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Academic literature on the topic 'Otariidae'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Otariidae"

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Boessenecker, Robert W., and Morgan Churchill. "The oldest known fur seal." Biology Letters 11, no. 2 (February 2015): 20140835. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0835.

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The poorly known fossil record of fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae) does not reflect their current diversity and widespread abundance. This limited fossil record contrasts with the more complete fossil records of other pinnipeds such as walruses (Odobenidae). The oldest known otariids appear 5–6 Ma after the earliest odobenids, and the remarkably derived craniodental morphology of otariids offers few clues to their early evolutionary history and phylogenetic affinities among pinnipeds. We report a new otariid, Eotaria crypta , from the lower middle Miocene ‘Topanga’ Formation (15–17.1 Ma) of southern California, represented by a partial mandible with well-preserved dentition. Eotaria crypta is geochronologically intermediate between ‘enaliarctine’ stem pinnipedimorphs (16.6–27 Ma) and previously described otariid fossils (7.3–12.5 Ma), as well as morphologically intermediate by retaining an M 2 and a reduced M 1 metaconid cusp and lacking P 2–4 metaconid cusps. Eotaria crypta eliminates the otariid ghost lineage and confirms that otariids evolved from an ‘enaliarctine’-like ancestor.
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Churchill, Morgan, and Robert W. Boessenecker. "Taxonomy and biogeography of the Pleistocene New Zealand sea lionNeophoca palatina(Carnivora: Otariidae)." Journal of Paleontology 90, no. 2 (March 2016): 375–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2016.15.

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AbstractThe Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions) are an important and highly visible component of Southern Hemisphere marine mammal faunas. However, fossil material of Southern Hemisphere otariids is comparatively rare and often fragmentary. One exception is the Pleistocene sea lionNeophoca palatinaKing, 1983a, which is known from a nearly complete skull from the North Island of New Zealand. However, the phylogenetic affinities of this taxon are poorly known, and comparisons with other taxa have been limited. We provide an extensive redescription ofNeophoca palatinaand diagnose this taxon using a morphometric approach. Twenty measurements of the skull were collected forN. palatina, as well as for all extant Australasian otariids and several fossilNeophoca cinereaPerón, 1816. Using principal component analysis, we were able to segregate taxa by genus, andN. palatinawas found to cluster withNeophocaaccording to overall size of the skull as well as increased width of the intertemporal constriction and interorbital region.N. palatinacan be distinguished from all other Australasian otariids by its unusually broad basisphenoid. Discriminant function analysis supported referral ofNeophoca palatinatoNeophocawith very high posterior probability. These results confirm the treatment ofNeophoca palatinaas a distinct species ofNeophocaand highlight the former broad distribution and greater tolerance for colder temperatures of this genus. These results also suggest that New Zealand may have played a pivotal role in the diversification of Southern Hemisphere otariid seals.
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Kovacs, Kit M., and D. M. Lavigne. "Maternal investment in otariid seals and walruses." Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, no. 10 (October 1, 1992): 1953–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-265.

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We examined neonatal size, growth rate during lactation, weaning mass, adult body mass, and the degree of polygyny among fur seals and sea lions (Otariidae) and walruses (Odobenidae). Observed patterns of maternal and sexual investment were compared with those reported for true seals (Phocidae) and for other mammals. There was a strong positive interspecific allometric relationship between mass at birth and maternal mass for otariid species (p < 0.001). The slope of this relationship was significantly different from that for phocid species (p < 0.001). All pinniped data were above the regression line for terrestrial mammals. Lactation was longer and growth rates were slower for otariid and odobenid species than for phocid species. The cyclic foraging pattern of lactating otariids allows for more flexibility in the duration of lactation than is possible in phocids. Such flexibility may serve as a buffer when food is scarce. The longer lactation period of otariids and walruses also permits offspring to develop swimming and foraging skills while still depending on their mothers for energy. The relationship of mass at weaning to maternal mass suggests a greater investment in each neonate in otariids and walruses than in phocids. The large body size and advanced state of development at weaning may be an adaptive response to predation pressure on otariids. Adult male otariids and walruses are larger than females and, in both families, the average birth mass, mass at weaning, and growth rate of male pups are greater than those of females. The ratio of body masses of male pups to female pups at birth and at weaning was not correlated with the degree of adult sexual dimorphism within species, despite a positive correlation between the ratio of body masses of adult males to adult females and the degree of polygyny across otariid species.
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Reich, Coralie M., and John P. Y. Arnould. "Evolution of Pinnipedia lactation strategies: a potential role for α-lactalbumin?" Biology Letters 3, no. 5 (August 14, 2007): 546–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2007.0265.

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Despite the considerable variation in milk composition found among mammals, a constituent common across all groups is lactose, the main sugar and osmole in most eutherians milk. Exceptions to this are the families Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions) and Odobenidae (walruses), where lactose has not been detected. We investigated the molecular basis for this by cloning α-lactalbumin, the modifier protein of the lactose synthase complex. A mutation was observed which, in addition to preventing lactose production, may enable otariids to maintain lactation despite the extremely long inter-suckling intervals during the mother's time at sea foraging (more than 23 days in some species).
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Dellinger, T., and F. Trillmich. "Estimating diet composition from scat analysis in otariid seals (Otariidae): is it reliable?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 66, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 1865–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z88-269.

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Analysis of teleost sagittal otoliths contained in scats has been widely used to determine the diet of seals. This method is based on the assumption that relative frequencies of otoliths in scats faithfully reflect those offish in the diet. This assumption has rarely been tested experimentally. We compared the ratios of herring (Clupea harengus) to sprat (Sprattus sprattus) otoliths in faeces (output) of captive California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) and South American fur seals (Arctocephalus australis) with the ratios at feeding (input). Sea lions and fur seals showed no consistent differences in recovery rates and partial digestion of otoliths. Output ratios deviated only slightly from input ratios, the smaller sprat otoliths being underrepresented in the output by 8%. Only about 40% of the otoliths fed to the seals were found in the scats. For both species partial digestion of otoliths led to a 16% underestimation of fish length and a 35% underestimation of fish mass.
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Berta, Annalisa, Morgan Churchill, and Robert W. Boessenecker. "The Origin and Evolutionary Biology of Pinnipeds: Seals, Sea Lions, and Walruses." Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 46, no. 1 (May 30, 2018): 203–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010009.

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The oldest definitive pinniped fossils date from approximately 30.6–23 million years ago (Ma) in the North Pacific. Pinniped monophyly is consistently supported; the group shares a common ancestry with arctoid carnivorans, either ursids or musteloids. Crown pinnipeds comprise the Otariidae (fur seals and sea lions), Odobenidae (walruses), and Phocidae (seals), with paraphyletic “enaliarctines” falling outside the crown group. The position of extinct Desmatophocidae is debated; they are considered to be closely related to both otariids and odobenids or, alternatively, to phocids. Both otariids and odobenids are known from the North Pacific, diverging approximately 19 Ma, with phocids originating in the North Atlantic or Paratethys region 19–14 Ma. Our understanding of pinniped paleobiology has been enriched by studies that incorporate anatomical and behavioral data into a phylogenetic framework. There is now evidence for sexual dimorphism in the earliest pinnipeds, heralding polygynous breeding systems, followed by increased body sizes, diving capabilities, and diverse feeding strategies in later-diverging phocid and otarioid lineages.
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Brunner, S., P. D. Shaughnessy, and M. M. Bryden. "Geographic variation in skull characters of fur seals and sea lions (family Otariidae)." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 4 (2002): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01056.

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Geographic variation was observed in skulls of several otariid species, with a general change in size corresponding with a change in latitude and primary productivity. The largest specimens were from cool temperate localities, conforming mostly to Rensch's rule. Skulls of Australian sea lions from Western Australia were generally smaller in condylobasal length, but were more robust than those from South Australia. The subantarctic fur seal did not conform to Bergmann's rule: skulls from Amsterdam Island (37�55´S) were largest, those from Gough Island (40�20´S) intermediate and those from Marion Island (46�55´S) the smallest. For both sexes, skulls of southern sea lions from the Falkland Islands were smaller than their equivalents from mainland South America. Similarly, skulls of South African fur seals from south-east South Africa appeared smaller than those from the west coast of South Africa and Namibia; skulls from Namibia grouped separately from those of south-east and west coast, South Africa. We postulate that the Otariidae are in the process of species divergence, much of which may be driven by local factors, particularly latitude and resources.
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Beilts, A., I. M. Rahn, M. C. Gonzalez Moreno, J. Loureiro, and M. S. Merani. "Mitotic and Meiotic Analysis in Arctocephalus Australis (Otariidae)." Hereditas 131, no. 1 (May 6, 2004): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1999.t01-1-00033.x.

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Gardner, Alfred L., and C. Brian Robbins. "GENERIC NAMES OF NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN FUR SEALS (MAMMALIA: OTARIIDAE)." Marine Mammal Science 14, no. 3 (July 1998): 544–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00741.x.

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Hanke, Wolf, Sven Wieskotten, Christopher Marshall, and Guido Dehnhardt. "Hydrodynamic perception in true seals (Phocidae) and eared seals (Otariidae)." Journal of Comparative Physiology A 199, no. 6 (November 24, 2012): 421–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00359-012-0778-2.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Otariidae"

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Sanfelice, Daniela. "Ontogenia craniana comparada de Arctocephalus australis, Callorhinus ursinus e Otaria byronia (Otariidae: Pinnipedia)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15623.

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The search for mechanisms that can generate major morphological changes has led to the study of ontogeny, in part because some kinds of modifications of ontogenies seem an excelent way to generate major phenotypic change. We focus here on Arctocephlaus australis, Callorhinus ursinus and Otaria byronia with the aim of contributing to the understanding of the origin, structure and temporal patterns of otarid morphological diversity. The pattern of change in shape during postnatal development in otarid skull was studied and described by geometric and traditional morphometrics. Our aims are: to compare the skull ontogeny of the species invocated in identifying and in describing shape alterations in the skull; to evaluate and to describe comparatively the sexual dimorphism and disparity during the ontogeny; to study the covariance between size and shape in relationship with age-groups; to investigate the changes in the ontogeny and their relationships with the evolution of the Otariidae Family; to analyze the conservation of ontogenetic trajectories over time, between sexes and among species; to characterize growth trajectories and to compare them among taxa with respect to isometry; to describe the parameters of growth and development of the focused species and to compare the two different approaches employed. Using traditional morphometrics, the allometry vectors for all species were significantly different from isometry. Dimorphism in the allometric vector is observed only in O. byonia and the difference between males and females of the fur seals are related with adult body size. The comparisons species/sex groups revealed similar vectors (any significant shape disassociation are verified in the inter-specific analyzes), suggesting lower plasticity of the ontogenies. Using geometrical methods, the dimorphism is more conspicuous in adult shapes but this is not true for the level of disparity between sexes of O. byronia. Although that dimorphism is linked with size this is not only a question of scaling or allometry (which is present in the morphogenesis of all species, especially in O. byronia). Additionally, the slopes of changes in shape related with size increase are different in A. australis and O. byronia, but are equal in C. ursinus, which is the smaller species. We suggest post-displacement as one of the factors that could have acted in the origin of the sexual dimorphism in the skull of C. ursinus. Heterochrony, perhaps is present in the roots of the modifications suffered by the ontogeny of A. australis and O. byronia too, considering the differences in the rates of development between the sexes of both species (and overall in O. byronia), but surely repatterning allometric is involved too in these cases. We verified that ontogenies can not be summarized by a single linear vector in any analyzed group, where C. ursinus ontogeny is the more linear and O. byronia the more multi-dimensional species among the 3 that we had examined. Shape changes in the otarids studied here are more related with size than with age and any of the species share a common growth allometry or a common ontogenetic trajectory/pattern. In the same way, shapes at onset or offset are not the same in any case. When the three species are pooled together, initial shapes are always very different among the species and the distances between shapes increase with time almost independently from size. On the other hand, when the complete samples are considered, all the ontogenetic trajectories are significantly different in the directions of the allometric vectors during ontogeny. Ontogenetic trajectories differ significantly among almost all the pairs compared, except for the trajectories of A. australis and C. ursinus males. They are no more different than expected by chance considering the range of angles within each sample. A similar pattern is found when the subadults are compared between pairs of species and when we compare adult males of A. australis with adult males of O. byronia. The juveniles are no more different than expected by chance (correlation between ontogenies in that phase is equal to one), excepti between C. ursinus and O. byronia. The ontogenetic trajectory of C. ursinus is the shorter and of O. byronia is the longer being almost three times longer than the former. A. australis has an intermediary length of ontogenetic trajectory. For the sample comprising all three species disparity increase significantly over ontogeny since the disparity of the adults is near the two times of the disparity between juveniles. For any ontogenetic stage, O. byronia is the species that contributes for the disparity of the all group, followed by C. ursinus. When we consider the three species together, the pattern of disparity do not change a lot during ontogeny. Ontogenies examined herein are clearly not constrained and perhaps the differences in patterns have additive effects in the differentiation of the ontogenies. Whether ontogenetic trajectories are linear or curve could be a function of developmental timing or more specifically it could depend on the age at which allometries stabilize in post-natal ontogenies. Otherwise, the amount of differences between species in the ontogenies is in agreement with the phylogenetic relationships. Finally, we addressed basically the following questions: Is onset time the same in the species? Is offset time the same in these species? Does growth rate differ between the species. The answer to those questions could be summarized by the conclusion. but we conclude that the changes in otarids skull ontogenies had occurred in spatial and temporal terms.
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Drehmer, César Jaeger. "Variação geográfica em Otaria byronia (de Blainville, 1820) (Pinnipedia, Otariidae) com base na morfometria sincraniana." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/8135.

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Otaria byronia (de Blainville, 1820), o leão-marinho sul-americano é uma espécie de otarídeo amplamente distribuída pela costa da América do Sul. No oceano Atlântico estende-se desde o sul do Brasil, passando pelo Uruguai até o sul da Argentina e no oceano Pacífico, ao longo das costas do Chile e do Peru. Estudos prévios indicam a possibilidade de existência de diferenças geográficas entre as unidades populacionais dessa espécie. No presente trabalho objetiva-se identificar a existência de variação geográfica e avaliar a intensidade da mesma. Para tal, utilizou-se a morfometria sincraniana com base em morfometria tradicional – 41 medidas abrangendo o crânio e o dentário e também a técnica da morfometria geométrica com base na configuração de marcos anatômicos para quatro vistas distintas – dorsal, palatal, lateral e mandibular medial. Utilizaram-se apenas espécimes adultos identificados através do comprimento côndilo-basal. Machos e fêmeas foram tratados separadamente devido ao intenso dimorfismo sexual na morfologia sincraniana. Utilizaram-se inicialmente testes t para identificar diferenças entre os grupos, dividindo-os de acordo com a distribuição geográfica das unidades populacionais, gerando um total de 4: Atlântico Segmento I (Sul do Brasil Uruguai e província de Buenos Aires), Atlântico Segmento II (Patagônia da Argentina), Pacífico Segmento I (Peru) e Pacífico Segmento II (Chile). Através de uma ANOVA sobre as medidas tradicionais e sobre o tamanho do centróide, bem como de uma MANOVA sobre a configuração de marcos anatômicos, foi possível identificar diferenças nas médias desses quatro grupos. Caracterizou-se uma forte variação geográfica, onde a variação entre os grupos sempre foi maior do que a variação dentro dos grupos. As diferenças entre os grupos de fêmeas do Pacífico são maiores do que as diferenças entre os grupos do Atlântico; já em machos as diferenças entre os grupos do Pacífico foram menores do que entre os grupos do Atlântico. Quando analisados em conjunto os dados das unidades populacionais do Pacífico em comparação com o Atlântico, estas diferenças permanecem. Utilizando técnicas exploratórias como Análise de Componentes Principais e Análise Discriminante, tanto para morfometria tradicional quanto para morfometria geométrica, foi possível caracterizar as unidades populacionais de forma mais consistente, bem como mensurar as diferenças entre estas. Os resultados obtidos confirmam as diferenças encontradas nas análises anteriores. A morfometria craniana indica a existência de quatro unidades populacionais para Otaria byronia, duas no Pacífico e duas no Atlântico, sem que haja isolamento geográfico entre estes grupos, uma vez que tanto a corrente das Malvinas no Atlântico como a corrente de Humboldt no Pacífico são grandes vias de deslocamento entre estas unidades populacionais, bem como o extremo-sul da América do Sul no qual os canais do Estreito de Magalhães não devem ser barreira para o intercâmbio, ainda que limitado, de indivíduos entre os oceanos. Este intercâmbio está diretamente relacionado com a capacidade de dispersão de machos e fêmeas e com aspectos da dinâmica populacional desta espécie. Algumas limitações, entretanto, impedem que se avance em direção a alguma conclusão taxonômica em nível de subespécies, embora a craniometria esteja a indicar uma clara tendência à separação das unidades populacionais, especialmente quando comparadas as do Atlântico com as do Pacífico.
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Silva, Ana Paula da. "Organização e arquitetura microscópica do sistema tegumentar do Lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis, Zimmermann, 1783)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-08012009-091944/.

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O lobo-marinho-sul-americano (Arctocephalus australis) membro da Ordem Carnivora, é comumente visto nos períodos de outono e inverno na costa brasileira do Rio Grande do Sul até o Rio de Janeiro, porém, sem colônias reprodutivas estabelecidas. A espécie pertence ao grupo dos pinípedes, carnívoros com membros em forma de nadadeiras que vivem em ambiente aquático e terrestre. Estudos sobre a morfologia da pele em pinípedes são raros e antigos, destes procederam muitos relatos divergentes, em virtude da colheita da pele sem referências anatômicas. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi descrever o sistema tegumentar da espécie Arctocephalus australis, utilizando animais que vieram a óbito por causas naturais de uma colônia reprodutiva do Uruguai. As áreas corporais colhidas dorso-ventralmente foram identificadas anatomicamente. Essas regiões foram examinadas por microscopia óptica, segundo critérios histológicos, histomorfométricos, histoquímicos e imuno-histoquímicos nas diferentes estruturas que constituem o sistema tegumentar. A pele do Arctocephalus australis apresentou diferenças entre as regiões de epiderme delgada e espessa. A epiderme delgada apresentou maior quantidade de pêlos do que a epiderme espessa, a qual em algumas regiões era destituída destes. Como os demais mamíferos, a pele do lobo-marinho-sul-americano apresentou glândulas sebáceas, glândulas sudoríparas apócrinas e merócrinas. As nadadeiras apresentaram o maior número de especializações entre as regiões do corpo estudadas, especialmente vinculadas à termorregulação, como o maior volume de glândulas sudoríparas e secções vasculares. Esta pesquisa apontou os aspectos morfofuncionais relacionados à biologia da espécie em ambientes distintos, e esclareceu alguns dados controversos na literatura sobre o sistema tegumentar em pinípedes.
The South American fur seal (Arctocephalus australis) members of the Order Carnivora is usually seen during the autumn and winter season in the Brazilian coast from Rio Grande do Sul to Rio de Janeiro, however, there are no reports of reproductive colonies established. The species belongs to the group of pinnipeds, carnivorous with limbs fin-shaped that inhabits both terrestrial and aquatic environments. Studies of the skin morphology are rare and ancient; these studies have arisen many divergent reports, due to sampling of the skin without anatomical references. The purpose of this research was to describe the integumentary system of the species Arctocephalus australis, using animals that came to death by natural cases from reproductive colonies from Uruguay. The body dorsal and ventral regions were identified anatomically. These regions were examined by light microscopy, according to the histological, histomophometric, histochemical and immunohistochemical criteria in the different structures constituting the integumentary system. The skin of the Arctocephalus australis showed differences between the thin and thick epidermis. The thin epidermis showed larger amount of hair follicles than the thicker epidermis, which in some regions was devoid of hair. As well as the other mammals, the South-american-fur-seal skin showed sebaceous glands, apocrine and eccrine sweat glands. The limbs showed the largest number of the specialization among the regions of the body examined, particularly related to thermoregulation, as well as the largest volume fraction of sweat glands and vascular sections. This research pointed the morphofunctional aspects related to biology of the species in different environments, and elucidated some controversial data in the investigation about the integumentary system in pinnipeds.
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Ferrasso, Suliano. "Análise dos remanescentes de Pinípedes (Carnivora - Otariidae) em sítios arqueológicos da planície costeira do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, 2018. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/7447.

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UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos
Os pinípedes são carnívoros marinhos que iniciam sua história evolutiva no Oligoceno médio, em torno de 65 milhões de anos. Eles ocorrem em praticamente todos os oceanos do mundo e vem interagindo com populações humanas desde a pré-história em várias regiões do globo. Para a costa brasileira já foram registradas oito espécies de pinípedes, das quais sete já foram encontradas no litoral do Rio Grande do Sul (RS). A partir da análise de remanescentes ósseos resgatados em sítios arqueológicos, sugere-se que os registros pretéritos de pinípedes na costa do Brasil estariam associados aos depósitos do Quaternário. Para o RS são poucos os trabalhos versando sobre osteologia de pinípedes, na maioria são estudos cranianos com amostras atuais sobre diagnose ou ainda dimorfismo sexual, mas muito pouco relacionado à remanescentes arqueológicos. Neste sentido é necessário um aprofundamento sobre a composição das espécies, abundância de indivíduos, ocorrência e tipo de interação destas espécies com grupos humanos pré-históricos. Para tanto o presente estudo foi realizado em cinco sítios arqueológicos do litoral Norte do Rio Grande do Sul (LNRS), localizados entre Xangri-lá (29°47'23.72"S; 50°02'1824"W) e Arroio do Sal (29°27'0.27"S; 49°49'1.74"W), os quais estavam vinculados á Tradição Sambaqui. O método de prospecção (escavação) seguiu o de cortes horizontais artificiais nivelados, aprofundando verticalmente, formando níveis artificiais sucessivos para assegurar a profundidade e origem dos remanescentes faunísticos. O volume de material prospectado nos cinco sítios variou entre 0,30 m3 e ± 15,18 m3. Neste estudo, foram selecionadas seis quadrículas com remanescentes faunísticos dos cinco sítios para análise, cada uma diferindo em tamanho e espessura estratigráfica arqueológica. Todos os remanescentes ósseos encontrados em cada quadrícula foram coletados nas trincheiras escavadas e levados para triagem e tombamento na Reserva Técnica de Arqueologia do Instituto Anchietano de Pesquisas/Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos (IAP-UNISINOS). Durante a triagem em laboratório foram selecionados para este estudo exclusivamente os remanescentes de pinípedes, com base na comparação com esqueletos de espécimes de espécies atuais e da literatura. Como resultado de riqueza taxonômica sob a ótica da zooarqueologia (NISP), foram encontrados 159 remanescentes de pinípedes nos sítios do LNRS, totalizando um MNI de 17 indivíduos. O sítio RS-LN-19 de Xangri-lá apresentou o maior NISP com 130 remanescentes, unicamente da família Otariidae e com pelo menos duas espécies identificadas (Arctocephalus australis e Otaria flavescens). A análise dos remanescentes ósseos do gênero Arctocephalus revelou o predomínio de indivíduos jovens, e adultos em O. flavescens. Este resultado na composição pretérita das espécies de pinípedes encontrados nos sambaquis no litoral do RS sugere que são as mesmas que ocorrem na atualidade, além de indicar que as antigas populações humanas já interagiam com estes animais. Contudo, não se descarta a hipótese de que otariídeos antárticos e subantárticos também tenham ocorrido na região no passado, já que em alguns casos só foi possível chegar até a identificação de gênero nos remanescentes analisados. Por fim, é importante salientar que em 19,53% (n = 25) dos remanescentes ósseos encontrados, foram identificadas marcas de manipulação antrópica como corte (pequenas incisões oblíquas, transversais e subparalelas) e 5,46% (n = 7) coloração enegrecida possivelmente oriunda da queima. Desta forma sugere-se que as antigas populações humanas do LNRS poderiam utilizar os pinípedes como recurso alimentar ocasional.
Pinnipeds are marine carnivores that emerged in the mid-Oligocene, around 65 million years ago. They occur in virtually every ocean in the world and have been interacting with human populations since prehistory in various regions of the globe. For the Brazilian coast eight species of pinnipeds have already been recorded, of which seven have been found on the coast of Rio Grande do Sul. Based on the analysis of bone remnants recovered at archaeological sites, it is suggested that the past records of pinnipeds on the coast of Brazil would be associated with Quaternary deposits. For the Rio Grande do Sul state coast there are few studies on osteology of pinnipeds, mostly diagnostic or sexual dimorphism studies base on skull samples of current species but there is very little information related to archaeological remnants of pinnipeds. In this context, it is still necessary the analyses of the species composition, abundance of individuals, occurrence and type of interaction of these species with prehistoric humans in the region. The present study was carried out in five archaeological sites on the north coast of Rio Grande do Sul (NCRS), between Xangri-la (29 ° 47'23.72 "S, 50 ° 02'1824" W) and Arroio do Sal 29 ° 27'0.27 "S, 49 ° 49'1.74" W), which were linked to the Sambaqui Tradition. The method of prospecting (excavation) was used in order to obatin several artificial horizontal levels, deepening vertically, forming successive artificial levels to assure the depth and origin of the faunistic remnants. The volume of material prospected at these five sites ranged from 0.30 m3 to ± 15.18 m3. In this study, six squares with faunal remnants of the five sites were selected for analysis, each differing in size and archaeological stratigraphic thickness. All the bone remains found in each square were collected in the excavated trenches and taken to the Archaeological Technical Reserve of the Instituto Anchietano de Pesquisas / Vale do Rio dos Sinos (IAP-UNISINOS). During the laboratory screening, only the remnants of pinnipeds were selected for this study, based on the comparison with skeletons of specimens of current species and the literature. As a result of taxonomic richness from the perspective of zooarchaeology, 159 remnants of pinnipeds were found as number of idenfied specimens (NISP) in the NCRS sites, totaling a minimum number of individuals (MNI) of 17. The RS-LN-19 site of Xangri-la presented the largest NISP, with 130 remnants only for the Otariidae Family, and with at least two identified species (Arctocephalus australis and Otaria flavescens). The analysis of the bone remnants of the genus Arctocephalus revealed the predominance of young individuals, and mainly adults of O. flavescens. This result in the past composition of the pinniped species found in the sambaquis in the RS coast suggests that they are the same that occur today, besides indicating that the ancient human populations already interacted with these animals. However, it is not ruled out that Antarctic and subantarctic antarctic have also occurred in the region in the past, since in some cases it was only possible to identify until the genus in the remnants analyzed. Finally, it is important to note that in 19.53% (n = 25) of the remaining bone remnants, anthropic manipulation marks were identified as cut (small oblique, transverse and subparallel incisions) and 5.46% (n = 7) blackened spots, possibly dut to burning. In this way, it is suggested that the ancient human populations of NCRS could use pinnipeds as an occasional food resource.
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Stewardson, Carolyn Louise, and carolyn stewardson@anu edu au. "Biology and conservation of the Cape (South African) fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae) from the Eastern Cape Coast of South Africa." The Australian National University. Faculty of Science, 2002. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20030124.162757.

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[For the Abstract, please see the PDF files below, namely "front.pdf"] CONTENTS. Chapter 1 Introduction. Chapter 2 Gross and microscopic visceral anatomy of the male Cape fur seal with reference to organ size and growth. Chapter 3 Age determination and growth in the male Cape fur seal: part one, external body. Chapter 4 Age determination and growth in the male Cape fur seal: part two, skull. Chapter 5 Age determination and growth in the male Cape fur seal: part three, baculum. Chapter 6 Suture age as an indicator of physiological age in the male Cape fur seal. Chapter 7 Sexual dimorphism in the adult Cape fur seal: standard body length and skull morphology. Chapter 8 Reproduction in the male Cape fur seal: age at puberty and annual cycle of the testis. Chapter 9 Diet and foraging behaviour of the Cape fur seal. Chapter 10(a) The Impact of the fur seal industry on the distribution and abundance of Cape fur seals. Chapter 10(b) South African Airforce wildlife rescue: Cape fur seal pups washed from Black Rocks, Algoa Bay, during heavy seas, December 1976. Chapter 11(a) Operational interactions between Cape fur seals and fisheries: part one, trawl fishing. Chapter 11(b) Operational interactions between Cape fur seals and fisheries: part two, squid jigging and line fishing. Chapter 11(c) Operational interactions between Cape fur seals and fisheries: part three, entanglement in man-made debris. Chapter 12 Concentrations of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni & Zn) and organochlorine contaminants (PCBs, DDT, DDE & DDD) in the blubber of Cape fur seals. Chapter 13 Endoparasites of the Cape fur seal. Chapter 14(a) Preliminary investigations of shark predation on Cape fur seals. Chapter 14(b) Aggressive behaviour of an adult male Cape fur seal towards a great white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Chapter 15 Conclusions and future directions.
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Stewardson, Carolyn Louise. "Biology and conservation of the Cape (South African) fur seal arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (Pinnipedia: Otariidae)from the Eastern Cape Coast of South Africa /." View thesis entry in Australian Digital Theses Program, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au/public/adt-ANU20030124.162757/index.html.

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Santestevan, Naiara Aguiar. "Isolamento e avaliação de Enterococcus spp. obtidos de amostras fecais de lobos-marinhos (Otariidae: Arctocephalus spp.) encontrados no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/115644.

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A distribuição das espécies de enterococos, bactérias comensais do trato gastrointestinal (TGI), é bastante estudada nos diferentes mamíferos; entretanto, em lobos-marinhos (Arctocephalus spp.) ainda não existem dados. Os objetivos do estudo foram: a) isolar Enterococcus spp. a partir de amostras fecais de lobos-marinhos encontrados no litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul; b) determinar a prevalência das espécies; c) avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade antimicrobiana; d) verificar a presença de genes relacionados à resistência e à virulência e; e) analisar o perfil genotípico por RAPD-PCR. No total, 160 enterococos foram isolados e identificados como E. faecalis (50,62%), E. hirae (34,37%), E. casseliflavus (11,87%), E. gallinarum (1,87%), E. mundtii (0,62%) e E. faecium (0,62%). Noventa e três isolados foram sensíveis aos dez antimicrobianos testados. As propriedades de resistência foram encontradas para eritromicina (21,25%), nitrofurantoína (15,62%), tetraciclina (6,25%), norfloxacina (3,12%) e ciprofloxacina (3,12%). Dentre os 10 isolados resistentes à tetracilina, 3 apresentaram o gene tet(M) e nenhum o tet(L). Dos 34 resistentes à eritromicina, 2 apresentaram o gene erm(B). Quanto à presença dos genes de virulência, maior incidência foi observada para os genes ace (66,87%) e gelE (50,62%), seguidos por asa (11,87%) e cylA (2,5%). A atividade de gelatinase e citolisina indicou a presença de genes silenciosos. A análise do RAPD-PCR permitiu reunir os isolados em cinco grupos. Em conclusão, diferentes espécies de enterococos compõem a microbiota do TGI de lobos-marinhos e a presença de elementos de resistência e virulência podem estar relacionados a fatores antropogênicos ou ter origem no resistoma ambiental.
The species distribution of enterococci, commensal bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), is well studied in different mammals, however in fur seals (Arctocephalus spp.) data do not exist yet. The objectives of this study were: a) to isolate Enterococcus spp. from fecal samples of fur seals found on the North coast of Rio Grande do Sul; b) to determine the prevalence of species; c) to assess the antimicrobial susceptibility profile; d) to check the presence of resistance and virulence related genes and; e) to evaluate the genotypic profile by RAPD-PCR. A total of 160 enterococci were isolated and identified as E. faecalis (50.62%), E. hirae (34.37%), E. casseliflavus (11.87%), E. gallinarum (1.87%), E. mundtii (0.62%), and E. faecium (0.62%). Ninety-three isolates were susceptible to 10 antimicrobials tested. Resistance properties were found for erythromycin (21.25%), nitrofurantoin (15.62%), tetracycline (6.25%), norfloxacin (3.12%), and ciprofloxacin (3.12%). Among the 10 isolates resistant to tetracycline, 3 harbored the tet(M) gene and none were positive to tet(L) gene. Among the 34 erythromycin-resistant isolates, 2 harbored the erm(B) gene. Regarding the virulence genes, a higher incidence was observed for the ace (66.87%) and gelE (50.62%), followed by asa (11.87%) and cylA (2.5%). Gelatinase and cytolysin activity indicated the presence of silent genes. Analysis of RAPD-PCR allowed to assemble the isolates into five groups. In conclusion, different species of enterococci are part of the fur seals GIT microbiota and the presence of resistance and virulence elements may be related to anthropogenic factors or origin in the environmental resistome.
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Browne, Patience. "Some aspects of the reproductive physiology of otariid pinnipeds /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, Davis, 2004.
Degree granted in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology. Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web. (Restricted to UC campuses)
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Ream, Rolf R. "Molecular ecology of North Pacific Otariids : genetic assessment of north fur seal and Steller sea lion distributions /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5293.

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Abreu, Aline Rodrigues de. "Diversidade genética e estrutura populacional do lobo-marinho sul-americano (arctocephalus australis, mammalia, carnivora, otariide) ao longo da costa atlântica da América do Sul." Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10923/5420.

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The South American fur Seal, Arctocephalus australis, is distributed along Southern Hemisphere coast with breeding colonies located since Peru until Uruguay. This work focuses on the Atlantic ESU and covers most of the colonies of the Atlantic coast. In recent past, several colonies underwent strong size reduction with hunting and El Niño events. Most studies have focused on investigate the Pacific ESU, little being known about the Atlantic populations. The population structure and genetic variability in this area were assayed with mitochondrial DNA control region and eleven microsatellite loci. The results found high levels of genetic diversity in the region, without evidence of recent genetic bottleneck but with evidence of a population expansion around 200-100 thousand years ago. A sign of genetic structure were found between colonies from Uruguay and Chubut when evaluated by the mtDNA. This is likely due to their strong female philopatry. However, microsatellite analysis did not revealed any existing structure, even between distant areas, supporting that most gene flow is mediated by males. For conservation purposes, these results shows that the South American fur seal Atlantic ESU is a single population and because of that, conservation measures should be aligned among the countries of its distribution.
O lobo-marinho sul-americano, Arctocephalus australis, está distribuído ao longo da costa do hemisfério sul com colônias reprodutivas localizadas desde o Peru até o Uruguai. Este trabalho foca na UES do Atlântico e cobre a maioria de suas colônias. No passado recente, várias colônias sofreram drásticas reduções populacionais com a caça e os eventos de El Niño. Muitos estudos focaram na análise da UES do Pacífico, no entanto, pouco se sabe sobre a UES do Atlântico. Neste estudo a estrutura populacional e a variabilidade genética destas populações foram avaliadas através da região controle do DNA mitocondrial e 11 loci de microssatélites. Os resultados encontraram alto nível de diversidade genética nesta região, sem sinal de gargalo genético recente, mas com sinais de uma expansão populacional iniciada entre 200. 000 e 100. 000 anos atrás. Um sinal de estruturação foi encontrado entre as colônias do Uruguai e Chubut quando avaliado a partir do DNA mitocondrial, provavelmente causado pela forte filopatria das fêmeas. No entanto, a análise de microssatélite não revelou a existência de estruturação, mesmo entre as diversas subpopulações mais distantes, sugerindo que o fluxo gênico seja mediado pelos machos. Para fins de conservação, estes resultados mostram que o lobo-marinho sul-americano da UES do Atlântico é uma única população, e por causa disso, medidas de segurança devem ser alinhadas entre os países de sua distribuição.
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Books on the topic "Otariidae"

1

Campagna, Claudio, and Robert Harcourt, eds. Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7.

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Harcourt, Robert, and Claudio Campagna. Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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Harcourt, Robert, and Claudio Campagna. Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid. Springer International Publishing AG, 2021.

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United States. Minerals Management Service. Environmental Studies (Anchorage, Alaska) and National Marine Mammal Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Status and pelagic distribution of Otariid Pinnipeds in the Bering Sea during winter. [Anchorage, AK: Environmental Studies Section, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, 1993.

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United States. Minerals Management Service. Environmental Studies (Anchorage, Alaska) and National Marine Mammal Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Status and pelagic distribution of Otariid Pinnipeds in the Bering Sea during winter. [Anchorage, AK: Environmental Studies Section, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, 1993.

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United States. Minerals Management Service. Environmental Studies (Anchorage, Alaska) and National Marine Mammal Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Status and pelagic distribution of Otariid Pinnipeds in the Bering Sea during winter. [Anchorage, AK: Environmental Studies Section, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region, 1993.

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United States. Minerals Management Service. Alaska OCS Region. and National Marine Mammal Laboratory (U.S.), eds. Status and pelagic distribution of Otariid Pinnipeds in the Bering Sea during winter. 1993.

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Kirkwood, Roger, and Simon Goldsworthy. Fur Seals and Sea Lions. CSIRO Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643109834.

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Fur seals and sea lions are charismatic, large carnivores that engage us with both their skill and playful antics. Although all species in Australian waters were harvested to near extinction 200 years ago, fur seals are recovering and are now common in near-shore waters across southern Australia. Sea lions, however, are endangered. Their populations appear not to have recovered like fur seals and are declining at some locations. Fur seals and sea lions are important top level predators and play an important role in Australia’s temperate marine ecosystems. Key threats they currently face relate to human activities, particularly interactions with fisheries. This book outlines the comparative evolutionary ecology, biology, life-history, behaviour, conservation status, threats, history of human interactions and latest research on the three species of otariids that live in the waters of southern Australia: the Australian fur seal, New Zealand fur seal and Australian sea lion. It also includes brief descriptions of Antarctic and Subantarctic seals that occupy the Antarctic pack-ice and remote Australian territories of Macquarie Island and Heard Island.
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Book chapters on the topic "Otariidae"

1

Boness, Daryl J. "Determinants of mating systems in the Otariidae (Pinnipedia)." In The Behaviour of Pinnipeds, 1–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3100-1_1.

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Renouf, Deane. "Sensory reception and processing in Phocidae and Otariidae." In The Behaviour of Pinnipeds, 345–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3100-1_7.

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Haulena, Martin. "Otariid Seals." In Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia, 661–72. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118792919.ch47.

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Hanke, Frederike D., Colleen Reichmuth, and Peter Cook. "The Sensory World of Otariids." In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid, 305–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7_16.

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Franco-Trecu, Valentina. "Intergeneric Fertile Hybridization in Otariids." In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid, 243–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7_12.

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Charrier, Isabelle. "Vocal Communication in Otariids and Odobenids." In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid, 265–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7_14.

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Gentry, Roger L. "Otariid Ethology: One Researcher’s Historical Perspective." In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid, 3–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7_1.

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Sepúlveda, Maritza, and Robert G. Harcourt. "Maternal Behavior in Otariids and the Walrus." In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid, 51–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7_3.

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Jeanniard-du-Dot, Tiphaine, and Christophe Guinet. "Foraging Capacities, Behaviors and Strategies of Otariids and Odobenids." In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid, 65–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7_4.

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McIntosh, Rebecca R., and Benjamin J. Pitcher. "The Enigmatic Life History of the Australian Sea Lion." In Ethology and Behavioral Ecology of Otariids and the Odobenid, 557–85. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59184-7_26.

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Conference papers on the topic "Otariidae"

1

Alava, J. J., and S. Salazar. "Status and conservation of otariids in Ecuador and the Galápagos Islands." In Sea Lions of the World. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/slw.2006.31.

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Arnould, J. P. Y., and D. P. Costa. "Sea lions in drag, fur seals incognito: Insights from the otariid deviants." In Sea Lions of the World. Alaska Sea Grant, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4027/slw.2006.22.

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