Dissertations / Theses: 'Otago'

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Winkworth, Cynthia Lee, and n/a. "Land use and Giardia in Otago." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081219.162139.

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Agriculture is key to New Zealand�s economy with land-use conversions in response to market forces occurring regularly. Recently, high-intensity dairy farming has replaced low-density livestock farming, often degrading surrounding waterways. Of particular concern is that dairy cattle can be a source of the parasite Giardia, which in humans is a common cause of gastrointestinal infection. Thus, this thesis evaluated whether dairy farm conversions posed significant consequences for public health. First I examined the prevalence of Giardia in calves in a rapidly intensifying dairying region of New Zealand. A total of 1190 faecal samples were collected from calves one to seven weeks old during two spring calving seasons and screened by direct immunofluorescent microscopy. Giardia cysts were detected in 31% of samples. To evaluate the potential risk that this environmental source of Giardia posed to the human population, molecular genotyping was used to compare forty Giardia strains isolated from calves with thirty isolates from humans collected in the same region and period. Sequencing the β-giardin gene, Giardia duodenalis assemblages A and B were identified from both hosts, with genotype comparisons revealing substantial overlap of identical genotypes for both assemblages, implying zoonotic transmission. Environmental agencies routinely promote the planting of streamside edges to decrease nonpoint pollution from dairy farms entering waterways. However, current methods for tracking pathogens across farmland and into waterways via surface runoff are limited and typically have been developed using artificially created landscapes. Furthermore, no studies have investigated how Giardia moves across the landscape in farm surface runoff. I developed a field-based tracking method specific for Giardia and used this technique to compare the ability of recently planted vegetation strips with bare soil strips cleared of vegetation at decreasing pathogen concentrations; a typical scenario when planting barriers to reduce waterway contamination. A spike containing a bromide tracer and inactivated Giardia cysts was applied in drip-irrigated surface runoff, with one-minute samples collected from the bottom of the plot. A significant treatment effect was identified for Giardia, with 26% fewer detected in runoff from the planted strip, highlighting the immediate benefit of vegetation planting in removing pathogens. Next I evaluated the effects of four riparian treatments on Giardia runoff: exotic pasture grass and weeds growing in the absence of cattle grazing due to fencing, in comparison to monocultural plantings of three New Zealand native grassland species. Runoff experiments were performed after planting, both prior to and following the main summer growing season. Bromide recovery was high from all four treatments (54 - 99%), with no significant treatment effects. By comparison, Giardia recovery was low (1 - 13%). Prior to summer, two native species reduced Giardia in runoff more than the pasture grass/weed treatment which was almost vegetation-free at this time. After summer, Giardia recoveries were uniformly lower in all treatments. These results demonstrate that after one growing season, fencing waterways produces riparian buffers, via the growth of exotic pasture plants released from grazing, that decrease pathogen concentrations in surface runoff to concentrations indistinguishable from native plantings. Given infectious organisms are known to be in the environment, it is important to assess the risk these pose to human populations. Findings from this research can be used to improve currently available risk-assessment models for Giardia transmission from infected dairy animals via water to humans.

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Nicol, Ryan Charles Smith. "Hydrogeology of the Cromwell Terrace Aquifer, Central Otago." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6431.

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A hydrogeologic model, groundwater chemistry and stable isotopic analysis were used to establish recharge resources and outflows so a water balance could be developed for the Cromwell Terrace Aquifer (CTA) in Central Otago, New Zealand. Increased popularity of the Central Otago region for viticulture, orcharding and tourism, has resulted in an increased demand for water. Groundwater is a viable option to meet this demand for water. The CTA is a single unconfined aquifer contained within a thin veneer of permeable Quaternary glacial outwash gravels that range in thickness between 10 and 50m. These gravels rest unconformably on less permeable folded Tertiary sediments. The buried surface of the Tertiary sediments is irregular and provides the main hydrogeologic control in the CTA. Buried topographic highs in the Tertiary sediments impede groundwater flow, while the buried paleochannels at the southern end of the Cromwell Flat allow groundwater to flow unrestricted. The saturated thickness of the aquifer varies between 10 and 30 m. The direction of groundwater flow is in south easterly and south westerly directions toward both Lake Dunstan and the Kawarau Arm respectively. This indicates that recharge is from the Pisa Range. Annual fluctuations in groundwater levels show that there is a seasonal effect on the groundwater table. Annual fluctuations in groundwater level are in the range of 0.4 – 0.5 m, with lowest levels in winter and highest groundwater levels in late summer. The higher groundwater levels in summer correlate with when higher rainfall occurs, but could also be due to artificial recharge from irrigation during summer, and/or seepage from the Ripponvale Irrigation Scheme canals and storage ponds. Groundwater chemical analysis showed the dominant facies to be calcium bicarbonate waters. The source of the calcium bicarbonate is considered to be calcite in the Otago Schist, with concentrations of calcium bicarbonate being higher closer to the bedrock schist of the Pisa Range. Concentrations decreased toward Lake Dunstan, where calcium bicarbonate concentrations were lowest. The trend of calcium bicarbonate concentrations decreasing toward Lake Dunstan produces a similar pattern to the direction of groundwater flow. This would suggest that calcium bicarbonate concentrations are being diluted by rainwater infiltrating into the aquifer. However stable isotopic analysis showed that lake water infiltrates into the aquifer around the lake margin, and would also dilute calcium bicarbonate concentrations. Stable isotopic analysis found that groundwater was more depleted in both δ¹⁸O and δ²H than water from Lake Dunstan. The average δ¹⁸O for groundwater was -9.5‰, whereas the average δ¹⁸O for samples from Lake Dunstan was -8.1‰. The average δ¹⁸O value of Pisa Range snow, Pisa Range streams and Cromwell Flat precipitation gave values of -9.2‰ +/- 1.4‰, which is very similar to groundwater. This suggests recharge to the CTA is from a combination of snow melt and surface stream flow from the Pisa Range, and some direct rainfall infiltration on the Cromwell Flat. A water balance was calculated for the CTA groundwater system using the information from this study, and from a limited Otago Regional Council (O.R.C.) database. The main inputs to the CTA were found to be recharge precipitation and subsurface flows from the Pisa Range. The main outputs were identified as surface evaporation and discharge from the CTA to Lake Dunstan. The water balance showed that the total flow of water through the CTA is 93 Million cubic metres per year (Mm³/yr). At present the CTA has limited groundwater allocation measures in place. Using the information from the water balance, a volume of groundwater that could be abstracted sustainably was estimated. This volume was estimated using the O.R.C. method of allocating 50% of the mean annual precipitation that recharges the aquifer for groundwater abstraction. The total mean annual precipitation for the Cromwell Flat and Pisa Range is 20 Mm³/yr. Using the 50% of mean annual precipitation method, 10 Mm³/yr can be allocated for groundwater abstraction. The total volume of groundwater currently abstracted is 3 Mm³/yr, leaving 7 Mm³/yr of unallocated groundwater. Due to the small land area, types of land use, low population density of Cromwell Flat and availability of surface water (i.e. Lake Dunstan), it is unlikely that the total volume of 10 Mm³/yr will be fully allocated.

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Ojinmah, Simbo, and n/a. "The Maori women of Otago District, 1874-1936 : an exploratory essay." University of Otago. Department of History, 1989. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070601.115759.

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This thesis examines the situation of Maori women in Otago District between 1874 and 1936. Their situation is indeed unique in that there was a higher level of intermarriage during this period than in the North Island. The focus is on population decline and its recovery, health, alienation of the land, poverty, education and what effect all these had on the women. It has been extremely difficult to expand further because of limited sources of information, mainly the Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives and pieces of information scattered in official reports. Oral history interviews have been combined with appropriate photographs to illustrate the issues raised. The conclusion rested on the fact that a lot of these women were little different from North Island Maori women at this period, despite the high level of intermarriage. This is because they lost most of their land and became economically marginalised like the North Island Maoris.

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Youngson, John Hughan, and n/a. "Physical and chemical processes affecting the formation of alluvial gold deposits in Central Otago, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20071108.160736.

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Alluvial gold placers in Otago and northern Southland occur at several stratigraphic horizons within the Late Cretaceous - Recent sedimentary sequence. The gold is derived ultimately from primary sources in the Otago Schist. Poor correlation between the distribution of placers and that of the known primary deposits reflects repeated recycling of gold in the present drainage network and two precursor networks, each with substantially different architecture. The previous drainage networks were inundated and buried during marine or lacustrine transgression. There has been local addition of first cycle gold and immature detritus during each recycling phase. Most of the placer deposits are fluvial in origin but colluvial placers occur locally along the margins of several Central Otago ranges. Aeolian placers and marine placers are rare. Most of the gold in placers north of the Caples/Torlesse Terrane boundary is Au-Ag alloy, except in vicinity of the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone, where α-Au-Ag-Hg alloy is also present. Conversely, α-Au-Ag-Hg alloy dominates in placers south of the Caples/Torlesse Terrane boundary, except those whose headwaters lie, or lay, in the Torlesse Terrane. These systems that cross the terrane boundary contain Au-Ag and Au-Ag-Hg alloys in the reach downstream of the boundary, and placers with their source in Aspiring Lithologic Association also contain both alloys. Textural and compositional maturity of the placer host generally increase with decreasing age, reach maxima at the Waipounamu Erosion Surface, and generally decrease in tandem with age above this surface. Exceptions occur in northern Southland, where quartz pebble conglomerate placers are actively forming. Fluvial quartz pebble conglomerate placers have not formed in a single sedimentary cycle. Instead, they have formed from precursor sediment where a high water table drives alteration of the labile component, and when uplift and erosion rates, topography and stream gradients are all sufficiently low to drive sedimentary recycling without significant input of low-grade basement detritus. The maturity of pre-marine examples (Taratu, Papakaio and Hogburn Formations) was enhanced by wave-reworking before final inundation during marine transgression. Colluvial placers in alluvial fans at the margins of Quaternary schist antiforms are repeatedly recycled into younger fan sediments during range growth. These ranges grow in width, as well as length and height, at the expense of the intervening basins, which become progressively narrower. The colluvial placers are ultimately reworked into a fluvial placer in an axial river between two ranges, which concentrates all of the colluvial gold into an incised channel once the widening ranges meet. Aeolian placers have formed from fluvial precursors in the semi-arid parts of the rain shadow east of the Southern Alps, particularly on the lower slope of ranges exposed to westerly winds. Silcrete and less common greywacke ventifacts are commonly associated with these placers. Progressive changes in gold particle shape by flattening during transport in fluvial systems has been the most important process in the concentration of gold in placers. Flattening changes the hydrodynamic behaviour of gold particles by increasing their surface area to volume ratio, thereby making them easier to entrain and enabling transport to lower energy parts of the fluvial system. Gold particle flatness determines whether transport or concentration occurs and there is a predictable relationship between particle flatness and transport distance. This relationship explains the typical occurrence of placers immediately downstream of terminal moraines, the confluence with steeper tributary streams and the mouth of incised gorges. In each case, gold with sub-critical flatness is deposited from a higher energy system or reach into a lower energy system or reach, and must be flattened to a critical state before further transport can occur. Chemical mobility of gold in groundwater occurs during uplift, commonly in association with sedimentary recycling. Secondary gold overgrowths are common in some placers and stitch or overgrow transport-induced features such as folds and abrasion marks. Chemical mobilisation and re-precipitation of gold is of minor importance, however, and results in volumetrically insignificant amounts of secondary gold. Increases in gold grain size upward through the section on both the local and the regional scale does not result from gold 'growth', but instead from preservation of progressively more proximal reaches of the host placers with decreasing age.

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Carpenter, Lloyd. "Rich in Myth, Gold and Narrative: Aspects of the Central Otago Gold Rush, 1862-2012." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Humanities, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/8034.

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Abstract 150 years ago, the carefully-planned Presbyterian settlement of Dunedin was torn apart by the discovery that nearly every stream in Otago was laden with gold. The population exploded, adding the accents of Greece, Tipperary, Victoria, California, Guangdong and the King Country to the Scots burr which had been predominant. Almost immediately a myth of identity emerged, typified by goldfields balladeer Charles Thatcher’s ‘Old Identity and New Iniquity’ and boosted by the histrionics of a press enamoured of the romanticised machinations of the Otago goldfields ‘digger’. This popular mythology conflates the imagery of California, Victoria and early Gabriel’s Gully to perpetuate stories of desperate, gold-mad miners swarming across the province fighting, drinking and whoring away sparse winnings in a vast and lawless land, where bodies float down the Clutha, diggers battle corrupt police and vast fortunes are won and lost. This thesis seeks to construct a de-mythologised account of the rush for Central Otago gold, examining the engineering processes, social dynamics and communal relationships implicit in the development of claims, the construction of goldfields structures, the growth of towns and the emergence of financial networks. This explains and reveals the social, technological and economic developments of the gold rush that wrought a profound change on the Otago landscape and to New Zealand’s history. Focussing on the New Zealand Department of Conservation’s historic reserve at Bendigo as an exemplary site, this thesis focuses on the people of the goldfields who left traces of themselves in archives, letters, newspapers, court records and in the heritage landscape to explain their mining, commercial and family lives, and concludes by exploring the remnants of their existence in the relic-strewn ghost-town. By elucidating the depth and breadth of relationships, processes and lives of the residents, miners and merchants, I refute the pervasive myth of innocent simplicity around the era to replace it with a surprisingly complex reality. This complexity is revealed in the new conclusions I draw around the myriad processes behind identity formation, rush events, water race construction, quartz mine development and labour relations, merchant finances and heritage remnants.

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Dowsett, O. "'Rural restructuring' : a multi-scalar analysis of the Otago Central Rail Trail." Lincoln University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/669.

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‘Rural restructuring’ has frequently been used to indicate the magnitude, and conceptualise the nature, of contemporary change in the countryside. Most notably, concern has focused upon the fundamental changes in economic and social organisation brought about by the increasing leverage of consumption-based activity as a path to rural development. By drawing on the relevant literature, however, I suggest in this thesis that the use of ‘rural restructuring’ as a conceptual framework has been inconsistent. The issue of scale is a case in point with scholars positioning their studies of rural change at varying levels of analysis. In response, I adopt Massey’s (2004) arguments about space and place to present an alternative model which considers ‘rural restructuring’ as a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process. To explore the feasibility of approaching ‘rural restructuring’ in this way, the thesis focuses, in particular, upon the development of rural tourism at five different scales. These comprise the national scale (New Zealand), the regional scale (Central Otago), the sub-regional scale (the Otago Central Rail Trail), the business scale (five business case studies) and the individual scale (five entrepreneurial case studies). Reflecting the exploratory nature of the study and its multi-scalar approach, I use a number of qualitative research methods. These include interrogating the promotion of New Zealand and Central Otago as tourist destinations, cycling along the Otago Central Rail Trail, staying at accommodation businesses along the Rail Trail, and interviewing individual entrepreneurs about their experiences of business development. The analytical chapters of the thesis comprise an in-depth look at the promotion or experience of rural tourism development at each scale of analysis. Through identifying inter-scale consistencies and emphasising the reciprocal basis of such consistency, I present ‘rural restructuring’ as a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process. Thus, I connect the national-scale targeting of the ‘interactive traveller’ to the promotion of Central Otago as a ‘World of Discovery’, before linking the development of the Otago Central Rail Trail to its regional context. I then investigate the nature of business development as intimately bound to the evolution of the Rail Trail, before finally tying these entrepreneurial creations to individual accounts of exhaustion and enjoyment that emerge from the operation of tourism businesses. The thesis ends by concluding that ‘rural restructuring’ can indeed be considered a multi-scalar and mutually constitutive process, worked out simultaneously at wide-ranging but interconnected levels of change.

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Wilson, Amanda J., and n/a. "Stone tool production at Cat's Eye Point, Kakanui, North Otago, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 1999. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070523.143909.

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This thesis examines a lithic assemblage from Cat�s Eye Point (J42/4), Kakanui, North Otago, New Zealand. This archaic site was excavated during 1996 and 1997 and the lithic assemblage was collected from 41m� excavated during these two seasons. Previous studies of lithic material from New Zealand and the Pacific are reviewed to indicate the range of information that can be gained from lithic analysis. Themes of research in the North Otago region are also examined to place Cat�s Eye Point into its regional context. This thesis had three main areas of investigation. The first involved a descriptive and technological analysis of the debitage using mass flake analysis (MFA) and individual flake analysis (IFA). Formal artefacts, such as hammerstones, blanks, and performs, were also examined. Secondly, spatial analysis was used to determine if the lithic assemblage could be used to infer intra-site activity areas. This was conducted by analysing macro- (flakes larger than 3mm) and microdebitage (flakes less than 3mm) by examining the range of material types. The third area of investigation examined debitage recovered from 6.4mm (1/4 inch) and 3.2mm (1/8 inch) sieves to determine if any significant technological information was gained by debitage from the 3.2mm sieve. The conclusions of this study indicate that there were two methods of basalt cobble reduction at Cat�s Eye Point for adze production. Adze production at Cat�s Eye Point was opportunistic and the non-local material curated. The results of the debitage analysis indicate that the entire sequence of adze manufacture did not occur in the excavated area of Cat�s Eye Point and the initial cobble reduction probably occurred on the adjacent beach where the cobbles are found today. Consequently, coastal rock outcrops, even without evidence of associated debitage, must be viewed as potential sources of rock for stone tool manufacture unless determined otherwise. The spatial analysis detected two activity areas and a disposal area at Cat�s Eye Point. The analysis of the 6.4mm and 3.2mm debitage found that no significant technological information was gained by examining the smaller flakes.

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Scott, John G., and n/a. "Structural controls on gold - quartz vein mineralisation in the Otago schist, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070412.160816.

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Hydrothermal fluid flow is spatially and genetically associated with deformation in the earth�s crust. In the Otago Schist, New Zealand, the circulation of hydrothermal fluids in the Cretaceous formed numerous mesothermal gold-quartz vein deposits. Otago schist rocks are largely L-S tectonites in which the penetrative fabric is the product of more than one deformation phase/transposition cycle. Regional correlation of deformation events allowed mineralised deposits to be related to the structural evolution of the Otago Schist. Compilation of a detailed tectonostratigraphy of New Zealand basement rocks reveals that extensional mineralisation correlates with the onset of localised terrestrial fanglomerate deposition, thermal perturbation and granitic intrusion that mark the beginning of New Zealand rifting from the Antarctic portion of Gondwana. Laminated and breccia textures in mineralised veins suggest that host structures have experienced repeated episodes of incremental slip and hydrothermal fluid flow. However, analysis of vein orientation data in terms of fault reactivation theory (Amontons Law) shows that most deposits contain veins that are unfavourably oriented for frictional reactivation. Repeated movement on unfavourably oriented structures may involve dynamic processes of strain refraction due to competency contrasts, the effect of anisotropy in the schist, or localised stress field rotation. Deposits have been classified on the basis of host structure kinematics at the time of mineralisation into low angle thrust faults, and high angle extensional fault - fracture arrays. Low angle deposits have a mapped internal geometry that is very different from conventional imbricate thrust systems. This study applied ⁴⁰Ar/�⁹Ar geochronology to selected deposits and has identified at least three distinct mineralisation events have occurred within the central axial belt during the Cretaceous. Relationships between radiometric apparent age and inferred crustal depth reveal that after metamorphism, the onset of cooling and rapid exhumation of the schist belt coincides temporally and spatially with the age of mineralisation and structural position of a regional scale low angle shear zone in Otago.

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Blackwell, Dean. "Community and visitor benefits associated with the Otago Central Rail Trail, New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1027.

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Outdoor recreation and heritage resources have the potential to provide a wide range of benefits to individuals, groups of individuals and the economy. An increased knowledge of these benefits can give recreation managers and planners a better understanding of how their actions and decisions regarding a resource may impact upon the visitors and communities that they serve. Placed within a climate of increasing public sector accountability, this information might also prove useful in justifying the allocation of scarce resources to recreation and heritage preservation. Justifying the value that recreation adds to society is an issue recognised by Benefits Based Management (BBM), a recreation management and planning framework that seeks to identify and target the positive outcomes realised by individuals, groups, local businesses and communities that result from participation in recreation and leisure. To date, recreation planners and managers have not been presented with a BBM research effort that seeks to describe and understand the visitor and community benefits associated with a rail to trail conversion. This study aimed to identify and describe benefits gained by visitors and neighbouring communities, with specific reference to the Otago Central Rail Trail (OCRT), Central Otago, New Zealand. Information was gathered from seventy-seven semi-structured interviews with visiting users of the OCRT, residents of neighbouring communities and trail managers. The results of the study indicated that community stakeholders reported benefits such as local economic development linked to visitor expenditure, heightened sense of community identity and solidarity and social contact with people from outside the local area. An additional finding was that the perceived benefits of the OCRT have reportedly had a positive influence on local people's attitudes towards the rail trail. Visitor interviews revealed that personal and social well-being benefits such as physical activity, aesthetic appreciation, sense of achievement, psychological refreshment, family togetherness and social interaction with friends and local people were outcomes of an OCRT visit. Reported visitor benefits were further linked to physical fitness and health, enhanced mood and positive mental state, leading a balanced lifestyle and stronger relationships within families and between friends. Visitors also perceived that an OCRT visit had forged a greater knowledge and awareness of railway heritage through gaining insight into railway and Central Otago history and appreciation of the engineering skills and craftsmanship associated with 19th century railway construction. Following the benefit chain of causality (Driver, 1994; Driver & Bruns, 1999; McIntosh, 1999), interview responses were linked to potential community and visitor benefits that could be realised off-site such as enhanced quality of life, community satisfaction and a greater connection with and appreciation of New Zealand's historic and cultural heritage.

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Gumbley, Warren, and n/a. "A comparative study of the material culture of Murihiku." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 1988. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070619.111844.

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This thesis is an attempt to assess the degree of differentiation between two regions, Otago and Southland, to be found in the styles of four types of artefact; Bird-spear points, One-piece fish-hooks, Composite hook points, Adzes. In order to assess the significance of these differences the comparison has been made not only between the two regions mentioned above but also with a set of samples from the northern North Island used as a bench-mark. The data has been collected in the form of non-metrical (presence/absence) and metrical (continuous or ratio-type) variables specific to each artefact type. The method of analysis of the data is concerned with the study of the relative frequencies of these ranges of variables. This is supported by Chi� and Student�s T tests. As well as seeking to establish the degree of differentiation between the material cultures of the regions the interpretation also seeks to distinguish between causal factors for these differences (for example, variations in functional requirements, differing or limited access to material types, etc.).

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Palmer, Penny L., and n/a. "The biology of Dendrogaster (Crustacea, Ascothoracida), parasitic in sea stars from Otago, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Marine Science, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090731.161951.

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Little is known of the biology of the parasite Dendrogaster (Crustacea: Ascothoracida), an obligate endoparasite of sea stars. There are some 25 species of Dendrogaster reported worldwide. The highly modified females live within the coelomic cavity of the host, and heterochronous males are parasitic within the mantle cavity of the female. Two sea star species from the Otago Coast were found to be infected with two species of Dendrogaster. These parasite populations were studied from July 1993 to December 1994 to investigate specific aspects of their biology and the interactions between these parasites and their hosts. The parasite found in Allostichaster insignis (Asteridae) was identified as Dendrogaster argentinensis Grygier and Salvat 1984, and Asterodon miliaris (Odontasteridae) was found to contain a previously unknown species, herein described and named Dendrogaster otagoensis n. sp. The structure and function of the mantle of female Dendrogaster sp were determined using light, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The ultrastructure of the mantle is modified, sharing characteristics found in Rhizocephala (Crustacea: Cirripedia), copepods, and Ulophysema oeresundense (Ascothoracida: Dendrogasteridae), which enable these crustaceans to absorb nutrients. Such modifications include a very thin, crenulated epicuticle, a soft, unscleratinised procuticle, and infoldings of the apical plasma membrane. In Dendrogaster the gut is likely to retain the capacity to absorb nutrients. In general, aspects of infestation of Dendrogaster argentinensis and D. otagoensis are the same. Prevalence of Dendrogaster sp. in Otago sea stars is high and parasitism occurs throughout the year. Seventy-seven point five percent of Asterodon miliaris are infected with D. otagoensis and 97.4% of Allostichaster insignis are infected with D. argentinensis. Up to 144 females are found in a single host, and as many as 34 males in a single female. Mean number of parasites per host changes little over time, but began to decrease in D. argentinensis towards the end of the sample period. The female population is dominated by small individuals, with maximum size likely to depend on space available within the host. Males achieve a large size quickly, but their growth is also restricted by the size of the female they are within. The size and number of females per host are not related to size of the host. Females acquire new males and males grow larger with an increase in female size. Males occur in females of all reproductive stages, but occur with the greatest frequency in brooding females. Reproduction is spread evenly through females in less heavily infected hosts, and there is a reduction in mean size of females as the number of females per host increases, indicative of the crowding effect. Three indices of aggregation show that both sexes of Dendrogaster are highly aggregated in their hosts, with few hosts harbouring most of the parasites. Dendrogaster is a parasitic castrator. Infected hosts have parasite loads ranging from 0.1% - 112% total sea star wet weight. Infected sea stars have smaller pyloric caecae and gonads, however, no gonads were present in uninfected Allostichaster insignis. Effect on the gonads and pyloric caecae increases as parasite load increases. Rather than directly affecting the germinal tissue of the host, Dendrogaster castrates its host indirectly through crowding and/or competitive castration. This castration is variable among hosts in Asterodon miliaris, but is important in Allostichaster insignis. The presence of D. argentinensis in A. insignis is associated with an increase in the incidence of asexual reproduction among larger (R>25mm) individuals. Specific growth rates of intact and regenerating arms in fed and starved A. insignis are lower in infected individuals. Larvae are brooded in the mantle cavity of the female until reaching the infective, swimming ascothoracid II stage. The larval development of Dendrogaster argentinensis and D. otagoensis is abbreviated. Larvae moult directly from the egg into the metanauplius. Metanauplii moult into ascothoracid I stage, which moult into the ascothoracid II stage immediately upon release from the female. Ultrastructure confirms the putative sensory function of the lattice organs. Other larval cuticular structures are also sensory. Histological examination revealed that Dendrogaster has unique system of ovulation among Crustacea. The ovarian membrane contains primary oocytes, early vitellogenic and vitellogenic oocytes, but not maturing oocytes, which are found outside the ovarian membrane. The ovarian membrane forms follicles from which vitellogenic oocytes burst into the surrounding mesodermal tissue. These oocytes mature within the mantle wall tissue until entering the mantle cavity, where they are fertilised. Ovaries are absent in most brooding females. Spermatogenesis takes place within the males posterior protrusions and is continuous. Dendrogaster are likely to be labile hermaphrodites, as sperm are found in 20% of ovaries. Female Dendrogaster display asynchronous reproduction, with females of all sizes at different stages throughout the year. Females within one host are also at different stages. Spermatogenesis is present in males of all sizes. The presence of spent males in some females is indicative of a females outliving the males.

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Scott, Matthew B., and n/a. "Fine-scale ecology of alpine patterned ground, Old Man Range, Central Otago, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080130.093120.

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This study is an interdisciplinary ecological study addressing the fine-scale relationships between plants, invertebrates and the environment in an alpine ecosystem. Alpine environments are marked by steep environmental gradients and complex habitat mosaics at various spatial scales. Regular forming periglacial patterned ground landforms on the Old Man Range, Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand present an ideal medium for studying plant-invertebrate-environment relationships due to their partitioning of the landscape into discrete units of contrasting environmental conditions, and the existence of some baseline knowledge of the soil, microclimate, vegetation and flora. The study was conducted in three types of patterned ground (hummocks, stripes and solifluction terraces) on the Old Man Range. Each component of the study was sampled at the same spatial scale for comparison. Temperature was recorded in the soil and ground surface from April 2001 to March 2004 in microtopographic subunits (microsites) of each patterned ground landform. Plant species cover was sampled within each microsite; invertebrates were sampled from soil cores taken from the same locations as plant samples in April 2001 and September 2001. The two sampling occasions coincided with autumn before the soil freezes, and winter when maximum freezing was expected. Fine-scale changes in the topographic relief of the patterned ground led to notable differences in the timing and duration of snow. The steepest environmental gradients existed during periods of uneven snow distribution. The soil in exposed or south-facing microsites froze first, beginning in May, and typically froze to more than 40cm depth. Least exposed microsites rarely froze. Within the microtopography, patterns of freezing at specific locations were consistent between years with only minor differences in the timing or depths of freezing; however, notable variation in freezing existed between similar microsites. Within the microtopography, different assemblages of organisms were associated with different microsites. In total, 84 plant and lichen species were recorded, grouping into six community types. Species composition was best explained by growing degree-days, freeze-thaw cycles, time frozen and snow-free days; species diversity and richness increased with increasing environmental stress as indicated by freeze-thaw cycles, time frozen and exposure. In total 20,494 invertebrates, representing four Phyla, 12 Classes, 23 Orders and 295 morpho-taxa were collected from 0.17m� of soil. Acari, Collembola and Pseudococcidae were the most abundant invertebrates. Over 95% of the invertebrates were found in the plant material and first 10cm depth of soil. Few significant relationships were found between diversity, richness or abundance of invertebrate taxa and the microsites; however, multivariate analyses identified distinct invertebrate assemblages based on abundance. Invertebrate composition was best explained by recent low temperature and moisture, particularly in winter; however, plant composition also explained invertebrate composition, but more so in autumn. This research has shown that organisms in the alpine environment of the Old Man Range are sensitive to fine-scale changes in their environment. These results have implications as to how historical changes to the ecosystem may have had long-lasting influences on the biota, as well as how a currently changing climate may have further impacts on the composition and distribution of organisms.

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13

Hocken, A. G., and n/a. "The early life of James Hector, 1834 to 1865 : the first Otago Provincial Geologist." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080227.144316.

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The geologist James Hector (1834-1907) was, by any measure, the most important and influential scientist in nineteenth century New Zealand. In the mid 1860s, he became the first Director of the New Zealand Geological Survey and the Colonial Museum. Thereafter he ran the Colonial Laboratory, set up the Meteorological Service and the Wellington Botanical Gardens and was responsible for the establishment of the New Zealand Institute, acting as its manager and editor of its Transactions and Proceedings for more than 30 years. This work explores the formative years of his career from his early years in Scotland, his experiences with the Palliser Expedition in Canada, and pivotally, his first four years in New Zealand as the first Otago Provincial Geologist. By the time of James Hector�s entry as a medical student to Edinburgh University in 1852, he had already developed a strong interest in natural history, particularly geology. Although he graduated M.D. from Edinburgh in 1856, that course of study served only as a means of access to the natural sciences. Hector�s interest and training in geology developed at an opportune time, when there was increasing demand for geologists to explore the expanding industrial British Empire for coal and other mineral raw materials. Hector�s reputation in geology in Edinburgh brought him to the attention of that most influential British geologist, Sir Roderick Murchison, whose recommendation led to his appointment to the British North American Expedition of 1857 (the Palliser Expedition). Hector was acknowledged, on several counts, as a major contributor to the success of the expedition. When the Otago Provincial Government in New Zealand requested advice on the appointment of a geologist for the province, Murchison predictably proposed Hector. Having reviewed and assessed his work in North America, this thesis deals with the arrival of Hector as Otago Provincial Geologist in Dunedin during the prosperity of the gold rush of the early 1860s. For the first nine months he explored the central and eastern areas of the Province (Chapter 2) and the following year led the exploration of the West Coast, where there was potential for coal, gold and timber-and reputedly copper-and the prospect of providing a commercial route to Melbourne. The two month long expedition up the Matukituki Valley preceded the exploration by ship of the West Coast of the South Island as far north as Martins Bay. The latter became a major triumph on the strength of the contemporary perception of a route between Queenstown and Martins Bay potentially opening up a direct contact between Dunedin and Melbourne. From mid-1864, Hector�s life was governed by the organisation of the International Exhibition, which opened in Dunedin in January 1865. In that context, he travelled to seek support and participation from the other provinces of New Zealand, a political and administrative commission which he combined with geological exploration. After the closure of the successful Exhibition in May 1865 and subsequent to the conclusion of his appointment on 1st April 1865, Hector left Otago in August to take up the newly created post of Director of the New Zealand Geological Survey in Wellington. The parting was not administratively smooth and relations between Hector and the Otago Provincial Government were strained by the lack of a final, definitive, report on the Geology of Otago. An overview of Hector�s geology, specifically his interest in coal and gold, and the evolution of his views on the vexed question of the role of glaciers as geomorphologic agents is provided. James Hector was a man of versatile ability and strong leadership. His scientific skills as a field geologist and the administrative abilities, developed during his explorations in British North America and southern New Zealand, led ultimately to his long and successful career as New Zealand�s chief scientist at a formative time in its history.

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14

Read, Marion. "The 'construction' of landscape : a case study of the Otago Peninsula, Aotearoa / New Zealand." Lincoln University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1604.

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This project has sought to answer the question 'How is landscape made?’ by examining the landscape of the Otago Peninsula on the east coast of the South Island of Aotearoa/New Zealand. By taking a social constructionist approach, an in depth case study has been completed using ethnographic methods combined with discourse analysis. The theoretical framework adopted led to the research question being refined and divided into two parts. The first seeks to determine the discourses that construct the landscape of the Otago Peninsula. Those identified include discourses of Mana Whenua, agriculture, environmentalism, gardening, heritage, neo-liberalism and the picturesque. These discourses interact and resist one another through networks of power. Thus the second part of the research question seeks to understand these networks and the distributions of power through them. The agricultural discourse is the most powerful, albeit under strong challenge from the environmental discourse and from the impacts of neo-liberalism. Mana Whenua discourses have gained significant power in recent decades, but their influence is tenuous. The picturesque discourse has significant power and has been utilised as a key tool in District planning in the area. Thus, the landscape is seen to be made by the dynamic interactions of discourses. This has two consequences, the first, an emphasising of the dynamism of the landscape - it is a process which is under constant flux as a consequence of both the human interactions with and within it, and the biophysical processes which continue outside of human ken. The second consequence is to stress that the landscape is not a unitary object and that this needs to be recognised in the formulation of policy and landscape management.

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15

Pitcairn, Iain Kerr. "Sources of fluids and metals in orogenic gold deposits : the Otago Schists, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431201.

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16

Taylor, Sam. "Reconstructing Historical Vegetation Cover in Otago, New Zealand, Using Multi-proxy Analysis of Peat Cores." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4206.

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This research has examined the historical vegetation of two Eastern Otago sites below the regional treeline, with the aim of addressing questions about the distribution and spread of native tussock grasslands prior to human arrival in New Zealand c. 800 yr BP. Pollen and phytolith (plant opaline silicate) proxies have been extracted from peat cores at Swampy Summit and Clarks Junction to provide a record of vegetation spanning the Holocene. Using multiple proxies and two sample sites has allowed for comparisons of the record of vegetation from within sites and between sites. A record of the modern pollen rain was also gathered from localised moss polsters at Swampy Summit in order to reconcile modern pollen assemblages and transport patterns with historical findings. It became clear from the research that the record of vegetation inferred from phytoliths was not analogous to the pollen-based records, which supported the hypothesis that vegetation reconstructions based solely on pollen may be unreliable. Good pollen preservation in the sediments allowed for the identification of over 50 taxa, although only Chionochloid forms were identifiable to a family level in the phytolith records. Poaceae pollen was abundant throughout the Clarks Junction record, suggesting grassland had persisted at this site during the Holocene, while Poaceae pollen at Swampy Summit was minimal and sporadic. Phytoliths at Swampy Summit show grasses have persisted at the site thoughout the Holocene, at times in much greater proportions than the pollen record would suggest, while Chionochloid phytoliths only become common near the top of the record, possibly reflecting increasing dominance of this taxa after human disturbance. In contrast to Swampy Summit, the Clarks Junction phytolith record reflects a more stable presence of grasses throughout the Holocene, with Chionochloid forms present throughout. Phytoliths appear to be a more reliable proxy for local vegetation, with both sites indicating a Holocene presence of grasses below the regional treeline prior to human arrival in New Zealand. In comparison, the pollen record appears to indicate a more regional pattern of vegetation, with the grassland pollen record complicated by pollen dispersal and deposition factors.

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Reiser, Dirk, and n/a. "Connecting and changing places : globalisation and tourism mobility on the Otago Peninsula, Dunedin, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Tourism, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090515.161047.

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Globalisation, localisation and tourism are processes that are closely interconnected. They relate to historical mobilities and non-mobilities of humans, ideas and capital that impact on environment, economy, culture, politics and technology. Yet, these impacts on local tourism destinations are not well researched. Small destinations are not researched in relation to the impact of globalisation and tourism overtime. The thesis develops an historical understanding of globalisation, localisation and tourism within the context of the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin, New Zealand. It portrays the �glocalisation� processes, the specific mix of local and global forces that shaped the Otago Peninsula and created the basis for the current conditions, especially for tourism. The research on the Otago Peninsula clearly identifies different stages of mobilities to the place, generally following a similar pattern to other places in New Zealand settled in the latest phase of colonialism. The first settlers, the Polynesians, were followed by white explorers, sealers and whalers at the beginning of the 19th century who exploited a local resource that was valuable to international markets. After the over-exploitation of the resource white settlers arrived to �conquer� nature and to improve on their living conditions in a new country. They provided the basis for the following mobilities by developing or facilitating a local, national, regional and international infrastructure. Towards the end of the 19th century the major European migration had ended. The next major mobility movement was recreationists from the close urban centre of Dunedin who used the infrastructure on the Otago Peninsula at weekends, as time, money and technology limited mobilities to places further away. From the 1920s onwards, when these limitations were reduced by, for example, a better infrastructure and new technological developments such as the car and more disposable income and time, New Zealanders started to more widely discover their own country. Finally, international travellers started to arrive in the 1960s after the main obstacle, the distance and time needed to travel to New Zealand and the Otago Peninsula, was reduced by technological development, especially airplanes. During all of these phases of mobility, the Otago Peninsula became increasingly interconnected with other places on the globe, creating the conditions for tourism. In this study, within the context of the phase model of mobilities, a variety of research methods were used to assess the impact of globalisation, localisation and tourism on the Otago Peninsula. These methods include literature, newspaper, local promotional materials and photographic images analysis, as well as participant observation and historical interviews. The research clearly highlights the changes to the Otago Peninsula created by historical events that happened as a consequence of human mobility. Internal and external conditions at different geographical scales, ranging from the local to the global, changed the economy, the environment, culture, politics and the use of technology on the Otago Peninsula. The place was (and still is) constantly glocalised. Consequently, international tourism, as one of the more recent forces, has to be managed within this historical framework of stretched social relations, the intensification of flows, increasing global interactions and the development of global infrastructure and networks.

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18

Bennett, E. R. "Fault growth and landscape development in Central Otago, New Zealand, using in situ cosmogenic isotopes." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.596565.

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Central Otago in New Zealand is a region dominated by late Tertiary NE trending anticlines which form above buried reverse faults. As the folds uplift, soft Tertiary sediments are rapidly eroded, exposing the underlying basement schist. At the base of the sedimentary cover there is patchy occurrence of hard silica cemented quartz-rich boulders which remain exposed on the schist surface after the overlying sediments are removed. ¹⁰Be and ²⁶Al accumulate in the quartz within the boulders upon exposure to cosmic radiation. Cosmogenic dating of the boulders provides the means to conduct landscape evolution studies, and monitor the growth of the anticlines over the last 1-2 million years. At South Rough Ridge a consistent and coherent link is demonstrated between the cosmogenic dates and the tectonic geomorphology. This implies that boulders in Central Otago can reach ¹⁰Be concentrations equivalent to minimum ages of 660 ka or older without being saturated with respect to erosion. At Rough Ridge, which was expected to be older on geomorphic grounds, the ¹⁰Be concentrations of the boulders give even older ages of up to 1.4 Ma, demonstrating the very low maximum erosion rates experienced by these boulders of ~0.4 mm kyr^-1. The best exposed and preserved occurrence of the quartz-rich boulders is on North Rough Ridge, where their suitability for cosmogenic exposure studies can be assessed. The stratigraphic context of the boulders, their sedimentary and diagenetic origin, together with their method of emplacement and preservation on the modern land surface, can be studied in detail. At Little Rough Ridge and Raggedy Range, the combined ¹⁰Be data and geomorphic studies suggest differing styles of fault growth for these two ranges.

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19

Ker, Glenys R. "Degrees by Independent Learning : a case study of practice at Otago Polytechnic, Dunedin, New Zealand." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2017. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/22862/.

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This project constitutes a critical enquiry into the Independent Learning Pathway (ILP) approach to acquiring degrees offered by Otago Polytechnic in New Zealand. The ILP approach is for professionally experienced adults who are often poorly served by traditional taught approaches to achieving degree qualifications. These learners already have considerable degree-relevant knowledge and skill, yet this usually does not count as part of a taught degree, and these learners usually do not enrol in such degree programmes because they do not have the time to study within the typical delivery framework. The ILP approach provides equity of access for this group but is a significantly different learning process which challenges traditional conceptions of degree level learning and in turn is challenged as a valid approach by academics and regulatory agencies. Hence this study aims both to illuminate and validate the degree level learning which occurs in the ILP and to develop a model of practice for facilitators to assure the quality of this degree level learning. In pursuit of these aims I undertook, as a participant researcher, a work-based enquiry using an interpretive approach, drawing on the principles of grounded theory (Glaser and Strauss 1967), (Strauss and Corbin 2015). The project research phase commenced with an extensive survey sent to all (423) learners who studied with Capable NZ from 2006-2014, followed up with ten in-depth interviews with current learners, and eight interviews with facilitators of the ILP model. I captured the themes emerging from the feedback and analysis to identify clear signposts for both effective learning and effective facilitation in an independent learning context. This study has resulted in a (grounded) model of practice for the teachers, referred to in Capable NZ as facilitators, who guide ILP learners. This model of practice includes a competency framework, successful practice guidelines and practical learning tools. The study has also resulted in guidelines and learning tools for learners, and for both facilitators and learners the ‘SPRINGBOARD’ tool has been developed as a reflective framework for effective facilitation and learning respectively. Another key outcome of the study is the illumination and validation of the degree level learning which occurs through the ILP process.

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20

Mason, Norman, and n/a. "Functional diversity and ecosystem-level processes in a short-tussock grassland." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20061024.114054.

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Increased functional diversity has been linked to an increase in ecosystem level processes (ELPs), such as productivity, ecosystem reliability and invasion resistance. However, there has been no exact definition of functional diversity and it is not known which indices are appropriate for its measurement. Consequently, continuous indices have rarely been applied in examination of relationships between functional diversity and ELPs and little is known of the mechanisms linking functional diversity to ELPs. This thesis begins by providing an exact definition of functional diversity, identifying its primary components and devising appropriate continuous indices for the measurement of these components. These indices are used to examine relationships between functional diversity and three ELPs - biomass production, the reliability of biomass production and invasion resistance. Initially these examinations are conducted using a mechanistic community assembly and dynamic model. This model is based on physiological and morphological character data for species occurring in the short-tussock grassland communities of the Luggate field experiment, in the southern South Island, New Zealand. Finally, relationships between functional diversity, mean annual community cover and the reliability of cover are examined in the Luggate field experiment. Functional composition (i.e. the actual functional characters of the species within a community) appeared to exercise the greatest influence on ecosystem reliability in the community assembly and dynamic model. However, there was evidence that functional diversity increased the reliability of productivity via the co-variance effect. Functional composition also exercised the greatest influence over mean annual productivity in the model, almost completely accounting for the negative relationship between functional diversity and mean annual productivity. These results are respectively analogous to the positive and negative selection effects seen in species richness / ELP relationships. Both functional diversity and functional composition influenced community invasion resistance in the model. Here, increased functional diversity acted to increase community resistance to invasion. In the Luggate field experiment, neither functional diversity nor functional composition was related to mean annual cover, though species richness was positively related to it. Increased functional diversity acted to increase the reliability of cover. However, this did not appear to occur via the co-variance effect, but as a result of increased functional diversity increasing consistency in the species composition of experimental plots through time. These results demonstrate that studies examining functional diversity must account for the effects of species identity. A framework is proposed to accommodate selection effects associated with functional diversity / ELP relationships. The usefulness of the co-variance effect as a testable mechanism linking functional diversity to ecosystem reliability in the field is questionable, as there is no objective way of measuring it.

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21

Bickel, Tobias O., and n/a. "Lagarosiphon major : an introduced macrophyte and its ecological role in the littoral of Lake Dunstan, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070323.131753.

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The littoral of Lake Dunstan, Central Otago, New Zealand, is dominated by the introduced submersed macrophyte Lagarosiphon major (hereafter Lagarosiphon) which effectively excludes native macrophytes from most of the littoral. Lake Dunstan is a large hydro lake that was - after reaching its operational water level in 1993 - rapidly colonized by Lagarosiphon from upstream sources. Because of its extensive biomass and growth, it is believed the macrophyte plays an important part in the lake ecosystem but also that it requires frequent management to allow for recreational activities, to restore aesthetic values of beaches and especially to prevent further spread into unaffected waterways. To assess the integration of Lagarosiphon into the lake ecosystem and possible impacts of extensive macrophyte removal a 3 year study was initiated focusing on invertebrate and fish distribution and diet in relation to Lagarosiphon. A stable isotope analysis was used to reconstruct carbon flows and trophic structure within the littoral of Lake Dunstan. Additionally, a small scale weed management experiment was carried out to assess possible impacts of macrophyte removal on invertebrates and fish. Lagarosiphon harboured a high density and diversity of macroinvertebrates. The invertebrate community was dominated by mollusc species in terms of biomass and abundance. There was little temporal and spatial variation in invertebrate distribution and communities on a large scale (lake-wide variation), but there were differences in invertebrate biomass on a smaller scale in relation to the location of samples within the macrophyte belt. Invertebrate biomass was lowest at the bottom of the dense macrophyte beds. The positive association of common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus: Eleotridae) with the dense Lagarosiphon stands and a diet - mainly consisting of invertebrates common on Lagarosiphon - suggested the important role of this macrophyte as a provider of food and shelter for small fish species. Brown and rainbow trout (Salmo trutta, Oncorhynchus mykiss: Salmonidae) diet was dominated by invertebrate species common on this macrophyte as well. Results of the stable isotope analysis suggested a secondary role of Lagarosiphon in the lake food web as a surface provider for the growth of epiphytic algae that appeared to be a major primary producer in the littoral of Lake Dunstan. Detritus (FPOM), assumed to consist partly of decaying Lagarosiphon, played a less important role as a base for the food chain. The main carbon flow pathway was from the primary producers (epiphyton - FPOM) through primary consumers (Mollusca, Chironomidae, Trichoptera) through to the top predators (tertiary consumers: trout and bullies) in the system. A small scale experiment on the influence of macrophyte harvest, i.e. the cutting of channels into dense macrophyte beds, showed that a partial removal of macrophyte biomass could help achieve several management goals: it not only reduced macrophyte biomass to enable recreational activities but also had no negative impacts on invertebrate biomass and diversity. The channels even increased invertebrate abundance and biomass in the treated compared to the untreated control plots along the cut edges. Regrowth of Lagarosiphon was rapid, with the cut channels being completely overgrown within 4 months. All these results taken together suggested a major role of Lagarosiphon in the littoral of Lake Dunstan. Lagarosiphon supported a species rich invertebrate community and was the main provider of food and shelter for fish in this lake. A partial removal of macrophyte biomass might be a more suitable management option than large scale eradication to avoid negative impacts on the lake ecosystem. The most important aspect in management of this weed remains the prevention of further spread into pristine waters.

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Butz, Christoph Florian. "The Hyde-Macraes shear zone in Otago: A result of continental extension or shortening? A kinematic analysis of the Footwall Fault." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1422.

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Mineralised shear zones in Otago are often truncated by regional low-angle faults, which juxtapose schist of different metamorphic grade. The Footwall Fault and the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone are one example for this kind of tectonic setting, and are the subject to this study. Although, the mechanisms for the development of the mineralised thrust-origin shear zones are well studied, the relationship to the truncating faults is still poorly understood. Currently, the truncating low-angle faults are assumed to be related to crustal extension, starting in the early Cretaceous after the schist passed the ductile-brittle transition. This study presents new kinematic data for the Footwall Fault, suggesting development of normal sense movement under ductile conditions due to an abundant shear band cleavage in the footwall, which dynamically recrystallises quartz grains. However, brittle high-angle normal faults truncating these shear bands indicate either reactivation of normal sense movement after passing the ductile-brittle transition or continuous normal sense movement during the transition. Furthermore, this study presents a model, which suggests a regional scale rolling hinge development, consisting of an array of individual low-angle normal faults along the boundary of the textural zone change from TZ IV to TZIII, and strike-parallel high-angle faults at the NE margin of the Otago schist.

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23

Brown, Charles Stewart. "Secondary succession in the high-alpine of Central Otago, New Zealand, 25 years following anthropogenic disturbance." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0005/MQ59783.pdf.

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MacKenzie, Douglas James, and n/a. "Structural controls on orogenic gold mineralisation in the Otago Schist, New Zealand and the Klondike Schist, Canada." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080704.085108.

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Orogenic gold mineralisation in schist terranes with few or no contemporaneous igneous intrusions is poorly understood. It is proposed in this thesis that the structural evolution of such terranes controls the generation of hydrothermal fluid pathways and thus the location of orogenic mineral deposits. Gold mineralisation in the Otago Schist, New Zealand and the Klondike Schist, Canada occurred in the latter phases of greenschist facies metamorphism as well as after metamorphism during Paleozoic-Mesozoic exhumation. In Otago, gold mineralisation occurred at a number of different times and structural levels as the schist belt was exhumed and rocks were brought up through the brittle-ductile transition. In Klondike Schist, gold mineralisation occurred in relatively brittle rocks after a period of regional compression and crustal shortening caused by the stacking of thrust sheets. Gold mineralisation in both schist belts is not associated with any coeval igneous activity. The earliest stage of gold mineralisation in the Otago Schist occurred in the Jurassic when mineralising fluids were progressively focussed into late metamorphic ductile shear zones such as the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone (HMSZ), east Otago and Rise and Shine Shear Zone (RSSZ), central Otago. Both of these gold-bearing mineralised zones occur along mappable structural discontinuities or boundaries that separate structurally, metamorphically and lithologically distinct blocks. The HMSZ occurs in the hangingwall of an underlying low angle normal fault that juxtaposes mineralised lower greenschist facies rocks on to unmineralised upper greenschist facies rock. The RSSZ occurs in the footwall of an overlying low angle normal fault that juxtaposes unmineralised lower greenschist facies rocks on to mineralised upper greenschist facies rock. The two shear zones did not form as part of a single homogeneous structure. There are several other prospective late metamorphic boundaries that are different from later brittle faults that disrupt the schist. Late metamorphic gold mineralisation is characterised by both ductile and brittle structures, foliation-parallel shears, disseminated gold with sulphides in deformed schist and minor steeply dipping extensional veins. This style of mineralisation is the most prospective but can be subtle in areas without quartz veins. Hydrothermally altered rocks are enriched in gold, arsenic, tungsten and sulphur with minor enrichment of bismuth, antimony, mercury and molybdenum. Disseminated mineralisation in the HMSZ is associated with hydrothermal graphite however there is no hydrothermal graphite in the RSSZ. The next stage of gold mineralisation occurred in the Cretaceous during post-metamorphic exhumation of the schist belt and is characterised by steeply dipping, fault-controlled quartz veins, silicified breccias and negligible wall rock alteration. Most post-metamorphic veins strike northwest such as the ~25 km long Taieri river gold vein swarm, but there are other stibnite and gold mineralised structures that strike northeast (e.g., Manuherikia Fault system) and east-west (e.g., Old Man Range vein systems). The latest recognised stage of gold mineralisation is controlled by structures related to the initiation of the Alpine Fault in the Miocene and is characterised by steeply dipping quartz veins with abundant ankeritic carbonate in veins and ankeritic carbonate with gold in altered rocks. Hydrothermally altered rocks are enriched in arsenic, carbon dioxide and sulphur with minor enrichment of antimony. Gold-bearing veins at Bullendale, central Otago are of this type and are associated with a broad alteration zone. Gold-silver and gold-silver-mercury alloys occur in both Caples and Torlesse Terranes of the Otago Schist. Almost all mercury-bearing gold occurs in east Otago vein systems and mercury-free gold occurs in central and northwest Otago veins, irrespective of host terrane. There is no relationship between depth of vein emplacement and mercury content of gold. The Klondike Schist was emplaced as a series of stacked thrust slices in the Jurassic and thrust-related fabrics are preserved in all thrust slices. Strongly deformed carbonaceous schist horizons are spatially associated with thrust faults and graphite within these units is concentrated along spaced cleavage surfaces. Kink folding is best developed in the uppermost slices of Klondike Schist and overprints thrust-related fabrics. Gold-bearing veins formed in extension fractures controlled principally by pre-existing weaknesses such as kink fold axial surfaces. Normal faults correlated with a period of Late Cretaceous regional extension crosscut kink folds and offset gold mineralised veins. The main stage of mineralisation occurred after major regional compression and thrust stacking and before Cretaceous normal faulting. Gold-bearing veins are widely dispersed throughout the uppermost slices of Klondike Schist and are considered to be a sufficient source for Klondike gold placer deposits. Disseminated gold with pyrite is associated with gold-bearing veins in some Klondike Schist and this disseminated mineralisation expands the exploration target for these veins. Disseminated gold with pyrite, without quartz veins, occurs in some schist lithologies and is associated with chlorite alteration and weak silicification. The arsenic content of gold-mineralised Klondike Schist is much lower than mineralised Otago Schist and background concentrations of arsenic are much lower in Klondike Schist as well. No shear-related mineralisation has been discovered in Klondike Schist but due to its relatively poor exposure, this belt remains prospective for this style of mineralisation.

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Paavo, Brian Lee, and n/a. "Soft-sediment benthos of Aramoana and Blueskin Bay (Otago, New Zealand) and effects of dredge-spoil disposal." University of Otago. Department of Marine Science, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070928.161657.

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Studies were conducted to broadly describe and understand the sediment benthos of a shallow-water coastal area (Aramoana Beach - Heyward Point - Blueskin Bay) near the entrance to Otago Harbour, a system largely representative for southeastern New Zealand. Benthic assemblages were examined in relation to gradients of wave exposure and disturbance, sediment type and bathymetry, and dredge-spoil disposal. Sediment and macrofaunal surveys in autumn and spring 2003 found little change in sediment texture gradients from historical studies and a lack of vertical stratification. Macrobenthic samples from spring produced significantly higher abundances of three numerically dominant phyla (Arthropoda, Annelida, and Mollusca) and higher taxon richness compared to autumn. Within water depths of 6-30 m, abundance, richness, and diversity increased with depth. Multivariate analyses identified similar assemblages among deeper sites, despite sediment textural differences, whereas distinct assemblages were found in the shallow portions of the three areas. Meiofaunal abundance patterns did not reflect those of macrofauna, possibly indicating greater vertical penetration of sediments in these hydrodynamic environments. Several new kinorhynch taxa were found. In a field manipulation, part of the Aramoana dredge-spoil dumpground was protected from spoil disposal for an extended period followed by experimental dumping of sandy and muddy spoil. Macrofaunal samples were collected before dumping and at nine sites < 119 d after disposal. Water velocities at the sediment-water interface were compared to a local sediment disturbance model. Dumpground samples were depauperate in individuals and taxa compared to an area protected from dumping for > 180 d. A drop in abundance and a dissimilar community coincided with muddy spoil, but fine sediments were dispersed within 26 d and macrofaunal assemblages recovered to the pre-existing state. Sandy spoil, while not altering native sediment textures, had a more prolonged impact due to transplantation of macrofauna from the dredged area that persisted for < 41 d after disposal. Side-scan sonar mapping indicated that the disposal footprint model used approximated the extent of sandy spoil impacts well, while local conditions spread muddy sediments beyond the initial impact site. A novel sediment profile imaging device was constructed that has many advantages over existing devices for spoil mound studies and habitat mapping: it is smaller, can be manually deployed from small boats, is cheaper, and can be modified to work in almost any soft sediment. Studies of one dominant taxon, the gastropod Zethalia zelandica, showed it was better able to survive sand burial than mud burial, did not vary in overall activity through a range of 5-14� C, and contributed a large proportion of biomass of its community. The spoil disposal strategy used does not appear as environmentally neutral as originally thought. Only muds are effectively dispersed whereas coarser sediments accumulate, affecting physical and biological benthic processes of a wider area. Two mitigation strategies were evaluated using a heuristic model. Reducing the disposal area and spreading mud disposal events over a longer time span may be an effective interim strategy. Overall, the studies will help guide management of the area.

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26

Musgrave, Jane Ann. "The Effectiveness of the Otago Screening Protocol in Identifying School-aged Students with Severe Speech-Language Impairments." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Communication Disorders, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1433.

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This study examined the effectiveness of the Otago screening protocol in identifying school-aged children with severe speech and language impairments. In order to do so, the results of the Otago screening protocol were compared with those of comprehensive language assessment as determined by best practice protocol (Gillon & Schwarz, 1998, Kennedy, 2002). Following the completion of the screening and the comprehensive assessments, an evaluation of the true positives and false positives was calculated, and an analysis of the false negative outcomes made. Findings indicated that fourteen of the twenty participants were true positives, three were true negatives, three were false positives, and none were false negatives. The Positive Predictive Value and Negative Predictive Value of the screening protocol was 100%. Test Sensitivity and Specificity were very high at 82% and 100%. Inter-rater reliability was very high, generally ranging from 92-100%. Adding a standardised measure of phonological awareness would improve efficiency of the screening protocol. Consideration of alternative screening tools, such as the GAPS test (Gardner et al, 2006) and the CELF-4 screening test (Semel, Secord & Wiig, 2004), should be made. Additional factors which could influence a screening protocol are discussed. The Otago screening protocol is a valid procedure to detect severe speech and language impairments in school-aged students referred to Special Education.

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Chapple, Aaron P. "An engineering geological investigation into pit slope stability at Macraes Gold Mine, Macraes Flat, Otago, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Engineering Geology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9360.

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Macraes Gold Mine at Macraes Flat is located approximately 60km north-west of Dunedin, and is currently the largest producer of gold in New Zealand. Open-pit mining currently takes place in the three large pits of Round Hill, Southern and Innes Mills along the Hyde-Macraes Shear Zone (HMSZ) which is the source of gold mineralisation. This study is an engineering geological investigation into pit slope stability at Macraes. Pit slope stability is an integral part of open-pit mining since slopes should be as steep as possible to minimise waste material which needs to be removed, yet shallow enough to minimise potential hazards to personnel and equipment below pit slopes. Joints at Macraes are characterised by high friction angles (45-55°) as a result of roughness/waviness along the joint surface at low normal stresses. Geotechnical testing of fault gouge, and back analysis of fault controlled failures, shows much lower shear strengths for faults (c=0 kPa, Ø =6-14°) than those previously assumed for the mine (c.f. c=10-14 kPa, Ø=15-17°), with the small discrepancies (≈8°) between laboratory test results (5°) and back analysis results (13°) being attributed to both the removal of coarser material from laboratory samples and surface roughness/waviness, which would otherwise increase the friction. X-ray diffraction analysis shows a dominance of interlayered swelling chlorite/smectite in clay fraction of fault gouge which will heave when water is present increasing the instability of pit slopes. Intact rock strength testing on schist from the mine shows much lower strengths (4.8 - 61.2 MPa) for the material than previously determined at other project locations in Otago (c.f. 29 - 86MPa). Pelitic schist at the mine appears to be stronger than psammitic schist which was unexpected and contrasts with previous testing in Otago. The higher strengths of pelitic schist may reflect annealing processes associated with mineralisation of the HMSZ, but has not been fully investigated. Two structural domains can be recognised at the mine which are controlled by the Hanging Wall Shear (HWS) of the HMSZ. The rock mass above the HWS is dominantly psammitic and is referred to as the Hanging Wall Zone Domain (HWZD), while the rock mass below the HWS is dominantly pelitic and referred to as the Ore Zone Domain (OZD). Three joint sets and five fault sets are recognised in the HWZD, while in the OZD the same three joint sets as for the HWZD are recognised, but only four of the fault sets are present. A standard recording sheet for pit slope failures is developed to assist engineering geological investigations by recording the relevant information in a consistent format. Such a sheet forms the basis for a pit slope failure database, ensures consistency in recording and provides records of failure for assessments of failure development with time. Failures at Macraes are classified according to the geometry of the failure surface and the types of discontinuities controlling failure as: high angle planar, low angle block, toppling, joint-joint wedge, joint-fault wedge, and fault-fault wedge. High groundwater pressures, and lower shear strength material than previously assumed, are interpreted as major factors in driving pit slope failures at Macraes, and horizontal drainage is recommended as the most effective method in preventing future pit slope failures. Two large pit slope failures, RH27 (volume = 900m³) & RH28 (volume = 450 000m³), located on the north wall of Round Hill Pit occurring prior to this project, are mapped in detail at scales of 1:500 and 1:800 with failure mechanisms interpreted. RH27 is a complex wedge failure formed between the Slip 27 fault and a westerly dipping joint set. RH28 is a large wedge failure formed between two faults plunging at low angles (≈3°) out of the pit slope and driven by high water pressures along a fault set parallel to the pit slope. The stability of RH27 and RH28 is determined, and future development and implications to mining operations assessed. Thirteen types of failure are predicted to occur at Macraes based upon the integration of hydrological influences, strength properties, rock mass structure, and calibration with those failures observed at Macraes to date. Kinematic models for these thirteen failure models have been constructed to assist in recognition of these predicted failure modes in the field. Prediction of pit slope failures should be based on sound monitoring and management of recognised active failures, and should include: visual inspections and photography, movement monitoring, hydrologic monitoring and warning monitoring, so that the hazards and adverse effects associated with unexpected slope failure movements are minimised.

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28

Heesch, Svenja, and n/a. "Endophytic phaeophyceae from New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060901.141241.

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The aims of this study were to find endophytic brown algae in marine macroalgae from New Zealand, isolate them into culture and identify them using morphological as well as molecular markers, to study the prevalence of pigmented endophytes in a representative host-endophyte relationship, and to reveal the ultrastructure of the interface between the obligate parasite Herpodiscus durvillaeae (LINDAUER) SOUTH and its host Durvillaea antarctica (CHAMISSO) HARRIOT. Three species of pigmented endophytic Phaeophyceae were isolated from New Zealand macrophytes. They were distinguished based on morphological characters in culture, in combination with their distribution among different host species and symptoms associated with the infection of hosts. ITS1 nrDNA sequences confirmed the identity of two of the species as Laminariocolax macrocystis (PETERS) PETERS in BURKHARDT & PETERS and Microspongium tenuissimum (HAUCK) PETERS. A new genus and species, Xiphophorocolax aotearoae gen. et sp. ined., is suggested for the third group of endophytic Phaeophyceae. Three genetic varieties of L. macrocystis as well as two varieties each of M. tenuissimum and X. aotearoae were present among the isolates. L. macrocystis and X. aotearoae constitute new records for the marine flora of the New Zealand archipelago, on genus and species level. The red algal endophyte Mikrosyphar pachymeniae LINDAUER previously described from New Zealand is possibly synonymous with Microspongium tenuissimum. The prevalence of infection by Laminariocolax macrocystis was investigated in three populations of Macrocystis pyrifera along the Otago coast. Two of the populations situated inside and at the entrance of Otago Harbour showed high infection rates (average between 95 and 100%), while an offshore population was less infected (average of 35%). The phylogenetic affinities of the parasitic brown alga Herpodiscus durvillaeae, an obligate endophyte of Durvillaea antarctica (Fucales, Phaeophyceae) in New Zealand, were investigated. Analyses combined nuclear encoded ribosomal and plastid encoded RuBisCO genes. Results from parsimony, distance and likelihood methods suggest a placement of this species within the order Sphacelariales. Even though H. durvillaeae shows a reduced morphology, molecular data were supported by two morphological features characteristic for the Sphacelariales: the putative presence of apical cells and the transistory blackening of the cell wall with 'Eau de Javelle'. Ultrastructural sections showed evidence for a symplastic contact between the cells of the parasite H. durvillaeae and its host D. antarctica. Within the host cortex, parasite cells attack the fields of plasmodesmata connecting host cells. In these areas, parasite cells squeeze between the host cells and form secondary plasmodesmata connecting the primary plasmodesmata of the host cells with the cytoplasma of the parasite cell. Moreover, despite being described as lacking pigments, H. durvillaeae possesses a rbcL gene, and its plastids show red autofluorescence in UV light, suggesting the presence of a possibly reduced, but functional photosynthetic apparatus. Vestigial walls between developing spores in the 'secondary unilocular sporangia' of H. durvillaeae confirm the identity of these sporangia as plurilocular gametangia, derived from reduced gametophytes which were entirely transformed into gametangia.

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Kregting, Louise Theodora, and n/a. "The relative importance of mainstream water velocity and physiology (nutrient demand) on the growth rate of Adamsiella chauvinii." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2007. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070806.121216.

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A prevailing view exists in the literature which suggests that macroalgae growing in slow-flow environments (<4 cm s⁻�) are less productive because of "mass-transfer" limitation compared to fast-flow environments. Macroalgae in slow-flow environments are thought to have thicker diffusion boundary-layers which limit the flux of essential molecules to and from the algal thallus. However nutrient demand of a macroalga can also influence nutrient flux. The main objective of this research was to determine the relative importance of physical (mainstream velocity) and physiological (nutrient demand) factors influencing the growth rate of Adamsiella chauvinii, a small (<20 cm) red algal species, that grows within the benthic boundary-layer in a soft sediment habitat. To establish the influence of water velocity, the growth rate of A. chauvinii was measured in situ each month (March 2003 to March 2004) at three sites with varying degrees of water velocity (slow, intermediate and fast) at which all other environmental parameters (photon flux density, seawater temperature and nutrients) were similar. To determine the metabolic demand and nutrient uptake rate of A. chauvinii, the internal nutrient status (C:N, soluble tissue nitrate, ammonium and phosphate), uptake kinetics (V[max] and K[s]) and nutrient uptake rate at a range of mainstream velocities were also determined on a seasonal basis. The hydrodynamic environment around A. chauvinii canopies was characterised in situ and compared with controlled laboratory experiments. Growth rates of Adamsiella chauvinii thalli at the slow-flow site were significantly lower in winter (June) to summer (February) than the intermediate- and fast-flow sites, while in autumn growth rates were similar between sites. However, A. chauvinii at the slow-flow site had similar or higher tissue N content compared to thalli at the other two sites during winter, spring and summer suggesting that growth rates of A. chauvinii were not mass-transfer limited. Nitrogen uptake rates of A. chauvinii were similar between sites in summer and winter, however uptake rates were lower in summer compared to winter even though thalli were nitrogen limited in summer. Water velocity had no effect on nitrate uptake in either summer or winter and uptake of ammonium increased with increasing water velocity during summer only. Two hydrodynamically different environments were distinguished over a canopy of A. chauvinii, with both the laboratory and field velocity profiles in good agreement with each other. In the top half of the canopy, the Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) and Reynolds stresses were greatest while in the bottom half of the canopy flow rates were less than 90 % of mainstream velocity (< 1 cm s⁻�). When considered together, the influence of water velocity on the growth rates of A. chauvinii was not completely clear. Results suggest that mainstream velocity had little influence on nutrient availability to A. chauvinii because of the unique hydrodynamic environment created by the canopy. Nutrients, especially ammonium and phosphate, derived from the sediment and invertebrates, may provide enough nitrogen and phosphate to saturate the metabolic demand of Adamsiella chauvinii, consequently, A. chauvinii is well adapted to this soft-sediment environment.

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30

Verma, Rajiv, and n/a. "Clinical outcomes of dental implant treatment provided at the School of Dentistry, University of Otago from 1989 to 2005." University of Otago. School of Dentistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20081219.145402.

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Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of oral implant treatment provided at the School of Dentistry, University of Otago from 1989 to 2005. Methods: Oral implant patients (n=320) with 586 implants were identified and invited to attend for a clinical examination. Implant demographics of all the patients were extracted from the files. Implant demographics of the examined and unexamined patients were compared to assess if the examined patients were representative of the total group. One hundred and three patients with 214 implants agreed to attend for an examination. In the clinical examination full mouth plaque scores, probing depths, bleeding on probing and suppuration were measured. In addition, around implants recession and width of keratinized gingiva were also recorded. For the radiographic examination, baseline radiographs and radiographs taken at the time of examination were digitized and compared to measure the amount of bone lost or gained around implants using NIH Image J software. Results: There were equal numbers of males and females with a mean age of 46.3 � 15 years at the time of implant placement. The smoking history at the time of examination was recorded, 56% of the patients were non-smokers, 37% former smokers, and 7% were current smokers. More than half of the implants (56%) were placed in the anterior region. Based on the type of implant system, 79% were Branemark implants, 10% Straumann, 6% Southern implants and 4% were unknown. Most of the patients (64%) had implant-supported crowns, 19% had fixed denture prostheses, and 17% had implant-supported overdentures. The overall implant survival rate was 97.7% with five implants lost (2.3%) and 8 implants treated for peri-implantitis (3.8%). The mean PD around implants was 2.3mm (SD 0.6mm), mean recession was 0.5mm (SD 0.8mm) and mean attachment level of 2.8mm (SD 0.9mm). Probing depths [greater than or equal to] 4mm with BOP were recorded around implants in 8.9% of patients. The mean full mouth plaque score was 30% while mean plaque score around implants was 15.9%. The average bone loss around implants was 0.3mm (SD 0.8). Maximum bone loss observed was 2.9 mm. Conclusion: The prevalence of peri-implant inflammation and implant survival rates in this group of patients appeared comparable to that reported in the literature. The prevalence of peri-implant lesions was low in the group of patients examined.

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31

McAlevey, Fiona. "Why home school? : an exploration into the perspectives on education of parents who home school in Otago and Canterbury." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Educational Studies and Human Development, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2481.

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This thesis is the result of research carried out over a two year period between 1995 and 1997. The research, which was qualitative, was carried out in Otago and Canterbury. Five mothers were interviewed who had or who were at the time of the research, involved in home schooling their children. In addition three children and a father took part by participating in interviews, conversations or a participant observation. The thesis focused on the philosophies of education held by the home schooling parents. These philosophies were based on beliefs of either a pedagogical or religious nature. An analysis of these philosophies revealed that the parents who participated in this research were all making overt political statements by choosing to home school. They resisted traditional notions about education by taking their children home to educate.

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32

Goodwin, Nicholas Robert John. "A combined noble gas and halogen study of orogenic gold mineralisation in the Alpine and Otago schists, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-combined-noble-gas-and-halogen-study-of-orogenic-gold-mineralisation-in-the-alpine-and-otago-schists-new-zealand(13ee01c8-ee06-4dab-9fa7-704948f0f834).html.

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Quartz and pyrite samples from Pliocene-recent, sub-economic orogenic gold mineralisation in the Southern Alps and Mesozoic economic deposits in the Otago Schist Belt have been analysed for noble gases and halogens. Palaeo-hydrothermal fluids preserved in fluid inclusions were released by crushing and analysed by mass spectrometry. Helium isotope measurements confirm the absence of a mantle-derived fluid component in gold-bearing veins from the Southern Alps and at the large gold deposit at Macraes in Otago. A possible minor mantle helium component is observed in veins within 10km of the Alpine Fault that do not contain gold. Halogen ratios support the absence of mantle-derived fluid and support the presence of a crustal fluid derived from sediments, indicated by high I/Cl ratios. Mixing trends between 40Ar/36Ar and Cl/36Ar indicate mixing between a meteoric-derived fluid or air and crust-derived fluid in all sample types. A correlation between 40Ar/36Ar and 132Xe/36Ar shows that xenon is also sourced from the crustal fluid. Despite a strong crustal-radiogenic Ar signal in some samples, measured neon isotope ratios are atmosphere like. Noble gas elemental ratios show strongly fractionated 20Ne/36Ar away from air-saturated water and air values in deeper formed veins, suggesting air contamination is not dominant. Evidence for the presence of a significant trapped vapour phase is provided by calculated noble gas concentrations in water. Formation of this vapour phase using a two-stage model of de-gassing of meteoric water, and subsequent partial re-dissolution by a Rayleigh fractionation process could account for fractionated 20Ne/36Ar and atmospheric neon isotope ratios. In the Southern Alps, three main types of mineralisation can be identified by noble gas and halogen properties. Deep forming veins contain the most gold and are characterised by 20Ne/36Ar greater than air, 132Xe/36Ar ratios up to 75 times the air value, indicating metamorphic and meteoric fluid components. Some deep ankeritic type veins that display evidence of a CO2-rich component fluid show the highest 20Ne/36Ar ratios. Shallow, late veins have 20Ne/36Ar between air-saturated water and air values, and lower xenon and iodine contents. These veins formed from a boiling rock-exchanged meteoric fluid with a minor metamorphic fluid component and contain less gold. The characteristics of the Nenthorn deposit in Otago are similar to those of the shallow Alpine veins. The economically significant Macraes deposit possibly formed from a meteoric component and a strong metamorphic fluid component derived from the original sediments. This is indicated by the highest levels of excess xenon (relative to air) determined in this study. There is some potential for xenon to be used to fingerprint gold bearing fluids sourced from similar metasedimentary piles in orogenic belts.

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33

Wood, Jamie Russell, and n/a. "Pre-settlement paleoecology of Central Otago�s semi-arid lowlands, with emphasis on the pre-settlement role of avian herbivory in South Island dryland ecosystems, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Geology, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080211.142212.

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The vegetation communities that existed in the semi-arid intermontane basins and gorges of Central Otago prior to human settlement ~750 years B.P. are poorly understood. This is because of a lack of fossil evidence and complex restructuring by anthropogenic factors, especially increased fire frequency, and more recently mammalian grazing. There is also little information regarding the effect of the lost fauna on maintaining and structuring presettlement communities, both in Central Otago and throughout the eastern South Island dryland zone. This study aims to provide a clearer understanding of the functioning of pre-settlement ecosystems in dryland Central Otago, particularly the role of the largest vertebrate herbivores, the moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes), and to explore the implications of the extinct fauna for land conservation management across New Zealand. Late Pleistocene and Holocene vegetation communities of the Central Otago lowlands were reconstructed from plant macrofossils, including seeds, leaves, and wood, excavated from rockshelter, cave, and swamp deposits throughout the region. The macrofossils represent three main vegetation types: late Pleistocene to mid (late?) Holocene basin floor wetland herb associations, Olearia-shrublands surrounding these wetlands, and mid to late Holocene open scrubland and woodland in gorges and on low altitude slopes, dominated by filiramulate Olearia, Coprosma, and Corokia, with abundant lianes (Muehlenbeckia spp. and Rubus spp.) and understorey herbs. Many native tree and shrub species that are presently widespread in the Central Otago lowlands were rare or absent prior to anthropogenic fires (e.g. Discaria toumatou, Kunzea ericoides, Leptospermum scoparium). Other tree and shrub species once present are now extinct in the region (e.g. Coprosma obconica, Plagianthus regius, Pseudopanax ferox). The loss of these indigenous woody vegetation communities was a major factor contributing to the extirpation of many small bird species, and undoubtedly also reptile and invertebrate species, from the region. Plant macrofossils from rockshelters included remains of bird nests, identifiable by desiccated feathers and eggshell amongst them. These macrofossils include the first described plant remains from the nests of moa, which were constructed from a shallow bed of twigs of locally available shrubs and lianes. Many of the twigs are 25-30 mm in length and show evidence of having been clipped by moa bills. Desiccated coprolites, mostly of moa, but also specimens attributed to Finsch�s duck (Chenonetta finschi) and red-crowned parakeet (Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae), were recovered from rockshelter excavations. Moa species associated with a sample of coprolites were identified using ancient DNA analysis, and plant macrofossils from these were examined, together with previously unexamined moa gizzard content samples excavated from mires in the eastern South Island dryland zone. The results indicate that, in addition to previously reported browsing, upland moa (Megalapteryx didinus) and heavy-footed moa (Pachyornis elephantopus) also functioned as grazers, and seeds in their coprolites are dominantly of low shrubs and ground-cover herbs. Of particular interest was the higher than expected frequency of seeds from the currently rare and threatened 'spring annual' herbs; Ceratocephala pungens and Myosurus minimus subsp. novae-zelandiae (Ranunculaceae), suggesting further research on potential ecological relationships between moa and these plants would be worthwhile. The results of this study have provided a baseline for future conservation and restoration projects in the Central Otago lowlands.

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Wheadon, C. J. D. (Christopher James Daniel), and n/a. "A systemic approach to understanding prehistoric shell-bearing deposits in New Zealand: a case study from Shag Point, North Otago." University of Otago. Department of Anthropology, 2002. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070507.115526.

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This thesis describes a systemic approach to the study of shell remains, using material from the site of Shag Point (J43/11), in North Otago. This approach analyses the relationship between sampling, identification, quantification, and site formation processes. An historical and methodological framework is used to assess the analysis of shell-bearing deposits in New Zealand, and provide innovative solutions to bias. Historical research outlines the common research methods in New Zealand, which are relevant to Shag Point. Methodological research outlines the range of potential research methods used in the study of shell-bearing deposits. Reviewing the data from Shag Point, sampling, identification, quantification, and site formation processes are used to assess the quality of data from the site. Data from coastal sites are commonly used to generate regional level syntheses. These syntheses do not deal with all of the possible sources of bias in shell-bearing deposits. Cumulative sampling is used to assess representativeness. The data from Shag Point are indicative of a representative sample. The site is compared to three other coastal southern South Island assemblages: the nearby Shag River Mouth, Pleasant River, and Pounawea. The data from Shag River Mouth may be representative; the same cannot be said for the Pleasant River and Pounawea archaeological assemblages, thus hampering regional-level syntheses.

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Le, Couteur Claire Elizabeth. "Dentist, Doctor, Dean : Professor Sir Charles Hercus and his record of fostering research at the Otago Medical School, 1921-1958." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9538.

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This thesis investigates the development of medical research at the Otago Medical School in Dunedin, New Zealand under Sir Charles Hercus, Dean from 1937-1958. It also explores his interest and participation in research from his student days and the years before becoming Dean, as well as the influence of the First World War on his career. The study draws upon unpublished material in New Zealand archives and a collection of student projects investigating public health issues. Hercus, as Professor of Public Health and Bacteriology incorporated these projects into the curriculum in the early 1920s. The thesis uses many original papers published in scientific and medical journals by Hercus and his colleagues at the School. Building on a base of archival material including contemporary newspaper accounts, which have lately become available on the Papers Past website, this thesis draws together the individual disease studies undertaken by other thesis writers to give an account of Hercus’s achievements in fostering medical research. A key finding of this thesis is that Hercus was instrumental in building up the research capability of the School. He accomplished this through his own investigations and by helping to establish the New Zealand Medical Research Council. The thesis illustrates the multitude of studies that Hercus undertook personally or facilitated others to pursue, beyond the elimination of endemic goitre, for which he perhaps is best known. Another outcome of this study is an understanding of the difficult path that scientists faced in the early years of the twentieth century in New Zealand if they wished to carry out research. This thesis follows the origins of the Department of Scientific Research in the 1920s and the frequent collaboration Hercus made with scientists outside of the School. It will also demonstrate Hercus’s compassion and foresight in employing several Jewish refugee doctors as researchers at the School, who brought expertise into the research programmes. The era was one of great interest in improving the health and wellbeing of a generation affected by wars and deprivation caused by them. A key finding of this thesis is that researchers at the School took steps to mitigate these through making New Zealand more self-sufficient in foodstuffs and to improve the national diet. As well, Hercus lobbied for the establishment of a School of Physical Education within the university to improve the physical fitness of the population.

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Agha, Arun. "Understanding the experiences of rural community-dwelling older adults in using a new DVD-delivered Otago Exercise Program in British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/48443.

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INTRODUCTION: The home-based Otago Exercise Program (OEP) has been shown to reduce the occurrence of falls in community-dwelling seniors. A new OEP DVD was recently developed to be delivered to people living in rural communities with minimal coaching by a physical therapist (PT). This thesis aimed to: 1) understand older adults’ experiences in using the DVD-delivered OEP, and 2) explore barriers and facilitators to implementing the DVD-delivered OEP from the participants’ perspectives. METHODS: Thirty-two rural community-dwelling older adults (≥75 years old) who participated in a six-month DVD-delivered OEP study were invited to participate in this qualitative study. Two small group interviews were initially conducted to explore the breadth of participants’ experiences with the program. These were followed by semi-structured individual interviews to gain an in-depth understanding of these experiences. An inductive constant comparison analysis involving coding of transcripts was performed. To ensure methodological rigour, field notes, journaling and an audit trail were maintained and peer-review took place. RESULTS: Five participants partook in group interviews and 16 in individual interviews. Three themes emerged. Theme 1, ‘The OEP DVD: Useful training tool but in need of more pep’, reflected participants’ experiences that the DVD provided important guidance at program onset, but was too slow and low-energy for longer-term use. Theme 2, ‘Providing greater control over one’s exercise regimen, but sometimes life gets in the way of staying active’, described participants’ appreciation of the program’s flexibility, but personal health concerns and everyday lives imposed challenges for adhering to the program. Theme 3, ‘Social creatures: Wanting greater human connection during exercise’, described how some participants desired further social interactions for enhancing motivation and sense of guidance. CONCLUSION: PTs prescribing the OEP should inform participants of the option to use the manual whenever they feel they have taken full advantage of the DVD and to perform the program with friends and family. The importance of exercise even when living with health problems should be raised at program onset, and methods of integrating the program with everyday activities should be promoted.
Medicine, Faculty of
Graduate

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37

Arkkukangas, Marina. "Evaluation of the Otago Exercise Programme with or without motivational interviewing : Feasibility, experiences, effects and adherence among older community-dwelling people." Doctoral thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Hälsa och välfärd, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-35208.

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Falls and injuries related to falls are one of the most common health problems among older people and are becoming increasingly more frequent. Regular exercise has been identified as one of the most effective fall-prevention activities for older people; however, awareness of the impact of exercise programmes and adherence to recommended exercise among the elderly population is generally low. Research examining how an exercise programme is administered to and experienced by elderly community-dwelling people is needed. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate the feasibility, experiences and effects of and adherence to the fall-preventive Otago Exercise Programme (OEP) with or without motivational interviewing (MI) among community-dwelling people aged 75 years or older. Four studies were performed from October 2012 to May 2016 in a sample of 175 people. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods were used. The methods included the feasibility for conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT) (I), individual face-to-face interviews (II), an RCT (III) and a prospective cohort study (IV). The intervention was given to two groups. The participants who received OEP with or without MI were compared with a control group that received standard care. The feasibility of performing an exercise intervention with or without MI was acceptable from the perspective of the participating physiotherapists. From the perspective of the older participants performing the exercise with behavioural change support, the inclusion of monitored exercises in everyday life and daily routines was important. The participants also expressed experiencing more strength, improved physical functioning and greater hope for an extended active life during old age. From the short-term perspective, there were significant improvements within the OEP combined with MI group in terms of physical performance, fall self-efficacy, activity level, and handgrip strength. Improved physical performance and fall self-efficacy were also found within the control group; however, corresponding differences did not occur in the OEP group without MI. There were no significant differences between the study groups after 12 weeks of regular exercise. Adherence to the exercises in the pooled exercise group was 81% at the 12-week follow-up. At the 52-week follow-up, the behavioural factors being physically active and obtaining behavioural support in terms of MI had a significant association with adherence to the exercise programme. These studies provide some support for the combination of OEP with MI as the addition of MI was valuable for achieving adherence to the exercise programme over time in older community-dwelling people.

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38

Wanhalla, Angela Cheryl. "Transgressing Boundaries: A History of the Mixed Descent Families of Maitapapa, Taieri, 1830-1940." Thesis, University of Canterbury. History, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/946.

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This thesis is a micro-study of intermarriage at the small Kāi Tahu community of Maitapapa from 1830 to 1940. Maitapapa is located on the northern bank of the Taieri River, 25 kilometres south of Dunedin, in Otago. It was at Moturata Island, located at the mouth of the Taieri River, that a whaling station was established in 1839. The establishment of this station initiated changes to the economy and settlement patterns, and saw the beginning of intermarriage between 'full-blood' women and Pākehā men. From 1848, Otago was colonized by British settlers and in the process ushered in a new phase of intermarriage where single white men married the 'half-caste' and 'quarter-caste' daughters of whalers. In short, in the early years of settlement intermarriage was a gendered 'contact zone' from which a mixed descent population developed at Taieri. The thesis traces the history of the mixed descent families and the Maitpapapa community throughout the nineteenth century until the kāika physically disintegrated in the 1920s. It argues that the creation of a largely 'quarter-caste' population at Maitapapa by 1891 illustrates the high rate of intermarriage at this settlement in contrast to other Kāi Tahu kāika in the South Island. While the population was 'quarter-caste' in 'blood', the families articulated an identity that was both Kāi Tahu and mixed descent. From 1916, the community underwent both physical and cultural disintegration. This disintegration was rapid and complete by 1926. The thesis demonstrates that while land alienation, poverty, poor health and a subsistence economy characterized the lives of the mixed descent families at Maitapapa in the nineteenth century, it was a long history of intermarriage begun in the 1830s and continued throughout the nineteenth century which was the decisive factor in wholesale migrations post World War One. Education, dress and physical appearance alongside social achievements assisted in the integration of persons of mixed descent into mainstream society. While Kāi Tahu initially welcomed intermarriage as a way of integrating newcomers of a different culture such as whalers into a community, the sustained pattern of intermarriage at Maitapapa brought with it social and cultural change in the form of outward migration and eventual cultural loss by 1940.

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39

Tünker, Maren Edda. "Mesozoic fold structure of the Otago and alpine schist belt and its implications on the tectonic evolution of South Island, New Zealand." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96993856X.

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40

Fraser, Kenneth Wayne. "Biology of the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.)) in Central Otago, New Zealand, with emphasis on behaviour and its relevance to poison control operations." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Zoology, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/3796.

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This research arose from concern over declining success rates of rabbit poisoning operations in Central Otago. It consisted of a detailed study of behaviour in a natural population of rabbits which was subsequently poisoned. The aim was to test the hypothesis that social behaviour and the existence of neophobia could be contributing to control operation failures. Several other aspects of rabbit biology in Central Otago were investigated including population age and sex structure, growth and condition, and reproduction. Information on rabbit behaviour was obtained from intensive observation of a population of 50-100 rabbits over a period of two years. Activity budget results for the period of peak emergence (late afternoon-early evening) revealed similar patterns to those recorded previously, with some minor differences in the classification of individual behaviours. Social organisation varies seasonally and spatially, with a range of social structures present at anyone time. Heterogeneity of the habitat, in particular the patchiness of the food supply, influenced spatial and temporal features of social organisation. Reproductive efficiency and optimal use of resources appear to be important determinants of social structure; the concept of economic defendability is relevant. Activity range size and shape were extremely variable with female rabbits generally having larger ranges than males. Some relationship between activity range size and metabolic requirements and economic defendability was evident. Gross movement patterns were a product of habitat heterogeneity and the limited availability of permanent resting locations because of the unsuitability of the substrate for burrowing. Age structures of rabbit populations in Central Otago are characterised by relatively few individuals greater than 24 months old; this suggests high mortality and a rapid turnover rate. Growth and condition results reflect some measure of environmental conditions in Central Otago. Seasonal variation in fat-related condition suggests hormonal control of fat reserves rather than regulation by resource availability. The breeding season is sharply defined, a product of severe and strongly seasonal environmental conditions. Annual productivity is about 22 young per female. Evidence is presented for the existence of neophobia in Central Otago rabbit populations. Despite the genetic basis for this trait, environmental factors may influence an individual's propensity to exhibit neophobia. This may account for the considerable variation in neophobic responses among individual rabbits.

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41

Dixon, Katherine Marguerite, and n/a. "Biodiversity along a gradient of modification : plant invertebrates and reptile diversity in mid-altitude tall tussock (Chionochloa rigida) grasslands, eastern Central Otago, New Zealand." University of Otago. Department of Botany, 2005. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070130.154858.

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This thesis set out to examine the soils, plants, lichens, invertebrates and common skinks along a gradient of habitat modification. This gradient was represented by ten study sites, of varying management histories, in a mid altitude tall tussock (Chionochloa spp.) grassland in eastern Central Otago. One extreme of the gradient was represented by intact tall tussock plants with a high density of inter tussock vegetation. The other extreme was represented by intensively managed exotic pasture. Native plants, invertebrates and reptiles were present along the entire gradient of modification and there was a clear threshold in the diversity of native plants along the gradient. This threshold was reached after the management practice of ploughing was applied to a site. Sites that had not been ploughed were found to be similar in their native plant diversity, and all unploughed sites had significantly higher native plant diversity than unploughed sites. There was considerable variation in the abundance of individual plant and Coleoptera species along the modification gradient. The most intensively modified sites had the lowest plant diversity, the lowest abundance and diversity of Orthoptera, as well as the lowest abundance of common skinks. Sites with low levels of modification contained a higher abundance of common skinks, and, native forbs, lichens and bryophytes than the more intensively modified sites. With regard to individual plant and Coleoptera species recorded, there were generally not clear thresholds for their presence and absence along the modification gradient. Rather, there was a gradual turnover for most species along the gradient such that the plant and Coleoptera community at opposing ends of the gradient had less species in common sites of similar modification levels. A high proportion of the Coleoptera species observed were present in all sites, suggesting that disturbance has selected for an adaptive generalist life trait, and that the species remaining comprise the resilient portion of the Coleoptera fauna. The relationship between Coleoptera communities and the gradient of modification was scale dependent, with the strongest relationship being observed at the largest scale measured. The hypothesis that faunal diversity and abundance would be best predicted by the structural diversity of the vegetation rather than by plant species diversity was tested. Structural diversity was strongly correlated (p < 0.01) with Coleoptera diversity, and Coleoptera abundance whereas plant species diversity was not. However, plant species diversity was a stronger correlate of common skink abundance than plant structural diversity. The structural diversity of the vegetation has the potential to be measured remotely and could be a correlate for faunal diversity and abundance when undertaking landscape scale studies. This thesis demonstrates that native biota exists within the agricultural environment of the mid-altitude tall tussock (Chionochloa rigida) grasslands of eastern Central Otago despite intensive modification in some areas. The findings suggest that it is possible to integrate the objectives of agriculture and the conservation of some faunal groups especially for the more resilient species. However, this study also indicates that relatively unmodified sites are valuable reservoirs of biodiversity in the mid altitude zone and it is recommended that the limited number of lightly modified sites that remain in the mid altitude zone be conserved.

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42

Hamidian, Amir Hossein, and n/a. "Cadmium in the marine environment." University of Otago. Department of Chemistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090728.100026.

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Cadmium in the ocean has a nutrient-like cycling pattern: with biological uptake at the surface, subsequent sinking in particulate form and then regeneration as dissolved species in deeper waters. Many measurements have been made over time of the ratio of the concentrations of dissolved Cd to those of PO₄ (Cd/PO₄) in the world ocean and this has become one of the best relationships documented between a trace metal and a nutrient. Combined with the measurements of the Cd/Ca ratio in foraminifera, the Cd/PO₄ ratio has been used to reconstruct the oceanographic circulation patterns that existed during past glacial periods and hence provides information on past climate changes. In the present study Cd/PO₄ ratios of the Southern Indian Ocean in surface and deep waters were investigated. The slopes of the relationships between Cd and PO₄ concentrations in waters of this region are high compared to the global correlations, and lie between those reported for other parts of the Southern Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. In surface waters of the Southern Indian Ocean, Cd/PO₄ ratios decrease from regions exhibiting high nutrient-low chlorophyll (HNLC) characteristic in the south to oligotrophic waters further north. It is also found that particulate Cd plays an important role in regulating the high Cd/PO₄ ratios reported in waters south of the Polar Front. Very low Cd/PO₄ ratios were measured in waters associated with the Subtropical Front southeast of New Zealand compared to other Southern Ocean and global oceanic waters. Seasonal variations in the Cd/PO₄ ratios measured for these waters strongly suggest they are associated with a significant biological uptake of dissolved Cd particularly during the phytoplankton growth season in summer. Dissolved Fe concentrations in the Southern Indian Ocean and seasonal variations of Fe in waters off the Otago Coast (southeast of New Zealand) suggest that Fe may stimulate phytoplankton growth and this might result in lower Cd/PO₄ ratios in surface waters through enhanced Cd uptake relative to PO₄ by the phytoplankton. However there is no distinct relationship between dissolved Fe concentrations and the dissolved Cd/PO₄ ratios measured in these surface waters. This finding is in disagreement with the recent 2006 hypothesis put forward by J.T. Cullen, which proposed that waters exhibiting low dissolved Cd/PO₄ ratios were associated with the HNLC regions. From a consideration of the potential Zn concentrations calculated from Si concentration measurements reported for these waters, it would appear that Zn may play a more important role than Fe in regulating Cd/PO₄ ratios in these waters. Measurements of dissolved and total Cd concentrations relative to those of PO₄ were also undertaken in the Otago Harbour and immediate surrounding coastal waters. These exhibited higher Cd concentrations and higher Cd/PO₄ ratios than open ocean waters further off the Otago Coast. The particulate Cd concentrations showed a negative correlation with Cd concentrations measured in cockle species (Austrovenus stuchburyi) collected in the harbour, suggesting that particulate Cd is not the source of Cd measured in the tissue of this species. The concentrations of Cd and other trace metals were also measured in samples of green mussel (Perna canaliculus), ribbed mussel (Aulacomya atra maoriana) and oyster (Saccostrea cucullata) collected from Otago Harbour and possible correlations explored between these concentrations and other parameters such as the shellfish condition indices and environmental gradients in the harbour. In summary, measurements of dissolved and particulate Cd concentrations in the water column can provide unique information on a number of processes occurring in the global marine environment.

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43

Regan, Josephine. "Untitled : a dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Fine Arts degree at Otago Polytechnic School of Art, Dunedin, New Zealand /." Josephine's Websites, 2007. http://www.regan.net.nz/.

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Thesis (M.F.A.)--Otago Polytechnic, 2007.
Supervisors: Bridie Lonie and Clive Humphries. Thesis typescript. First produced for a website at: http://www.regan.net.nz "July 2007." Otago Polytechnic department: School of Art. Includes bibliographical references.

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44

Adamson, Thomas Keeley. "Structural development of the Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt in the Permian, Bryneira Range, western Otago, New Zealand : a thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geological Science at the University of Canterbury /." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1587.

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The deformed Permian Dun Mountain Ophiolite Belt (DMOB) forms the basement of the Dun Mountain-Maitai terrane and is traceable through the entire length of New Zealand. The DMOB contains a variably serpentinised mantle portion and a crustal portion containing gabbros, dolerites, cross cutting dikes and extrusives, together they are similar to oceanic crust. The initial crustal portion, however, is atypical when compared to other ophiolites, being thin and lacking a sheeted dike complex, but has well spaced inclined intrusive sheets and sills. At least four post-Permian deformation periods affect the DMOB; collision and rotation during emplacement of the DMOB on the Gondwana margin, compression during Mesozoic orogenies, extensional deformation during the Gondwana break-up and transpressive deformation related to the modern plate boundary through New Zealand. Structural work in the Northern Bryneira Range focused on well preserved outcrops to investigate crustal growth and contemporaneous deformation during the Permian. Structural evidence of Permian deformation was determined by examination of pseudostratigraphy, structures constrainable to the Permian, and the geometric relationships with the overlying Maitai sedimentary sequence. Crosscutting by intrusive phases was used to determine a chronological order of crustal growth and deformation episodes. It was concluded that all deformation was extensional and that two major phases of magmatism were separated by a period of deformation and were followed by ongoing syn-sedimentary deformation during the deposition of the Maitai Group. After removal of Mesozoic rotation, the resulting orientations of paleo-horizontal markers and diverse orientations of intrusive sheets were analysed. Two hypothesises were tested to assess the origin of inclined intrusive sheets: a) that the diverse orientations were the result of tectonic rotation coeval with the intrusion of dikes. b) that primary orientations of the sheets had been diverse. Results show that the sheets were intruded with diverse orientations, probably related to variation in the principle horizontal stress over time. Further rotation of the assemblage of sheets occurred during the last stages of magmatism and during the subsequent period of sedimentation. The last stage probably relates to large scale normal faulting during the development of the sedimentary basin. iii

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45

Muirhead, Anna. "Evergreen : [thesis] submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Masters [Ie Master] of Fine Arts at Otago Polytechnic School of Art, Dunedin, New Zealand /." Conceptual Art Online- Anna Muirhead - About, 2008. http://www.imageandtext.org.nz/anna_m_about.html.

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Thesis (M.F.A.)--Otago Polytechnic, 2008. Includes bibliographical references.
Thesis typescript. Supervisors: Adrian Hall, Michele Beevors. Otago Polytechnic department: School of Art. "October 2008." Accompanied by a website of the exhibition of the author's artistic.

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46

Besson, Anne Amelie, and n/a. "Effects of cool temperature on egg incubation, thermoregulation and physiological performance of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) : implications for conservation programmes." University of Otago. Department of Zoology, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090713.160643.

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Tuatara (Sphenodon spp.) were once widespread over both the North and the South Islands of New Zealand approximately 1000 years ago but are now restricted to offshore islands due to introduced predators and habitat destruction. The survival of tuatara is now threatened by climate change because of isolation on islands that prevent them from migrating to cooler regions, and by their limited capacity to adapt due to their long life span and low genetic diversity. The thermal suitability of cooler regions for future translocations could be the key for tuatara conservation. The overall aim of the study was to determine the effect of cool temperature on the physiology, behaviour and egg incubation of Cook Strait tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus). As well answering specific questions about tuatara and their adaptation to cool temperature this study aimed at answering general questions about the behavioural and evolutionary ecology of reptiles. I first compared the preferred body temperature, feeding responses and tolerance to cold temperature of tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) with three lizard species that inhabit the Otago region of southern New Zealand: Hoplodactylus maculatus, Naultinus gemmeus and Oligosoma maccanni. As well as testing the co-adaptation hypothesis between preferred body temperature and physiological performance of reptiles, I wanted to determine whether tuatara (which are planned to be reintroduced from a warmer site to the Otago region) have similar responses to cool temperature as do Otago lizard species. I found that tuatara show responses to cold temperatures similar to those of lizards from southern New Zealand, suggesting that if tuatara are translocated outside of their geographical range, they are likely to survive. I then tested if tuatara were capable of modifying their thermoregulatory behaviour if translocated to a cooler region. To do so, I conducted a laboratory experiment in which tuatara were provided with three thermal treatments corresponding to the thermal environments they would experience in their current habitat and the proposed reintroduction site. Contrary to the prediction of the cost-benefit model of thermoregulation, tuatara became active thermoregulators when the thermal quality of the habitat decreased. The results suggest that the model is less applicable to cold-adapted species and that if translocated to cooler regions, tuatara will be able to adjust their thermoregulatory behaviour to their thermal environment. Tuatara are temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD) reptiles and their translocation to cooler regions could have an dramatic impact on the sex ratio of new populations. To determine if potentially lower incubation temperature would be a limiting factor for the reintroduction of tuatara, I translocated eggs to the proposed reintroduction site. Some tuatara embryos developed at the site (and later hatched in the laboratory), but incubation lasted longer than in natural nests and all hatchlings were female. This trend observed in biased sex ratio might change in the context of climate change as an increase of soil temperature by 3�C would allow the production of males at the proposed site. The present study demonstrates that the translocation of tuatara further south, outside of their current geographical range, is possible and recommended. Tuatara show similar responses to cool temperatures compared with lizards that live in southern New Zealand, they can also adjust their thermoregulatory behaviour if translocated to cooler habitats, and tuatara embryos could potentially develop successfully in cooler regions. The greatest chance for the future survival of tuatara and TSD species in general, lies in translocation to other locations that are thermally suitable.

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Collins, Zelda Terrilla Frew. "The technique of elision tonal procedures in the Préludes of Claude Debussy : a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Music) at the University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand /." Online version, 1996. http://dds.crl.edu/CRLdelivery.asp?tid=11968.

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48

Signal, T. Leigh. "Scheduled napping on the night shift : consequences for the performance and neurophysiological alertness of air traffic controllers : a thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Otago, Dunedin New Zealand." Massey University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/233.

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Rapid technological change and increasing traffic volumes worldwide are adding to the safety challenges for air traffic control. The night shift has traditionally been a period of low workload and work practices have evolved to reflect this. Thus, despite the exemplary safety record, there is a need to consider further systemic defences for maintaining performance and safety on the night shift. One possible strategy is the provision of a scheduled nap at work. In order to investigate the consequences of a scheduled nap on the night shift, 28 operational air traffic controllers were monitored across four roster cycles. Each roster cycle included one of two night shifts. Air traffic controllers were given a nap opportunity on one night shift of each type, and did not nap on the other. Information on the timing, quantity, and quality of sleep during the work week and days off was collected using actigraphy, and supported with logbook data. Sleep during the nap was measured using polysomnography, and the EEG and EOG were further utilised to determine neurophysiological alertness over the latter part of the night shift. Reaction time performance was measured three times across the night shift (beginning, middle, and end) with the psychomotor vigilance test.Actigraphy data indicated that the backward, rapidly-rotating work schedule of air traffic controllers resulted in a progressive loss of sleep across the work week. The reduction in sleep lead to an increasing cumulative sleep debt that was at a maximum prior to the night shift. This sleep debt was not related to reaction time performance at the end of the night shift, but was found to influence neurophysiological alertness.It was determined that the large majority of air traffic controllers were able to sleep during the scheduled 40 minute nap opportunity. However, the latency to sleep onset was long, the sleep short, and of relatively poor quality. Circadian and homeostatic factors increased the likelihood of entry into, and waking from, slow wave sleep (SWS). They were also found to influence reaction time performance and neurophysiological alertness. More variable performance and lowered alertness were seen at the end of the later starting (and finishing) night shift, possibly due to the combined influence of circadian and time-on-task factors. Homeostatic variables had less influence on performance at the end of the night shift, but greater acute sleep loss and higher cumulative sleep debts were related to increased neurophysiological sleepiness.performance and greater neurophysiological alertness in a dose-dependent manner, with even small amounts of stage 1 sleep effecting a performance improvement. Performance improvement was consistent across a range of reaction time measures and consistent improvements were also evident in the neurophysiological data, with the occurrence of SEMs declining, and lower spectral power evident in all frequency bands and single frequencies.These findings clearly demonstrate that a minimal quantity of sleep benefits the performance and alertness of air traffic controllers despite the "noise" of a field setting, thus providing a link between laboratory studies of napping and the actual work environment. The findings also fully support management endorsing a 40 minute napping opportunity for air traffic controllers working the night shift.The short nap sleep had no measurable effect on sleep subsequent to the night shift. However, the amount of sleep obtained in the nap was related to improved reaction time.

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49

Gabriel, Escoda Paula. "Prevenció de caigudes en gent gran: efectivitat en la reducció de caigudes d'un programa d'intervenció física basat en el programa d'exercicis OTAGO per gent gran de 75 a 90 anys residents a la comunitat. Projecte PRECIOSA." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673832.

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Introducció. Les caigudes són uns dels factors de risc més determinants perquè es produeixin les fractures per fragilitat. Ambdues, caigudes i fractures, estan associades al procés d’envelliment i a mida que augmenten el seu número també ho fa el risc de mortalitat, discapacitat i dependència. Les intervencions per prevenir les caigudes s’han basat en orientacions multifactorials on s’han observat resultats controvertits en la reducció de les caigudes i algunes conseqüències, com por a caure i fractures, i la seva relació cost-benefici. En els últims anys s’han recomanat intervencions específiques per grups d’edat i que es fomenti l’activitat física incorporant-la a les activitats de la vida diària. El programa OTAGO es basa en exercicis adaptats a persones grans i han demostrat resultats eficaços per la prevenció de les caigudes i les seves conseqüències. Material i mètodes. Assaig clínic aleatoritzat realitzat en persones grans residents a la comunitat. L’estudi s’ha realitzat en l’àmbit de l’Atenció Primària de Salut (APS), mitjançant participació de Centres d’Atenció Primària (CAP) urbans. Tots els pacients amb criteris d’inclusió s’han seleccionat de forma aleatòria als CAP col·laboradors. Els participants han rebut una avaluació geriàtrica integral per la categorització de la mostra i unes proves físiques. Posteriorment han estat sotmesos a una segona aleatorització assignant-los al grup control (GC) o al grup intervenció (GI). La intervenció al GI s’ha realitzat en dues fases. La primera fase, o fase d’instrucció on s’aplica la intervenció basada en el programa OTAGO consistent en 12 sessions d’exercicis d’una hora de durada durant 6 setmanes, dirigits per fisioterapeutes. Seguida de la segona fase, o fase de fidelització, consistent en el seguiment motivacional trimestral per part de l’equip d’infermeria habitual. Al grup control es va realitzar el seguiment dels seus problemes de salut basats en els protocols d’actuació com a pràctica habitual en el seu CAP. En ambdós grups s’ha realitzat un seguiment trimestral de caigudes i les seves conseqüències per un equip de monitoratge extern amb coneixement emmascarat sobre l’assignació dels participants al grups. Objectiu principal. Analitzar l’eficàcia de disminució de la taxa de caigudes d’una intervenció mixta basada en la instrucció d’un programa d’activitat física per grup d’edat de 75 a 90 anys amb posterior seguiment trimestral d’infermeria durant 12 mesos. Objectius secundaris. Analitzar la taxa de reducció de caigudes diferenciada per sexe i per edat (75-79 anys, 80-84 anys, 85-90 anys). Analitzar la reducció de la taxa en dues de les seves conseqüències: la por a caure i la reducció de fractures. Resultats principals. Participants amb seguiment de 12 mesos 478. Dones: GC 42%, GI 47%. Taxa de caigudes: GC 39,8%, GI 23,3% (p=0,0001). Caigudes segons sexe: homes GC 32,1%, GI 15,9% (p=0,0056); dones GC 45,5%, GI 30% (p=0,0098). Taxa caigudes grup 75-79 anys: GC 35,8%, GI 24,1%; 80-84 anys: GC 41%, GI 19,6% (p=0,002); 85-90 anys: GC 46,7%, GI 31,6% (p=0,1617). Por a caure: GC 22,3%, GI 11,5% (p=0,0017). Fractures durant el seguiment: GC 6,8%, GI 2,2% (p=0,0173). No diferencies significatives en ingressos a residencies o mortalitat entre GC-GI. Conclusions. La implementació d’una intervenció mixta amb la instrucció d’un programa d’exercici físic adaptat a l’edat basat en el programa OTAGO i seguit per una fase de fidelització trimestral per infermeria habitual és eficaç per la reducció estadísticament significativa de la taxa de caigudes als 12 mesos en homes i dones. També és eficaç en la reducció de les conseqüències de les caigudes: reducció de la por a caure i reducció de la taxa de fractures als 12 mesos de seguiment.
Introducción. Las caídas son unos de los factores de riesgo más determinantes para que se produzcan las fracturas por fragilidad. Caídas y fracturas, están asociadas al proceso de envejecimiento, a medida que aumentan en numero lo hace también el riego de mortalidad, discapacidad y dependencia. Las intervenciones para prevenir las caídas se han basado en orientaciones multifactoriales en las cuales se ha observado resultados controvertidos en la reducción de caídas y otras consecuencias como el miedo a caer y fracturas y su relación coste-beneficio. En los últimos años se han recomendado intervenciones especificas para grupos de edad y se ha fomentado la actividad física incorporándola en las actividades de la vida diaria. El programa OTAGO está basado en ejercicios adaptados a personas mayores y ha demostrado resultados eficaces para la prevención de las caídas y de sus consecuencias. Material y métodos. Ensayo clínico aleatorizado realizado en personas mayores residentes en la comunidad. El estudio se ha realizado en el ámbito de la Atención Primaria de Salud mediante participación de Centros de Atención Primaria (CAP) urbanos. Todos los pacientes con criterios de inclusión se han seleccionado de forma aleatoria en los CAP colaboradores. Los participantes han recibido una evaluación geriátrica integral para la categorización de la muestra así como unas pruebas físicas. Posteriormente se ha realizado una segunda aleatorización con la asignación al grupo control (GC) o al grupo intervención (GI). La intervención en el GI se ha realizado en dos fases. La primera fase, o fase de instrucción, donde se aplica la intervención basada en el programa OTAGO consistente en 12 sesiones de ejercicios de una hora de duración durante 6 semanas, dirigido por fisioterapeutas. Seguida de la segunda fase, o fase de fidelización, consistente en el seguimiento motivacional trimestral por porte del equipo de enfermería habitual. En el grupo control se realizó el seguimiento de sus problemas de salud basado en los protocolos de actuación de practica clínica habitual en su CAP. En los dos grupos se realizó un seguimiento trimestral de caídas y de sus consecuencias por porte de un equipo de monitorage externo con conocimiento enmascarado sobre la asignación de los participantes a GC-GI. Objetivo principal. Analizar la eficacia de disminución de la tasa de caídas de una intervención mixta basada en la instrucción de un programa de actividad física par el grupo de edad de 75 a 90 años con posterior seguimiento trimestral por enfermería durante 12 meses. Objetivos secundario. Analizar la tasa de reducción de caídas diferenciada por sexo y edad (75-79 años, 80-84 años, 85-90 años). Analizar la reducción de la tasa en dos de sus consecuencias: miedo a caer y reducción de fracturas. Resultados principales. Participantes con seguimiento de 12 meses 478. Mujeres: GC 42%, GI 47%. Tasa de caídas: GC 39,8%, GI 23,3% (p=0,0001). Caídas según sexo: hombres GC 32,1%, GI 15,9% (p=0,0056); mujeres GC 45,5%, GI 30% (p=0,0098). Tasa de caídas grupo 75-79 años: GC 35,8%, GI 24,1%; 80-84 años: GC 41%, GI 19,6% (p=0,002); 85-90 años: GC 46,7%, GI 31,6% (p=0,1617). Miedo a caer GC 22,3%, GI 11,5% (p=0,0017). Fracturas durante el seguimiento: GC 6,8%, GI 2,2% (p=0,0173). Sin diferencias significativas en ingresos a residencias o mortalidad entre el GC-GI. Conclusiones. La implementación de una intervención mixta con la instrucción de un programa de ejercicio físico adaptado a la edad basado en el programa OTAGO y seguido por una fase de fidelización trimestral por parte de enfermería habitual es eficaz para la reducción estadísticamente significativa de la tasa de caídas a los 12 meses en hombres y mujeres.
Introduction. Falls are one of the most important risk factors for fragility fractures. Both falls and fractures are associated with the aging process, and as their numbers increases so does the risk of mortality, disability and dependency. Fall prevention interventions have been based on multifactorial guidelines where controversial results have been observed in reducing falls and some consequences such as fear of falling and fractures, and their cost-benefit ratio. In recent years, specific interventions have been recommended for age groups and incorporating it into the activities of daily living should encourage physical activity. The OTAGO program is based on exercises adapted to older adults and have shown effective results in preventing falls and their consequences. Material and methods. Randomized clinical trial performed in community-dwelling adults. The study was carried out in the field of Primary Health Care (PHC), through the participation of urban Primary Care Centers (PCC). All patients with inclusion criteria were randomly selected from the collaborating PCC. Participants received a comprehensive geriatric evaluation for sample categorization and physical tests. Later participants included in the study were subjected to second randomizations by assigning them to the control group (CG) or the intervention group (IG). The IG intervention was performed in two phases. The first phase or instructional phase, where the intervention based on OTAGO program is applied, consisting of 12 one-hour exercise sessions lasting 6 weeks, led by physiotherapist. Followed by the second phase or loyalty phase, consisting of quarterly motivational follow-up by regular nurse. The CG monitored their health problems based on the protocols of action as a common practice in their PCC. In both groups, a quarterly follow-up of falls and their consequences was carried out by a blinded external monitoring team on the assignment to the groups. Main objective. To analyze the effectiveness in reducing the rate of falls of a mixed intervention based on the instruction of a physical activity program in the age group of 75 to 90 years with subsequent quarterly monitoring of nursing for 12 months. Secondary objectives. To analyze the rate of fall reduction differentiated by sex and by age (75-79 years, 80-84 years, 85-90 years). Analyze the reduction of the rates in two of its consequences: the fear of falling and the reduction of fractures. Main results. 478 participants with 12-month follow-up. Women: CG 42%, IG 47%. Fall rate: CG 39.8%, IG 23.3% (p=0.0001). Falls by sex: men CG 32.1%, IG 15.9% (p=0.0056); women CG 45.5%, IG 30% (p=0.0098). Fall rate group 75-79 years: CG 35.8%, IG 24.1%; 80-84 years: CG 41%, IG 19.6% (p=0.002); 85-90 years: CG 46.7%, IG 31.6% (p=0.1617). Fear of falling: CG 22.3%, IG 11.5% (p=0.0017). Fractures during follow-up: CG 6.8%, IG 2.2% (p=0.0173). No significant differences in residential income or mortality between CG-IG. Conclusions. The implementation of a mixed intervention with the instruction of an age appropriate exercise program based on the OTAGO program and followed by a quarterly loyalty phase by regular nurse is effective for statistically significant rate reduction of falls at 12 months in men and women. It is also effective in reducing the consequences of falls: reducing the fear of falling and reducing the fracture rate at 12 months of follow-up.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Medicina

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50

Moorfield, John C., and n/a. "A discourse on the nature of Te Whanake [kit] : a series of textbooks and resources for adult learners of Maori : a commentary on the body of work submitted for the degree of Doctor of Literature at the University of Otago." University of Otago. Te Tumu - School of Maori, Pacific and Indigenous Studies, 1999. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20070523.152527.

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Abstract:

As suggested in the regulations for the degree, this discourse on the nature of the Te Whanake series of Maori language textbooks and resources is being submitted with the series in support of the application for the award of the degree of Doctor of Literature (LittD) at the University of Otago. The purpose of this discourse is to make explicit some of the principles that underlie what is contained in the textbooks, the audio-and videotapes and the teachers� manuals. Some of this commentary repeats information provided in Maori or English in the teachers� manuals. As well as concentrating information about the nature of the Te Whanake series into one document, it is also for the benefit of those who do not understand Maori. This commentary will: outline the author�s background leading up to the writing of the Te Whanake series; discuss the content of the textbooks and resources; make explicit the teaching methodology underpinning the series and how these methods are implemented; explain the principles used in creating the textbooks and tape-recorded exercises; and discuss the pedagogic grammar of the Maori language contained in the textbooks. While the four student textbooks are central to the submission, the total set of resources needs to be considered. The description in Chapter Two will give an insight into what the four student textbooks, the teachers� manuals, the study guides and the audio-and videotaped exercises contain. While the textbooks, teachers� manuals, study guides and audiotapes of the Te Whanake series are original work by the author, the series does draw on the work of fluent speakers and writers of Maori, especially in the more advanced textbooks and supporting resources. This was necessary to expose the learners to a variety of contemporary texts as well as examples by writers from last century when Maori was still very much the language of Maori communities. It seems that by 1929 Maori was being offered as a unit for the Bachelor of Arts degree by the University of New Zealand, although there is conflicting information regarding the precise date when this started. However, it was not until 1951 that the language was actually taught by a permanent member of the faculty at any constituent college of the University of New Zealand when Professor Bruce Biggs was appointed Lecturer in Maori Studies at the University of Auckland.The other universities in New Zealand have gradually followed. The University of Waikato introduced Maori as a subject for a Bachelors degree early in its life in 1970 under the leadership of Timoti Karetu, but the University of Otago, which was established in 1869, only introduced Maori as a subject in 1981 despite having produced some outstanding Maori graduates such as Sir Peter Buck. It was only with the production of the Te Whanake textbooks and resources that a comprehensive series designed to teach Maori as a second language to adults has become available. Prior to the production of these resources the material available for teaching Maori language to adults was limited to a few grammar textbooks, the best of which was Bruce Biggs� Let�s Learn Maori. Other textbooks available were designed for teaching the language to children, the most notable of which are the more advanced textbook by Timoti Karetu called Te Reo Rangatira. There were no Maori language textbooks designed for developing the receptive and productive skills of adult learners of Maori. Some European languages such as English, French, Spanish and German have a variety of helpful and well designed textbooks and accompanying resources for adult foreign language learners. Maori had no such resources. The Te Whanake series provides the basis for a structured Maori language programme from beginner level through to the advanced learner of Maori. While further resources will continue to be added to the series, with the publication in 1996 of Te Whanake 4 Te Kohure and its set of six videotapes there is finally a comprehensive set of resources for teaching Maori to adults.

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