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Journal articles on the topic 'Otariidae'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Boessenecker, Robert W., and Morgan Churchill. "The oldest known fur seal." Biology Letters 11, no. 2 (February 2015): 20140835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0835.

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The poorly known fossil record of fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae) does not reflect their current diversity and widespread abundance. This limited fossil record contrasts with the more complete fossil records of other pinnipeds such as walruses (Odobenidae). The oldest known otariids appear 5–6 Ma after the earliest odobenids, and the remarkably derived craniodental morphology of otariids offers few clues to their early evolutionary history and phylogenetic affinities among pinnipeds. We report a new otariid, Eotaria crypta , from the lower middle Miocene ‘Topanga’ Formation (15–17.1 Ma) of southern California, represented by a partial mandible with well-preserved dentition. Eotaria crypta is geochronologically intermediate between ‘enaliarctine’ stem pinnipedimorphs (16.6–27 Ma) and previously described otariid fossils (7.3–12.5 Ma), as well as morphologically intermediate by retaining an M 2 and a reduced M 1 metaconid cusp and lacking P 2–4 metaconid cusps. Eotaria crypta eliminates the otariid ghost lineage and confirms that otariids evolved from an ‘enaliarctine’-like ancestor.

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2

Churchill, Morgan, and Robert W. Boessenecker. "Taxonomy and biogeography of the Pleistocene New Zealand sea lionNeophoca palatina(Carnivora: Otariidae)." Journal of Paleontology 90, no. 2 (March 2016): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.15.

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AbstractThe Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions) are an important and highly visible component of Southern Hemisphere marine mammal faunas. However, fossil material of Southern Hemisphere otariids is comparatively rare and often fragmentary. One exception is the Pleistocene sea lionNeophoca palatinaKing, 1983a, which is known from a nearly complete skull from the North Island of New Zealand. However, the phylogenetic affinities of this taxon are poorly known, and comparisons with other taxa have been limited. We provide an extensive redescription ofNeophoca palatinaand diagnose this taxon using a morphometric approach. Twenty measurements of the skull were collected forN. palatina, as well as for all extant Australasian otariids and several fossilNeophoca cinereaPerón, 1816. Using principal component analysis, we were able to segregate taxa by genus, andN. palatinawas found to cluster withNeophocaaccording to overall size of the skull as well as increased width of the intertemporal constriction and interorbital region.N. palatinacan be distinguished from all other Australasian otariids by its unusually broad basisphenoid. Discriminant function analysis supported referral ofNeophoca palatinatoNeophocawith very high posterior probability. These results confirm the treatment ofNeophoca palatinaas a distinct species ofNeophocaand highlight the former broad distribution and greater tolerance for colder temperatures of this genus. These results also suggest that New Zealand may have played a pivotal role in the diversification of Southern Hemisphere otariid seals.

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3

Kovacs, Kit M., and D. M. Lavigne. "Maternal investment in otariid seals and walruses." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-265.

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We examined neonatal size, growth rate during lactation, weaning mass, adult body mass, and the degree of polygyny among fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae) and walruses (Odobenidae). Observed patterns of maternal and sexual investment were compared with those reported for true seals (Phocidae) and for other mammals. There was a strong positive interspecific allometric relationship between mass at birth and maternal mass for otariid species (p < 0.001). The slope of this relationship was significantly different from that for phocid species (p < 0.001). All pinniped data were above the regression line for terrestrial mammals. Lactation was longer and growth rates were slower for otariid and odobenid species than for phocid species. The cyclic foraging pattern of lactating otariids allows for more flexibility in the duration of lactation than is possible in phocids. Such flexibility may serve as a buffer when food is scarce. The longer lactation period of otariids and walruses also permits offspring to develop swimming and foraging skills while still depending on their mothers for energy. The relationship of mass at weaning to maternal mass suggests a greater investment in each neonate in otariids and walruses than in phocids. The large body size and advanced state of development at weaning may be an adaptive response to predation pressure on otariids. Adult male otariids and walruses are larger than females and, in both families, the average birth mass, mass at weaning, and growth rate of male pups are greater than those of females. The ratio of body masses of male pups to female pups at birth and at weaning was not correlated with the degree of adult sexual dimorphism within species, despite a positive correlation between the ratio of body masses of adult males to adult females and the degree of polygyny across otariid species.

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4

Reich, Coralie M., and John P. Y. Arnould. "Evolution of Pinnipedia lactation strategies: a potential role for α-lactalbumin?" Biology Letters 3, no. 5 (August 14, 2007): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0265.

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Despite the considerable variation in milk composition found among mammals, a constituent common across all groups is lactose, the main sugar and osmole in most eutherians milk. Exceptions to this are the families Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions) and Odobenidae (walruses), where lactose has not been detected. We investigated the molecular basis for this by cloning α-lactalbumin, the modifier protein of the lactose synthase complex. A mutation was observed which, in addition to preventing lactose production, may enable otariids to maintain lactation despite the extremely long inter-suckling intervals during the mother's time at sea foraging (more than 23 days in some species).

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5

Dellinger, T., and F. Trillmich. "Estimating diet composition from scat analysis in otariid seals (Otariidae): is it reliable?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-269.

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Analysis of teleost sagittal otoliths contained in scats has been widely used to determine the diet of seals. This method is based on the assumption that relative frequencies of otoliths in scats faithfully reflect those offish in the diet. This assumption has rarely been tested experimentally. We compared the ratios of herring (Clupea harengus) to sprat (Sprattus sprattus) otoliths in faeces (output) of captive California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) with the ratios at feeding (input). Sea lions and fur seals showed no consistent differences in recovery rates and partial digestion of otoliths. Output ratios deviated only slightly from input ratios, the smaller sprat otoliths being underrepresented in the output by 8%. Only about 40% of the otoliths fed to the seals were found in the scats. For both species partial digestion of otoliths led to a 16% underestimation of fish length and a 35% underestimation of fish mass.

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6

Berta, Annalisa, Morgan Churchill, and Robert W. Boessenecker. "The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009.

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The oldest definitive pinniped fossils date from approximately 30.6–23 million years ago (Ma) in the North Pacific. Pinniped monophyly is consistently supported; the group shares a common ancestry with arctoid carnivorans, either ursids or musteloids. Crown pinnipeds comprise the Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Odobenidae (walruses), and Phocidae (seals), with paraphyletic “enaliarctines” falling outside the crown group. The position of extinct Desmatophocidae is debated; they are considered to be closely related to both otariids and odobenids or, alternatively, to phocids. Both otariids and odobenids are known from the North Pacific, diverging approximately 19 Ma, with phocids originating in the North Atlantic or Paratethys region 19–14 Ma. Our understanding of pinniped paleobiology has been enriched by studies that incorporate anatomical and behavioral data into a phylogenetic framework. There is now evidence for sexual dimorphism in the earliest pinnipeds, heralding polygynous breeding systems, followed by increased body sizes, diving capabilities, and diverse feeding strategies in later-diverging phocid and otarioid lineages.

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7

Brunner, S., P. D. Shaughnessy, and M. M. Bryden. "Geographic variation in skull characters of fur seals and sea lions (family Otariidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 4 (2002): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01056.

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Geographic variation was observed in skulls of several otariid species, with a general change in size corresponding with a change in latitude and primary productivity. The largest specimens were from cool temperate localities, conforming mostly to Rensch's rule. Skulls of Australian sea lions from Western Australia were generally smaller in condylobasal length, but were more robust than those from South Australia. The subantarctic fur seal did not conform to Bergmann's rule: skulls from Amsterdam Island (37�55´S) were largest, those from Gough Island (40�20´S) intermediate and those from Marion Island (46�55´S) the smallest. For both sexes, skulls of southern sea lions from the Falkland Islands were smaller than their equivalents from mainland South America. Similarly, skulls of South African fur seals from south-east South Africa appeared smaller than those from the west coast of South Africa and Namibia; skulls from Namibia grouped separately from those of south-east and west coast, South Africa. We postulate that the Otariidae are in the process of species divergence, much of which may be driven by local factors, particularly latitude and resources.

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8

Beilts, A., I. M. Rahn, M. C. Gonzalez Moreno, J. Loureiro, and M. S. Merani. "Mitotic and Meiotic Analysis in Arctocephalus Australis (Otariidae)." Hereditas 131, no. 1 (May 6, 2004): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.t01-1-00033.x.

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9

Gardner, Alfred L., and C. Brian Robbins. "GENERIC NAMES OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN FUR SEALS (MAMMALIA: OTARIIDAE)." Marine Mammal Science 14, no. 3 (July 1998): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00741.x.

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10

Hanke, Wolf, Sven Wieskotten, Christopher Marshall, and Guido Dehnhardt. "Hydrodynamic perception in true seals (Phocidae) and eared seals (Otariidae)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 199, no. 6 (November 24, 2012): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-012-0778-2.

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11

Shaughnessy, Peter D., Catherine M. Kemper, David Stemmer, and Jane McKenzie. "Records of vagrant fur seals (family Otariidae) in South Australia." Australian Mammalogy 36, no. 2 (2014): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13038.

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Two fur seal species breed on the southern coast of Australia: the Australian fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) and the New Zealand fur seal (A. forsteri). Two other species are vagrants: the subantarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis) and the Antarctic fur seal (A. gazella). We document records of vagrant fur seals in South Australia from 1982 to 2012 based primarily on records from the South Australian Museum. There were 86 subantarctic fur seals: 49 specimens and 37 sightings. Most (77%) were recorded from July to October and 83% of all records were juveniles. All but two specimens were collected between July and November. Sightings were prevalent during the same period, but there were also nine sightings during summer (December–February), several of healthy-looking adults. Notable concentrations were near Victor Harbor, on Kangaroo Island and Eyre Peninsula. Likely sources of subantarctic fur seals seen in South Australia are Macquarie and Amsterdam Islands in the South Indian Ocean, ~2700 km south-east and 5200 km west of SA, respectively. There were two sightings of Antarctic fur seals, both of adults, on Kangaroo Island at New Zealand fur seal breeding colonies. Records of this species for continental Australia and nearby islands are infrequent.

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12

Beklemisheva, Violetta R., Polina L. Perelman, Natalya A. Lemskaya, Anastasia A. Proskuryakova, Natalya A. Serdyukova, Vladimir N. Burkanov, Maksim B. Gorshunov, et al. "Karyotype Evolution in 10 Pinniped Species: Variability of Heterochromatin versus High Conservatism of Euchromatin as Revealed by Comparative Molecular Cytogenetics." Genes 11, no. 12 (December 10, 2020): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11121485.

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Pinnipedia karyotype evolution was studied here using human, domestic dog, and stone marten whole-chromosome painting probes to obtain comparative chromosome maps among species of Odobenidae (Odobenus rosmarus), Phocidae (Phoca vitulina, Phoca largha, Phoca hispida, Pusa sibirica, Erignathus barbatus), and Otariidae (Eumetopias jubatus, Callorhinus ursinus, Phocarctos hookeri, and Arctocephalus forsteri). Structural and functional chromosomal features were assessed with telomere repeat and ribosomal-DNA probes and by CBG (C-bands revealed by barium hydroxide treatment followed by Giemsa staining) and CDAG (Chromomycin A3-DAPI after G-banding) methods. We demonstrated diversity of heterochromatin among pinniped karyotypes in terms of localization, size, and nucleotide composition. For the first time, an intrachromosomal rearrangement common for Otariidae and Odobenidae was revealed. We postulate that the order of evolutionarily conserved segments in the analyzed pinnipeds is the same as the order proposed for the ancestral Carnivora karyotype (2n = 38). The evolution of conserved genomes of pinnipeds has been accompanied by few fusion events (less than one rearrangement per 10 million years) and by novel intrachromosomal changes including the emergence of new centromeres and pericentric inversion/centromere repositioning. The observed interspecific diversity of pinniped karyotypes driven by constitutive heterochromatin variation likely has played an important role in karyotype evolution of pinnipeds, thereby contributing to the differences of pinnipeds’ chromosome sets.

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13

Ryu, Ju-Sun, Kuem Hee Jang, Eun Hwa Choi, Sang Ki Kim, Shi Hyun Ryu, Young-Jun Kim, Hang Lee, and Ui Wook Hwang. "Complete mitochondrial genome of a Steller sea lionEumetopias jubatus(Carnivora, Otariidae)." Mitochondrial DNA 21, no. 2 (March 23, 2010): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/19401731003681111.

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14

King, J. K. "Twin foetuses from an Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea (Carnivora: Otariidae)." Australian Mammalogy 9, no. 1 (January 1, 1986): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am86008.

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15

Barnes, Lawrence G. "An Early Miocene pinniped of the genus Desmatophoca (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Washington." Contributions in science 382 (June 18, 1987): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.208126.

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16

Barnes, Lawrence G. "An Early Miocene pinniped of the genus Desmatophoca (Mammalia: Otariidae) from Washington." Contributions in science 382 (June 18, 1987): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.208126.

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17

Brunner, Sylvia. "Fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae): Identification of species and taxonomic review." Systematics and Biodiversity 1, no. 3 (February 2004): 339–439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147720000300121x.

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18

Tian, Jia-Shen, Jing Du, Zhi-Chuang Lu, Sheng-Jiu Zhang, Xin-Ran Song, and Jia-Bo Han. "Complete mitochondrial genome of South American sea lion Otaria byronia (Carnivora: Otariidae)." Mitochondrial DNA Part B 4, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 2065–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2019.1617051.

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19

Shaughnessy, Peter D., Mike Bossley, and A. O. Nicholls. "Fur seals and sea lions (family Otariidae) on the breakwaters at Adelaide." Australian Mammalogy 40, no. 2 (2018): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17001.

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Long-nosed fur seals (Arctocephalus forsteri) and Australian sea lions (Neophoca cinerea) on the breakwaters at the mouth of the Port River estuary at Adelaide’s Outer Harbor were counted from 2004 to 2015. Observed counts were modelled using a generalised linear model. Fur seal numbers have been increasing since 2011; for sea lions there was a small discernible annual trend in counts. Counts of fur seals varied seasonally; most annual maxima were in August or September with modelled peak numbers around 9–11 September. The maximum count of fur seals was 79 in September 2015. For sea lions, the model predicts annual peaks in the period 28 August to 19 September. The maximum count of sea lions was nine in September 2009. The haulout sites on the Outer Harbor breakwaters are easily accessible by boats, including pleasure craft. In particular, the seaward end of the outer breakwater is a popular spot with recreational anglers whose lines are often within a few metres of the seals. We propose that a management plan should be developed involving a study of the effect of boat approaches on seals utilising the Outer Harbor area followed by education coupled with enforcement.

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20

Drehmer, César Jaeger, Daniela Sanfelice, and Carolina Loch. "Dental anomalies in pinnipeds (Carnivora: Otariidae and Phocidae): occurrence and evolutionary implications." Zoomorphology 134, no. 2 (February 13, 2015): 325–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00435-015-0255-x.

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21

Gastal, Silvia B., Carolina S. Mascarenhas, and Jeronimo L. Ruas. "Infection Rates ofOrthohalarachne attenuataandOrthohalarachne diminuata(Acari: Halarachnidae) inArctocephalus australis(Zimmermann, 1783) (Pinipedia: Otariidae)." Comparative Parasitology 83, no. 2 (July 2016): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1654/4797s.1.

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22

Sanfelice, Daniela, and Jorge Ferigolo. "Estudo comparativo entre os sincrânios de Otaria byronia e Arctocephalus australis (Pinnipedia, Otariidae)." Iheringia. Série Zoologia 98, no. 1 (March 2008): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0073-47212008000100001.

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Observou-se grande variabilidade anatômica no sincrânio de Otaria byronia (Blainville, 1820) e de Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman, 1783), com correspondentes implicações na sistemática dos Otariidae. As principais diferenças observadas entre as duas espécies foram a largura do rostro, exposição (ou não) do etmóide na órbita, vacuidade palatino/pterigóide, extensão do maxilar, concavidade e forma do palato, tamanho/forma da órbita/processo supra-orbital, altura/forma do palato, tamanho/forma da órbita/processo supra-orbital, altura/forma do arco zigomático, forma do hâmulo pterigóide, tamanho de processos e cristas em geral, esfenóide e neurocrânio; presença ou não do canal vidiano e transverso; forma do pétreo e proporções do processo angular secundário. Enquanto algumas diferenças (etmóide) são bastante incomuns entre espécies contemporâneas pertencentes à mesma família, muitas outras são de natureza alométrica. Algumas diferenças são peramórficas: tamanho do crânio, do palato e das cristas (hipermórficos em O. byronia). Outros caracteres são pedomórficos em O. byronia: forame incisivo, processo maxilar do frontal e canais vidianos. As principais diferenças entre machos e fêmeas de O. byronia, e similiraridades entre os machos desta espécie e A. australis estão relacionadas a modificações no tempo/taxa de desenvolvimento. Alguns caracteres usualmente empregados na sistemática do grupo não foram corroborados, principalmente referentes à fossa naso-labialis, sutura jugo-temporal, meato acústico interno, entotimpânico e extensão do pétreo.

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23

Loza, C. M., A. C. Scarano, F. C. Galliari, L. H. Soibelzon, J. Negrete, and A. A. Carlini. "The tympanic region ofOtaria byronia(Otariidae, Carnivora) - morphology, ontogeny, age classes and dimorphism." Journal of Anatomy 232, no. 1 (October 29, 2017): 54–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/joa.12717.

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24

Miller, Edward H., Alberto Ponce de Leon, and Robert L. Delong. "VIOLENT INTERSPECIFIC SEXUAL BEHAVIOR BY MALE SEA LIONS (OTARIIDAE): EVOLUTIONARY AND PHYLOGENETIC IMPLICATIONS." Marine Mammal Science 12, no. 3 (July 1996): 468–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1996.tb00601.x.

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25

Tarnawski, Bárbara A., Guillermo H. Cassini, and David A. Flores. "Allometry of the postnatal cranial ontogeny and sexual dimorphism in Otaria byronia (Otariidae)." Acta Theriologica 59, no. 1 (January 31, 2013): 81–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13364-012-0124-7.

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26

Loza, C. M., Leopoldo H. Soibelzon, B. A. Tarnawski, M. E. Del Corrro, Javier Negrete, and Martín Ciancio. "Determinación de edades en Otariidae y Phocidae (Carnivora) sobre piezas dentarias, técnicas alternativas." Revista del Museo de La Plata 1, no. 1 (July 31, 2016): 39–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.24215/25456377e005.

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La depositación periódica de capas de esmalte, cemento y dentina en los dientes de los mamíferos es de gran utilidad para la determinación de edades absolutas. Los diferentes sucesos que se producen durante la vida del animal como la muda, la madurez sexual, período de lactancia y de alimentación, se reflejan muchas veces en la cantidad y tipo de depósito de dentina en las piezas dentarias. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: determinar, con diferentes técnicas aplicables sobre dientes, las edades absolutas de ejemplares de Phocidae y Otariidae (Mammalia) alojados en diferentes colecciones de la Argentina; comparar los resultados obtenidos con el empleo de las distintas técnicas; y añadir un dato relevante a cada ejemplar estudiado. Se compararon, ajustaron, y aplicaron las técnicas a un total de 335 ejemplares de las siguientes especies: Arctocephalus gazella, Arctocephalus australis, Otaria byronia, Mirounga leonina, Leptonychotes weddellii, Lobodon carcinophagus, e Hydrurga leptonyx. Las tecnicas aplicadas fueron: el conteo de anillos externos de la raíz, el conteo de líneas de dentina y de cemento tanto sin descalcificar como descalcificado. Los resultados mostraron que no todas las técnicas son aplicables a todas las especies, ni para todas las piezas dentarias, dependiendo en parte del tamaño de las piezas y de la forma en que el cemento se deposita. Finalmente recomendamos cuáles técnicas son más efectivas para cada especie estudiada. La técnica de conteo de anillos externos y lineas de dentina con y sin descalcificación es conveniente para los Arctocephalus, mientras que la del conteo de líneas de dentina por descalcificación es recomendable para O. byronia, en los fócidos se recomienda el conteo de líneas de cemento con previa descalcificación en poscaninos.

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Montero-Cordero, Andrea, Damián Martínez Fernández, and Gabriela Hernández-Mora. "Mammalia, Carnivora, Otariidae, Arctocephalus galapagoensis Heller, 1904: first continental record for Costa Rica." Check List 6, no. 4 (October 1, 2010): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/6.4.630.

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This is the first record of Arctocephalus galapagoensis for the mainland coast of Costa Rica, which is outside the geographical distribution of this species about 1,300 km from its type locality. Changes in environmental conditions during El Niño events might be responsible for a higher incidence of these sightings. The presence of a moderate El Niño along the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean during this month coincides with the occurrence of the fur seal in Costa Rican coasts. No photo record had ever been registered before for this country.

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28

Sanfelice, Daniela, Daniza Molina-Schiller, and Thales R. O. De Freitas. "Development and growth in skulls of three Otariidae species: a comparative morphometric study." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 98, no. 7 (August 3, 2017): 1801–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315417001394.

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We examined the skulls ofArctocephalus australis,Callorhinus ursinusandOtaria byroniawith the objectives of (1) estimating the development and growth rates and comparing these parameters among the species; (2) describing the development for each linear measure, for each species and sex; (3) determining which variables are best correlated with age; (4) determining age of physical maturity. We employed traditional and geometric morphometric techniques to study the skulls. InA. australisandC. ursinus, skulls of females mature at about 6 years of age, and those of males at about 8 years.Otaria byroniamatures later, at about 9 years. Using geometric morphometric data sets, the rate and constant of growth inA. australisdid not differ between the sexes.Callorhinus ursinusandO. byroniashowed rates significantly different between sexes concerning growth (and in the constant as well), but onlyO. byroniadiffered between sexes in both developmental model parameters (rates and constant). Comparisons between the growth and developmental models showed significant differences in slope and constant. In both treatments employed, a relationship between size and shape dimorphism could be inferred for the skulls of all three species. We conclude that rates or timing of growth and development evolves within a conserved spatiotemporal organization of morphogenesis.

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29

Boessenecker, Robert W. "New records of the fur sealCallorhinus(Carnivora: Otariidae) from the Plio-Pleistocene Rio Dell Formation of Northern California and comments on otariid dental evolution." Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31, no. 2 (March 17, 2011): 454–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.550362.

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30

Lee, Yoon-Ji, Giphil Cho, Sangil Kim, Inseo Hwang, Seong-Oh Im, Hye-Min Park, Na-Yeong Kim, et al. "The First Population Simulation for the Zalophus japonicus (Otariidae: Sea Lions) on Dokdo, Korea." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 2 (February 15, 2022): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10020271.

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The Japanese sea lion (Z. japonicus) has been regarded as an extinct species since the last report on Dokdo in 1951. Not much ecological information on the Z. japonicus on Dokdo (hereafter Dokdo sea lion) is currently available. Using a discrete time stage-structured population model, we reconstructed the Dokdo sea lion population to explore the effect of human hunting pressure on them. This study provides the first estimate for the Dokdo sea lion population from 1900 to 1951. The reconstructed capture numbers of the Dokdo sea lion and the parameters estimated in this study were well matched with the recorded numbers and ecological parameters reported previously for the Californian sea lion. Based on the reconstructed population, their number rapidly declined after hunting started and it took less than 10 years for a 70% decline of the initial population, which would be considered to be an extinction risk. Since some caveats exist in this study, some caution about our results is necessary. However, this study demonstrates how rapidly human over-hunting can cause the extermination of a large local population. This study will be helpful to raise people’s awareness about endangered marine animals such as local finless porpoises in Korea.

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31

Barnes, Lawrence G. "A new fossil pinniped (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the Middle Miocene Sharktooth Hill Bonebed, California." Contributions in science 396 (March 18, 1988): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.208197.

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Barnes, Lawrence G. "A new fossil pinniped (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the Middle Miocene Sharktooth Hill Bonebed, California." Contributions in science 396 (March 18, 1988): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.208197.

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33

Loch, Carolina, Paulo C. Simões-Lopes, and César J. Drehmer. "Numerical anomalies in the dentition of southern fur seals and sea lions (Pinnipedia: Otariidae)." Zoologia (Curitiba) 27, no. 3 (June 2010): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-46702010005000001.

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Brunner, S. "Cranial morphometrics of the southern fur seals Arctocephalus forsteri and A. pusillus (Carnivora : Otariidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 46, no. 1 (1998): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo97020.

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The identification and classification of unknown specimens of Arctocephalus from regions of Australasia has proven difficult. Skulls from the New Zealand fur seal (Arctocephalus forsteri) and the Australian fur seal (A. pusillus doriferus), and data from specimens of the South African fur seal (A. p. pusillus), were examined. A visual method was devised to identify and separate A. p. doriferus from A. forsteri for both sexes and for most physiological age-groups. A statistical method for morphometric separation of these species was applied to adult specimens. Characteristics of males and females for both species fell into two broad categories: sexually dimorphic – mainly those characters that increase the ability of males to hold and defend territories; and non-dimorphic – those of functional importance. Studies of geographical variation showed that adult male A. forsteri from Australia were generally larger than those from Macquarie Island and New Zealand. Characteristics of A. p. doriferus were generally larger than those of A. p. pusillus. Nine specimens of New Zealand fur seals were morphologically different from the typical A. forsteri, which indicates the presence of extreme outliers or hybrids in the sample.

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35

Stamation, K. A., P. D. Shaughnessy, and A. J. Constable. "Status of Australian Fur Seals, Arctocephalus Pusillus doriferus (Carnivora: Otariidae) At Cape Bridgewater, Victoria." Australian Mammalogy 20, no. 1 (1998): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am97063.

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Australian fur seals Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus are well known at Cape Bridgewater (38° 23'S, 141° 25'E) in western Victoria. The colony consists of a rock platform at the base of a 50m cliff and two caves. Fur seals frequent nearby waters within 50 m of shore. Between 21 November 1995 and 22 June 1996, the maximum number of fur seals recorded was 640 and the minimum was 207. The number of fur seals visible from the observation points and inside one of two caves is dependent on sea conditions. Juveniles were the most abundant age-class. A single pup was recorded during the pupping season. This study confirms that Cape Bridgewater should be considered a non-breeding colony.

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36

Kwan, Harwood H., Luka Culibrk, Gregory A. Taylor, Sreeja Leelakumari, Ryan Tan, Shaun D. Jackman, Kane Tse, et al. "The Genome of the Steller Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus)." Genes 10, no. 7 (June 26, 2019): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10070486.

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The Steller sea lion is the largest member of the Otariidae family and is found in the coastal waters of the northern Pacific Rim. Here, we present the Steller sea lion genome, determined through DNA sequencing approaches that utilized microfluidic partitioning library construction, as well as nanopore technologies. These methods constructed a highly contiguous assembly with a scaffold N50 length of over 14 megabases, a contig N50 length of over 242 kilobases and a total length of 2.404 gigabases. As a measure of completeness, 95.1% of 4104 highly conserved mammalian genes were found to be complete within the assembly. Further annotation identified 19,668 protein coding genes. The assembled genome sequence and underlying sequence data can be found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) under the BioProject accession number PRJNA475770.

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Oosthuizen, W. H., and E. H. Miller. "BACULAR AND TESTICULAR GROWTH AND ALLOMETRY IN THE CAPE FUR SEAL ARCTOCEPHALUS P. PUSILLUS (OTARIIDAE)." Marine Mammal Science 16, no. 1 (January 2000): 124–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.2000.tb00908.x.

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38

Siciliano, S., M. L. V. Barbosa-Filho, and L. R. Oliveira. "Human consumption of a vagrant South American Fur Seal Arctocephalus australis (Carnivora: Otariidae) in Brazil." Journal of Threatened Taxa 8, no. 4 (April 26, 2016): 8728. http://dx.doi.org/10.11609/jott.2525.8.4.8728-8731.

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The South American Fur Seal Arctocephalus australis is one of the most widely distributed South American otariid species. In Brazil, during austral winter months specimens of A. australis are regularly found along the Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina coasts. Occasionally, vagrants have been recorded along the southeastern coast but rarely moves north of Rio de Janeiro, at 23°S. On 01 May 2015, fishermen noticed in the surf zone an unidentified large animal in Ilhéus, Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Severely wounded, it was still alive when first spotted. Numerous shark bites were observed in the rostrum and flippers, the peduncle was severely lacerated and the intestines were protruding. The specimen was identified as an adult of South American Fur Seal based on the combination of the characteristic coloration of the pelage, head shape, body size, the relatively large eye size, and mainly due to the pronounced three cusped teeth in post canines. Fishermen decided to butcher the carcass and share the meat among their companions. The present record, however, is of special concern as human consumption South American Fur Seal seems to be unusual in Brazil. Pieces of meat were shared among fishermen. In addition, small pieces of blubber were used as bait in the local shark long-line fishery. Consumption of an injured and presumably weak marine mammal carcass points to an increasing risk of contact between potentially harmful viruses, bacteria and fungi and humans. This note represents an alert to public health specialists and wildlife authorities in Brazil. It calls the urgency of an outreach campaign advertising to the potential risks of ingesting bushmeat either from land or aquatic sources.

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Tedman, RA. "The Female Reproductive-Tract of the Australian Sea Lion, Neophoca-Cinerea (Peron, 1816) (Carnivora, Otariidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 39, no. 3 (1991): 351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9910351.

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This first account of the morphology of the female reproductive tract of the Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea, is based on examination of 15 specimens. The morphology of the female reproductive tract is similar in most respects to that in other pinniped species; only features peculiar to the species are described. The Y-shaped, bicornuate uterus is for the most part septate, but has a common uterine canal that is relatively much longer than that in other otariids. The uterine mucosa of newborns is slightly hypertrophied and regresses considerably by 3 weeks postpartum. During the embryonic diapause the uterine mucosa has serrated luminal epithelium, coiled uterine glands, and tall luminal and glandular epithelia. The mucosa of the adult vagina decreases in thickness from 100-mu-m at about 2 weeks postpartum to 20-mu-m 14.5 weeks postpartum, indicative of the regressive phase typical of the delay period in other pinnipeds. The urethral meatus lacks urinary papillae, unlike most other pinnipeds. A relatively large clitoris is present, and an os clitoridis was collected from one old individual. A monoestrous cycle seemed to occur in four animals, but a polyoestrous cycle is suspected in at least one individual. Ovulation occurs from alternate ovaries in successive pregnancies. Corpora albicantia are retained for at least three breeding seasons and probably longer. Implantation occurs in the midsection of the uterine cornu, ipsilateral to the ovary that released the egg. The maximum period of embryonic diapause cannot be ascertained from the available data, although a delay of about 8-9 months is possible if the breeding cycle (pregnancy cycle) lasts about 18 months.

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40

Yonezawa, Takahiro, Naoki Kohno, and Masami Hasegawa. "The monophyletic origin of sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora; Otariidae) in the Southern Hemisphere." Gene 441, no. 1-2 (July 2009): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.022.

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41

Lisitsyna, O. I., O. Kudlai, T. R. Spraker, and T. A. Kuzmina. "New Records on Acanthocephalans from California Sea Lions Zalophus californianus (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) from California, USA." Vestnik Zoologii 52, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2018-0019.

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Abstract To increase the currently limited knowledge addressing acanthocephalans parasitizing California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), 33 animals including pups, juvenile and adult males and females from the Marine Mammal Center (TMMC), Sausalito, California, USA were examined. Totally, 2,268 specimens of acanthocephalans representing five species from the genera Andracantha (A. phalacrocoracis and Andracantha sp.), Corynosoma (C. strumosum and C. obtuscens) and Profilicollis (P. altmani) were found. Profilicollis altmani and A. phalacrocoracis, predominantly parasitize fish-eating birds; they were registered in Z. californianus for the first time. Prevalence and intensity of California sea lion infection and transmission of acanthocephalans in these hosts of different age groups were analyzed and discussed. We provide brief morphological descriptions of the five species of acanthocephalan found in California sea lions.

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42

Jahan, Meeno, Aftab Ahmed, Fritz Trillmich, and Gerhard Braunitzer. "The complete primary structure of the marine carnivora, galapagoes fur seal (Arctocephalus galapagoensis, Otariidae) hemoglobins." Journal of Protein Chemistry 10, no. 3 (June 1991): 257–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01025624.

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43

Barnes, Lawrence G. "A new Miocene enaliarctine pinniped of the genus Pteronarctos (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the Astoria Formation, Oregon." Contributions in science 422 (October 11, 1990): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.208140.

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44

Barnes, Lawrence G. "A new Miocene enaliarctine pinniped of the genus Pteronarctos (Mammalia: Otariidae) from the Astoria Formation, Oregon." Contributions in science 422 (October 11, 1990): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/p.208140.

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45

Oliva, Doris. "Otaria byronia(de Blainville, 1820), the valid scientific name for the southern sea lion (Carnivora: Otariidae)." Journal of Natural History 22, no. 3 (June 1988): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222938800770501.

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46

Marcus, Alan D., Damien P. Higgins, Jan Slapeta, and Rachael Gray. "Uncinaria sanguinis sp. n. (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) from the endangered Australian sea lion, Neophoca cinerea (Carnivora: Otariidae)." Folia Parasitologica 61, no. 3 (June 19, 2014): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14411/fp.2014.037.

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47

Wynen, Louise P., Simon D. Goldsworthy, Stephen J. Insley, Mark Adams, John W. Bickham, John Francis, Juan Pablo Gallo, et al. "Phylogenetic Relationships within the Eared Seals (Otariidae: Carnivora): Implications for the Historical Biogeography of the Family." Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 21, no. 2 (November 2001): 270–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/mpev.2001.1012.

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48

Herrera, Néstor, José Alberto González Leiva, Raquel Concepción Alvarado Larios, Milagro Elizabeth Salinas de Ruíz, and Claudia Esther Ascencio Elizondo. "Listado anotado de los mamíferos marinos de El Salvador." Realidad y Reflexión 54, no. 54 (August 24, 2021): 156–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ryr.v54i54.12073.

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Se registra la presencia de cinco especies de la familia Otariidae, tres especies de la familia Balaenopteridae, una especie de la familia Eschiteridae, doce especies de la familia Delphinidae, una especie de la familia Kogiidae, una especie de la familia Physeteridae y tres especies de la familia Ziphidae: un total de 26 especies de mamíferos marinos. La mayoría de especies se conocen por varamientos; otras, se basan sobre prospecciones de investigación. Seis especies son accidentales, ya que no ocurren de manera natural en aguas de Centroamérica. Ocho especies son migratorias y 12 especies son residentes y ocurrentes normales en aguas pelágicas. Cuatro especies, se considera, ocurren frecuentemente en las aguas costeras: la Ballena jorobada (Megaptera novaeangliae), el Delfín manchado (Stenella attenuata), el Delfín tornillo (Stenella longirostris) y el Delfín nariz de botella (Tursiops truncatus). Cinco especies están incluidas bajo amenaza o en peligro a nivel mundial.

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49

Loza, Cleopatra M., Oliver Reutimann, Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra, Alfredo A. Carlini, and Gabriel Aguirre-Fernández. "Evolutionary transformations of the malleus in pinnipeds, with emphasis on Southern Hemisphere taxa." Contributions to Zoology 87, no. 2 (July 18, 2018): 75–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08702002.

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The systematic value of the middle-ear ossicles, in particular the malleus, has been long recognized for diverse groups. We present systematic work on the characters of the middle-ear ossicles of pinnipeds, focusing on until now poorly studied Southern Hemisphere species. Mallei were extracted from 16 specimens of pinnipeds belonging to five austral and one boreal species of Phocidae and two austral species of Otariidae. Several characters used in this study have been described previously, and some were here modified. Three new characters are here defined and analysed. All characters were mapped onto the phylogeny. Our character analysis shows the transformations that have occurred in the evolution of middle ear ossicles in pinnipeds and identifies diagnostic features of many of its clades. Beyond the identification of specific changes within eachclade, our study of pinniped ossicle evolution documents the occurrence of anatomical convergences with other groups of mammals that live in an aquatic environment, as has occurred in other organ systems as well.

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Tian, J., J. Du, J. Han, D. Li, and X. Song. "Complete Mitochondrial Genome of the South American Fur Seal Arctocephalus australis (Carnivora: Otariidae) and Its Phylogenetic Implications." Russian Journal of Genetics 57, no. 5 (May 2021): 582–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1022795421050124.

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