrobial-Resistant Bacteria in Seafood." Sustainability 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 13967. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413967.

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The present study employs a data review on the presence and aggregation of oxytetracycline (OTC) and resistance (AMR) bacteria in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the distribution of the contaminated effluent with the aid of shallow and deep ocean currents. The study aims to determine the fate of OTC and AMR bacteria in seafood, and demonstrate a relationship between AMR levels and human health. This review includes (1) OTC, (2) AMR bacteria, (3) heavy metals in aquatic environments, and their relationship. Few publications describe OCT in surface waters. Although OTC and other tetracyclines were found in 10 countries in relatively low concentrations, the continuous water mass movement poses a contamination risk for mariculture and aquaculture. There are 10 locations showing AMR bacteria in treated and untreated hospital effluent. Special effort was made to define the geography distribution of OTC, AMR bacteria, and heavy metals detected in WWTPs to show the likely dissemination in an aquatic environment. The presence of OTC in surface waters in Asia, USA, and Europe can potentially impact seafood globally with the aid of ocean currents. Moreover, low concentrations of heavy metals exert environmental pressure and contribute to AMR dissemination. Recommended solutions are (1) quantitative analysis of OTC, heavy metals, and AMR bacteria to define their main sources; (2) employing effective technologies in urban and industrial wastewater treatment; and (3) selecting appropriate modelling from Global Ocean Observing System to predict the OTC, heavy metals, and AMR bacteria distribution.

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4

Shulman, Jerry. "OTC Medicines." Elderly Care 2, no. 2 (February 1990): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/eldc.2.2.25.s30.

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5

&NA;. "OTC analgesics." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 1202 (August 1999): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199912020-00012.

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6

&NA;. "OTC news." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 949 (August 1994): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199409490-00055.

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7

Dahlstrom, Morag F., and Susan E. Piras. "OTC meds." Nursing Made Incredibly Easy! 9, no. 6 (November 2011): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nme.0000406038.30985.ef.

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8

Vedder, Robin Leigh. "Prilosec OTC." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 106, no. 3 (March 2006): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200603000-00031.

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9

Vora, Shweta, and Joyce A. Generali. "OTC Statins." Hospital Pharmacy 40, no. 11 (November 2005): 937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001857870504001101.

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10

&NA;. "OTC supplements." Nursing 44, no. 11 (November 2014): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.nurse.0000454976.04290.fd.

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11

Cenedese, Gino, Angelo Ranaldo, and Michalis Vasios. "OTC premia." Journal of Financial Economics 136, no. 1 (April 2020): 86–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2019.09.010.

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12

Lazenby, M., J. Anderud, and M. Millwaters. "OTC Medications." British Dental Journal 206, no. 1 (January 2009): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2008.1146.

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13

Ebrom, Dan. "OTC 2002!" Leading Edge 21, no. 4 (April 2002): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1471599.

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14

Parmley, William W. "OTC or not OTC—that is the question." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 36, no. 4 (October 2000): 1426–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00935-9.

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15

Pokrant, Ekaterina, Karina Yévenes, Lina Trincado, Gigliola Terraza, Nicolás Galarce, Aldo Maddaleno, Betty San Martín, Lisette Lapierre, and Javiera Cornejo. "Evaluation of Antibiotic Dissemination into the Environment and Untreated Animals, by Analysis of Oxytetracycline in Poultry Droppings and Litter." Animals 11, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11030853.

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Oxytetracycline (OTC) is widely used in broiler chickens. During and after treatment a fraction of OTC is excreted in its original form and as its epimer, 4-epi-OTC in droppings. To address the transfer of OTC into the environment, we evaluated the dissemination of OTC and 4-epi-OTC from treated birds to the environment and sentinels, through the simultaneous analysis of broiler droppings and litter. Male broiler chickens were bred in controlled conditions. One group was treated by orogastric tube with 80 mg kg−1 of OTC and two groups received no treatment (sentinels). OTC+4-epi-OTC were analyzed and detected by a HPLC-MS/MS post the end of treatment. The highest concentrations of OTC+4-epi-OTC were detected in the droppings of treated birds 14-days following the end of treatment (2244.66 µg kg−1), and one day following the end of treatment in the litter (22,741.68 µg kg−1). Traces of OTC+4-epi-OTC were detected in the sentinels’ droppings and litter (<12.2 µg kg−1). OTC+4-epi-OTC can be transferred from treated birds to the environment and to other untreated birds. The presence and persistence of OTC+4-epi-OTC in litter could contribute to the selection of resistant bacteria in the environment, increasing the potential hazard to public and animal health.

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16

Kumar, Rajeev, Mohammad Omaish Ansari, Md Abu Taleb, Mohammad Oves, Mohamed A. Barakat, Mansour A. Alghamdi, and Naief H. Al Makishah. "Integrated Adsorption-Photocatalytic Decontamination of Oxytetracycline from Wastewater Using S-Doped TiO2/WS2/Calcium Alginate Beads." Catalysts 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12121676.

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Integrated wastewater treatment processes are needed due to the inefficient removal of emerging pharmaceuticals by single methods. Herein, an adsorbent-photocatalyst integrated material was fabricated by coupling calcium alginate with sulfur-doped TiO2/tungsten disulfide (S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads) for the removal of oxytetracycline (OTC) from aqueous solution by an integrated adsorption-photocatalysis process. The semiconductor S-TiO2/WS2 hybrid photocatalyst was synthesized with a hydrothermal method, while the integrated adsorbent-photocatalyst S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads were synthesized by blending S-TiO2/WS2 with sodium alginate using calcium chloride as a precipitating agent. The physicochemical characteristics of S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads were analyzed using X-ray diffraction , scanning electron microscopy, elemental mapping, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The integrated adsorption-photocatalysis process showed enhanced removal from 92.5 to 72%, with a rise in the OTC concentration from 10 to 75 mg/L respectively. The results demonstrated that the adsorption of OTC onto S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads followed the Elovich kinetic model and Redlich–Peterson isotherm models. The formations of H-bonds, cation bridge bonding, and n-π electron donor-acceptor forces were involved in the adsorption of OCT onto S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads. In the integrated adsorption-photocatalysis, surface-adsorbed OTC molecules were readily decomposed by the photogenerated active radical species (h⁺, O2•−, and HO•). The persulfate addition to the OTC solution further increased the photocatalysis efficacy due to the formation of additional oxidizing species (SO4•⁻, SO4⁻). Moreover, S-TiO2/WS2/alginate beads showed favorable efficiency and sustainability in OTC removal, approaching 78.6% after five cycles. This integrated adsorption-photocatalysis process offered significant insight into improving efficiency and reusability in water treatment.

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17

Christiano, R. S. C., C. C. Reilly, W. P. Miller, and H. Scherm. "Oxytetracycline Dynamics on Peach Leaves in Relation to Temperature, Sunlight, and Simulated Rain." Plant Disease 94, no. 10 (October 2010): 1213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-10-0282.

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Oxytetracycline (OTC), a member of the tetracycline antibiotics, is used as a foliar spray to control Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni on stone fruits and Erwinia amylovora on pome fruits. We studied the dynamics of OTC residues on attached peach (Prunus persica) leaves treated with 300 ppm active ingredient of an agricultural OTC in relation to temperature, natural sunlight, and simulated rain. We further evaluated the potential of three ultraviolet (UV) protectants (lignin, titanium dioxide, and oxybenzone) and one sticker-extender (Nu Film-17) to prolong OTC longevity on the leaf surface. OTC residue was determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-UV (C18 reversed-phase column). In controlled conditions in darkness, constant temperatures up to 40°C did not affect OTC degradation on leaves. In contrast, OTC residue decreased rapidly in natural sunlight in the absence of rain, declining, on average, by 43.8, 77.8, and 92.1% within 1, 2, and 4 days after application, respectively; 7 days after application, OTC levels were near the detection limit. Use of shade fabric with 10 and 40% sunlight transmittance, simulating overcast sky, reduced OTC degradation significantly but did not extend OTC persistence beyond 7 days. Areas under the OTC residue curve, summarizing OTC dynamics during the 7-day exposure period, were negatively and significantly correlated with solar radiation and UV radiation variables, but not with temperature. UV protectants and Nu Film-17 were ineffective in improving OTC persistence in outdoor conditions. Simulated rain at 44 mm h–1 drastically (by 67.2%) lowered OTC residue after 2 min, and levels were near the detection limit after 60 min of continuous rain, regardless of whether plants were exposed to rainfall 1 or 24 h after OTC application. In artificial inoculation experiments with X. arboricola pv. pruni on attached peach leaves, OTC concentrations ≥50 ppm active ingredient (corresponding to ≥0.06 μg OTC cm–2 leaf surface) were sufficient to suppress bacterial spot development. By extrapolation from our outdoor exposure experiments, similar OTC residues following application of labeled OTC rates would be reached after less than 2 days under full sunlight, after 4 days under overcast sky, or after 2 min of a heavy rainstorm.

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18

Lee, Po-Tsang, Yu-Sheng Wu, Hsiang-Yin Chen, Zhen-Hao Liao, Huai-Ting Huang, Yu-Chun Chen, and Fan-Hua Nan. "Positive and synergistic effects of oxytetracycline and β-glucan on non-specific immune responses in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931) (Dendrobranchiata, Penaeidae)." Crustaceana 93, no. 6 (July 22, 2020): 633–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685403-bja10032.

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Abstract This study was to examine the immunomodulatory effects of oxytetracycline (OTC) on the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone, 1931). Immune parameters were not suppressed by OTC treatment in haemocytes in vitro. A total of 96 healthy shrimp were divided into four groups. Group 1 was the control group. Group 2 received 50 mg OTC/kg body weight/day. Group 3 received 1 g β-glucan/kg feed. Group 4 received 50 mg OTC/kg body weight/day and 1 g/kg β-glucan. OTC residues were more highly accumulated in the hepatopancreas than in muscle tissue during the rearing period, and the addition of β-glucan prolonged the retention time of OTC in the muscle tissue. Additionally, dietary administration of OTC in combination with β-glucan facilitated the excretion of OTC from the hepatopancreas. Shrimp that orally ingested OTC alone had an elevated total haemocyte count, phagocytosis, superoxide anion production and prophenoloxidase activity, and these immunostimulatory effects were further enhanced in shrimp receiving OTC in combination.

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19

Donnelly, John. "Comments: OTC Winners." Journal of Petroleum Technology 57, no. 05 (May 1, 2005): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0505-0014-jpt.

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20

Denney, Dennis, Diane Langley, and John Donnelly. "OTC 2004 Review." Journal of Petroleum Technology 56, no. 07 (July 1, 2004): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0704-0040-jpt.

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21

Smith, Mickey. "Rx-to-OTC." Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 8, no. 3 (January 1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/j058v08n03_01.

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22

Peters, John. "OTC cough remedies." British Journal of General Practice 59, no. 559 (February 1, 2009): 132.1–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp09x395148.

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23

&NA;. "OTC market news." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 994 (July 1995): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199509940-00046.

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24

&NA;. "OTC OCs OK." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 904 (September 1993): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199309040-00007.

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25

Taylor, Jeff. "OTC Product Monographs." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 142, no. 1 (January 2009): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3821/1913-701x-142.1.6.b.

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26

Smith, Mickey. "Rx-to-OTC." Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 8, no. 3 (August 15, 1994): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v08n03_01.

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27

Johnson, Earl E. "OTC Hearing Aids." Hearing Journal 71, no. 1 (January 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000529847.85999.05.

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28

Sydlowski, Sarah. "Audiology Pre-OTC." Hearing Journal 72, no. 3 (March 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.hj.0000554353.46198.dc.

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29

&NA;. "Defibrillators nowavailable OTC." Nursing 35, no. 2 (February 2005): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200502000-00032.

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30

&NA;. "OTC cold remedies." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 823 (February 1992): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208230-00044.

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31

&NA;. "???Tavist??? goes OTC." Inpharma Weekly &NA;, no. 853 (September 1992): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128413-199208530-00047.

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32

Choo, Vivien. "OTC drug advertisements." Lancet 344, no. 8925 (September 1994): 813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)92367-1.

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33

SHUSTER, JOEL. "OTC laxative woes." Nursing 30, no. 6 (June 2000): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200030060-00046.

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34

M, J. M. "OTC au supermarché ?" Revue Francophone des Laboratoires 2014, no. 459 (February 2014): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1773-035x(14)72374-3.

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35

Brown, Chris, and Vincent A. Marinkovich. "OTC Allergy Testing." Clinical Immunology 123 (2007): S57—S58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2007.03.344.

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36

Smith, Jennifer. "OTC Product: Fibersure." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 46, no. 5 (September 1, 2006): e51-e51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/1544-3191.46.5.e51.smith.

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37

Marciniak, Macary Weck. "OTC Product: MiraLAX." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 47, no. 3 (May 2007): e6-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/japha.2007.07506.

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38

Marshall, Leisa L. "OTC Product: Alli." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 47, no. 4 (July 2007): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/japha.2007.07512.

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39

Casper, Kristin A. "OTC Product: Align." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 47, no. 4 (July 6, 2007): e10-e11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/japha.2007.07513.

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40

Milkin, Tamara. "OTC Product: Fertell." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 47, no. 5 (September 2007): e16-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/japha.2007.07528.

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41

Marshall, Leisa L. "OTC product: AcetaDrink." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 48, no. 5 (September 2008): e140-e141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/japha.2008.08539.

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42

Bonner, Loren. "In Rx-to-OTC switch, FDA approves first OTC retinoid." Pharmacy Today 22, no. 9 (September 2016): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptdy.2016.08.017.

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43

Liu, Ting, Bing Chang, and Chao Ma. "Simultaneous Adsorption of Oxytetracycline and Copper(II) onto Loess Soil: Kinetics Properties and the Effects of pH." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 976–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.976.

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Oxytetracline (OTC) is a widely-used antibiotic, which could transport into aqueous and soil systems. The coexistence of heavy metals, such as copper (II) [Cu (II)], may change the adsorption behaviors of OTC onto soils. This study investigated the simultaneous adsorption behaviors of OTC Cu (II) onto loess soil, which is ubiquitous in the northwest of China. The kinetics experiments were conducted in single and binary systems for OTC and Cu, and the results showed that the kinetics data of both OTC and Cu could be well fitted by the pseudo-second-model model. The co-adsorption might increase the adsorption rate of both OTC and Cu. However, the effects of the complexation of OTC and Cu (II) on their adsorption amounts onto loess soil were quite different. The presence of Cu (II) could increase the uptake of OTC from pH 3.0 to 10.0. By contrast, the coexistence of OTC would decrease the uptake of Cu (II), especially at pH > 5.0. Hence, it is proposed that the migration of OTC might be slowed down by the coexistence of Cu (II), whereas the transportation of Cu (II) would be accelerated by the presence of OTC.

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44

Akiyama, K., N. Hirazawa, and A. Hatanaka. "Coadministration of citric acid allows oxytetracycline dose reduction in yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata infected with Vibrio anguillarum." Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 140 (June 18, 2020): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03485.

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Oxytetracycline (OTC) has been commonly used as an effective antibiotic against various fish bacterial diseases, including vibriosis. In this study, the absorption-enhancing effect of citric acid on oral OTC pharmacokinetics and treatment of artificial Vibrio anguillarum infection was evaluated in juvenile yellowtail Seriola quinqueradiata followed by serum OTC concentration analysis. When 25 mg kg-1 body weight (BW) OTC was administered in combination with 1250 mg kg-1 BW citric acid, the serum OTC concentration reached almost the same concentration as that of the group treated with 50 mg kg-1 BW OTC. This coadministration successfully suppressed mortality due to vibriosis similar to the group treated with 50 mg kg-1 BW OTC. Conversely, poor efficacy was observed when only 25 mg kg-1 BW OTC was administered. These results suggest that coadministration of citric acid can be beneficial in reducing the dose of OTC needed for effective treatment, and thus contributes to the goal of reduced use of this antibiotic in aquaculture.

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45

Kennedy, Caitlin E., Ping Teresa Yeh, Lianne Gonsalves, Hussain Jafri, Mary Eluned Gaffield, James Kiarie, and Manjulaa L. Narasimhan. "Should oral contraceptive pills be available without a prescription? A systematic review of over-the-counter and pharmacy access availability." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 3 (June 2019): e001402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001402.

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IntroductionMaking oral contraceptives (OC) available over the counter (OTC) could reduce barriers to use. To inform WHO guidelines on self-care interventions, we conducted a systematic review of OTC availability of OCs.MethodsWe reviewed data on both effectiveness and values and preferences surrounding OTC availability of OCs. For the effectiveness review, peer-reviewed articles were included if they compared either full OTC availability or pharmacist-prescribing (behind-the-counter availability) to prescription-only availability of OCs and measured an outcome of interest. For the values and preferences review, we included peer-reviewed articles that presented primary data (qualitative or quantitative) examining people’s preferences regarding OTC access to OCs. We searched PubMed, CINAHL, LILACS and EMBASE through November 2018 and extracted data in duplicate.ResultsThe effectiveness review included four studies with 5197 total participants. Two studies from the 2000s compared women who obtained OCs OTC in Mexico to women who obtained OCs from providers in either Mexico or the USA. OTC users had higher OC continuation rates over 9 months of follow-up (adjusted HR: 1.58, 95 % CI 1.11 to 2.26). One study found OTC users were more likely to report at least one WHO category 3 contraindication (13.4% vs 8.6%, p=0.006), but not category 4 contraindications; the other study found no differences in contraindicated use. One study found lower side effects among OTC users and high patient satisfaction with both OTC and prescription access. Two cross-sectional studies from the 1970s in Colombia and Mexico found no major differences in OC continuation, but some indication of slightly higher side effects with OTC access. In 23 values and preference studies, women generally favoured OTC availability. Providers showed more modest support, with pharmacists expressing greater support than physicians. Support was generally higher for progestogen-only pills compared with combination OCs.ConclusionA small evidence base suggests women who obtain OCs OTC may have higher continuation rates and limited contraindicated use. Patients and providers generally support OTC availability. OTC availability may increase access to this effective contraceptive option and reduce unintended pregnancies.Systematic review (PROSPERO) registration numberCRD42019119406.

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46

Kumaraswamy, M., Jithin ., Haritha K., and Jithin T. John. "A study on over-the-counter drug use in community pharmacies." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 9, no. 12 (November 28, 2022): 4648. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20223227.

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Background: The usage of over-the-counter (OTC) medications has steadily increased in recent years. Improper use of OTC medications might result in health and other drug-related issues. Easy access to OTC medications has become a more critical concern in developing countries. Objective of the study was to assess the OTC drugs dispensed in community pharmacies.Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in selected community pharmacies. To evaluate the OTC drugs dispensed; 700 participants were polled using questionnaires through a validated data collection form, and a patient interview respectively. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were performed using statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) (version 20). The Chi-square test was used to test for significant differences between groups (p<0.05).Results: A total of 700 patients were recruited for the study to assess the use of OTC drugs. Analgesics/NSAIDs are the most often used OTC medications, accounting for (30.4%), followed by antacids (15.7%). The primary sources of information to purchase OTC medications were taken from community phapharmacists1.6%). Recurrence of minor ailments (68%) is the major influencing factor for OTC drug purchase, whereas (80.9%) agree that OTC medication is cheaper and more convenient.Conclusions: As per the findings of the study; OTC medication dispensing is prominent, and there is a need for awareness programs to ensure rational drug usage.

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Avery, Simon V., Srividya Malkapuram, Carolina Mateus, and Kimberly S. Babb. "Copper/Zinc-Superoxide Dismutase Is Required for Oxytetracycline Resistance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Journal of Bacteriology 182, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 76–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.1.76-80.2000.

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ABSTRACT Saccharomyces cerevisiae, along with other eukaryotes, is resistant to tetracyclines. We found that deletion ofSOD1 (encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase) renderedS. cerevisiae hypersensitive to oxytetracycline (OTC): asod1Δ mutant exhibited a >95% reduction in colony-forming ability at an OTC concentration of 20 μg ml−1, whereas concentrations of up to 1,000 μg ml−1 had no effect on the growth of the wild type. OTC resistance was restored in the sod1Δ mutant by complementation with wild-type SOD1. The effect of OTC appeared to be cytotoxic and was not evident in a ctt1Δ (cytosolic catalase) mutant or in the presence of tetracycline.SOD1 transcription was not induced by OTC, suggesting that constitutive SOD1 expression is sufficient for wild-type OTC resistance. OTC uptake levels in wild-type and sod1Δ strains were similar. However, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation were both enhanced during exposure of the sod1Δ mutant, but not the wild type, to OTC. We propose that Sod1p protects S. cerevisiae against a mode of OTC action that is dependent on oxidative damage.

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Reddy, Apoorva, and Michelle Chui. "154 Development and Validation of a Survey Measuring Over-the-counter Medication Protection Motivation." Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 6, s1 (April 2022): 15–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2022.63.

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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: A major barrier to older adult (65+) over-the-counter (OTC) safety is the lack of actionable research on factors affecting older adult decisions during OTC selection. This goal of this study is to develop and validate a survey instrument based on the Protection Motivation Theory to measure older adults perceived risk of OTCs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The 24-item OTC Protection Motivation survey underwent revision using a consult from the UW Survey Center as well as rigorous cognitive interviewing and pilot testing with 8 older adults. It was administered to 103 community-dwelling older adults. OTC misuse data was gathered from 15 of the participants. OTC misuse evaluated by three pharmacy experts on the basis of OTC appropriateness given participants age, existing conditions, concurrent medication use, and intention to adhere to label guidelines. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the relationship between OTC misuse and protection motivation. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine a model of best fit to describe the factor structure of the OTC Protection Motivation survey. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The EFA yielded a 5-factor model of protection motivation, which included the components of deliberative risk perception, a combination of experiential and affective risk perception, threat severity, protective behavior intent, and perceived efficacy in protective behavior engagement. The EFA-based item reduction resulted in a final 18-item OTC Protection Motivation survey. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Older adults, who have the lowest health literacy levels, are responsible for 30% of OTC medication use and 61.5% of emergency department visits due to adverse drug events. This study is the first to characterize the relationship of OTC protection motivation and OTC misuse to inform patient-centered interventions for older adult OTC safety.

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Borre, Ethan, Mohini Johri, Judy Dubno, Juliessa Pavon, Evan Myers, Howard Francis, Osondu Ogbuoji, and Gillian Sanders Schmidler. "THE POTENTIAL CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF OVER-THE-COUNTER HEARING AIDS IN THE UNITED STATES." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2022): 874–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.3123.

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Abstract Food and Drug Administration regulations (released 8/16/22) for over-the-counter (OTC) hearing aids (HAs) allow the purchase of OTC HAs for adults with perceived mild-to-moderate hearing loss. Given this new development, the quality-of-life benefits and costs of OTC devices are now relevant but also unknown. We sought to project the population-level costs and effectiveness of US OTC HA provision. We used a microsimulation of hearing loss (DeciBHAL-US) to simulate: 1) traditional HA provision validated to published estimates of HA uptake (10-year delay), and 2) OTC HA provision for persons with perceived mild-to-moderate hearing loss at increased uptake rates (5-year delay) across quality-of-life and cost combinations. Simulated adults experienced probabilities of hearing loss (0.1–10%/year), subsequent age- and severity-dependent HA uptake (traditional HAs: 0.5–8%/year; OTC HAs: 1–16%/year) and discontinuation (4–13%/year). Utility benefit for traditional HAs was +0.11, and was +0.05–0.11 for OTC HAs. Costs included traditional HA uptake ($3,690; maintenance=$1,000/year) and OTC HA uptake ($600-$2,000; maintenance=$220–500/year). Our model projected lifetime discounted quality-adjusted-life-years (QALYs) for traditional HAs of 18.140/person, and 18.139–18.174/person for OTC HAs varying with utility benefit (+0.05–0.11). As long as OTC HA utility benefit was >+0.05, increased access resulted in higher QALYs and was cost-effective ($4,000/QALY-$92,500/QALY, varying with HA cost and utility benefit). Our results were sensitive to variations in OTC HA uptake rates. In conclusion, OTC HAs may increase population health and access to hearing healthcare in a cost-effective manner, and our model may continue to explore the costs and benefits of OTC HAs as pricing and evidence evolves.

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Akande-Sholabi, Wuraola, and Olamide Olubodunde Akinyemi. "Self-medication with over-the-counter drugs among consumers: a cross-sectional survey in a Southwestern State in Nigeria." BMJ Open 13, no. 5 (May 2023): e072059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072059.

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ObjectivesThis study set out to assess the knowledge, perception and practices of consumers regarding self-medication with over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, the prevalence of risky practices and their associated factors in pharmacy outlets in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria.SettingA cross-sectional study was conducted using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis were performed by using SPSS V.23 with statistical significance set at p<0.05.Participants658 adult consumers aged 18 years and above.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome was self-medication, measured using the following question: A positive answer indicates a self-medicated participant. Do you practise self-medication?ResultsRespondents who had practised self-medication with OTC drugs were 562 (85.4%), of which over 95% were involved in risky practice. Consumers agreed (73.4%) that OTC drugs can be recommended by pharmacists and perceived (60.4%) that OTC drugs are harmless regardless of how they are used. Reasons for practising self-medication with OTC drugs include: if it is a minor condition, I can take the initiative (90.9%), visiting a hospital wastes my time (75.5%) and ease accessibility of the pharmacy (88.9%). Overall, (83.7%) respondents had good practices of handling and use of OTC drugs, while (56.1%) had good knowledge of OTC drugs and identification of OTC drugs. Factors associated with consumer handling and use of OTC drugs in self-medication were older participants (p=0.01), those with postsecondary education (p=0.02), and who possessed good knowledge (0.02), were more likely to practise self-medication with OTC drugs.ConclusionThe study revealed a high prevalence of self-medication, good practices towards handling and use of OTC drugs, and moderate knowledge of OTC drugs by the consumers. This underscores the need for policy-makers to introduce measures to enforce consumer education by community pharmacists to minimise the risks of inappropriate self-medication with OTC drugs.

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