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1

Felson, David T. "Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis." Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research 427 (October 2004): S16—S21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.blo.0000144971.12731.a2.

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2

Cimmino, Marco A., and Massimiliano Parodi. "Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis." Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 34, no. 6 (October 2004): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semarthrit.2004.03.009.

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3

Smetanin, S., and A. Lychagin. "RISK FACTORS FOR KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS." Врач 31, no. 7 (2020): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29296/25877305-2020-07-16.

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4

Yan, Yi Lin Hong. "The Risk factors of Osteoarthritis." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 14 (September 29, 2022): 90–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v14i.1597.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is the one type of arthritis which affects 7% of the population and is the 15th leading cause of disability. However, the etiology of this disease is complex and its pathogenesis is still under investigation. The pathological changes seen in OA most commonly include synovitis, osteophyte formation, cartilage degradation, thickening of the subchondral bone, etc. which may lead to symptoms such as stiffness, movement disorder and swelling. OA generally starts with the damage of the articular cartilage of the synovial joint which later leads to a cascade of effects that ultimately leads to joint destruction. Some of the identified risk factors of OA include old age, gender, genetics, obesity, and neurological disorder. However, even with these factors being identified, many of the mechanisms responsible for progression to OA behind these risk factors remain unclear. This paper reviews different articles regarding the risk factors of OA and summarizes the possible mechanisms behind each risk factor.
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5

Berryman, Phyllis, Eileen Lukes, Marilyn A. Aluoch, and Hesborn O. Wao. "Risk Factors for Occupational Osteoarthritis." AAOHN Journal 57, no. 7 (July 1, 2009): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/08910162-20090625-10.

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6

Zvekic-Svorcan, Jelena, Bojana Stamenkovic, Ivana Minakovic, Rastislava Krasnik, Tanja Jankovic, and Aleksandra Mikov. "Risk factors for hand osteoarthritis." Medical review 73, no. 3-4 (2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns2004081z.

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Introduction. Hand osteoarthritis is a joint degenerative disease characterized by hand deformities affecting the hand strength and function, leading to greater disability and increased healthcare utilization. The objective of this study was to estimate the impact of different risk factors on the incidence of hand osteoarthritis. Material and Methods. The study was a prospective cross-sectional study conducted at the Special Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases Novi Sad, Serbia, during a one year period (2017 - 2018). It included 100 postmenopausal women aged 60 to 70 years presenting with pain in the hands ? 3 according to the visual analogue scale. All respondents were divided into two groups, according to radiographic findings graded using the Kellgren-Lawrence scale. Risk factors responsible for the development of hand osteoarthritis were examined and the research procedure included medical history data, physical examination of the hand joints, anthropometric measurements, and laboratory tests. Statistical processing and analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences ver. 25. Results. Statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in relation to positive family history of degenerative changes in the hand joints (p = 0.000), as well as in relation to metabolic syndrome (p = 0.001). Conclusion. A positive family history of degenerative changes of the hands and presence of metabolic syndrome are significant risk factors for the development of hand osteoarthritis.
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7

Kolber, Morey J., William J. Hanney, Scott W. Cheatham, and Paul A. Salamh. "Risk Factors for Hip Osteoarthritis." Strength and Conditioning Journal 39, no. 3 (June 2017): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/ssc.0000000000000222.

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8

Aluoch, Marilyn A., Hesborn O. Wao, Phyllis Berryman, and Eileen Lukes. "Risk Factors for Occupational Osteoarthritis." AAOHN Journal 57, no. 7 (July 2009): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/216507990905700706.

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9

MCALINDON, T., and D. T. FELSON. "Nutrition: risk factors for osteoarthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 56, no. 7 (July 1, 1997): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.56.7.397.

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10

Sowers, MaryFran. "Epidemiology of risk factors for osteoarthritis: systemic factors." Current Opinion in Rheumatology 13, no. 5 (September 2001): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002281-200109000-00018.

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11

McHugh, Jessica. "Osteoarthritis risk factors differ between sexes." Nature Reviews Rheumatology 17, no. 6 (May 11, 2021): 312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41584-021-00631-0.

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12

V, Muralidhara. "OCCUPATIONAL RISK FACTORS IN KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS." Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare 2, no. 58 (December 21, 2015): 8919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18410/jebmh/2015/1258.

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13

Norbert Edgard, Lamini N’Soundhat, Mouelé Mboussi Paméla Chardène, Nkouala-Kidédé Chabel Daphtone, Akoli Ekoya Ondzala, and Ntsiba Honoré. "Knee Osteoarthritis and Risk Factors Associated." Open Journal of Rheumatology and Autoimmune Diseases 07, no. 03 (2017): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojra.2017.73014.

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14

Chojnacki, Michał, Adam Kwapisz, Marek Synder, and Janusz Szemraj. "Osteoarthritis: etiology, risk factors, molecular mechanisms." Postępy Higieny i Medycyny Doświadczalnej 68 (January 2, 2014): 640–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/17322693.1103551.

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15

Mezenova, Mezenova T. V. "Osteoarthritis: risk factors and treatment options." Therapy 1_2019 (March 15, 2019): 147–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18565/therapy.2019.1.147-156.

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16

Palazzo, Clémence, Christelle Nguyen, Marie-Martine Lefevre-Colau, François Rannou, and Serge Poiraudeau. "Risk factors and burden of osteoarthritis." Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine 59, no. 3 (June 2016): 134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rehab.2016.01.006.

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17

Pereira, Duarte, Elisabete Ramos, and Jaime Branco. "Osteoarthritis." Acta Médica Portuguesa 28, no. 1 (October 9, 2014): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.20344/amp.5477.

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<p>Osteoarthritis is nowadays one of the most frequent chronic diseases and, with the increase in life expectancy, both its prevalence and incidence is expected to rise. This condition is progressive and leads to functional decline and loss in quality of life, with important health care and society costs. A review of relevant and recent literature on osteoarthritis was performed in PubMed. The purpose of this study is to understand important aspects about osteoarthritis estimates, burden of disease, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis<br />and treatment.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Osteoarthritis/diagnosis; Osteoarthritis/epidemiology; Osteoarthritis/physiopathology; Osteoarthritis/therapy; Portugal; Risk Factors.</p>
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18

Filipovic, Karmela, Jelena Zvekic-Svorcan, Snezana Tomasevic-Todorovic, and Branislava Stanimirov. "Risk factors for osteoarthritis of the hip." Glasnik Antropoloskog drustva Srbije, no. 48 (2013): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gads1348065f.

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19

Lee, Choong-ki. "Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology of Osteoarthritis." Yeungnam University Journal of Medicine 24, no. 2 Suppl (December 31, 2007): S132–141. http://dx.doi.org/10.12701/yujm.2007.24.2s.s132.

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20

Doherty, Michael. "Risk factors for progression of knee osteoarthritis." Lancet 358, no. 9284 (September 2001): 775–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06006-8.

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21

Kashevarova, N. G., and L. I. Alekseeva. "RISK FACTORS OF THE KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS PROGRESSION." Rheumatology Science and Practice, no. 5 (October 7, 2014): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1995-4484-2014-553-561.

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22

Kashevarova, N. G., E. M. Zaitseva, A. V. Smirnov, N. V. Demin, and L. I. Alekseeva. "AB0601 Risk factors for early osteoarthritis progression." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 72, Suppl 3 (June 2013): A974.1—A974. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-eular.2923.

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23

Ghosh, Biswadip, Manish Gupta, Shamash Mandal, Satyabrata Ganguly, and Alakendu Ghosh. "Prevalence and risk factors for hand osteoarthritis." Indian Journal of Rheumatology 9, no. 4 (December 2014): 163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.injr.2014.06.006.

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24

Lin, Jianhao, Rujun Li, Xiaozheng Kang, and Hu Li. "Risk Factors for Radiographic Tibiofemoral Knee Osteoarthritis: The Wuchuan Osteoarthritis Study." International Journal of Rheumatology 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/385826.

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Objective. To investigate the risk factors of radiographic tibiafemoral knee osteoarthritis (OA).Methods. A population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted in Wuchuan County. A questionnaire and bilateral weight-bearing posterior-anterior semi-flexed knee radiographs were completed and read for Kellgren and Lawrence (K/L) grade and joint space narrowing (JSN; 0–3 scale) in each compartment. An logistic regression analysis was performed for radiographic tibiafemoral, lateral compartment, and medial compartment knee OA, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.Results. Age, sex, and knee injury were strongly associated with tibiafemoral, lateral and medial compartment knee OA. BMI also had a dose-response relationship with them. Physical activity level, and physical activity exposure at work, not significantly though, were associated with an elevated risk for this three kinds of knee OA.Conclusions. Physical activity exposure increased the risk of knee OA. It was likely to be the heavier physical activity in Wuchuan osteoarthritis study that counteracted the BMI gap compared with the Beijing and the Framingham OA study. We verified that Chinese had a more valgus alignment of the knee compared with Caucasian population, and this provide a possible explanation why Chinese have a higher prevalence of lateral compartment OA.
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25

Shah, Karishma, Xiaotian Yang, Jennifer C. E. Lane, Gary S. Collins, Nigel K. Arden, Dominic Furniss, and Stephanie R. Filbay. "Risk factors for the progression of finger interphalangeal joint osteoarthritis: a systematic review." Rheumatology International 40, no. 11 (August 24, 2020): 1781–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-020-04687-1.

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Abstract Progressive hand interphalangeal joint (IPJ) osteoarthritis is associated with pain, reduced function and impaired quality of life. However, the evidence surrounding risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression is unclear. Identifying risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression may inform preventative strategies and early interventions to improve long-term outcomes for individuals at risk of IPJ osteoarthritis progression. The objectives of the study were to describe methods used to measure the progression of IPJ osteoarthritis and identify risk factors for IPJ osteoarthritis progression. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library were searched from inception to 19th February 2020 (PROSPERO CRD42019121034). Eligible studies assessed potential risk factor/s associated with IPJ osteoarthritis progression. Risk of bias was assessed using a modified QUIPS Tool, and a best evidence synthesis was performed. Of eight eligible studies, all measured osteoarthritis progression radiographically, and none considered symptoms. Eighteen potential risk factors were assessed. Diabetes (adjusted mean difference between 2.06 and 7.78), and larger finger epiphyseal index in males (regression coefficient β = 0.202) and females (β = 0.325) were identified as risk factors (limited evidence). Older age in men and women showed mixed results; 13 variables were not risk factors (all limited evidence). Patients with diabetes and larger finger epiphyseal index might be at higher risk of radiographic IPJ osteoarthritis progression, though evidence is limited and studies are biased. Studies assessing symptomatic IPJ osteoarthritis progression are lacking.
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26

Bierma-Zeinstra, Sita MA, and Bart W. Koes. "Risk factors and prognostic factors of hip and knee osteoarthritis." Nature Clinical Practice Rheumatology 3, no. 2 (February 2007): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncprheum0423.

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27

Liu, Q., J. Niu, Y. Ke, J. Huang, Q. Jin, X. Wu, X. Tang, Z. Cao, Y. Zhang, and J. Lin. "Natural history and risk factors of radiographic knee osteoarthritis: Wuchuan Osteoarthritis Study." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 23 (April 2015): A183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2015.02.959.

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28

Berberian, Griselda, Verónica Firpo, Adriana Soto, Julio Lopez Mañan, Cecilia Torroija, Graciela Castro, Pablo Polanuer, Camilo Espinola, José Luis Piñeiro, and María Teresa Rosanova. "Osteoarthritis in the neonate: risk factors and outcome." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, no. 4 (August 2010): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-86702010000400018.

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29

Destiani, Nadia Ayu, Siti Nur Fatimah, and Sumartini Dewi. "Vitamin C Intakeand Risk Factors for Knee Osteoarthritis." Althea Medical Journal 4, no. 2 (June 2017): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15850/amj.v4n2.1067.

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30

ALKAN MELİKOĞLU, Meltem, and Ayhan KUL. "Fall Risk and Related Factors in Knee Osteoarthritis." Turkish Journal of Geriatrics 21, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31086/tjgeri.2018137966.

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31

Berberian, Griselda, Verónica Firpo, Adriana Soto, Julio Lopez Mañan, Cecilia Torroija, Graciela Castro, Pablo Polanuer, Camilo Espinola, José Luis Piñeiro, and María Teresa Rosanova. "Osteoarthritis in the neonate: risk factors and outcome." Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, no. 4 (July 2010): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1413-8670(10)70085-4.

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32

Buchanan, W. Watson, and Walter F. Kean. "Osteoarthritis I: Epidemiological risk factors and historical considerations." InflammoPharmacology 10, no. 1-2 (February 2002): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156856002320751982.

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33

Georgiev, Tsvetoslav, and Alexander Krasimirov Angelov. "Modifiable risk factors in knee osteoarthritis: treatment implications." Rheumatology International 39, no. 7 (March 25, 2019): 1145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00296-019-04290-z.

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34

Anggraini, Niken Enestasia, and Lucia Yovita Hendrati. "The Relation of Obesity and Individual Factors with Knee Osteoarthritis." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v2i1.2014.93-104.

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ABSTRACTOsteoarthritis represent disease at most found in the world, including in Indonesia. This disease cause pain in bone and disability at patient so disturb everyday activity. One of removed occurrence of knee Osteoarthritis was obesity. Other factors like age, gender, physical activity, and habit smoke were risk factors of knee Osteoarthritis . This research was the relationship of obesitas and individuals factors with occurrence knee osteoarthritis at Surabaya Islamic Hospital. The methods of this research was an observation with case control design. Level of sampel was 64 which consist of 32 case group and 32 control group from incomed patient to radiology unit Islamic Hospital Surabaya for X-Ray photo. The dependent variable was occurence of knee osteoarthritis . The independent variables were obesity, gender, age, physical activity, habit smoke. The instrument used was a questionnaire and form BMI measurement. Data analysis used Chi-Square test with α=0,05 and to know oods ratio (OR) used statclac. The results showed significant relationship between occurence of knee osteoartritis with obesity (p=0,001,OR=7,20), age (p=0,012,OR=3,67) , gender (p=0,005,OR=4,69). For the characteristic of habit smoke (p=0,268,OR=0,56) and physical activity (p=0.919,OR=0,71) were’nt associated with occurence of knee Osteoarthritis at Surabaya Islamic Hospital. The conclusion there is relationship between obesity with knee osteoarthritis at Surabaya Islamic Hospital. Risk factor knee osteoarthritis like gender and age also there were relation with occurence of knee osteoarthritis , for the risk factor of physical activity and habit smoke were’nt relation with occurence of knee osteoarthritis. Keyword : Knee osteoarthritis, obesity, individual factors
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35

Anggraini, Niken Enestasia, and Lucia Yovita Hendrati. "The Relation of Obesity and Individual Factors with Knee Osteoarthritis." Jurnal Berkala Epidemiologi 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jbe.v2i12014.93-104.

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ABSTRACTOsteoarthritis represent disease at most found in the world, including in Indonesia. This disease cause pain in bone and disability at patient so disturb everyday activity. One of removed occurrence of knee Osteoarthritis was obesity. Other factors like age, gender, physical activity, and habit smoke were risk factors of knee Osteoarthritis . This research was the relationship of obesitas and individuals factors with occurrence knee osteoarthritis at Surabaya Islamic Hospital. The methods of this research was an observation with case control design. Level of sampel was 64 which consist of 32 case group and 32 control group from incomed patient to radiology unit Islamic Hospital Surabaya for X-Ray photo. The dependent variable was occurence of knee osteoarthritis . The independent variables were obesity, gender, age, physical activity, habit smoke. The instrument used was a questionnaire and form BMI measurement. Data analysis used Chi-Square test with α=0,05 and to know oods ratio (OR) used statclac. The results showed significant relationship between occurence of knee osteoartritis with obesity (p=0,001,OR=7,20), age (p=0,012,OR=3,67) , gender (p=0,005,OR=4,69). For the characteristic of habit smoke (p=0,268,OR=0,56) and physical activity (p=0.919,OR=0,71) were’nt associated with occurence of knee Osteoarthritis at Surabaya Islamic Hospital. The conclusion there is relationship between obesity with knee osteoarthritis at Surabaya Islamic Hospital. Risk factor knee osteoarthritis like gender and age also there were relation with occurence of knee osteoarthritis , for the risk factor of physical activity and habit smoke were’nt relation with occurence of knee osteoarthritis. Keyword : Knee osteoarthritis, obesity, individual factors
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36

YAMAZAKI, H., S. UCHIYAMA, Y. HATA, N. MURAKAMI, and H. KATO. "Extensor Tendon Rupture Associated with Osteoarthritis of the Distal Radioulnar Joint." Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) 33, no. 4 (August 2008): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1753193408090098.

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Non-rheumatoid osteoarthritis of the distal radioulnar joint can cause extensor tendon rupture. We analysed the radiographic morphology of the distal radioulnar joint to identify the risk factors for this complication. Forty-one wrist X-rays of 37 patients with extensor tendon rupture caused by distal radioulnar joint osteoarthritis were evaluated retrospectively for the severity of osteoarthritis by the Kellgren/Lawrence scoring system. Measurements were obtained from posteroanterior views. All but one wrist had severe osteoarthritic changes exceeding grade 3. The radiographic features that were different from those of the contralateral wrists included deepening and widening of the sigmoid notch, radial shift of the ulnar head and dorsal inclination of the sigmoid notch. There was no significant association between tendon rupture and the morphology of the ulnar head or ulnar variance. The scallop sign, dorsal inclination of the sigmoid notch and radial shift of the ulnar head are radiological risk factors for extensor tendon ruptures.
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37

Walter, Nike, David W. Lowenberg, Steven M. Kurtz, Volker Alt, Edmund C. Lau, and Markus Rupp. "Revision Rates and Associated Risk Factors after Shoulder Arthroplasty." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2022): 7256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11247256.

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This study aims at answering the following questions (1) How high is the revision rate after osteoarthritis-, and rotator cuff-related compared to proximal humerus fracture (PHF)-related shoulder arthroplasty? (2) What are the associated risk factors for a revision after shoulder arthroplasty? Shoulder arthroplasty procedures occurring between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2019 were identified from the Medicare database. First, revision rates for PHF patients and age- and sex-matched non-fracture patients, grouped into osteoarthritis-related and rotator cuff-related arthroplasty, were compared. Second, revision rates between total shoulder arthroplasty and hemiarthroplasty after PHF were compared. Semiparametric Cox regression was applied, incorporating 23 demographic, clinical, and socioeconomic covariates, to investigate risk factors for revision surgery. Between the considered time period from 2009 through 2019, a total number of 47,979 PHFs was identified. A shoulder arthroplasty procedure was performed in n = 2639 (5.5%, 95%CI: 4.8–6.1) of the cases. The five-year survivorship of the implant was 96.3 (95%CI: 93.8–97.9) after hemiarthroplasty and 96.1% (05%CI: 94.2–97.3) after total shoulder arthroplasty. To compare the revision rates, n = 14,775 patients with osteoarthritis and n = 4268 patients with rotator cuff arthropathy, who received a shoulder arthroplasty, served as a non-fracture control group. Patients receiving a rotator cuff-related arthroplasty were more likely to require a revision compared to patients treated for osteoarthritis (HR: 1.27, 95%CI: 1.04–1.44, p = 0.018). Identified significant risk factors for revision surgery after shoulder arthroplasty included age ≤ 75 years, male sex, and osteoporosis. High implant survival was found for hemiarthroplasty and total shoulder arthroplasty for the treatment of PHF in elderly patients. The risk of revision surgery was elevated in patients receiving a rotator cuff-related arthroplasty as well as in patients with osteoporosis, male patients and patients older than 75 years.
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38

TUDORACHI, Nicoleta-Bianca, Iuliana EVA, Mihaela MOSCALU, Rami AL- HIARY, Aurelian-Corneliu MORARU, Bogdan BARBIERU, Costin STANCIU, Calin CORCIOVA, and Valeriu ARDELEANU. "Evaluating risk factors involved in the alteration of biomechanics in relation to knee osteoarthritis." Balneo Research Journal 10, Vol 10 No. 4 (December 10, 2019): 574–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.12680/balneo.2019.305.

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The knee joint is very complex in terms of degrees of mobility and for normal biomechanics it is necessary for all the anatomical structures at this level to be within physiological limits. Problems can be caused by a number of risk factors such as age, sex, weight, or local risk factors such as patellar changes represented by patela alta or patella baja, which can lead to instability of the lower limb. Risk factors that may influence the development and progression of knee osteoarthritis have been evaluated. Changes in patellar position in relation to knee osteoarthritis were also studied. A group of 377 patients hospitalized for unilateral or bilateral knee pain with instability were included in the study. 239 of the 377 starting group presented knee osteoarthritis, constituting the study group. The risk factors analyzed were age, patient sex, BMI, weight status, anatomical changes in position of the patella (patella alta and patella baja), COBB angle and spine deviation. The results indicated that obesity, anatomical changes in the position of the patella, (patella alta), COBB angle and spine deviations represent significant risk factors in the onset of knee osteoarthritis. Key words: risk factors, joint instability, knee osteoarthritis,
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39

Yucesoy, Berran, Luenda E. Charles, Brent Baker, and Cecil M. Burchfiel. "Occupational and genetic risk factors for osteoarthritis: A review." Work 50, no. 2 (2015): 261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/wor-131739.

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40

Patil, Pushpa S. "Risk factors of Osteoarthritis Knee – A Cross-sectional study." IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences 2, no. 5 (2012): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/0853-0250810.

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41

Orlenko, V. L., М. D. Tronko, and O. T. Yelizarova. "Clinical features and risk factors of diabetes-associated osteoarthritis." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY (Ukraine) 16, no. 2 (March 1, 2020): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2224-0721.16.2.2020.201298.

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42

Mazzuca, S. A., K. D. Brandt, B. P. Katz, Y. Ding, K. A. Lane, and K. A. Buckwalter. "Risk factors for early radiographic changes of tibiofemoral osteoarthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 66, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2006.055905.

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43

Gholami, Jaleh, Mohammed-Ali Mansournia, Fereydoun Davatchi, Kazem Mohammad, Hamed Hosseini, and Reza Majdzadeh. "Are daily physical activities risk factors for knee osteoarthritis?" International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases 19, no. 3 (July 22, 2015): 241–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1756-185x.12604.

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44

Riyazi, N., F. R. Rosendaal, E. Slagboom, H. M. Kroon, F. C. Breedveld, and M. Kloppenburg. "Risk factors in familial osteoarthritis: the GARP sibling study." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 16, no. 6 (June 2008): 654–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2007.10.012.

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45

Chung, C. Y., M. S. Park, K. M. Lee, S. H. Lee, T. K. Kim, K. W. Kim, J. H. Park, and J. J. Lee. "Hip osteoarthritis and risk factors in elderly Korean population." Osteoarthritis and Cartilage 18, no. 3 (March 2010): 312–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2009.11.004.

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Cooper, Dale, Mark Batt, Brigitte Scammell, and Debbie Palmer-Green. "PREVENTATIVE RISK FACTORS FOR OSTEOARTHRITIS IN GREAT BRITAIN'S OLYMPIANS." British Journal of Sports Medicine 51, no. 4 (February 2017): 308.2–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2016-097372.64.

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Corti, Maria Chiara, and Chiara Rigon. "Epidemiology of osteoarthritis: Prevalence, risk factors and functional impact." Aging Clinical and Experimental Research 15, no. 5 (October 2003): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03327356.

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Khokhlova, O. I., E. M. Vasilchenko, and A. M. Berman. "The role of classical risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in unilateral transtibial amputation." Kazan medical journal 102, no. 6 (December 13, 2021): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj2021-893.

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The study aimed to review the literature on the classical risk factors for knee osteoarthritis and their possible role in the development of this pathology in patients with unilateral transtibial amputation in terms of potential rehabilitation prospects. A search of publications was carried out using PubMed databases of the US National Center for Biotechnology Information and the website of the Elsevier publishing house. Well-established increased risk factors for knee osteoarthritis are old age, female gender, lower limb muscle weakness, low or excessive physical activity, overweight, a history of knee joint injury or surgery, chronic knee pain. These factors are common for disabled persons with unilateral transtibial amputation, which, combined with specific mechanical factors, makes these persons more vulnerable to the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Programs aimed at eliminating modifiable risk factors for the development of knee osteoarthritis can contribute to the preservation of knee joint function in the long term and improve the quality of life of persons with unilateral transtibial amputation. This requires the well-coordinated efforts of a multidisciplinary team, as well as the participation of the disabled persons themselves. Identification and management of the potentially modifiable classical risk factors for the development of knee osteoarthritis are one of the promising pathways of rehabilitation of persons with unilateral transtibial amputation.
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Alekseeva, L. I., E. P. Sharapova, and A. M. Lila. "Osteoarthritis of hand joints: prevalence, risk factors, phenotypes, diagnosis, treatment." Modern Rheumatology Journal 16, no. 6 (December 18, 2022): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14412/1996-7012-2022-6-98-105.

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Osteoarthritis is the most common rheumatic disease, accompanied by constant pain and dysfunction of the joints, the progression of which leads to a deterioration in the quality of life and often to disability of patients. The article presents the prevalence, predictors of development and progression of osteoarthritis of the hand joints (OHJ). Clinical classification of OHJ, clinical picture depending on the localization of the process, topical features of involvement of the hand joints in different types of OHJ are given. Clinical, laboratory and instrumental methods for diagnosing of the disease, classification and diagnostic criteria are described, much attention is paid to modern principles of OHJ therapy in accordance with Russian clinical guidelines, as well as EULAR and ACR recommendations.
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Islam, M. Jahidul, M. Shahadat Hossain, M. Ruhul Amin, and Monzur Ahmed. "Aetiological Factors of Osteoarthritis: A Review Update." Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2, no. 1 (March 14, 2015): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v2i1.22584.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is no longer considered ‘degenerative’ or ‘wear and tear’ arthritis; rather involves dynamic biomechanical, biochemical and cellular process. Indeed, the joint damage that occurs in OA is the result of active remodeling involving all the joint structures. Although articular cartilage is at the center of change, OA is viewed as a disease of the entire joint. Traditionally, OA has been viewed as an inevitable degenerative condition of the cartilage. It is currently viewed as a biomechanical and biochemical inflammatory disease of the entire joints. Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common type of arthritis. Its high prevalence, especially in the elderly, and the high rate of disability related to disease make it a leading cause of disability in the elderly. Because of the aging of Western populations and because obesity, a major risk factor, are increasing in prevalence, the occurrence of osteoarthritis is on the rise. In the United States, osteoarthritis prevalence will increase from 66–100% by the year 2020. OA affects certain joints, yet spares others. Commonly affected joints include the cervical and lumbosacral spine, hip, knee, and first metatarsal phalangeal joint (MTP). In the hands, the distal and proximal inter-phalangeal joints and the base of the thumb are often affected. Usually spared are the wrist, elbow, and ankle.Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research 2015;2(1):18-23DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jcamr.v2i1.22584
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