Academic literature on the topic 'Osteocephalus taurinus'

Osteocephalus vilarsi (Melin, 1941) is an Amazonian treefrog species known for over 75 years from its holotype only. Due to a lack of published data on its morphological diagnostic characters and their variations, as well as the absence of molecular, acoustic and ecological data supporting its identity, a highly dynamic taxonomic history has led this species to be confused and even synonymised with other Osteocephalus species from distinct species groups. The molecular phylogenetic relationships of O. vilarsi were investigated based on recently collected specimens from eight Northwestern Brazilian localities in the state of Amazonas, leading to its removal from the Osteocephalus taurinus species group and placement in the Osteocephalus planiceps species group. Furthermore, detailed data on morphology and colour variation are provided, as well as advertisement call and tadpole descriptions. Finally, the currently known geographic range of O. vilarsi is considerably extended, first data on the natural history of the species are provided, and the possible ecological preference of O. vilarsi for Amazonian white-sand forests is discussed.

AbstractParapharyngodon politoedi n. sp. is described here, based on specimens found in the large intestines of Osteocephalus taurinus from the Caxiuanã National Forest, State of Pará, Brazil. The new species is assigned to Parapharyngodon based on the presence of non-embryonated eggs with sub-terminal opercula, when in the ovijector. Parapharyngodon politoedi belongs to a group of species with three pairs of cloacal papillae and differs from its congeners by morphometric aspects, such as the length of the spicule, and the combination of the following morphological characters: ovaries never encircling the oesophagus, tail shape in females, cloacal lips, sharply pointed spicule and presence of genital cone. This is the second species of nematode reported to parasitize O. taurinus and the eleventh species of Parapharyngodon from hylids in the Neotropical region.

Praying mantis and spider species are common food items in the diet of several anuran species. Nevertheless, in this study we report the predation of young treefrogs Osteocephalus taurinus by two spider species, a Pisauridae and a Trechaleidae (Neoctenus sp.) and by the praying mantis Eumusonia sp. in Mato Grosso, Central Brazil. The great abundance of this treefrog in the region, combined with its small body size during the juvenil stage, favor its predation by generalists predators. Indeed, more studies are needed to quantify the real influence of invertebrate predators on anuran populations.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
MPEG - Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi
Osteocephalus taurinus é uma espécie nominal de ampla distribuição na Amazônia e nos llanos do Orinoco. Sua grande variação morfológica indica que se trata de um complexo de espécies. O presente estudo examina a variação geográfica de vários caracteres morfológicos e morfométricos da espécie nominal, avalia a hipótese de tratar-se de fato um complexo de espécies; e testa a teoria da atual distribuição das formas, através de padrões biogeográficos, ecológicos e de regímen de precipitação já definidos. A partir de 431 espécimes estudados foram selecionadas 16 populações, nas quais foram analisados 20 caracteres anatômicos internos, 14 caracteres morfométricos e seis caracteres morfológicos externos. Através de análises estatística e mapas de isolinhas evidenciou-se que O. taurinus não se trata de um complexo de espécies e sim possui uma grande variação intra e interpopulacional das caraterísticas morfométricas e morfológicas. Simultaneamente, foram observados caracteres anatômicos internos polimórficos. O primeiro componente obtido através de uma análise de componentes principais mostra uma variação clinal do tamanho corporal ao longo da distribuição geográfica total, mais evidente nos machos. Em outros caracteres analisados, a variação fico independente do cline. O padrão espacial do tamanho indicou que as formas maiores ocorrem nas terras baixas da Amazônia, onde a vegetação de floresta ombrofila divide as áreas de cerrado ao norte e ao sul do continente sul americano. Nestas últimas áreas, ocorrem com maior intensidade as formas menores. Esta distribuição espacial não se explicou através das divisões propostas por outros autores para Amazônia, o que pode ser devido a um mascaramento gerado pela grande variação intrapopulacional. O modelo espacial do tamanho corporal de O. taurinus não corresponde a um padrão de isolamento por distância, o que pode sugerir que a colonização da espécie em algumas áreas seja recente. Este estudo confirma a hipótese da origem do gênero no início do Plioceno, o que indica que O. taurinus teria tido tempo suficiente para se dispersar antes do surgimento dos Andes como barreira geográfica.
Osteocephalus taurinus is an Amazonian and Orinochian nominal species with a wide geographic distribution. Its great morphologic variation has suggested that O. taurinus is in fact a species complex. This study examines the geographic variation of morphometric and morphologic characters. The species complex hypothesis is tested. Simultaneously, in order to explain the present body form distribution by biogeographic, rainfall and ecological patterns previously established for Amazonia, these patterns were assessed. From total 431 specimens studied, 16 populations were selected for analysis 20 of inner anatomic structures, 14 morphometric and 6 morphologic external characteres. Statistical analyses and isoline maps indicated that O. taurinus not is a especies complex and exist a interpopulation and intrapopulation variation on the morphometry and morphology of O. taurinus. Polymorphic anatomical characters ocurrs in this species. The first axis of a principal component analysis showed a clinal variation of body size along the entire geographic distribution was most plainly evident in males. Clinal variaton in other characters studied was independent of cline. Spatial size distribution indicated the largest specimens occur in the Amazon lands low, where rainforest vegetation divides savanna areas to the north and south of South America. These two last areas more often presented the smaller forms. In this study, the distribution observed for O. taurinus was not explained by traditional divisions of Amazonia, and suggest some noise generated by high intrapopulational variation. This spatial model of O. taurhius body size did not show a pattern of isolation by distance, which may suggest a recent arca colonization by this species. Simultaneusly, the study confirms the early Pliocenic origin hypothesis for Osteocephalus, which allowed O. taurinus had time to disperse before the Andes emerged as a geographical barrier.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas - FAPEAM
The Amazon rainforest is the most biodiverse biome in the world, where amphibians are one of the biological groups with the highest levels of cryptic diversity reported across taxa. Despite noticeable efforts, processes driving differentiation among populations and speciation remains largely unknown in this biome, especially based on dense sampling over refined scales. We studied the population structure and genetic diversity of the Manaus slender ledged tree frog, Osteocephalus taurinus, along a geographic gradient of approximately 900 km. Using molecular markers including mitochondrial and nuclear genes, and microsatellites, we estimate the phylogenetic relationships, population structure, and patterns of intraspecific genetic variation and geographic differentiation through the study area. Our data recovered six genetic groups: two corresponding to O. taurinus and O. oophagus from its type locality, Reserva Ducke, at northern of Amazonas River. The third group corresponds to an O. taurinus population isolated at right bank of upper Madeira River. However, evidence for restricted gene flow was detected along the upper Madeira River. Within Purus-Madeira interfluve, the remaining three O. taurinus populations replace each other latitudinally along geographical and environmental gradients, with two contact zones identified. One contact zone is concordant between mitochondrial and nuclear DNA and corresponds to an ecotone region between closed- open rainforests. Following the riverine barrier hypothesis, natural selection by means of genetic drift is expected to cause differentiation among populations by large Amazonian rivers as vicariant barriers. Within continuous forested regions, abrupt transitions on gene frequencies are suggestive of narrow contact or tension zones. In those areas, selection is expected to be favored by local adaptation to different environmental conditions, given selection against dispersing migrants from immediate but environmentally distinct regions and against hybrids.
A Amazônia é o bioma mais biodiverso da terra, e os anfíbios são um dos grupos com as maiores taxas de diversidade críptica registradas nessa região. No entanto, os mecanismos causantes de diferenciação entre populações e especiação mantem-se pouco conhecidos nesse bioma, especialmente com base em amostragens densas em escalas refinadas. Estudei a estrutura populacional e diversidade genética da rã hylídea Osteocephalus taurinus, ao longo de um gradiente geográfico de aproximadamente 900 km na Amazônia central, Brasil. Usando marcadores moleculares que incluíram DNA mitocondrial, nuclear e microssatélites, estudei as relações filogenéticas, estrutura populacional, e padrões de variação genética intraespecífica e diferenciação geográfica na área de estudo. Seis grupos genéticos foram recuperados pelas análises: dois correspondem ao O. taurinus e O. oophagus de sua localidade tipo, Reserva Ducke, ao norte do Rio Amazonas. O terceiro grupo corresponde a uma população de O. taurinus isolada na margem direita do Rio Madeira superior. No entanto, evidência de fluxo gênico restrito foi detectada no Rio Madeira superior. Dentro do interflúvio Purus-Madeira, as três populações de O. taurinus substituíram-se ao longo de gradientes geográficos e ambientais, com duas zonas de contato identificadas. Uma zona de contato é concordante entre o DNA mitocondrial e nuclear, e corresponde a uma região no ecótono entre as florestas fechadas e abertas. Segundo a hipótese de barreiras riverinas, espera-se que seleção natural causada por deriva gênica cause diferenciação entre populações separadas por grandes rios Amazônicos como barreiras vicariantes. Dentro de regiões contínuas de floresta, transições abruptas nas frequências gênicas sugerem zonas estreitas de contato ou tensão ecológica. Nessas áreas, espera-se que seleção seja favorecida por adaptação local às diferentes condições ambientais, por meio de seleção contra migrantes de outras regiões imediatas, mas ambientalmente distintas, e contra híbridos.

A variety of aquatic habitats with different levels of potential predators are available to larval amphibians in Central Amazon rainforest. The anuran community at Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, 25 km east of Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, was studied to determine which species have eggs and/or larvae in water and how those larvae are distributed in time and space. The temporal and spatial distribution of potential predators as well as abiotic characteristics of these waterbodies were determined simultaneously to test for correlations with the distribution of tadpoles. The distribution of tadpoles was strongly related to fish predation pressure. Several tadpole species were found only in waterbodies with high fish abundance and thus have the ability to survive with fish. Most of these tadpoles were found to be unpalatable in controlled experiments. Unpalatability is the major adaptation allowing the coexistence of tadpoles and fish and is thus a major factor affecting tadpole community composition in this system. Controlled experiments showed that fish do not eat anuran eggs while the tadpoles of Leptodacrylus knudseni and Osteocephalus taurinus ate all types of eggs offered. The percentage of anurans with aquatic oviposition was positively related to fish abundance and negatively related to the occurrence of species of tadpole that ate eggs in experiments. These findings suggest that the present patterns of anuran distribution represent an evolutionary response to predation on the eggs and larvae. Contrary to the models of Heyer et al. (1975) and Wilbur (1984), desiccation and predation-pressure were not the major factors affecting species richness within waterbodies of the RFAD rainforest. In support of the model of Heyer et al. (1975), anuran species richness was correlated with the size of the waterbody. This could be because the size of the waterbody is related to increased complexity and availability of microhabitats. The range of volumes of waterbodies was also found to directly affect species richness of the RFAD community. While predation appeared to have a limited effect on species richness of individual ponds, predation-pressure was found to have a major influence on species composition. Anuran eggs and larvae survived with specific predators by possessing particular survival-traits (e.g. unpalatability and oviposition strategies). However, survival-traits were not effective against all predators in all habitats. The distribution of different predators among ponds provides a patchy environment on a local scale (i.e. within ponds). When combined with the variety of survival-traits exhibited by the anuran species, this spatial patchiness in predation contributes towards species richness within the anuran community of the RFAD rainforest.

A variety of aquatic habitats with different levels of potential predators are available to larval amphibians in Central Amazon rainforest. The anuran community at Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, 25 km east of Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil, was studied to determine which species have eggs and/or larvae in water and how those larvae are distributed in time and space. The temporal and spatial distribution of potential predators as well as abiotic characteristics of these waterbodies were determined simultaneously to test for correlations with the distribution of tadpoles. The distribution of tadpoles was strongly related to fish predation pressure. Several tadpole species were found only in waterbodies with high fish abundance and thus have the ability to survive with fish. Most of these tadpoles were found to be unpalatable in controlled experiments. Unpalatability is the major adaptation allowing the coexistence of tadpoles and fish and is thus a major factor affecting tadpole community composition in this system. Controlled experiments showed that fish do not eat anuran eggs while the tadpoles of Leptodacrylus knudseni and Osteocephalus taurinus ate all types of eggs offered. The percentage of anurans with aquatic oviposition was positively related to fish abundance and negatively related to the occurrence of species of tadpole that ate eggs in experiments. These findings suggest that the present patterns of anuran distribution represent an evolutionary response to predation on the eggs and larvae. Contrary to the models of Heyer et al. (1975) and Wilbur (1984), desiccation and predation-pressure were not the major factors affecting species richness within waterbodies of the RFAD rainforest. In support of the model of Heyer et al. (1975), anuran species richness was correlated with the size of the waterbody. This could be because the size of the waterbody is related to increased complexity and availability of microhabitats. The range of volumes of waterbodies was also found to directly affect species richness of the RFAD community. While predation appeared to have a limited effect on species richness of individual ponds, predation-pressure was found to have a major influence on species composition. Anuran eggs and larvae survived with specific predators by possessing particular survival-traits (e.g. unpalatability and oviposition strategies). However, survival-traits were not effective against all predators in all habitats. The distribution of different predators among ponds provides a patchy environment on a local scale (i.e. within ponds). When combined with the variety of survival-traits exhibited by the anuran species, this spatial patchiness in predation contributes towards species richness within the anuran community of the RFAD rainforest.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Division of Australian Environmental Studies
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

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This study aimed to verify through exposure to short-and long-term, direct and indirect effects of contaminated water from streams Mindu and Quarenta on anuran larvae, hylid Osteocephalus taurinus. Two experiments were conducted over 96 hours of exposure to a gradient of increasing concentrations, we assessed the acute effects of contamination on eggs and larvae in stage 25 larvae free natantia and without the presence of external gills. There was no mortality and no apparent anomalies in the short term for both streams for both stages of egg, as for the larvae. To assess the effects of chronic exposure, larvae were used in stage 25 of Gosn er, where they were exposed to contaminated water until they reach metamorphosis in an experiment using a one-factor control and two treatment using 100% of the concentration of water in their streams. The nitrogen compounds [ammonium (NH ), nitrite (NO ) and nitrate (NO )] produced in the course of the 4+ 2- 3 experiments were always in a higher concentration for the affluent of Mindu in relation to the Quarenta, while the concentrations o f pH , dissolved oxygen and temperature have remained always close between treatments and also taking all individuals received the same feed in two streams of water treatments, a significant difference in the length of larvae, size of metamorphosis and growth rate compared to control. The period of the larvae in Stream Mindu was lower, with the size and growth rate higher than in the control. In the Stream Quarenta, the situation is reversed, there was a period of larvae increased with the size at metamorphosis and growth rate lower than in control. The effects produced by chronic exposure to contaminated water streams are indications that the continuous contamination of streams and / or urban streams can upset the population dynamics of amphibians, carrying, other ecological changes. These results demonstrate possible consequences of contamination by urban sewage on larval amphibian communities of streams and pools of forest land.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar através de exposições a curto e longo prazo, os efeitos diretos e indiretos das águas contaminadas dos Igarapés do Mindu e do Quarenta sobre larvas do anuro, hilídeo Osteocephalus taurinus. Para tanto, foram realizados dois experimentos através de exposições de 96hs a um gradiente crescente de concentrações, se avaliou os efeitos agudos da contaminação, sobre ovos e larvas em estágio 25 larva livre, natante e sem a presença de brânquias externas. Não foi verificada mortalidade e nem anomalias aparentes em curto prazo para ambos os igarapés tanto para os estágios de ovo, como para o de larva. Para avaliação dos efeitos crônicos da exposição, foram utilizadas larvas em estágio 25 de Gosner, onde estas foram expostas às águas contaminadas até alcançarem a metamorfose em um experimento unifatorial utilizando um tratamento Controle e dois outros utilizando 100% da concentração da água dos respectivos igarapés. Os compostos nitrogenados [Amônio (NH ), Nitrito (NO ) e Nitrato (NO )] verificados ao + - 4 2 3 longo dos experimentos mostraram-se sempre em maior concentração para o Igarapé do Mindu em relação ao do Quarenta e, apesar de as concentrações de pH, oxigênio dissolvido e temperatura terem se mantido sempre próximas entre os tratamentos e tendo ainda todos os indivíduos recebido a mesma alimentação, nos dois tratamentos com água dos igarapés, houve diferença significativa na duração do período larvário, no tamanho da metamorfose bem como na taxa de crescimento em relação ao Controle. O período larvário no Igarapé do Mindu foi menor, com o tamanho e a taxa de crescimento maiores em relação ao Controle. Já no Igarapé do Quarenta, a situação se inverteu, foi observado um período larvário maior, com o tamanho na metamorfose e a taxa de crescimento menores que no Controle. Os efeitos crônicos produzidos por exposição à água de igarapés contaminados são indícios de que a contaminação contínua dos igarapés e/ou córregos urbanos pode desequilibrar a dinâmica populacional de anfíbios, trazendo consigo, outras alterações ecológicas. Estes resultados demonstram possíveis conseqüências da contaminação por efluentes urbanos sobre comunidades larvárias de anfíbios de igarapés e poças de floresta de terra firme.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas
The effects of short and long-term contamination by effluent from an urban stream of Manaus on eggs and tadpoles of Osteocephalus taurinus (Anura, Hylidae) werw evaluated. To evaluate the acute effects of contamination a test CL5096h was done , which exposed eggs and tadpoles in Gosner stage 25 to a gradient of increasing concentrations established in geometric progression over a period of 96 hours. Eggs were less resistant to contamination than the tadpoles. The CL5096h for tadpoles was 47.63 mL/L while for the eggs was 25.19 mL/L. At lower concentrations of the experiment with eggs in which no mortality occurred, the tadpoles showed abdominal edema after 96h. To evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to low concentrations of urban sewage, tadpoles in Gosner stage 25 were exposed to three concentrations (9, 18 and 36 mL/L) of effluent until they reach metamorphosis. There were significant differences in growth rate and the size of metamorphosis between control and treatment. There were no significant differences in the number of survivors and length of time larvae. A concentration of 25 mL/L of effluent tested caused deleterious effects on eggs of Osteocephalus taurinus. A concentration of 36 mL/L caused changes in the parameters of developing larvae, and susceptibility to contamination ranged from egg masses. A concentration of 47mL/L caused deleterious effects on tadpoles free swimming. Concentrations of up to 16 mL/L can cause an increase in the average size of tadpoles
Foram avaliados os efeitos em curto e em longo prazo da contaminação por efluentes urbanos de um igarapé de Manaus sobre ovos e girinos de Osteocephalus taurinus (Anura, Hylidae). Para a avaliação de efeitos agudos de contaminação foi realizado um teste CL5096h, que expos ovos e girinos em estágio 25 de Gosner a um gradiente crescente de concentrações estabelecidas em progressão geométrica por um período de 96 horas. Ovos foram menos resistentes à contaminação do que os girinos. A CL5096h para girinos foi de 47,63 mL/L enquanto para os ovos foi de 25,19 mL/L. Nas concentrações mais baixas do experimento com ovos nas quais não ocorreu mortalidade, os girinos apresentaram edemas abdominais após 96h. Para avaliação dos efeitos crônicos da exposição a baixas concentrações de esgoto urbano, girinos no estadio 25 de Gosner foram expostos a três concentrações (9, 18 e 36 mL/L) de efluente até alcançarem a metamorfose. Houve diferenças significativas na taxa de crescimento e no tamanho de metamorfose entre o controle e o tratamento. Não houve diferenças significativas no número de sobreviventes e na duração do período larvário. Uma concentração de 25 mL/L do efluente testado causou efeitos deletérios sobre ovos de Osteocephalus taurinus. Uma concentração de 36 mL/L causou alterações nos parâmetros de desenvolvimento larvário, e a suscetibilidade à contaminação variou entre desovas. Uma concentração de 47mL/L causou efeitos deletérios sobre girinos livre-natantes. Concentrações de até 16 mL/L podem causar um aumento no tamanho médio dos girinos.