Academic literature on the topic 'Osteocyte autophagy'

Abstract Osteocytes are critical in the maintenance of bone integrity regulating bone remodeling through the cell death and autophagy, a cellular process stress-induced to prolong cell survival but when induced excessively can cause cell death. Recently we have demonstrated that an increased osteocyte death is involved in multiple myeloma (MM)-induced osteolysis. However the mechanisms involved in this process as well as the effect of the proteasome inhibitors able to stimulate bone formation are not known and have been investigated in this study. Firstly the effect of the proteasome inhibitors BOR and MG262 on osteocyte viability was evaluated in vitro in murine osteocytic cell line MLO-Y4 and in the human pre-osteocytic one HOB-01. Both cell lines were co-coltured for 48 hours in the presence or absence of the human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) RPMI8226 and JJN3, placed in a traswell insert. The treatment for 12-24 hours with (BOR) (2nM) and MG262 (10nM) significantly blunted MLO-Y4 and HOB-01 cell death. In addition, dexamethasone (DEX)-induced MLO-Y4 apoptosis, obtained at high doses (10-5-10-6 M), was reduced by the treatment with proteasome inhibitors. Interestingly, we found that PTH short-term treatment potentiated the in vitro effects of proteasome inhibitors on DEX-induced osteocyte death. To evaluate the presence of autophagy in osteocytes, we checked the expression of the autophagic marker LC3 both by confocal microscopy and western blot analysis in the co-colture system with MLO-Y4 and RPMI-8226. Prevalence of autophagic cell death and in a lesser extent apoptosis was observed in this system. BOR increased the basal level of LC3 indicating a pro-survival and protective function of autophagy against the BOR-induce stress. On the contrary, when cells undergo to a stronger stress such as in the presence of HMCLs or by treatment with high dose of DEX we found that both proteasome inhibitors BOR and MG262 blocked autophagic cell death in osteocytes. To translate our in vitro evidence in a clinical perspective, thereafter we performed a histological evaluation on bone biopsies of a cohort of 37 newly diagnosis MM patients 31 of them with symptomatic MM and 6 with smoldering MM (SMM). The 55% of patients with MM have evidence of osteolytic lesions at the X-rays survey. Bone biopsies were obtained at the diagnosis and after an average time of 12 months of treatment or observation. Osteocyte viability was evaluated in a total of 500 lacunae per histological sections. A significant increase of the number of viable osteocytes was demonstrated in MM patients treated with BOR-based regimen as compared to those treated without BOR (% median increase: +6% vs. +1.30%; p=0.017). Patients treated with BOR alone showed the highest increase of osteocyte viability, as compared to those either treated without BOR (+11.6% vs. +1.3%, p=0.0019) or treated with BOR plus DEX (+11.6% vs. +4.4%, p=0.01). A reduction of both osteocyte apoptosis and autophagy was demonstrated by TUNEL assays and confocal microscopy. On the other hand, any significant difference was not observed in patients treated with Thalidomide (THAL) or Immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) than in those untreated with these drugs (p= 0.7). A multiple regression non-parametric analysis showed that BOR had a significant positive impact on osteocyte viability (p=0.042) whereas THAL/IMiDs as well as Zoledronic acid (ZOL) treatments have not (p=0.2). BOR also counterbalanced the negative effect of DEX treatment (p=0.035). Our data suggest that proteasome inhibitors blunted osteocyte cell death induced by MM cells and DEX through the modulation of the autophagy supporting their use to improve bone integrity in MM patients. Disclosures: Giuliani: Celgene Italy: Research Funding.

Abstract Background During bone aging and osteoporosis, formation and resorption are not tightly coupled; the main cells involved in bone remodeling are osteoblasts and osteoclast but also osteocytes play a pivotal role in this process. Osteocytes are the most abundant cell type in bone and are mainly responsible for sensing mechanical signals on the bones, controlling osteoblast and osteoclast activities through cell-to-cell communication and via secreted factors. In particular, osteocytes regulate bone resorption, thanks to the production of RANKL, reducing osteoclast activity. Ellagic acid, a natural polyphenolic compound derived from pomegranate, could modulate cell function via specific estrogen receptor b; activation of ERb plays a critical role in bone remodeling suppressing osteoclast differentiation and function, promoting osteoblast proliferation through the Wnt/b-catenin pathway, increasing osteoprotegerin levels. In addition, stimulation of ERb plays an anti-inflammatory effect, increasing the expression of IL-10 and reducing the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, and can regulate the expression of autophagy inhibiting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The hypothesis here tested is that ellagic acid, through ERb modulation, could induce Wnt/b-catenin and autophagy pathways in osteocytes challenged with dexamethasone to mimic glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Materials and methods The osteocyte cells MLO-A5 were differentiated into osteocytes under appropriate culturing conditions. Cells were treated with Ellagic acid (1µM) following dexamethasone (1µM) challenge for 24h to induce an in vitro model of osteoporosis. At the end of the treatment period, cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay; qPCR was performed to evaluate the expression of the genes involved in osteocyte function (SOST, RANKL, Destrin and Dmp1) and Wnt/B-catenin signaling pathway (Wnt5a, Wnt10b, B-Catenin and DKK1); Western Blot was performed to evaluate the expression of proteins involved in apoptosis (cleaved-Caspase3) and autophagy (Beclin-1, LC3 and p62). In addition, the expression of Sclerostin and nuclear translocation of B-Catenin was evaluated by immunofluorescence. Results Ellagic acid reduced the gene expression of SOST, RANKL, Dmp1 and increased the expression of Destrin compared to untreated cells stimulated with dexamethasone; caused a significant increase of Wnt5a, Wnt10b and B-Catenin expression and reduced significantly the expression of DKK1. CGS21680 inhibited dexamethasone-induced apoptosis, reducing the expression of Caspase3, and increased the expression of Beclin-1 and LC3 compared to cell treated with dexamethasone. Finally, treatment with Ellagic acid stimulated the nuclear translocation of B-Catenin, promoting the transcription of genes involved in osteogenesis. Conclusion These preliminary data suggest that stimulation of ERb through Ellagic acid could modulate bone remodelling through activation of Wnt/b-catenin pathway and autophagy, providing evidence on the possible use of this natural compound as a new therapeutic approach for osteoporosis. Presentation: No date and time listed

Discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1) is a collagen receptor that belongs to the receptor tyrosine kinase family. We have previously shown that DDR1 plays a crucial role during bone development, resulting in dwarfism and a short stature in osteoblast-specific knockout mice (OKO mice). However, the detailed pathophysiological effects of DDR1 on bone development throughout adulthood have remained unclear. This study aims to identify how DDR1 regulates osteoblast and osteocyte functions in vivo and in vitro during bone development in adulthood. The metabolic changes in bone tissues were analyzed using Micro-CT and immunohistochemistry staining (IHC) in vivo; the role of DDR1 in regulating osteoblasts was examined in MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro. The Micro-CT analysis results demonstrated that OKO mice showed a 10% reduction in bone-related parameters from 10 to 14 weeks old and a significant reduction in cortical thickness and diameter compared with flox/flox control mice (FF) mice. These results indicated that DDR1 knockout in OKO mice exhibiting significant bone loss provokes an osteopenic phenotype. The IHC staining revealed a significant decrease in osteogenesis-related genes, including RUNX2, osteocalcin, and osterix. We noted that DDR1 knockout significantly induced osteoblast/osteocyte apoptosis and markedly decreased autophagy activity in vivo. Additionally, the results of the gain- and loss-of-function of the DDR1 assay in MC3T3-E1 cells indicated that DDR1 can regulate the osteoblast differentiation through activating autophagy by regulating the phosphorylation of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), light chain 3 (LC3), and beclin-1. In conclusion, our study highlights that the ablation of DDR1 results in cancellous bone loss by regulating osteoblast/osteocyte autophagy. These results suggest that DDR1 can act as a potential therapeutic target for managing cancellous bone loss.

Objective. The present study intends to investigate the effects and underlying molecular mechanism of Qigu Capsule (QG) on fracture healing in mice with osteoporosis. Methods. Ten-week-old female C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized and three weeks later were evaluated for successful modeling. Then, all mice were prepared into models of transverse fracture in the right middle femoral shaft. Mice were treated daily using a gavage with normal saline (the NS group), Qigu Capsule (the QG group), or alendronate (the ALN group) postoperatively. Fracture callus tissues were collected and analyzed by X-ray, micro-CT, western blot (WB), and transmission electron microscope (TEM) on postoperation Day 14 (POD14), POD28, and POD42. Results. (1) X-ray results showed that on POD14, the QG group had the fracture healing score significantly higher than the NS and ALN groups, and on POD28, it had the fracture healing score higher than the NS group, suggesting that QG could promote fracture healing. (2) Micro-CT results showed that on POD14, the QG group had tissue bone density (TMD) significantly higher than the NS and ALN groups, and on POD28 and POD42, it had bone volume fraction, trabecular number, and TMD significantly higher than the NS group. (3) WB results showed that, compared with the NS group, the QG group had significantly increased expression of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), bone Gla protein (BGP) and collagen Iα1 (COLIα1) on POD14, significantly increased expression of NF-κB, HIF-1α, BALP and COLIα1 on POD28, and significantly increased expression of NF-κB, HIF-1α, and Runx2 on POD42. (4) TEM scanning results showed that, compared with the NS and ALN groups, the QG group had significantly increased numbers of autophagic vacuoles (AVs) in osteocytes on POD14, POD28, and POD42. Conclusion. QG could accelerate osteoporotic fracture healing by promoting bone formation and osteocyte autophagy, possibly through upregulating the NF-κB/HIF-1α signaling pathway.

Les effets de la course à pied sur le tissu osseux dépendent de l'intensité, du type et de la fréquence des charges mécaniques appliquées. La course à pied, bien que bénéfique sous certaines conditions, peut devenir délétère pour le tissu osseux à haute intensité, et il n'existe pas de consensus clair sur la meilleure modalité pour favoriser l'ostéogenèse. Cette thèse compare les effets de trois modalités de course (entraînement fractionné de haute intensité, course continue, et une combinaison des deux) sur les paramètres morphologiques microarchitecturaux et cellulaire des os de rats Wistar. Les résultats montrent que toutes les modalités entraînent une adaptation osseuse, avec une augmentation du diamètre diaphysaire des os, mais que l'entraînement fractionné favorise particulièrement la croissance de l'os cortical au détriment de l'os trabéculaire dans l'ulna. D'autre part, la comparaison des effets de la course continue et de l'entraînement fractionné sur le tibia montre que l'entraînement fractionné améliore la maturation des ostéocytes et réduit leur apoptose grâce à l'activation des voies d'autophagie, ce qui stimule la formation osseuse. Ainsi, l'entraînement fractionné pourrait être une thérapie non médicamenteuse efficace contre la dégénérescence osseuse et représente un modèle pertinent pour étudier la mécanotransduction des ostéocytes dans de futures recherches
The effects of running on bone tissue depend on the intensity, type, and frequency of the mechanical loads applied. While running can be beneficial under certain conditions, it may become detrimental to bone tissue at high intensity, and there is no clear consensus on the best modality to promote osteogenesis. This thesis compares the effects of three running modalities (high-intensity interval training, continuous running, and a combination of the two) on the morphological, microarchitectural, and cellular parameters of Wistar rat bones. The results show that all modalities lead to bone adaptation, with an increase in the diaphyseal diameter of the bones. However, interval training particularly promotes cortical bone growth at the expense of trabecular bone in the ulna.Furthermore, the comparison of the effects of continuous running and interval training on the tibia shows that interval training improves osteocyte maturation and reduces their apoptosis by activating autophagy pathways, thereby stimulating bone formation. Thus, interval training could be an effective non-drug therapy against bone degeneration and represents a relevant model for studying osteocyte mechanotransduction in future research

L’exposition à l’uranium, qu’elle soit naturelle ou accidentelle, est un sujet de préoccupation de santé publique. Cet actinide est utilisé dans de nombreuses applications civiles ou de défenses. Il est également présent de façon naturelle dans l’eau de boisson et dans l’alimentation. Sa toxicité chimique cible en majorité le rein, organe de stockage à court terme, et les tissus squelettiques, où l’uranium est retenu pendant des années. L’uranium induisant une perte osseuse à long terme, il est susceptible d’affecter les cellules impliquées dans le processus de remodelage osseux : les ostéoclastes (OCs) qui résorbent la matrice osseuse, les ostéoblastes (OBs), qui la reconstitue via la minéralisation, et les ostéocytes (OSTs), les capteurs mécano-sensibles, orchestrant le cycle de remodelage. Par ailleurs, aucune thérapie de chélation (comme il en existe pour d’autres métaux lourds) n’est véritablement efficace pour diminuer l’exposition interne et éliminer cet actinide en cas de contamination à l’uranium. Dans l’optique de comprendre les mécanismes de toxicité mis en jeu sur les cellules osseuses, la première partie de cette thèse est ainsi consacrée à l’étude des effets moléculaires et fonctionnels d’une exposition aiguë et chronique à l’uranium sur une lignée ostéocytaire, les cellules MLO-A5. Nous avons d’abord montré que ces cellules présentent une IC50 plus élevée que les OCs et les OBs et qu'une exposition aiguë stimule le processus autophagique. Dans un second temps, nous avons analysé la réponse de ces cellules lors d’une exposition chronique à des concentrations sub-toxiques d’uranium, et observé une inhibition drastique de leur capacité de minéralisation, sans toutefois affecter leur viabilité.Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets d’un décorporant potentiel de l’uranium, le 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), sur les OBs et les OCs, dans le but de mettre au point une méthode de criblage de nouveaux décorporants. Les résultats ont montré que le 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) permet une restauration partielle des capacités de différenciation et de résorption des OCs exposés à l'uranium. Ces résultats permettront d’adapter cette méthode pour le criblage de futurs décorporants dans une démarche de valorisation. Ainsi, ces travaux ont permis d’accroître les connaissances de la toxicité chimique de l’uranium sur les cellules osseuses, et ont apporté de nouvelles données toxicologiques in vitro concernant les effets d’un agent décorporant, le 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), dans ces modèles cellulaires
Natural or accidental uranium exposure is a health care concern. Uranium is a natural metal found in the environment and is both used for civil or military applications. It is also naturally present in food and water. It exhibits both a radiological and a chemical toxicity, the latter being considered largely predominant for natural uranium. Kidneys and bones are the main targeted organs of its toxicity. The skeleton is the storage organ of uranium and can be retained there for years, causing a long-term bone loss. Bone cells, osteoclasts cells in charge of bone resorption, osteoblasts involved in matrix production and mineralization, and osteocytes, considered the major orchestrators of bone remodeling, are therefore likely to exhibit impaired functions. Furthermore, current chelation therapy treatments failed to demonstrate a true decorporating efficiency after internal uranium contaminations.The first part of this study describes molecular and cellular effects of acute and chronic uranium exposure on a murine osteocytic cell line MLO-A5. Acute exposure enhanced their autophagic process and CI50 determination shows less toxicity on osteocytes than on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Moreover, mineralization capacity of these cells was strongly inhibited after a chronic exposure without affecting cell viability. In a second part, we determined the in vitro effects of 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), a potential decorporating agent, on osteoclasts and osteoblasts with the intend to develop methods for decorporating agent screening. This molecule shows an ability to partly restore differentiation and resorption function of exposed osteoclasts to uranium. These results constitute a step forward in the development of screening methods to evaluate the potential of new decorporating agent.Taken together, these results enhanced our knowledge of uranium toxicity mechanisms on bone cells and brought new toxicological data regarding the use of 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) in our cellular models

L’exposition à l’uranium, qu’elle soit naturelle ou accidentelle, est un sujet de préoccupation de santé publique. Cet actinide est utilisé dans de nombreuses applications civiles ou de défenses. Il est également présent de façon naturelle dans l’eau de boisson et dans l’alimentation. Sa toxicité chimique cible en majorité le rein, organe de stockage à court terme, et les tissus squelettiques, où l’uranium est retenu pendant des années. L’uranium induisant une perte osseuse à long terme, il est susceptible d’affecter les cellules impliquées dans le processus de remodelage osseux : les ostéoclastes (OCs) qui résorbent la matrice osseuse, les ostéoblastes (OBs), qui la reconstitue via la minéralisation, et les ostéocytes (OSTs), les capteurs mécano-sensibles, orchestrant le cycle de remodelage. Par ailleurs, aucune thérapie de chélation (comme il en existe pour d’autres métaux lourds) n’est véritablement efficace pour diminuer l’exposition interne et éliminer cet actinide en cas de contamination à l’uranium. Dans l’optique de comprendre les mécanismes de toxicité mis en jeu sur les cellules osseuses, la première partie de cette thèse est ainsi consacrée à l’étude des effets moléculaires et fonctionnels d’une exposition aiguë et chronique à l’uranium sur une lignée ostéocytaire, les cellules MLO-A5. Nous avons d’abord montré que ces cellules présentent une IC50 plus élevée que les OCs et les OBs et qu'une exposition aiguë stimule le processus autophagique. Dans un second temps, nous avons analysé la réponse de ces cellules lors d’une exposition chronique à des concentrations sub-toxiques d’uranium, et observé une inhibition drastique de leur capacité de minéralisation, sans toutefois affecter leur viabilité.Dans une seconde partie, nous nous sommes intéressés aux effets d’un décorporant potentiel de l’uranium, le 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), sur les OBs et les OCs, dans le but de mettre au point une méthode de criblage de nouveaux décorporants. Les résultats ont montré que le 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) permet une restauration partielle des capacités de différenciation et de résorption des OCs exposés à l'uranium. Ces résultats permettront d’adapter cette méthode pour le criblage de futurs décorporants dans une démarche de valorisation. Ainsi, ces travaux ont permis d’accroître les connaissances de la toxicité chimique de l’uranium sur les cellules osseuses, et ont apporté de nouvelles données toxicologiques in vitro concernant les effets d’un agent décorporant, le 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), dans ces modèles cellulaires
Natural or accidental uranium exposure is a health care concern. Uranium is a natural metal found in the environment and is both used for civil or military applications. It is also naturally present in food and water. It exhibits both a radiological and a chemical toxicity, the latter being considered largely predominant for natural uranium. Kidneys and bones are the main targeted organs of its toxicity. The skeleton is the storage organ of uranium and can be retained there for years, causing a long-term bone loss. Bone cells, osteoclasts cells in charge of bone resorption, osteoblasts involved in matrix production and mineralization, and osteocytes, considered the major orchestrators of bone remodeling, are therefore likely to exhibit impaired functions. Furthermore, current chelation therapy treatments failed to demonstrate a true decorporating efficiency after internal uranium contaminations.The first part of this study describes molecular and cellular effects of acute and chronic uranium exposure on a murine osteocytic cell line MLO-A5. Acute exposure enhanced their autophagic process and CI50 determination shows less toxicity on osteocytes than on osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Moreover, mineralization capacity of these cells was strongly inhibited after a chronic exposure without affecting cell viability. In a second part, we determined the in vitro effects of 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO), a potential decorporating agent, on osteoclasts and osteoblasts with the intend to develop methods for decorporating agent screening. This molecule shows an ability to partly restore differentiation and resorption function of exposed osteoclasts to uranium. These results constitute a step forward in the development of screening methods to evaluate the potential of new decorporating agent.Taken together, these results enhanced our knowledge of uranium toxicity mechanisms on bone cells and brought new toxicological data regarding the use of 3,4,3-LI(1,2-HOPO) in our cellular models

Interest in the interaction between fat and bone has increased recently. Two types of fat and bone connection have been described in the literature: systemic and local. This thesis focuses on the local connection, which refers to the infiltration of fat within the bone marrow, and to those factors released by fat, such as fatty acids and adipokines, that could affect bone metabolism as well as the other surrounding bone cells. Previous studies have shown that when osteoblasts were cultured in the presence of adipocytes or fatty acids (palmitate and stearate), osteoblast function and survival were reduced. These fatty acids are abundant in bone marrow and have a toxic effect on the bone. This toxic effect is known as lipotoxicity. However, the mechanisms by which fatty acids and adipokines trigger lipotoxicity remain unclear. In order to investigate these molecular mechanisms, osteoblasts and osteocytes were treated with palmitic acid. In osteoblasts, palmitic acid affects osteoblastogenesis, cellular function and cell death, which is activated by two main death pathways, apoptosis and autophagy. In osteocytes, palmitic acid not only induces apoptosis, but failure of autophagy takes place. The present study, which focuses on fat-induced lipotoxicity in bone cells and the mechanism and inhibition of fat-induced lipotoxicity, may contribute to the identification of future therapeutic targets.