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Šimko, Marek. "Současné trendy na OTC derivátových trzích." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-206356.
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The uppermost goal of this diploma thesis is aimed at identification and evaluation of the current trends in one of the largest segments of financial markets. Special attention has been devoted to the regulatory changes, which have not been completely implemented in all major jurisdictions so far. The introductory part deals with the nowadays situation and explanation of post-crisis measures leading to a higher level of transparency and system stability. The following chapters analyze the key elements contributing to specific trends whereby those findings are based on research studies published by the world leading universities and central banks. The author also observes alternative functional concepts in the market and potential impacts affecting real transactions. The final portion has been dedicated to analysis of practical implications in terms of increased costs related to the trades and possible prospective outlook of the OTC derivatives market. The whole text is accompanied by authors personal reflections and comparison between the most important trading regions in respect to the value of underlying assets.
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Zuhl, Stephanie. "Survey of Patient’s Knowledge of OTC Analgesics." The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624416.
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Class of 2007 AbstractObjectives: The main objective of this study was to determine if there was a link between the amount of OTC medications consumed and the knowledge of these products. With approximately 100,000 OTC products are available to the consumer this study focused on the most common class sold over the counter, analgesics. This study also determined if there was a correlation between the elderly and their frequency and knowledge of these products. Specific demographic characteristics including gender and education level were also evaluated to determine if these factors had an impact. Methods: A 21 question survey on OTC analgesics was distributed to retail pharmacy customers. It consisted of questions on amount of OTC analgesics regularly consumed, general knowledge of these products, and basic demographic questions. The initial questions assessed the amount of OTC analgesic regularly consumed by the participant. The remaining questions were designed to determine the participant’s knowledge of these products. They were either multiple choice or true false questions covering basic information on OTC analgesics Results: It was found there was no correlation between the amount of OTC analgesics consumed and the knowledge of these products. A person who consumed analgesics on a regular basis was not significantly more knowledgable about these products then a person who had never taken them. There was also no link between age and amount of OTC analgesics taken or knowledge of these products. It was found that women have more knowledge of OTC analgesics then men. Females answered an average 63.6% of the survey questions correct, compared to males who answered 51.8% correct. This project also demonstrated there was a correlation between the amount of the participant’s education level and their knowledge of OTC analgesics. Participants who had a high school education or less, answered 53.6% of the questions correct, and those who had a college degree or post graduate answered 73.5% correct. Conclusions: Although OTC analgesics don’t require a prescription, it is still important to counsel patients taking these medications. This should be considered a necessary part of the job of a pharmacist to ensure the general population has adequate knowledge of these products and is taking them safely. These products can offer a significant benefit and improve a person’s quality of life when utilized correctly. Providing patient education can ensure this can be done.
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Johnson, Earl E. "OTC Hearing Aids: Balancing Safety and Accessibility." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1975.
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Excerpt: There has been a recent push for more electronic sound amplifiers to provide affordable and accessible options that meet the needs of a large swath of people with hearing loss, particularly aging adults.
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Lee, Foong Mee, and n/a. "OTC derivatives filling the gaps in investor protection." University of Canberra. Law, 1998. http://erl.canberra.edu.au./public/adt-AUC20050523.105415.
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The dramatic growth of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives in the last two decades
and the ever-expanding range of financial derivative have triggered concerns as
regards investor protection. These concerns have been exacerbated in recent times by
phenomenal losses sustained by several large corporations (including municipalities), in
the United States, Europe and Asia.
This thesis seeks to evaluate the capacity of the existing regulatory framework in
Australia to provide protection to participants trading in the OTC derivatives markets.
The evaluation is carried out in three parts: first, by identifying the gaps in the
Corporations Law regimes, second by determining the extent to which the general
criminal and consumer laws are capable of stepping into the breach left open by the
Corporations Law and third, by locating the gaps in the supervisory structure by
identify the participants who are not subject to any form of supervision by the
regulators.
The examination conducted in this thesis of the regimes in Chapters 7 and 8 of the
Corporations Law reveals a number of gaps in respect of investor protection.
Significantly, the OTC derivatives market, which is by far the larger market compared
to the on-exchange derivatives market, is generally unregulated by the Corporations
Law. Comparative analysis between the sanctions provisions in Chapters 7 and 8 of
the Corporations Law and those in the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) and the Trade
Practices Act 1974 (Cth) indicated that whilst these latter Acts have the potential to
act as a substitute for some of the sanctions provisions in the Corporation Law, about
half of the sanctions provisions under the Corporations Law regime has no equivalent
provisions in these Acts. In consequence, some regulatory gaps remain. Gaps also
occur in the supervisory structure as the surveillance by regulators of market
participants is focused along institutional lines.
The failure of the law to provide adequate protection to investors trading in the OTC
derivatives markets is due primarily to an outdated, inflexible and inappropriate
regulatory framework which, when originally constructed, was not intended to
regulated the broad spectrum of financial derivatives. This thesis discusses the gaps
and deficiencies in the Corporations Law regime and also discusses the recent
recommendations made by the Wallis Committee and the Companies and Securities
Advisory Committee as well as the proposals of the Treasury in relation to investor
protection. It also provides some suggestions for law reform.
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Yoo, Harrison, Amanda Teague, and Charles C. Collins. "DISSOLUTION ANALYSIS OF OTC COENZYME Q10 DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/28.
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Introduction: Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a fat-soluble substance (ubiquinone) which has a bright orange color in appearance and is widely distributed (ubiquitous) in animals and many bacteria. CoQ10’s presence is most prevalent in mitochondria and it is involved in aerobic cellular respiration and aides in converting ingested nutrients into a readily accessible form of energy, specifically ATP (adenosine triphosphate). CoQ10 is supplied through our diets and can be found more in dark leafy green vegetables, fish and organ meats. CoQ10 supplementation should be beneficial due to its characteristic antioxidant scavenging of free radicals that our body produces while in the cellular respiration process for generating energy from nutrients. Although CoQ10 has great antioxidant benefit, a challenge remains for supplement manufacturers to deliver a sufficient does of this sparingly soluble molecule. Dietary supplements do not have the significant FDA oversight that exists for legend drugs, resulting in significant variability within and between brands. The main hypothesis of this project is that commercially available CoQ10 supplements don’t deliver a sufficient mass of CoQ10 when compared to the labelled quantity. Methods: To test this hypothesis, the group purchased and tested 14 commercially available CoQ10 supplements with each serving containing 100 mg of active, choosing a variety of drug delivery systems (DDS) and also included one in-house product, which contained 70 mg of active. The DDSs examined consisted of 7 soft shell gelatin (SSG) capsules (the most common type available), 3 hard shell gelatin (HSG) capsules, 3 tablets (tab), 1 powder, and 1 suspension. Each DDS was placed into a 500 mL volumetric flask (VF) into an aqueous of 0.1 N HCl acid and 0.1% Tween 80, using a standard FDA dissolution method. To facilitate drug release, the contents were removed from the HSG capsules; the SSG capsules were perforated; and the tabs were broken/crushed. After this, a magnetic stir bar was placed into each flask and all DDS samples were vigorously stirred for 30-45 minutes, including being inverted every 10 minutes to further facilitate dissolution of CoQ10 from each DDS. Filtered samples were obtained and the samples were analyzed by a reverse-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography that was previously developed by this research group. Results and Conclusions: Only two of the 15 products evaluated had significant availability (mean > 50%) of CoQ10; one soft gelatin capsule (Product A, dissolved a mean of 68.57%), and the suspension (Product K, dissolved a mean of 56.71%). All of the other products averaged less than 4% dissolution of the labelled amount (range of values 0.19% to 3.64%). The in-house formulated HSG capsule (Product Q) released a mean amount equal to 8.11% of label (more than twice the percentage of the poorly performing commercial products). The consistency of the products was also variable, with product A having a range of 1.7 to 192 mg of CoQ10 released; Product K had a range of 35.8 to 76.1 mg of drug released. The group concluded that there are acceptable products available, but that most have significant performance issues.
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Stuerm, Michael. "Consumer Confusion im OTC-Handel Formen, Ausmass und Konsequenzen /." St. Gallen, 2006. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01664986002/$FILE/01664986002.pdf.
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Kinnear, Valerie Ann. "Stock market reaction to auditor changes by OTC firms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25716.
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This thesis examines the stock market reaction to auditor change announcement by OTC firms. The general motivation stemmed from previous research on this topic that 1) failed to adequately motivate the empirical investigation and 2) found insignificant results. The theoretical justification for expecting a market reaction is based on the existence of product differentiation in the market for audit services in terms of the level of credibility an auditor can offer. It is conjectured that client firms will demand more credibility as the proportion of external ownership in the firm increases. Management's re-evaluation of their optimal residual firm value and perquisite consumption combination after a change in the ownership structure is suggested as a possible reason for an auditor change. The auditor change signals information about the manager and causes a market reaction.
A sample of 44 non-Big Eight to Big Eight and 15 Big Eight to non-Big Eight auditor changes are examined. The standard event study method of abnormal residual analysis is replaced with a new method in which cross-sectional market model regressions in the announcement and a control period on the same firms are compared.
Results provide strong evidence that the increase in firm value from an auditor change announcement is greater for non-Big Eight to Big Eight changes than Big Eight to non-Big Eight changes. Evidence is also found that firms changing auditors experience greater variability in returns during an announcment period than during a control period prior to the change.Business, Sauder School of
Graduate
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Mendoza, Noriega Maria Teresa. "Alternatives to protect the OTC market againist counterparty risk." Thesis, Universidad de las Américas Puebla, 2012. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lni/mendoza_n_mt/.
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This thesis assesses the implications that netting practices, collateralization and centralization of the risk in Central Counterparties (CCPs) have on the structure of Over-the-Counter (OTC) derivative market and determine when those practices are plausible alternatives to protect OTC market against counterparty risk.
Benefits and disadvantages are addressed from a general and a specific perspective. The general scope discusses the positive and negative implications that affect the structure of OTC derivative market as a whole, while the specific scope include the direct implications for market participants from a narrower point of view.
The theoretical framework is based mainly on literature from books, journal papers, regulative approaches from financial authorities and statistical data from the BIS and ISDA. The outcomes from the three assessments are:
(i) Bilateral and multilateral netting is justified when the reduction of counterparty credit risk and cost advantages obtained from closing-out positions are greater than the legal risk and operational risk;
(ii) The risks and costs derived from collateral are justified when there is a clear reduction of counterparty credit risk and capital requirements; when collateral is well segregated from other companies´ assets and is liquid enough to cover exposure; and when there are already risk management practices in place that control the increase of other risks;
(iii) Centralizing risk in CCPs is justified if the reduction of counterparty risk by mutualising losses of counterparties is greater than the potential systemic risk from the centralization of trading and if the reduction of operational risk, market risk, legal risk, capital requirements, costs and time invested in management practices are greater than the potential benefits obtained in bilateral agreements outside of a CCP.
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Guerrero, Leon. "Valuation of Over-The-Counter (OTC) Derivatives with Collateralization." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5751.
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Collateralization in over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets has grown rapidly over the past decade, and even faster in the past few years, due to the impact of the recent financial crisis and the particularly important attention to the counterparty credit risk in derivatives contracts. The addition of collateralization to such contracts significantly reduces the counterparty credit risk and allows to offset liabilities in case of default. We study the problem of valuation of OTC derivatives with payoff in a single currency and with single underlying asset for the cases of zero, partial, and perfect collateralization. We assume the derivative is traded between two default-free counterparties and analyze the impact of collateralization on the fair present value of the derivative. We establish a uniform generalized derivative pricing framework for the three cases of collateralization and show how different approaches to pricing turn out to be consistent. We then generalize the results to include multi-asset and cross-currency arguments, where the underlying and the derivative are in some domestic currency, but the collateral is posted in a foreign currency. We show that the results for the single currency, multi-asset case are consistent with those obtained for the single currency, single asset case.M.S.
Masters
Mathematics
Sciences
Mathematical Science; Industrial Mathematics
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Awrey, Arlo Daniel John. "Complexity, innovation and the dynamics of OTC derivatives regulation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:340dff47-0a78-43a8-85eb-c39b950e5153.
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Conventional financial theory has played an important – and yet largely unexamined – role in shaping how we regulate modern financial markets. This thesis explores the influence of conventional financial theory on the regulation of over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets in the U.S. and U.K. prior to the global financial crisis. More specifically, it explores how conventional financial theory failed to adequately account for both the complexity of OTC derivatives markets and the nature and pace of financial innovation and, ultimately, how these blind spots became reflected in a ‘non-interventionist’ approach toward their regulation now widely viewed as suboptimal. This thesis yields three important contributions to the scholarly and public policy debates surrounding the regulation of modern financial markets. First, it articulates a more robust theoretical framework for understanding complexity, financial innovation, and the relationship between these powerful market dynamics. This, in turn, facilitates an examination of the implications of complexity and financial innovation in terms of the ongoing debates respecting the optimal source, form and scope of financial regulation. It also facilitates an examination of both the shortcomings of the pre-crisis regulatory regimes governing OTC derivatives markets and, looking forward, the prospective strengths and weaknesses of embryonic post-crisis reforms. Finally, and more broadly, this thesis enhances our understanding of the relationship between the important insights of financial theory and how we conceptualize and pursue the objectives of financial regulation.
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Machová, Gabriela. "Marketingová komunikace ve farmaceutickém průmyslu: OTC léky proti nachlazení." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-72290.
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Evaluation of marketing communication selected from the group of pharmaceutical products, OTC drugs intended for treatment of flu and colds by a questionnaire survey focused on specific factors influencing consumer behavior of the target group of customers
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Marek, Pavel. "Kritická analýza dopadu finanční krize na regulaci OTC derivátů." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-255779.
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Diplomová práce se zabývá regulací trhů OTC derivátů, které hrály zásadní roli ve vzniku a šíření světové finanční krize. Cílem této regulace bylo zmírnit následky krize a preventivně bránit opakování podobnýćh událostí v budoucnosti. Hlavní důraz je kladen na regulaci EMIR a Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform v Evropě a USA.
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Chang, Xing. "X-Linked FOXP3 & OTC in immune tolerance and autoimmunity." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1149171466.
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Jankowitsch, Rainer, Amrut Nashikkar, and Marti G. Subrahmanyam. "Price Dispersion in OTC Markets: A New Measure of Liquidity." Elsevier, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2010.08.016.
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In this paper, we model price dispersion effects in over-the-counter (OTC) markets to
show that, in the presence of inventory risk for dealers and search costs for investors, traded
prices may deviate from the expected market valuation of an asset. We interpret this devia-
tion as a liquidity effect and develop a new liquidity measure quantifying the price dispersion
in the context of the US corporate bond market. This market offers a unique opportunity tofstudy liquidity effects since, from October 2004 onwards, all OTC transactions in this marketfhave to be reported to a common database known as the Trade Reporting and CompliancefEngine (TRACE). Furthermore, market-wide average price quotes are available from MarkitGroup Limited, a financial information provider. Thus, it is possible, for the first time, to directly observe deviations between transaction prices and the expected market valuation of securities. We quantify and analyze our new liquidity measure for this market and find
significant price dispersion effects that cannot be simply captured by bid-ask spreads. Wefshow that our new measure is indeed related to liquidity by regressing it on commonly-usedfliquidity proxies and find a strong relation between our proposed liquidity measure and bond
characteristics, as well as trading activity variables. Furthermore, we evaluate the reliability
of end-of-day marks that traders use to value their positions. Our evidence suggests that the
price deviations from expected market valuations are significantly larger and more volatile
than previously assumed. Overall, the results presented here improve our understanding of
the drivers of liquidity and are important for many applications in OTC markets, in general. (authors' abstract)
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Bayade, Sophia. "Quelques résultats sur la percolation d'information dans les marchés OTC." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5342.
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Résumé : La principale caractéristique des marchés OTC (Over-The-Counter) est l’absence d’un mécanisme de négociation centralisée (comme des ventes aux enchères, des spécialistes ou des limit-order books). Les acheteurs et les vendeurs sont donc souvent dans l'ignorance des prix actuellement disponibles auprès d'autres contreparties potentielles et ont une connaissance limitée de l’amplitude des transactions récemment négociées ailleurs sur le marché. C'est la raison pour laquelle les marchés OTC sont qualifiés de relativement opaques et nommés «Dark Markets» par Duffie (2012) dans sa récente monographie afin de refléter le fait que les investisseurs sont en quelque sorte dans le noir au sujet du meilleur prix disponible et de la personne à contacter pour faire la meilleure transaction. Dans ce travail, nous sommes particulièrement intéressés à l’évolution temporelle de la transmission de l’information au cours des séances de négociation. Plus précisément, nous cherchons à établir la stabilité asymptotique de la dynamique de partage de l'information au sein d’une large population d’investisseurs caractérisés par la fréquence/intensité des rencontres entre investisseurs. L’effort optimal déployé par un agent en recherche d’informations dépend de son niveau actuel d'information et de la distribution transversale des efforts de recherche des autres agents. Dans le cadre défini par Duffie-Malamud-Manso (2009), à l’équilibre, les agents recherchent au maximum jusqu'à ce que la qualité de leur information atteigne un certain niveau, déclenchant une nouvelle phase de recherche minimale. Dans le contexte de percolation d'information entre agents, l'information peut être transmise parfaitement ou imparfaitement. La première étude de ce problème de percolation a été faite par Duffie-Manso (2007), puis par Duffie-Giroux-Manso (2010). Dans cette deuxième étude, le cas de la percolation de l'information par des groupes de plus de deux investisseurs a été abordé et résolu. Cette dernière étude a conduit au problème de l'extension des sommes de Wild dans Bélanger-Giroux (2013). D'autre part, dans Duffie-Malamud-Manso (2009), chaque agent est doté de signaux quant à l'issue probable d'une variable aléatoire d'intérêt commun dans l’optique de transmission d’informations dans une large population d'agents. Un tel contexte conduit à des systèmes d'équations non linéaires d’évolution. Leur objectif est d'obtenir une politique d'équilibre déterminée par un ensemble de paramètres d'une politique de cible traduisant le fait que l’effort de recherche qui doit être minimal lorsqu’un agent possède suffisamment d’information. Dans ce travail, nous sommes en mesure d'obtenir l'existence de l’état d’équilibre, même lorsque la fonction d'intensité n'est pas un produit. De plus, nous sommes également en mesure de montrer la stabilité asymptotique pour toute loi initiale par un changement de noyaux. Enfin, nous élargissons les hypothèses de Bélanger-Giroux (2012) pour montrer la stabilité exponentielle par le critère de Routh-Hurwitz pour un autre exemple de système à un nombre fini d’équations. // Abstract : Over-the-counter (OTC) markets have the main characteristic that they do not use a centralized trading mechanism (such as auctions, specialist, or limit-order book) to aggregate bids and offers and to allocate trades. The buyers and sellers have often a limited knowledge of trades recently negotiated elsewhere in the market. They are also negotiating in potential ignorance of the prices currently available from other counterparties. This is the reason why OTC markets are said to be relatively opaque and are qualified as «Dark Markets» by Duffie (2012) in his recent monograph to reflect the fact that investors are somewhat in the dark about the most attractive available deals and about whom to contact. In this work, we are particularly interested in the evolution over time of the distribution across investors of information learned from private trade negotiations. Specifically, we aim to establish the asymptotic stability of equilibrium dynamics of information sharing in a large interaction set. An agent’s optimal current effort to search for information sharing opportunities depends on that agent’s current level of information and on the cross-sectional distribution of information quality and search efforts of other agents. Under the Duffie-Malamud-Manso (2009) framework, in equilibrium, agents search maximally until their information quality reaches a trigger level and then search minimally. In the context of percolation of information between agents, the information can be transmitted directly or indirectly. The first studies of such a problem were made by Duffie-Manso (2007) and then by Duffie-Giroux-Manso (2010). In that second study the case of the percolation of information by groups of more than 2 investors was addressed and solved for a perfect information transmission kernel. That last study has led Bélanger-Giroux (2013) to the problem of extending the Wild sums for a general interacting kernel (not only for the kernel which adds the information). On the other hand, in Duffie-Malamud-Manso (2009), the authors explain that, for the information sharing in a large population, each agent is endowed with signals regarding the likely outcome of a random variable of common concern, like the price of an asset of common interest. Such a setting leads to nonlinear systems of evolution equations. The agents’ goal is to obtain an equilibrium policy specified by a set of parameters of a trigger policy; more specifically the minimal search effort trigger policies. We concentrate our study on those trigger policies in order to provide more intuitive and practical results. Doing so, we are able to obtain the existence of the steady state even when the intensity function is not a product. And in our framework, we are even able to show the asymptotic stability starting with any initial law. This can be done because we are able to show that, by a change of kernels, the systems of ODE’s, which are expressed by a set of kernels (one 1-airy and one 2-airy) are equivalent to systems expressed with a single 2-airy kernel even with a constant intensity equal to one (by a change of time). We show also that starting from any distribution, the solution converges to the limit proportions. Furthermore, we are able to show the exponential stability using the Routh-Hurwitz criterion for an example of a finite system of differential equations. The solution of such a system of equations describes the cross distribution of types in the market.
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Pourmohammadi-Najafabadi, Payman. "Branding of OTC and skincare products : a behavioural psychology approach." Thesis, Durham University, 2015. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10982/.
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One of the main reasons for the failure of branding activities, is that marketers and brand managers consider branding as an input activity or as "something done to the consumer." It is argued in this thesis that consumers actively participate in this practice by evaluating branding efforts and in many cases they do not associate branding endeavours with product category. This thesis is attempting to explore consumer behaviour toward branding and discover variables that could be used to explain the role and contribution of consumers in branding activities. Two main reasons have been introduced in this thesis to explain the characteristics of consumer contribution in branding endeavours. First, the consumer side of brands and second, the situational variables in a purchase and consumption environment. The consumer side of the brand consists of three main factors: firstly, what customers expect from the brand per se, independent from the product; secondly, the extent to which the brand is considered by customers and finally, their consideration of the relationship between product and brand. The Behavioural Perspective Model (BPM), introduced by Foxall (1997), is applied in this research to explore both situational variables and the consumer's side of the brand. This behaviouristic approach to consumer research considers setting and learning history as twodeterminants of consumer behaviour. Involvement has been used for quantifying learning history and it is argued that to a very high extent involvement could be considered as the same as learning history in BPM. Three different methodologies have been used in this research to investigate the aforementioned variables using a case study of skincare and OTC products in Iran. Interviews, focus groups and questionnaires have been applied to explore the aforementioned variables and any potential relationships among them. The results show that brand image is the main situational variable in these two groups of products. For OTC products the dominant expected brand image is functional; in skincare products, although some level of symbolic brand image is expected, the brand image is mainly functional. The variables introduced in this thesis could be used as a framework for brand managers when deciding how to prioritise their efforts. More importantly, they could use this information for choosing the right brand image based on the type of consumer involvement.
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Koníčková, Veronika. "Přechod léčiv s obsahem pseudoefedrinu do skupiny OTC s omezením." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-112656.
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Goals: Prepare a case study on the transition to the new OTC medicines groups with restrictions. To evaluate the positives and negatives, which brought the introduction of the group - with OTC restrictions. Pick up generally applicable principles and specify non-functional parts of the system. Method: For data processing method was applied theoretical research. Literature was searched in the database of the Czech National Library - Klementinum, WHO database, TRIBUNE and interfaces of News portals. The instrumental case study was processed for a detailed insight into the issues. The case study is also based on the analysis of the legal framework of the Czech Republic. The documents provided by SÚKL are used for financial analysis. As another method the stakeholder analysis was used - analysis of opinions of people involved in the drug policy. Results: The case study shows that switching medicines containing PSE to the limited group of OTC to prevent producers of drugs buing drugs in Czech pharmacies, but it did not reduce the amount of drugs produced in the country. Producers started to import precursors from abroad. The whole new system established in 2009 was correct in principle, but failed in practice. State Institute for Drug Control or other stakeholders in drug policy have not been able to resolve the ensuing complications.
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Koblížková, Beáta. "Vliv marketingové komunikace na spotřební chování u vybraného otc léčiva." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205278.
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The first part of my master thesis is devoted to theoretical knowledge, which will be then used as a basis for the second part. In this theoretical part will be introduced basic concepts related to marketing communications. This part is also focused on the main aspects of marketing communications in pharmacy, including legislative restrictions in the Czech Republic, the current development of the pharmaceutical industry and trends in this area. The second part is dedicated to the practical application of knowledge from the theoretical part. Main focus in the practical part is on the execution of own research. Main task in this research will be to determine what level of awareness do respondents have (from the general public and healthcare professionals) about brand Panadol and its products for children. And also what impact has the current marketing communication on consumers behavior. Based on the findings from the theoretical part, suggestions made by respondents from both parts of the research, after viewing additional information obtained from the MML data and after considering the current use of marketing communication tools (used by GlaxoSmithKline) will be prepared my own proposal for the use of these communication tools. Research method will be direct electronic survey used for respondents from the general public, which will complement the method of structured personal interviewing of experts. In conclusion of the master thesis I will make a summary of the main findings of this thesis together with my own opinion on the thesis subject.
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Sgambaro, Chiara <1992>. "Counterparty Credit Risk for OTC products and Credit Value Adjustment." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11760.
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This thesis has the object to give a general overview of the Credit and Counterparty Risk and to evaluate how the factors linked to this risk influence the price of the OTC products. CCR comes from the probability at default of an institute that could potentially cause losses to its own creditors. The fundamental concept that is linked to this value of risk is called Exposure, concept that will be carefully presented and computed to a set of OTC products. There exist several measures that allow to quantify the amount of credit exposure during the life of a product. Measures as Expected Exposure, Potential Future Exposure or Expected Positive Exposure are auxiliary to the definition of the fundamental measure Credit Value Adjustment (CVA). This metric define the true value of a risky product, as it is computed as the difference between the risk free value of a contract and its real value taking into consideration the probability at default of the counterparty. The last part of the thesis is dedicated to the computation of the Exposure and the CVA for European Options making use of the Internal Method Model (IMM) elaborate by one of the biggest bank institute.
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Barrenberg, Eva [Verfasser], Edeltraut [Akademischer Betreuer] Garbe, Hajo [Gutachter] Zeeb, and Falk [Gutachter] Hoffmann. "Over-the-counter (OTC) drug regulation and the epidemiology of OTC drug use in Germany / Eva Barrenberg ; Gutachter: Hajo Zeeb, Falk Hoffmann ; Betreuer: Edeltraut Garbe." Bremen : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Bremen, 2019. http://d-nb.info/118624853X/34.
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Swarts, Liezel Catharine. "DNA analysis of Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) deficiency in South African patients." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/26752.
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Hyperammonaemia is not an infrequent presentation in the newborn or neonatal period. While the majority are transitory in nature and due to infective processes or liver pathology/immaturity, a significant number are due to defects in enzymes of the urea cycle. This cycle has evolved to cope with waste nitrogen disposal and the de novo synthesis of arginine. There are five distinct enzymatic steps in the urea cycle, and defects in each, result in a biochemically distinct disease. Four of these diseases, deficiencies of carbamyl phosphate synthetase (CPS), ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC), argininosuccmic acid synthetase (ASS), and argininosuccinate lyase (ASL) can present dramatically within the first 24 to 48 hrs of life with progressive lethargy, hypothermia and apnea, all related to very high plasma ammonia levels. These diseases may also present later in infancy, childhood and adulthood with hyperammonemia and episodic mental status changes. The fifth defect, arginase deficiency presents as progressive spastic quadriplegia and mental retardation but with milder elevation of blood ammonia levels. The molecular genetics of these disorders in South Africans has not been explored and there is thus very little information on phenotype/genotype relationships, specific for citizens of this country. This study aims to correct this imbalance and has concentrated initially on OTC deficiency, which is X-linked and therefore the most common defect encountered. Initial work on this project has concentrated on subjects with a classical X-linked OTC phenotype.
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Beatty, Cameron, Justin Cossette, Walter Putnam, and David Lee. "A Descriptive Analysis of OTC Drug Prices in Southern Arizona Pharmacies." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613949.
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Class of 2016 AbstractObjectives: To describe the prices of brand versus generic OTC drug products in a variety of pharmacies and to compare the differences in lower income areas. Subjects: Over-the-counter products available in both brand and house generic forms in all pharmacies. House generic was defined as a line of products sold strictly by a company and its affiliates. Methods: Prices were collected across one week from all stores and locations, in each identical product. Once all the data was collected for the brand and generic medications, the data was evaluated using t tests. Results: The house generic brands (mean = $6.21) were significantly cheaper (p=2.14 x 10^-23) than the brand products (mean = $10.84 ). Also, generic drug prices are significantly cheaper at grocery stores (p=2.19 x 10^-11). Lastly, The price differences in all four areas were not significantly different in each of the brand and generic calculations (p=0.837 and p=0.910, respectively). Conclusions: House generic brands are significantly cheaper than brand products in all pharmacies in Arizona. In addition, all four areas of Arizona had similar brand and generic OTC prices.
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Paiva, Rafael Bianchini Abreu. "Natureza jurídica, regulação e tutela dos instrumentos derivativos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2132/tde-06082015-151224/.
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Este trabalho visa a discutir aspectos centrais dos instrumentos derivativos, que têm ganhado importância crescente desde os anos 70, principalmente depois da crise do subprime em 2008. No Capítulo I, procura-se resgatar o debate sobre a natureza jurídica dos derivativos, tendo em vista sua função econômica. A partir deste ponto de partida, extraem-se conclusões práticas, como a não aplicabilidade das normas relativas à evicção, vícios redibitórios e teoria da imprevisão ou resolução por onerosidade excessiva. Ao fim, é proposta uma classificação dos derivativos. O objetivo do Capítulo II é destacar os principais aspectos da regulação dos derivativos. A partir da função econômica, legisladores e reguladores do mundo todo têm encontrado a necessidade de limitar a esfera de autonomia contratual, determinando o que pode ser negociado, de que forma e o modo como se deve dar a liquidação das obrigações. O Capítulo III visa a discutir os resultados da pesquisa de jurisprudência não enquadrados nos temas dos Capítulos I e II. Com isso, há maior transparência quanto aos resultados da pesquisa de jurisprudência e, ao mesmo tempo, discute-se possíveis pontos de atenção para a regulação. Por fim, o Apêndice descreve a metodologia utilizada na pesquisa de jurisprudência.This paper aims to discuss key aspects of derivative instruments. Their importance has been increasing since the 70s, especially after the subprime crisis in 2008. Chapter I seeks to present the debate on the legal nature of the derivatives, highlighting its economic function. From this discussion, we found some practical conclusions, such as non-applicability of eviction, latent defects and rebus sic stantibus clause. In the end, we present a classification of derivatives. Chapter II highlights the main aspects of derivatives regulation. Due to their importance, legislators and regulators have been limiting contractual autonomy, determining what and in which way people can contract and settlement of obligations by clearinghouses or CCPs. Chapter III aims to discuss derivatives case law that have not fit the themes of Chapters I and II. It is a way of, at the same time, disclosing case law research findings and discussing possible improvements in regulation. Finally, the Appendix describes the methodology used in the case law research.
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Khalifeh, Malak. "Modes d’utilisation des médicaments prescrits en France et disponibles sans ordonnance au Liban : Application sur les Antibiotiques." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0965/document.
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Contexte : les règlements distinguent habituellement les médicaments prescrits uniquement (prescription only medicines POM) et les médicaments en vente libre (over-the-counter OTC). Les premiers nécessitent une prescription médicale et les derniers sont disponibles pour l'automédication sans ordonnance. Au Liban comme dans les autres pays de l’Est de la Méditerranée, les médicaments théoriquement prescrits peuvent facilement être achetés sans ordonnance. Les antibiotiques sont parmi les classes de médicaments les plus fréquemment vendus sans ordonnance. L'utilisation inappropriée d'antibiotiques augmente le taux de résistance bactérienne et la fréquence de l'échec du traitement. Cette étude est menée pour déterminer le mode d'emploi des antibiotiques disponibles en tant qu'automédication au Liban, en comparaison avec leur utilisation comme médicaments uniquement prescrits en France. Méthode : Tout d'abord, une revue approfondie de la littérature publiée (1990-2015) a été menée en utilisant les bases de données : Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane et Google Scholar, pour abus de médicamentsdisponibles sans ordonnance au Moyen-Orient ;les antibiotiques étaient parmi les médicaments les plus mal utilisés. Une étude prospective a ensuite été menée au Liban. Les données ont été collectées auprès de patients qui achetaient des antibiotiques avec ou sans ordonnance dans les officines sur une période d’un an (septembre 2015 à septembre 2016). En France, les données ont été extraites de la base de données Echantillon Généraliste de Bénéficiaires (EGB), contenant un échantillon représentatif permanent 1/97 du système d'assurance-maladie national français, qui contient toutes les prescriptions dispensées en France. Nous y avons mené des recherchespour identifier les modes d'utilisation des 5 antibiotiques les plus utilisés au Liban. Résultats : La distribution moyenne de ces antibiotiques était plus élevée en France (18,6 DDD) qu'au Liban (10.6DDD). Cependant, le nombre moyen de dérogations au Liban était de 3,39 par an, plus élevé qu'en France (2 par an). Ce n'était pas différent entre les participants avec ou sans ordonnance. Le coamoxiclav a été largement consommé au Liban à la fois sous ordonnance et par automédication, alors que l'amoxicilline était le principal antibiotique consommé en France.62,4% des patients ont utilisé le bon antibiotique et 80,1% l'ont utilisé dans le dosage correct. Dans la suivi, la durée du traitement était inappropriée dans la majorité des cas (68,6%). Lorsque tous ces trois facteurs ont été additionnés, il s'avère que 83,6% des antibiotiques ont été utilisés de manière inappropriée. La pertinence de l'utilisation a été observée chez 27,6% et 16,4% des antibiotiques prescrits et non prescrits, respectivement. Conclusion : Il est certain que l'automédication observée ou l'utilisation médicalement non surveillée d'antibiotiques est un risque majeur. Les premières mesures à prendre pour réduire celles-ci sont éducatives, pour les patients, les pharmaciens, les prescripteurs, l'industrie pharmaceutique et les autorités réglementairesBackground: Regulations usually distinguish between prescription-only (POM) and over-the-counter (OTC) medicines. The former requires medical prescription; the latter are available for self-medication (SM) without a prescription. In Lebanon as in other Eastern Mediterranean countries, theoretically prescription medicines can easily be purchased without a prescription. Antibiotics are among the most commonly sold drug classes without prescription. The inappropriate use of antibiotics increases the rate of bacterial resistance and the frequency of treatment failure. This study is conducted to determine the usage pattern of antibiotics available as self-medication in Lebanon, compared with their use as prescription only drugs in France. Method: First, an extensive review of the published literature (1990–2015) was conducted using Pubmed, Web of Science, Cochrane and Google Scholar databases, for OTC medicine misuse and abuse in the Middle East. Antibiotics were among the most commonly misused medications. A cross sectional prospective field study was then conducted in Lebanon. Data was collected from patients seeking antibiotics with or without prescription in community pharmacies over a 1-year period (September 2015 to September 2016). In France, data was extracted from the EchantillonGénéraliste de Bénéficiaires (EGB) database, the permanent 1/97 representative sample from the French national healthcare insurance system which contains all dispensed prescriptions in France. It was searched in 2013 to identify usage patterns of antibiotics, of 5 antibiotics most commonly used in Lebanon. Results: The average dispensing for these antibiotics was higher in France (18.6 DDD) than that in Lebanon (10.6DDD). However, the average number of dispensings in Lebanon was 3.39 per year, higher than that in France (2 per year). It was not different between participants with or without prescription. Coamoxiclav was widely consumed in Lebanon as both prescription and self-medication, whereas amoxicillin was the main antibiotic in France. 62.4% of patients used the right antibiotic and 80.1% used it in correct dosage. The duration of treatment in the follow up was inappropriate in the majority of cases (68.6%). When all of these three factors were summed together, it turned out that 83.6% of antibiotics were utilized inappropriately. Appropriateness in use was seen in 27.6% and 16.4% of the prescribed and non-prescribed antibiotics respectively. Conclusion: Misuse of antibiotics is a major driver in the development of antibiotic resistance, an issue for individuals and for public health. Obviously the observed self-medication or medically unsupervised utilization of antibiotics is a major risk. The first measures to take to reduce this are educational, for patients, pharmacists, prescribers, the pharmaceutical industry and the regulatory authorities
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Leal, Fabiana, Jacob Lindh, and Olivia Paciorek. "Buyer purchase behavior in the reregulated market for OTC drugs in Sweden." Thesis, Högskolan i Jönköping, Internationella Handelshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-15737.
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Purpose The objective of this study is to investigate how the reregulation affected the decision making process of buyers of OTC drugs, and to identify determinants for how a buyer chooses to obtain OTC drugs in the reregulated Swedish pharmacy market. Furthermore this study aims to map out buyers’ purchases of OTC drugs as well as their impressions about the reregulation of the Swedish pharmacy market Background The Swedish pharmacy market was opened up for competition the 1 July 2009. On 1 November 2009, private pharmacies are allowed in the market, as well non-pharmacy retailers can commercialize OTC drugs. Thus due to the reregulation of the pharmacy market, consumers and retailers face a different market situation, since the amount of retailer selling OTC drugs has increased. This study investigates how buyers’ purchase behavior of OTC was affected by the end of the pharmacy monopoly. Method The purpose of this thesis was achieved by using a mixed-method approach. The qualitative method in the form of interviews and the quantitative method by conducting a survey. The mixed-method was used in order to obtain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of consumer decision-making process as well as attitude and impression about the reregulation of the Swedish pharmacy market. Conclusion Buyers are in general satisfied with the reregulation of the Swedish pharmacy market. However, the positive attitude towards the reregulation does not necessarily mean a change in purchase behavior for OTC drugs. The decision making process is found to be dependent on the level of experience the buyer possesses with the needed OTC drug, as well as the type of need the buyer experiences, thus three determinants for the decision making process of OTC drugs were found. The frequency of purchase is connected to the gender and age group of the buyer. Also the majority of the researched buyers already had experienced the purchase of OTC drugs in store other than pharmacies. The buyers that never purchase OTC drugs in other retailers are in general open to the possibility of taking advantage of those stores.
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RIDOLPHI, HUBERT. "Panorama des marches et de la distribution des produits otc en europe." Strasbourg 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992STR15001.
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Duong, Thi Thanh Mai. "Cardiovascular risk associated with otc-strenght nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and paracetamol." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0202/document.
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Contexte : Il y a très peu de données sur l’utilisation et la sécurité CV du paracétamol et des AINS à faible dose en l’automédication. Objectifs : établir les caractéristiques des utilisateurs, évaluer et comparer le risque de syndrome coronarien aigu (SCA), associé au paracétamol (P) et à l'ibuprofène à dose antalgique (IDA). Méthodes : Études d'utilisation, études de cohorte auto-contrôlées (self-controlled cohort - SCC), étude de cohorte appariée sur le score de propension et étude cas-témoin nichée (CTN) ont été réalisé dans l’Echantillon Généraliste Bénéficiaires (EGB) en incluant les épisodes de traitement d’IDA et de P chez les adultes entre 2009 et 2014. Des risques de SCA ont été estimés par les rapports de taux d'événement (RTE) ou les hazard ratios (HRs) avec l’IC à 95%. Résultats : L’utilisation d’OSI et de P concerne surtout des jeunes pour des courtes durées de traitement. Les études SCC ont inclu 316265 et 1025877 épisodes d’IDA et P respectivement chez 168407 et 342494 utilisateurs. Chez les utilisateurs d'aspirine à faible dose (AFD) (3,5% et 5,3% des épisodes d’IDA et de P), le risque de SCA a augmenté après la dispensation d’IDA (RTE 1,52 [1.07 à 2.16]) mais diminué après la dispensation de P (HR 0,39 [0,32 à 0,47]). Chez les non-utilisateurs d’AFD (96,5% d’IDA et 94,7% de P), le risque de SCA n’a augmenté qu’après P (1,32 [1,16 à 1,49]). Dans l'étude de cohorte appariée (age moyen 45 ans), il n'y avait pas de différence entre le P et l’IDA sur la durée totale du suivi (HR 0,97 [0,71 à 1,32]), en dépit d'une augmentation plus élevée avec l’IDA dans les 2 premières semaines (1,75 [1,08 à 2,82]). Dans l'étude CTN (age moyen 67), le risque n’a augmenté qu’avec P, pas avec l’IDA (P : 1,36 [1,23 à 1,50]; IDA : 1,16 [0,78 à 1,72]). 11. Conclusion : Le risque de SCA associé à l’IDA ou au P varie en fonction du statut d’utilisation d’AFD et de l'âge. Pour l’IDA, le risque n'a augmenté que chez les utilisateurs d’AFD. Au contraire, pour P, le risque a augmenté seulement chez les non-utilisateurs d’AFD. Chez les jeunes non-utilisateurs d’AFD, il n'y avait pas de différence entre l’IDA et le P (étude de cohorte apparié). Chez les patients âgés (étude CTN), P semble être associé à un risque plus élevéBackground : There is little data about the CV safety of Paracetamol (P) and OTC NSAIDs. Objectives : Describe usage patterns, to evaluate and compare the risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) associated with P and OTC-Strength ibuprofen (OSI). Methods : Drug utilisation, self-controlled cohort (SCC), propensity score- (PS) matched cohort, nested case-control (NCC) studies were conducted in the Echantillon Généraliste Bénéficiaires (EGB). Studies included P and OSI treatment episodes in adults in 2009-2014. Risks were quantified by event rate ratios (ERRs) or hazard ratio (HRs) with 95% CI. Results : Use of OSI and P concerning mostly young persons for short durations. The SCC studies included 316265 OSI and 1025877 P episodes in 168407 and 342494 users. In low-dose aspirin (LDA) users (3.5% OSI and 5% P episodes), ACS risk increased after OSI dispensing (ERR 1.52 [1.07-2.16]) but decreased after P (HR 0.39 [0.32-0.47]). In LDA nonusers, ACS risk increased after P (1.32 [1.16-1.49]), but not after OSI (1.22 [0.63-2.36]). In the PS-matched study (mean age 45), there was no difference between P and OSI over the total follow-up (HR 0.97 [0.71-1.32]), despite a higher increase with OSI in the first 2 weeks (1.75 [1.08-2.82]). In the NCC study (mean age 67), the risk increased with P but not with OSI (P: 1.36 [1.23-1.50]; OSI: 1.16 [0.78-1.72]). Conclusion : ACS risk associated with OSI or P vary according to LDA use and age. For OSI, ACS risk increased only in LDA users. Conversely, for P, ACS risk increased only in LDA nonusers. In young LDA 9 nonusers, there was no difference between OSI and P (PS-matched study). In older patients (NCC study), P appeared to be associated with a higher risk
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Hughes, Glenda F. "Drug abuse and misuse : a community pharmacy perspective." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326347.
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Faridian, Martin, Saul Ortega, Pearce Engelder, and Marion Slack. "Pharmacists Use of Over-the-Counter Vitamins, Minerals, and Herbal Supplements." The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613853.
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Class of 2016 Abstract & ReportSpecific Aims: This study aims to evaluate the use and rationale of dietary supplement use by pharmacists and to assess whom pharmacists are recommending them to. Methods: Arizona licensed pharmacists were surveyed using Qualtrics software. The survey consisted of questions starting with listing common vitamin, mineral and herbal products used personally. Respondents were then asked to indicate a purpose for use and if they would recommend personally used products to patients, family or friends. Demographics such as area of practice, gender and age were also collected. Data were analyzed by calculating summary frequency and percentages with a priori alpha level of 0.05. Main Results: Of the 10,899 surveys sent, 528 respondents completed the survey. The average respondent age was 46.6 ± 14.4, 40% were male and 42% practiced in community pharmacy Overall use was: multivitamin (95.54%), vitamin C (78.24%), vitamin D (73.31%), calcium (73.13%), and B vitamin(s) (70.03%). The most common reasons for use were “general health and wellness” and “to treat or cure a specific disease or health problem.” Overall use of supplements was lower; 58% for fish oil while only 25% used chondroitin. More community pharmacists used all types of dietary supplements (p < 0.05). Most pharmacists would recommend the products to patients. Conclusions: (39) Pharmacists use dietary supplements at rates similar to the general public and would recommend the noted products to patients. This is particularly relevant because existing well designed studies evaluating efficacy and safety of the products in question are limited.
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Christy, Russell F. E. "Functional studies of the otcX3 gene from the otc cluster of Streptomyces rimosus." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2010. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=12787.
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Ratajczak-Plümer, Carolin [Verfasser]. "Randomisierte klinische Studie zur Wirksamkeit von zwei OTC-Bleaching-Produkten / Carolin Ratajczak-Plümer." Berlin : Medizinische Fakultät Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1030381895/34.
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Hsueh, Hung-pin, and 薛鴻彬. "The Relationship among Business Monitoring Indicators, OTC Index, and OTC Fund." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11427468335623112458.
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碩士國立高雄第一科技大學
金融研究所
100
This thesis uses the unit root test, cointegration test, and error correction model to investigate the lead-lag relationship among business monitoring indicators, OTC index, and OTC fund. Empirical results from Johansen cointegration test indicate that there exist long-term cointegration relations among the business monitoring indicators, monthly returns of OTC index, and monthly returns of OTC fund. Additionally, the empirical results of error correction model show that there exists a lead from monthly returns of OTC index to monthly returns of OTC fund. Furthermore, there is no lead-lag relationship between business monitoring indicators and monthly returns of OTC fund. Similarly, the business monitoring indicators and monthly returns of OTC index have no lead-lag relationship.
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Ferreira, Pedro Miguel Francisco. "Marketing plan: TEVA - OTC." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19632.
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TEVA was founded in 1901 in Israel and today is one of the top 10 pharmaceutical companies in the world. The company was grown due to mergers and acquisitions, more than 20 in the last years. TEVA as a strong presence in markets like Multiple sclerosis, and respiratory, but its main strength is being the global leader in generics. As such, in Portugal, TEVA is on top 5 pharmaceutical companies and is also leading the generic market. The 3 Critical success factors are the portfolio, price, and time to market. The real difference between TEVA and its competitors are the Human resources, of the Portuguese structure.
These are one of the most regulated markets in the world, and if companies want to thrive must have to actively bet on innovation and come up to the market with new practical and straightforward solutions to customers/patients. They are getting more and more exigent, and the changes in their habits must always be taken into account. The patient today wants to beware of their condition, and they want to participate in the decision making process with the Health Care Professionals (HCP).
Therefore, this thesis consists of a marketing plan proposal for TEVA to launch of a new market segment - self-medication / OTC - through an internal and external analysis, complemented by and implementation proposal. The last one composed by a marketing strategy and an operational plan with recommendations on the several axes of marketing-mix: product, price, placement and promotion.A TEVA foi fundada em 1901 em Israel, e é hoje uma das 10 principais empresas farmacêuticas do mundo. A empresa cresceu sobretudo devido a fusões e aquisições, mais de 20 nos últimos anos. Em Portugal, a TEVA está entre as 5 principais empresas farmacêuticas no Mercado de ambulatório e é também líder de mercado de medicamentos genéricos. Os três factores críticos de sucesso são portfolio, preço e time to market. A filial Portuguesa tem nos seus recursos humanos a sua maior diferenciação versus os seus concorrentes. Este é um dos mercados mais regulamentados do mundo e, se as empresas querem prosperar, precisam apostar fortemente na inovação e chegar ao mercado com novas soluções simples e práticas para os clientes / doentes. Estes estão cada vez mais exigentes, e as mudanças dos hábitos dos clientes / doentes devem sempre ser levadas em consideração. Hoje, o doente quer estar activamente ligado e informado com sua condição de saúde e deseja participar activamente do processo de tomada de decisão com os Profissionais de Saúde (HCP). Neste sentido, esta tese consiste numa proposta de Plano de marketing para a TEVA lançar um novo segmento de mercado - automedicação / OTC - através de uma análise interna e externa, complementada por uma proposta de implementação. Este último composto por uma estratégia de marketing e um plano operacional com recomendações sobre os vários eixos do mix de marketing: produto, preço, posicionamento e promoção.
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Chen, Hui-Chun, and 陳惠純. "Testings for OTC Market Efficiency." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/33591273909382752148.
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Wen, Chang Che, and 張哲文. "Earnings Management about OTC firms." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/99270445198376746661.
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碩士國立臺北大學
企業管理學系
89
The study examines whether the companies before entering OTC market expect increases in earnings by manipulating Discretionary Accruals. The Wilcoxon Sign Rank and T tests are adopted to test the change of samples’ DA from 1995-1997. The empirical results show that, under both electronics industries &non- electronics industries the operating performance of newly-listed firms has been downgrading after the listing. It is more apparent non-electronics industries use DA to control earning but electronics industries not .The companies that this study choose trend to introduce accrual item to increase earning in the early part of OTC 2 year going through. And operating performance falling have connection with DA using. The companies make use of both account receivable and inventory to increasing income. . The results of this analysis are mixed. Therefore, we cannot rule out selection bias as a potential alternative explanation for our findings.
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Isoux, Alice. "Introduction of OTC drugs in mass market the case of OTC drugs marketing in France." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/11227.
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JEL Classification: M31, D70A presente dissertação aborda o assunto do marketing na indústria farmacêutica. Em Franca, os medicamentos OTC (Over-the-counter, medicamentos de venda livre, não sujeitos a prescrição médica) são apenas vendidos em farmácias, de acordo com a lei, mas o governo está a considerar abrir o monopólio das farmácias através da autorização da sua venda no mercado de grande consumo. Este é já o caso nos países anglo-saxónicos e noutros países europeus. Os franceses continuam dependentes do seu farmacêutico: como reagirão então e em que basearão a sua decisão de compra dos medicamentos OTC? Uma revisão de literatura será desenvolvida nesta dissertação para que se compreenda os 4P da industria farmacêutica e será dada especial atenção ao processo de tomada de decisão por parte dos consumidores. Parece, no entanto, que o branding e alguns aspectos visuais têm um papel importante, bem como confiança, experiências passadas e preço. A pesquisa primária desta dissertação tem como objectivo aprofundar o tema especificamente em Franca, que é um país conhecido por ser adverso ao risco (Hofstede). Os resultados mostram que muitos consumidores franceses estão dispostos a comprar os seus medicamentos OTC em supermercados, uma vez que deste modo pouparão tempo. Por outro lado, e como não poderão pedir aconselhamento ao farmacêutico, acabarão por comprar produtos que conhecem e nos quais confiam. Os resultados demonstram também o papel fundamental da experiência com o produto, que está ligada à confiança: os consumidores irão comprar os medicamentos OTC que já experimentaram e com os quais tiveram uma boa experiência. Foi criado um modelo de tomada de decisão, de modo a compreender-se melhor o seu funcionamento, e com base nisso, foram dadas recomendações aos laboratórios
This essay deals with marketing in the pharmaceutical industry. In France, OTC drugs (drugs which do not need a mandatory prescription) are only allowed in pharmacies, but the government is considering opening this pharmacy monopoly by authorizing their sales in mass market. It is already the case in Anglo-Saxon countries and in other European countries. The French are quite attached to their pharmacist: how will they react, on what will they base their decision to purchase an OTC drug? A literature review will be developed in this essay to understand the 4P’s in the pharmaceutical industry and particular attention will be given to consumers’ decision-making. It seems that branding and some visual cues play an important role, as well as trust, past experience and price. The primary research of this essay is aimed at going deeper into the topic and specifically in France, which is known to be a risk adverse country (Hofstede). The results show that most French consumers are ready to buy their OTC drugs in supermarkets, given that it will make them save time. As they will not be able to ask advice to a pharmacist, they will buy products they know and in which they trust. Results also show the crucial role of experience, which is linked to trust: consumers will buy the OTC drugs they already tried and with which they had a good experience. A decision-making model was realized in order to understand better their functioning and recommendations to laboratories were given based on that.
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Matys, Tadeáš. "Právní úprava obchodování s OTC deriváty." Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-368802.
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This thesis addresses the current, ever-developing framework of rules governing trading in the most widespread financial instrument - OTC derivatives. The main objective of the thesis is to analyse the current state of the regulation of trading in OTC derivatives within the EU - namely, the EMIR Regulation. Subsequently, it examines whether the legal framework has been set up properly and effectively, and explores what steps should be taken in the near future in order to improve it. Given that the subject of this thesis is much more of an economic than a legal nature, its first part introduces OTC derivatives as a concept, and the specifics of trading in them. The second part examines the status of OTC derivatives within the financial market over time, starting from their modern-day beginnings in the 1990s, through their role in the global financial crisis of 2007 and 2008, to the current issues related to them. The main part of the thesis is devoted to the EMIR Regulation, its scope of application, and in particular the three main obligations which EMIR introduces in relation to OTC derivatives. These comprise, firstly, the obligation to perform a central clearing through central counterparties; secondly, the obligation to observe specific risk mitigation techniques for OTC derivative contracts...
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Lee, Cheng-Yi, and 李正屹. "Revisit Price-Volume relationship in OTC." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50122260448033607005.
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碩士淡江大學
財務金融學系
87
Price and volume are two important variables of stock market, they are also noticed by the investors. Price-Volume relationship is an important subject. This paper examines the interaction between trading volume and stock price in OTC with error correction model (Engle and Granger, 1987). The sample is collected daily data from June 1, 1996 to March 31, 1999. Apply Johansen maximum Likelihood method and error correction models, we found that there exist cointegration among stock price and trading volume in OTC. Results also show that stock price cause trading volume in OTC.
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Hsu, Steven J. S., and 許進勝. "The regulations of OTC financial derivatives." Thesis, 1999. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47413698716381562355.
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Fang, Horng-Jer, and 方宏哲. "The announcement effects of exchange and OTC listing – a study of the emerging OTC stocks in Taiwan." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00140930703048371326.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立交通大學
管理學院財務金融學程
100
This study investigates the short-term abnormal returns for emerging OTC stocks that initially apply for being listed on the OTC or Taiwan Stock Exchange. The paper analyzes five announcement effects during the process of going public using event study for sample period during 1997 to 2011, and investigates the factors affect the short-term abnormal returns of each incidence. This study uses traditional t-test for nonparametric test method to test the average abnormal return of 5 event dates and cumulative average abnormal returns, however the empirical results were not significant, that means investors whose investment strategy of short-term access for buying stocks 5 days before the announcement day and selling it out 5 days after didn’t reach the goal of profit. In addition, it was found through the empirical results of investigating the factors affected each incidence of short-term abnormal returns that there had no effect factors between delivery date and listing date; during the event of hearing date, emerging trading days of the variables showed a positive low significance ; during the event of board of directors , the company’s established seniority and its after-tax EPS were both negative low significance、the profit margin variable was negative moderate significant; in the event period of effective date for capital increase of initial application for being publicly traded, the company size variables were highly significant negative, and the gross margin variable was positive and moderate significant.
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Ορθοδόξου, Σκεύη. "Στρατηγικές προβολής των μη-συνταγογραφούμενων (OTC) φαρμάκων." Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4031.
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Η εργασία που ακολουθεί εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού προγράμματος σπουδών “Φαρμακευτικό Μάρκετινγκ”, του τμήματος Φαρμακευτικής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, κατά την ακαδημαϊκή περίοδο σπουδών 2008-2010.
Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν να γίνει μια εκτίμηση της κατάστασης στο χώρο της αγοράς των μη συνταγογραφούμενων (over-the-counter/OTC) φαρμάκων, όπως οι φαρμακοποιοί το αντιλαμβάνονται, έχοντας υπόψη τις στρατηγικές που εφαρμόζονται στο χώρο τους από τις φαρμακευτικές εταιρίες. Τα μη συνταγογραφούμενα φάρμακα ή αλλιώς ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ είναι φαρμακευτικά προϊόντα τα οποία ο ασθενής μπορεί να προμηθευτεί από τον χώρο του φαρμακείου χωρίς να κρίνεται απαραίτητη η προσκόμιση ιατρικής συνταγής. Επιπλέον, τα φαρμακευτικά αυτά προϊόντα δεν αποζημιώνονται από τα ασφαλιστικά ταμεία, ενώ επιτρέπεται ή διαφήμιση τους στο καταναλωτικό κοινό, τηρουμένων ορισμένων προϋποθέσεων. Οι διάφορες παράμετροι που περικλείονται σε αυτές τις ιδιαιτερότητες της αγοράς των ΜΗ.ΣΥ.ΦΑ μελετούνται και αξιολογούνται από τις φαρμακευτικές επιχειρήσεις, ώστε με βάση αυτές να καταστρωθούν οι κατάλληλες στρατηγικές που θα έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα μια επιτυχημένη πορεία του προϊόντος στην αγορά των OTC φαρμάκων.
Για την πραγματοποίηση της παρούσας μελέτης συντάχθηκε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο αποτελούμενο από 8 ερωτήσεις κλειστού τύπου και αντίστοιχα υπο-ερωτήματα, το οποίο στη συνέχεια συμπληρώθηκε από φαρμακοποιούς οι οποίοι λειτουργούν φαρμακείο στην πόλη της Πάτρας και Ρόδου, υπό τη μορφή προσωπικής συνέντευξης. Τα δεδομένα που συλλέχθηκαν από τα ερωτηματολόγια αναλύθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του στατιστικού προγράμματος SPSS .This work is the result of my thesis project carried out during the academic period 2008-2010 within the frames of ‘Pharmaceutical Marketing’, a postgraduate programme offered by Patras’s Pharmacy department. Primary objective of the study was to extract the beliefs of pharmacists concerning the (OTC) drug market, while having in mind familiar promotional strategies performed by pharmaceutical companies. The term ‘over the counter drugs’, specifies a category of drugs able to be purchased by the patient without doctor’s prescription necessary. Furthermore, OTC drugs are excluded from the government’s insurance cover drug list and their public advertisement (under certain conditions) is permitted. Numerous factors encircled in these specificities of OTC drug market are studied and evaluated by the pharmaceutical companies in order to develop the appropriate strategies that will ensure the success for an OTC product within this market. For the attainment of the study was conducted a questionnaire composed of 8 ‘closed type’ questions and correlative sub-questions. Afterwards, this questionnaire was filled in by pharmacists, through personal interview, operating a pharmacy in the city of Patras and Rhodes. Data collected, were analyzed using the statistical programme SPSS.
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Ζυγογιάννη, Γεωργία. "Direct marketing σε μη συνταγογραφούμενα φάρμακα, OTC." Thesis, 2010. http://nemertes.lis.upatras.gr/jspui/handle/10889/4106.
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Το direct marketing αποτελεί μια ιδιαίτερη μορφή marketing, όπου κάθε ενέργεια που περιλαμβάνει δημιουργεί ένα είδος διαπροσωπικής σχέσης μεταξύ επιχείρησης και πελάτη. Αποτελεί αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι της Ολοκληρωμένης Επικοινωνίας Marketing. Είναι ένας προσωπικός τρόπος προσέγγισης δυνητικών πελατών. Σύμφωνα με τον ορισμό της Direct Marketing Association , direct marketing είναι ένα αμφίδρομο σύστημα marketing (interactive system marketing) που χρησιμοποιεί ένα ή περισσότερα διαφημιστικά μέσα, προκειμένου να πραγματοποιήσει μια μετρούμενη ανταπόκριση (response) ή συναλλαγή (transaction) σε οποιοδήποτε σημείο. Γίνεται αντιληπτό, λοιπό, ότι περιγράφεται ένα αμφίδρομο σύστημα μεταξύ marketer και καταναλωτή.
Τα βασικά εργαλεία του direct marketing αφενός δίνουν την ευκαιρία στους καταναλωτές να αποκριθούν θετικά ή μη στα μηνύματα που φέρουν προς αυτούς και αφετέρου δίνουν τη δυνατότητα στους marketers καταγράφοντας και μετρώντας τις αντιδράσεις των καταναλωτών να οδηγηθούν σε σημαντικά συμπεράσματα που θα τους βοηθήσουν σε μελλοντικό σχεδιασμό marketing. Τα βασικά χαρακτηριστικά του direct marketing συνοψίζονται στο ότι βρίσκεται δίπλα στον καταναλωτή, κατανοεί τις ανάγκες του, ανταποκρίνεται σε προσωπικό επίπεδο με τον καταναλωτή και διατηρεί σχέση μαζί του και μετά την συναλλαγή. Η φιλοσοφία του direct marketing είναι ότι κάθε πελάτης είναι μοναδικός.
Βασικός σκοπός της έρευνας είναι πως επηρεάζει την καταναλωτική συμπεριφορά η εφαρμογή του direct marketing στο χώρο του φαρμακείου και συγκεκριμένα η εφαρμογή βασικών εργαλείων του direct marketing εντός του φαρμακείου όπως αυτή αποφασίζεται και σχεδιάζεται τόσο από τις εταιρίες όσο και από τον φαρμακοποιό. Η ερευνητική βάση της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν πως το direct marketing σε μη συνταγογραφούμενα φάρμακα- OTC δύναται να επηρεάσει την αγοραστική απόφαση του ασθενή ή δυνητικού πελάτη στο χώρο του φαρμακείου.
Αποδεικνύεται, λοιπόν, ότι τo direct marketing εφαρμόζεται επιτυχώς στο σύγχρονο ελληνικό φαρμακείο. Σκοπός μιας θεματικής προβολής ενός φαρμάκου ή άλλου φαρμακευτικού ενδιαφέροντος προϊόντος είναι να λειτουργήσει σαν έναυσμα για τη συμβουλευτική προσέγγιση και πώληση. Η οργάνωση της θεματικής προβολής ξεκινά με στόχο να δοθεί ένα ξεκάθαρο μήνυμα στον επισκέπτη. Όπως προκύπτει από την ανάλυση των δεδομένων, ιδανικό είναι να γίνεται παρουσίαση σε τουλάχιστον 3 βασικά σημεία όπως είναι η βιτρίνα του φαρμακείου (την πρώτη εικόνα που έχει ο πελάτης που έρχεται στο φαρμακείο), γόνδολες ή σταντ στο χώρο προς το σημείο εξυπηρέτησης και ο πάγκο εξυπηρέτησης.
Η έρευνα έγινε σε φαρμακεία δυο πόλεων της Ελλάδας( Πάτρα και Αθήνα) και απευθυνόταν σε ασθενείς και πελάτες των φαρμακείων, η επιλογή των οποίων ήταν τυχαία. Δημιουργήσαμε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο με 9 ερωτήματα και αντίστοιχα υπο-ερωτήματα. Αρχικά μοιράστηκαν 150 ερωτηματολόγια από τα οποία απαντημένα επεστράφησαν 102. Η συλλογή των απαντήσεων έγινε με την μέθοδο των προσωπικών συνεντεύξεων. Μετά τη συλλογή των ερωτηματολογίων και την καταγραφή των δεδομένων, έγινε η επεξεργασία τους με το στατιστικό πρόγραμμα spss.17 για τη εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων. Το 44,1% των συμμετεχόντων στην έρευνα ήταν άνδρες και το 55,9 % γυναίκες. Η κατηγορία φαρμάκων που κερδίζει την προτίμηση των καταναλωτών και την οποία αγοράζουν σε τακτική βάση είναι τα αναλγητικά- αντιπυρετικά σε ποσοστό 39,2% και ακολουθούν τα αντιφλεγμονώδη –αναλγητικά σε ποσοστό 14,7%. Από την πρώτη σε προτίμηση κατηγορία φαρμάκων, το depon είναι εκείνο που αγοράζουν τακτικά οι καταναλωτές, ενώ από τα αντιφλεγμονώδη- αναλγητικά προτιμούν το ponstan. Οι συμμετέχοντες στην έρευνα συνηθίζουν να αγοράζουν τα φάρμακα βασιζόμενοι στην εμπειρία τους, στην διαφήμιση αυτών και στην ελκυστική συσκευασία τους, φροντίζουν να ενημερώνονται για τα κυκλοφορούντα OTC φάρμακα στην αγορά, η αγοραστική τους απόφαση επηρεάζεται από τις προωθητικές δραστηριότητες και ενδιαφέρονται για την ανάπτυξη ουσιαστικής επικοινωνίας με τον φαρμακοποιό.Direct marketing is a special form of marketing, where every action creates a unique relationship between the venture and the customer. It is considered as an integral piece of Integrated Communication Marketing. Rather it can be characterized as a personal way to approach potential customers. According to the definition of the Direct Marketing Association, Direct Marketing is an interactive marketing system that uses one or more advertising means, so that it realises a measuring response or transaction at any point. As it is obvious, we have described an interactive system between the marketer and the consumer. The main philosophy of the direct marketing lies in the fact that every consumer is unique. We can summarize the basic characteristics of direct marketing in the following: • it tries to be near the customer, • understand his needs, • respond to them in a personal level • and to maintain a good relationship with him, even after the transaction. The basic tools of direct marketing enable on the one hand the consumers to respond directly in their own way (positively or negatively) to the messages of the marketers, and on the other hand enable the marketers to record and measure the counteractions of the consumers, so that they can actually conclude in significant results for their future marketing plans. The purpose of this study is to examine how the patient/consumer behavior is affected by the implementation of direct marketing in the actual area of a pharmacy, as this is applied either by companies or by the pharmacist himself. We restricted our research concern only to OTC medicines; therefore we could have a sample, where the final decision about drug consuming would be on the patient alone. We have seen that the direct marketing is successfully applied in today’s Greek pharmacy. The research took place in the pharmacies of two major cities of Greece, Athens and Patras, and was addressed to patients, who were randomly chosen. We handed out 150 questionnaires but finally gathered 102. We used SPSS 17 to process the data. 44,1% of the respondents were men and 55,9 % women. The first category of medicine that the patients buy is analgetics-antipyretics followed by anti-inflamatory drugs. As we have seen the major reasons that make patients decide what medicine to consume are experience, advertisements, and package.
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Kosinová, Kamila. "Reklama na OTC jako veřejně politický problém." Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-350595.
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This thesis deals with over-the-counter drugs and their consumption in the Czech Republic. It describes effects of over consumption of OTC on human health. According to data analysis, OTC consumption is connected with health risks and problems when used improperly. Thesis describes information about current consumption and misuse in the Czech Republic and worldwide. It also describes the regulations of OTC advertising. Advertisement does influence consumer's behaviour and it needs to be regulated. The sanctions of breaking the law are inappropriate because pharmaceutical companies do not lack money and it does not threaten them. The analytical part is dedicated to quantitative and qualitative analysis of the most popular OTC analgesics in the Czech Republic. The focus of the analysis is especially on the persuasive techniques used in advertising and how the OTC are displayed. In the end I suggest the possible solution and evaluate them.
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Song, Kuang-Kuo, and 宋光國. "The Empirical Investigation of Earnings Conservatism of Taiwan Listed and OTC Firms Versus Unlisted and Non-OTC Public Firms." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52603254731098443402.
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碩士輔仁大學
會計學系碩士班
96
This thesis examines whether listed and OTC firms and non-OTC public firms in Taiwan face substantially equivalent financial reporting environment. Do their financial reports exhibit different degrees of conservatism? The sample data consists of observations of selected OTC firms and non-OTC public firms in Taiwan from 1996 to 2005. A summary of the empirical results is as follows: Listed, OTC firms and non-OTC public firms in Taiwan face substantially equivalent regulation on auditing, accounting standards, and taxes. The degree of conservatism tends to be higher in financial statements of Taiwan’s listed, OTC Firms than non-OTC public firms. The degree of conservatism in the financial reports is measured by non-linear accrual model. These findings enhance understanding of conservatism and non-OTC public firms.
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Pedro, Sónia Alexandra Baptista. "An assessment of the portuguese OTC market network structure under EMIR - Bringing light to the portuguese OTC CDS Market." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/94982.
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Project Work proposal presented as partial requirement for obtaining the Master’s degree in Information Management, with a specialisation in Knowledge Management and Business IntelligenceHere we provide a data-driven network analysis of the Over-the-Counter (OTC) Portuguese Market under the European Market Infrastructure Regulation (EMIR). We do it so from the point of view of the Regulator, thus focusing in how different regulation instruments can be improved through a network abstraction and analysis of the OTC market. Such approach, we argue, can allow regulators to answer complex questions: Who are the players in the Portuguese OTC Credit Default Swps (CDS) Market, and how is it structured? In this paper we provide, as a starting point, the study and characterisation of the OTC CDS Derivatives Market. By using a multi-segment approach, we were able to build three networks that represent the Portuguese OTC CDS Market: (1) PT Products + PT Participants segment; (2) PT Products segment; and (3) PT Participants segment. The analysis of the first two networks showed that activity, at its scale, is very similar to the European landscape, highly clustered in a small number of counterparties, with the Central Counterparties (CCPs) and the entities of the Group of 16 (G16) assuming the leading positions while the counterparties of the United Kingdom have the lion share in the OTC CDS Derivatives Market. However, when we place the focus only on the PT Participants segment, e.g., Portuguese players active in the OTC CDS the CCPs are replaced by Banks and there is a clear preference for the non-domestic Market and non-cleared transactions.
A nossa análise de rede baseada em dados do Mercado de Balcão (OTC) português ao abrigo do Regulamento Europeu de Infraestrutura de Mercado (EMIR) do ponto de vista do regulador, com enfoque em como diferentes instrumentos de regulamentação podem ser aprimorados por meio de uma abstração de rede e análise do Mercado OTC. Argumentamos que essa abordagem pode permitir que os reguladores respondam a perguntas complexas: quem são os participantes no Mercado OTC Credit Default Swaps (CDS) português e como está estruturado? Neste documento, fornecemos, como ponto de partida, o estudo e a caracterização do Mercado OTC CDS português. Recorrendo a uma abordagem multissegmento, permitiu-nos construir três redes que representam o Mercado OTC CDS português: (1) PT Products + PT Participants segment; (2) PT Products segment; e (3) PT Participants segment. A análise das primeiras duas redes mostrou que a atividade, à sua escala, é muito semelhante ao panorama europeu, altamente concentrada num pequeno número de contrapartes, em que as Contrapartes Centrais (CCPs) e as entidades do Grupo dos 16 (G16) assumem as posições de liderança, enquanto que as contrapartes do Reino Unido ocupam um lugar primordial no Mercado de Derivados OTC CDS. No entanto, quando o foco são as transações de contrapartes portuguesas em Mercados de Derivados OTC CDS (PT Participants), as CCPs são substituídas pelos Bancos e a preferência recai sobre os mercados não domésticos e transações sem compensação.
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Σιμονοβίκης, Σταύρος. "Ανάλυση περιεχομένου τηλεοπτικών διαφημίσεων μη συνταγογραφούμενων (OTC) φαρμάκων." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10889/7896.
Full textAbstract:
Η εργασία που ακολoυθεί εκπονήθηκε στα πλαίσια του μεταπτυχιακού
προγράμματος σπουδών "Φαρμακευτικό Μάρκετινγκ", του τμήματος Φαρμακευτικής
του Πανεπιστήμιου Πατρών, κατά την ακαδημαϊκή περίοδο σπουδών 2009-2011.
Σκοπός της έρευνας ήταν να γίνει μια εκτίμηση της κατάστασης στο χώρο της αγοράς
των μη υποχρεωτικώς συνταγογραφούμενων φαρμάκων, έχοντας υπόψη τις
διαφημιστικές στρατηγικές που εφαρμόζονται από τις φαρμακευτικές εταιρίες, καθώς
επίσης και άλλων προϊόντων που διατίθενται από τα φαρμακεία. Στα προϊόντα αυτά
περιλαμβάνονται συμπληρώματα διατροφής, υποκατάστατα νικοτίνης για τη ρύθμιση
της διάθεσης για κάπνισμα, προϊόντα για το αδυνάτισμα, προϊόντα στοματικής
υγιεινής, κρέμες για αντηλιακή προστασία, για αντιγήρανση και ενυδάτωση κ.ά.
Για την πραγματοποίηση της παρούσας μελέτης συλλέχτηκαν οι τηλεοπτικές
διαφημίσεις των προϊόντων αυτών είτε από τις διαφημιστικές εταιρείες είτε από το
διαδίκτυο προκειμένου να αναλυθούν. Τα διαφημιστικά που αναλύσαμε ήταν 78 και
τα δεδομένα που προέκυψαν αναλύθηκαν με τη βοήθεια του στατιστικού
προγράμματος SPSS. Πραγματοποιήσαμε ανάλυση παραγόντων (factor analysis) από
την οποία προέκυψαν 14 διαφορετικά προφίλ διαφημίσεων. Τα ερευνητικά
συμπεράσματα υποδεικνύουν πως στις διαφημίσεις χρησιμοποιούνται σε υψηλό
ποσοστό πληροφοριακά στοιχεία (ποιότητα, απόδοση και συστατικά μέρη/στοιχεία)
καθώς επίσης και πληθώρα διαφημιστικών εκτελεστικών στυλ με κυρίαρχα: το
κομμάτι της καθημερινότητας, φαντασία/όνειρο και διάθεση/εικόνα.The following research was acomplished for the Master Program "Pharmaceutical Marketing" during the academic year 2009-2011. The purpose of this study is to conduct a content analysis of the advertisements of OTC products. The advertisements contain food supplements, NRT, diet products as well as dental hygiene products. In order to perform the content analysis, 78 television ads were collected and then analysed using SPSS. From the factor analysis that we performed we came up with 14 different kinds (profiles)of advertisments. The main conclusions dictate that in OTC advertisments are extensively used informational clues regarding the quality, the performance and the parts of its product. Moreover, a variety of advertising executive styles are also used, such as slice of life and fantasy dream.
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Lien, Meng-Hsuan, and 連孟萱. "IPO Spillover Effects – Evidences on Taiwan OTC Markets." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/18329029773893887567.
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碩士銘傳大學
財務金融學系碩士在職專班
100
Since Gretai Securities Market (GTSM) established emerging stock market on January 2, 2002, Taiwan’s stock exchange market has become a comprehensive market system covering stock exchange market, over the counter market and emerging stock market. Since the literatures in the past already fully addressed honeymoon effect of IPO, this study focused on the period from March 1, 2005 to November 30, 2011, sampling 215 companies transferred from emerging stock market to listed companies in OTC. The objective is to discuss whether the IPO of emerging stock to be listed in IPO will have any spillover impact to the OTC companies from the same industry. The evidences demonstrated that from the perspectives of overall market, individual industry, and leading companies or lagging companies from the same industry, the honeymoon effect of IPO did in fact expand to OTC market. Among them, lagging companies will have declined return due to competitive pressure. On the other hand, leading companies have another peak of return due to the wave of second attentions from investors by the cases of IPO. On top of it, the fewer number of OTC companies and the longer the IPO companies were founded; it will have more significant positive spillover effect.
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Duarte, Diogo Almeida. "Consumer Healthcare (OTC´s): Gestão de categorias e espaço de linear na farmácia comunitária." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/83675.
Full textAbstract:
Relatório de Estágio do Mestrado Integrado em Ciências Farmacêuticas apresentado à Faculdade de FarmáciaWith the country currently inserted in a post-economic, financial and even social crisis, during which there were several cuts in public spending, the health sector being heavily affected, community pharmacies seek to develop strategies that allow them to maximize their activity profit. The market in which they are inserted proves to be very competitive and restricted, being characterized in recent years by a continuous and slight increase in volume, but by a decrease in value, mainly because of the decrease in the average cost per package of medicine, and the increase on the generic drugs´ quota and number of non-prescription medicines sales places. The importance of prescription drugs in the outpatient market for medicines is very high, and it is expected that it will not grow due to the continuous cost containment measures imposed by the successive governments. In this way, other alternatives to increase sales of the community pharmacy, and consequently their profitability, are taken into account, in particular the investing in Consumer Healthcare products (including OTC products), veterinary medicines and in the provision of remunerated pharmaceutical services.These products are often chosen because they allow a quick, practical and economical treatment for the users, saving time and money of going to the hospital or a medical appointment. For this reason they are mostly used in the improvement of the individual´s health and well-being, and cannot be used in the treatment or diagnosis of chronic and/or complex pathologies that involve medical supervision. The market segment of these drugs has tended to increase in value in the outpatient market, contrary to its considerable tending contraction in volume.The Portuguese user, who is mostly female with an average age between 65 and 90 years old, appears to be an insecure, skeptical, but simultaneously informed person that through pharmaceutical counseling, seeks the best price/quality ratio for the medicines (being the most likely therapeutic purpose the treatment of a chronic condition such as hypertension or diabetes). It should be noted that in the social and economic context this user has an average monthly income of € 416.89, and it is essential to mention that those who have lower educational levels and incomes spend proportionally more on medication.In this way appears the management of the linear space applied to Consumer Healthcare products, more specifically the OTC's and its categories, as a strategy for optimizing the profitability of the pharmacy activity. Taking into account both internal (product mix and their conditions, spatial organization, location, etc.) and external (behavior of the users that attend it, etc.) pharmacy aspects, as well as the studies of several authors, it is possible to delineate in a phased way an efficient management process of the linear space assigned to each product category, consisting of the following main steps: the Analysis, in which the pharmacy seeks to analyze its current commercial situation and market coverage, contemplating studies of the categories that constitute its product mix; the Definition of the Category Plan, where one must take into account the perception of the user for each category, sub-category and / or reference; and the Evaluation of the user´s satisfaction with the product, based on the products´ quality and determination of their benefits. After the implementation of this process, it is estimated the sales of the product categories according to the space allocated to each one of them. Although there is no model that allows us to establish a sales/linear space relationship to each product category, it is possible to make approximations taking into account the studies of several authors and various variables (pharmacy characteristics, social context in which it is inserted, products seasonality, availability and dissemination of medicines information, etc.).
Com o país atualmente inserido num período pós-crise económica, financeira e ainda social, durante o qual se verificaram diversos cortes na despesa pública, sendo o setor da saúde fortemente afetado, as farmácias comunitárias procuram desenvolver estratégias que lhes permitam rentabilizar a sua atividade. O mercado na qual estão inseridas revela-se muito competitivo e restrito, sendo caracterizado nos últimos anos por um contínuo e ligeiro aumento do volume, mas por uma diminuição do valor, muito pela diminuição do custo médio por embalagem de medicamento e pelo aumento da quota de medicamentos genéricos e do número de LVMNSRM´s. A ponderação nos MSRM´s no mercado de ambulatório de medicamentos é muito elevada, prevendo-se que não cresça devido às sucessivas medidas de contenção de custos impostas pelos sucessivos governos. Deste modo, ganham importância outras alternativas para aumentar as vendas da farmácia comunitária, e consequentemente a sua rentabilidade, nomeadamente através da aposta em produtos de Consumer Healthcare (onde se incluem os produtos OTC, também designados por MNSRM´s), medicamentos e produtos de uso veterinário e na prestação de serviços farmacêuticos remunerados. Estes produtos são frequentemente escolhidos pois possibilitam um tratamento, prático, rápido e económico aos utentes, poupando tempo e dinheiro na ida ao hospital ou a uma consulta médica. Por esta razão são maioritariamente utilizados para a melhoria do estado de saúde e do bem estar do indivíduo, não podendo ser usados para o tratamento ou diagnóstico de patologias crónicas e/ou complexas que impliquem supervisão médica. O segmento de mercado destes medicamentos tem-se revelado tendencialmente crescente em valor no ambulatório, contrariando a sua considerável contração em volume.O utente português, maioritariamente do sexo feminino e com uma idade compreendida entre os 65 e os 90 anos, apresenta-se como alguém inseguro, céptico, mas simultaneamente informado, que procura através do aconselhamento farmacêutico a melhor relação qualidade/preço para o medicamento (com a finalidade terapêutica mais provável a ser o tratamento de uma patologia crónica, como hipertensão ou diabetes). De salientar que no contexto socio-económico este utente apresenta um rendimento mensal médio de 416,89€, sendo fulcral mencionar que quem apresenta menores níveis de escolaridade e rendimentos, proporcionalmente gasta mais em medicação.Surge então a gestão de espaço de linear aplicada aos produtos de Consumer Healthcare, mais especificamente aos OTC´s, e respetivas categorias, como estratégia de otimização da rentabilidade da atividade da farmácia. Tendo em conta aspetos quer internos (mix de produtos e respetivas condições, organização espacial, localização, etc.), quer externos à farmácia (comportamento dos utentes que a frequentam, etc.), assim como os estudos de diversos autores, é possível delinear de forma faseada um processo eficiente de gestão do espaço de linear atribuído a cada categoria de produto, constituído pelos seguintes passos essenciais: a Análise, onde a farmácia procura analisar a sua situação comercial e cobertura de mercado atuais, contemplando estudos a nível das categorias que constituem o seu mix de produtos; a Definição do Plano de Categoria, onde se deve ter em consideração a percepção do utente para cada categoria, sub-categoria e/ou referêcia; e a Avaliação da satisfação do utente com o produto, que acaba por estar baseada na qualidade deste e na determinação dos seus benefícios. Após a implementação deste processo, procura-se fazer uma estimativa de vendas das categorias dos produtos em função do espaço que lhes é atribuído. Ainda que não haja nenhum modelo que permita estabelecer uma relação vendas/espaço de linear atribuído para cada categoria, é possível fazer aproximações, tendo em conta os estudos de vários autores e as diversas variáveis (características da farmácia, contexto social no qual se insere, sazonalidade dos produtos, disponibilização e divulgação de informação sobre estes, etc.).
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Guey-Ju, Yu, and 余貴珠. "TSEC&OTC Analyze and Reserch for Unusual Finance." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/00414112860237945693.
Full textAbstract:
碩士輔仁大學
應用統計學研究所
91
Abstract Title of Thesis：TSEC & OTC Analyze and Research for Unusual Finance Name of Institute：Graduate Institute of Applied Statistics, College of Management, Fu Jen Catholic University Name of Student：Guey-Ju, Yu Advisor：Dr. Deng-Yuan, Hwang Total Pages：129 Key Words：Cross Holdings、Pyramid Structure、Adequate、Fair、Full Abstract： The propose of unusual finance analyze and research of TSEC & OTC . In research papers just had emphasized financial ratio. Recently, unusual finance is exploded TSEC & OTC which has resulted from financial ratio, stockholding structure, members of Board of directors. The accountant was forced to made illusion account what influenced the investor determined behaviour. This report is aware of reality capital market message and TSEC & OTC information which compare with my thesis. My thesis utilize six methods for ”eta value more than 0.1”, “to standardize three variables “,“one-way ANOVA Analysis”, “Principal Component Analysis”, “Canonical Correlation Analysis”, “ Logistic Regression Model”。 The investor and the creditor according to my thesis analysis methods that it can cut down to investing risk coefficient. The thesis would take the opportunity to offer Securities and Futures Commission , Ministry of Finance. This report regard one of the regulation as S&FCMOF standardize unusual finance TSEC & OTC .It is expected correct information to deal in secutities in security market.
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Tsai, Yu-wen, and 蔡祐文. "The Relationships between the Macroeconomic Factors and OTC Indices." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20370066624341403885.
Full textAbstract:
碩士大同大學
事業經營研究所碩士班
93
Taiwan’s security market has been established since 1962, and now it can be classified into the TSE market and the OTC market. In TSE or OTC market, there are many factors influencing the overall stock market’s performance, and those factors are either systematic or non-systematic. Nonsystematic factors are the variables that are mainly caused by one or more companies’ business strategy or behavior whereas systematic factors are mostly attributed to overall market environments, such as politics, social, macroeconomics, and cultures. Among those systematic variables, only macroeconomic may have objective information or data to be relied upon for the prospective analysis given its statistical confirmations. Hence, macroeconomic factors are the main focus in this research, and their impacts on Taiwan’s stock market are also the focal point of the research. This paper used multiple regression models with the aid of SPSS statistical software in supporting the investigation of what macroeconomic variables can impact the Taiwan OTC market, financial stock price index, security stock price index, and their correlation with those variables. And through the above analysis, the research will cover the most representative multi-variable regression model. From the empirical research and analysis in this research, following conclusions have been achieved. iii 1. The Relationship Between Macroeconomic Variables and OTC Overall Stock Price Index (1). Among 15 macroeconomic variables, Consumer Price Index (CPI), Wholesale Price Index (WPI), M1a annual growth rate, M1b annual growth rate, M2 annual growth rate, composition index, coincident indicators, leading indicators, export annual growth rate, import annual growth rate, annual growth rate of export order and industrial production annual growth rate have positive relationship with OTC overall stock price index. Among these variables, composition index has the highest positive correlation of 0.812. Independent variables such as unemployment rate, foreign reserves and Taiwan Bank prime rate have negative relationship with dependent variable OTC overall stock price index. Among these, unemployment rate has highest negative relationship of -0.702.The main reason is duet to high unemployment indicate macroeconomic prosperity is in depress, which is not good for stock market development. Higher the prim rate means higher the financing capital for enterprise, less profit return, each share dividend is less, lower the benefit, spontaneously the stock price index is also lower. (2). Under stepwise regression method, introduce level of significance α=0.01 as standard and choose 6 independent variables, which are M2 annual growth rate（Y5）, composition index （Y6）, coincident indicators（Y7）, leadings indicators（Y8）, annual growth rate of export order（Y11）and unemployment rate（Y13）. Adjusted determination coefficient （Ra2） is 0.804，F test value is 40.225，α=0.01, which are all significant. It means that the regression model can explain the result and the F test value is statistically significant. 2. The Relationship Between Macroeconomic Variables and Financial Stock Price Index (1). Among 15 macroeconomic variables，Consumer Price Index (CPI), Wholesale Price Index (WPI), M1a annual growth rate, M1b annual growth rate, M2 annual growth rate, composition index, leadings indicators and industrial production annual growth rate, there are 8 independent variables have positive relationship with financial stock price index, and 3 of them are having negative relationship with financial stock price index, which are unemployment rate, foreign reserves and Taiwan Bank prim rate. The main reason is because high unemployment rate and prim rate are having negative influence towards enterprise benefits；moreover, the main profit resources of financial institution are from enterprise loan, and bad profit return, which will lead to exceed loans being release and so affect the profitability of financial institution. Thus, unemployment rate and prim rate are having negative relationship toward financial price index. (2). Under stepwise regression method, introduce level of significance α=0.01 as standard and choose 3 independent variables out of 15 macroeconomic variables, which are composition index （X6）,annual growth rate of export order（X11）and coincident indicators（X7）. The adjusted determination coefficient（Ra2）is 0.593, F test value is 13.523，and α=0.01, which are all significances, and it means regression effect has statistical meaning. The regression model is 3. The Relationship Between Macroeconomic Variables and Security Stock Price Index (1). Among 15 macroeconomic variables, Consumer Price Index (CPI), Wholesale Price Index (WPI), M1a annual growth rate, M1b annual growth rate, composition index, coincident indicators, leadings indicators, import annual growth rate, industrial production annual growth rate, foreign reserves, there are 10 independent variables have positive relationship with security price index, and only 1 independent variable has negative relationship with it, which is unemployment. The main reason is the higher the unemployment means the macroeconomic prosperity is in depress, which lead reduce in investor’s income, and then decrease their willingness to invest in stock market；moreover, the commission fee is the main income sources of security company. High unemployment rate means less income, and then profits for security companies has reduce, thus unemployment rate has negative with security price index. (2). Under stepwise regression method, introduce level of significance α=0.01 as standard and choose 4 independent variables out of 15 macroeconomic variables, which are foreign reserves （X14）, Wholesale Price index（X2）, M1b annual growth rate（X4）and Consumer Price Index（X1）. The adjusted determination coefficient（Ra2） is 0.895, F test value is 44.728，and α=0.01；they are all significances, and it means regression effect has statistic meaning. The regression model is