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Journal articles on the topic 'Osmoregulation'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 25 July 2024

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1

TAKEUCHI, Nobuo. "Osmoregulation of earthworms." Hikaku seiri seikagaku(Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry) 10, no. 2 (1993): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3330/hikakuseiriseika.10.92.

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2

Thompson, C. J., and P. H. Baylis. "Osmoregulation of thirst." Journal of Endocrinology 117, no. 2 (May 1988): 155–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1170155.

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3

MAZZOTTI, FRANK J., and WILLIAM A. DUNSON. "Osmoregulation in Crocodilians." American Zoologist 29, no. 3 (August 1989): 903–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/29.3.903.

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4

TAPLIN, LAURENCE E. "OSMOREGULATION IN CROCODILIANS." Biological Reviews 63, no. 3 (August 1988): 333–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-185x.1988.tb00721.x.

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5

Diehl, Walter J. "Osmoregulation in echinoderms." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology 84, no. 2 (January 1986): 199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9629(86)90605-5.

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6

Greenwell, Martin G., Johanna Sherrill, and Leigh A. Clayton. "Osmoregulation in fish." Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice 6, no. 1 (January 2003): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1094-9194(02)00021-x.

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7

OHWADA, Takuji, and Shonosuke SAGISAKA. "Osmoregulation of bacteria." Kagaku To Seibutsu 28, no. 6 (1990): 360–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/kagakutoseibutsu1962.28.360.

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8

Kasner, Maieli, Jochen Grosse, Martin Krebs, and Gabriele Kaczmarczyk. "Methohexital Impairs Osmoregulation." Anesthesiology 82, no. 6 (June 1, 1995): 1396–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199506000-00011.

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Background Anesthetic agents influence central regulations. This study investigated the effects of methohexital anesthesia on renal and hormonal responses to acute sodium and water loading in dogs in the absence of surgical stress. Methods Fourteen experiments (two in each dog) were performed in seven well-trained, chronically tracheotomized beagle dogs kept in highly standardized environmental and dietary conditions (2.5 mmol sodium and 91 ml water/kg body weight daily). Experiments lasted 3 h, while the dogs were conscious (7 experiments) or, after 1 h control, while they were anesthetized (7 experiments) with methohexital (initial dose 6.6 mg/kg body weight and maintenance infusion 0.34 mg.min-1.kg-1 body weight) over a period of 2 h. In both experiments, extracellular volume expansion was performed by intravenous infusion of a balanced isoosmolar electrolyte solution (0.5 ml.min-1.kg-1 body weight). Normal arterial blood gases were maintained by controlled mechanical ventilation. In another five dogs the same protocol was used, and vasopressin (0.05 mU.min-1.kg-1 body weight) was infused intravenously during methohexital anesthesia. Results Values are given as means. During methohexital anesthesia, mean arterial pressure decreased from 108 to 101 mmHg, and heart rate increased from 95 to 146 beats/min. Renal sodium excretion decreased; urine volume increased; and urine osmolarity decreased from 233 to 155 mosm/l, whereas plasma osmolarity increased from 301 to 312 mosm/l because of an increase in plasma sodium concentration from 148 to 154 mmol/l. Plasma renin activity, plasma aldosterone concentration, plasma atrial natriuretic peptide, and plasma antidiuretic hormone concentrations (range 1.8-2.8 pg/ml) did not change in either protocol. In the presence of exogenous vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone 3.3 pg/ml), water diuresis did not occur, and neither plasma osmolarity nor the plasma concentration of sodium changed. Conclusions Methohexital may impair osmoregulation by inhibiting adequate pituitary antidiuretic hormone release in response to an osmotic challenge.
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9

Trachtman, Howard. "Taurine and Osmoregulation." American Journal of Diseases of Children 142, no. 11 (November 1, 1988): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1988.02150110072022.

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10

Skinner, T. L., and B. Peretz. "Age sensitivity of osmoregulation and of its neural correlates in Aplysia." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 256, no. 4 (April 1, 1989): R989—R996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1989.256.4.r989.

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Osmoregulation was studied in the marine mollusc Aplysia californica in young, mature, and old adults. To monitor volume and osmoregulation, we measured body weight, hemolymph osmolality, and chloride concentration. These parameters were measured at regular intervals with animals in 90% artificial seawater (90% ASW) for up to 36 h. They showed that the rates at which Aplysia osmo- and volume regulate were significantly slowed with increased age. However, no age effect was found in osmoregulation when the hemolymph was diluted to 90% of control in animals without an external stress, i.e., by injection of distilled H2O and keeping animals in 100% ASW. Because the dilution bypassed the sensory receptors that detect external changes of osmolality, this finding suggested that the slowed osmoregulation involved age-impaired functioning of the neural pathway mediating osmoregulation. Other evidence was from mature adults whose osmoreceptive organ, the osphradium, was lesioned; they mimicked osmoregulation measured in old adults. In preparations containing a portion of the osmoregulatory pathway, the osphradium was stimulated by 90% ASW, and the responsiveness of neuron R15, which putatively regulates antidiuresis, was tested. The stimulus inhibited spiking in R15 from mature adults but not in R15 from old adults or from osphradiallesioned mature ones. In old Aplysia the refractoriness of R15 to osphradial stimulation demonstrated that the effecacy of the pathway was impaired with increased age; it helped explain the slower rate of osmoregulation. Possible changes of osmoregulatory mechanisms and behavior compensating for the age sensitivity of osmoregulation are discussed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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11

Morgan, JM. "A Gene Controlling Differences in Osmoregulation in Wheat." Functional Plant Biology 18, no. 3 (1991): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9910249.

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Evidence is presented for a single gene controlling differences in osmoregulation in wheat in response to water stress, confirming earlier results. Analyses of osmoregulation were made on the flag leaves of wheat plants which were grown in pots in the glasshouse and stressed in a controlled environment chamber by withholding water after the flag leaf had fully emerged. Osmoregulation was derived from responses of osmotic potential to relative water content or from responses of relative water content and osmotic potential to water potential. Usable estimates of osmoregulation were obtained for 67 F2 lines derived from contrasting parents, to test for gene number, and for one substitution series with contrasting parents, to determine chromosomal location. The F2 frequency response, which consisted of two overlapping distributions, was compatible with a single recessive gene, the estimated ratio being 2.79 : 1 (low: high osmoregulation). This confirmed previous measurements made on F1s and F4s Results for the substitution series were also compatible with these results in indicating a single chromosome, 7A, which had an identical response to the low osmoregulation parent, Red Egyptian. The effects of the gene were confined to solute accumulations at water potentials above, but not below, zero turgor.
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12

Morgan, JM, RA Hare, and RJ Fletcher. "Genetic variation in osmoregulation in bread and durum wheats and its relationship to grain yield in a range of field environments." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 37, no. 5 (1986): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9860449.

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The association between osmoregulation and grain yield was examined using measurements of osmoregulation made on wheat plants grown in pots in a glasshouse and measurements of grain yields made in a wide range of field environments. Osmoregulation was determined from measurements of relative water contents and osmotic potentials made on the flag leaves of plants droughted near anthesis. The genotypes were advanced lines from two distinct breeding programs - one for bread wheats and one for durum wheats. All the genotypes in each program (27 bread and 14 durum) were closely related in having a common parent. The grain yields of the bread wheats were evaluated in 56 field trials covering a period of 4 years, and those of the durum wheats were evaluated in seven field trials in one year. Both droughted and irrigated sites were represented. Four field environments were also included for F4 segregating lines reported previously. Considerable variation in osmoregulation occurred which was positively associated with grain yield over the full range of environments sampled for each genotype group. The yields of genotypes which were high in osmoregulation were 11-17% higher in bread wheats and 7% higher in durum wheats than those which were low in osmoregulation, when class differences were based on rnaximising the average yield differences between osmoregulation groups. These results add further evidence favouring the use of glasshouse measurements of osrnoregulation as a selection criterion in wheat breeding.
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13

Kiilerich, Pia, Sylvain Milla, Armin Sturm, Claudiane Valotaire, Sylvie Chevolleau, Franck Giton, Xavier Terrien, et al. "Implication of the mineralocorticoid axis in rainbow trout osmoregulation during salinity acclimation." Journal of Endocrinology 209, no. 2 (February 22, 2011): 221–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-10-0371.

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Cortisol and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) play an important role in fish osmoregulation, whereas the involvement of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and its putative ligand 11-deoxycorticosterone (DOC) is poorly investigated. In this study, we assessed the implication of DOC and MR in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) osmoregulation during hypo- and hypersaline acclimation in parallel with the cortisol–GR system. A RIA for DOC was developed to measure plasma DOC levels, and a MR-specific antibody was developed to localize MR protein in the gill, intestine, and kidney. This is the first study to report DOC plasma levels during salinity change and MR localization in fish osmoregulatory tissue. Corticosteroid receptor mRNA abundance was investigated in osmoregulatory tissue during salinity acclimation, and the effect of cortisol and DOC on ionic transporters gene expression was assayed using an in vitro gill incubation method. Differential tissue-, salinity-, and time-dependent changes in MR mRNA levels during both hyper- and hyposaline acclimations and the ubiquitous localization of MR in osmoregulatory tissue suggest a role for the MR in osmoregulation. Presumably, DOC does not act as ligand for MR in osmoregulation because there were no changes in plasma DOC levels during either freshwater–seawater (FW–SW) or SW–FW acclimation or any effect of DOC on gill ionic transporter mRNA levels in the gill. Taken together, these results suggest a role for MR, but not for DOC, in osmoregulation and confirm the importance of cortisol as a major endocrine regulator of trout osmoregulation.
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14

Ortiz, Rudy M. "Osmoregulation in Marine Mammals." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 11 (June 1, 2001): 1831–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.11.1831.

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SUMMARY Osmoregulation in marine mammals has been investigated for over a century; however, a review of recent advances in our understanding of water and electrolyte balance and of renal function in marine mammals is warranted. The following topics are discussed: (i) kidney structure and urine concentrating ability, (ii) sources of water, (iii) the effects of feeding, fasting and diving, (iv) the renal responses to infusions of varying salinity and (v) hormonal regulation. The kidneys of pinnipeds and cetaceans are reniculate in structure, unlike those of terrestrial mammals (except bears), but this difference does not confer any greater concentrating ability. Pinnipeds, cetaceans, manatees and sea otters can concentrate their urine above the concentration of sea water, but only pinnipeds and otters have been shown to produce urine concentrations of Na+ and Cl−1 that are similar to those in sea water. This could afford them the capacity to drink sea water and not lose fresh water. However, with few exceptions, drinking is not a common behavior in pinnipeds and cetaceans. Water balance is maintained in these animals via metabolic and dietary water, while incidental ingestion and dietary salt may help maintain electrolyte homeostasis. Unlike most other aquatic mammals, sea otters commonly drink sea water and manatees frequently drink fresh water. Among the various taxonomic groups of marine mammals, the sensitivity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system appears to be influenced by the availability of Na+. The antidiuretic role of vasopressin remains inconclusive in marine mammals, while the natriuretic function of atrial natriuretic peptide has yet to be examined. Ideas on the direction of future studies are presented.
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15

Herrera, Fabio, Olga Bondarenko, and Sergii Boryshpolets. "Osmoregulation in fish sperm." Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 47, no. 3 (June 2021): 785–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10695-021-00958-1.

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16

Thewissen, J. G. M., L. J. Roe, J. R. O'Neil, S. T. Hussain, A. Sahni, and S. Bajpai. "Evolution of cetacean osmoregulation." Nature 381, no. 6581 (May 1996): 379–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/381379b0.

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17

Abee, T., R. Palmen, K. J. Hellingwerf, and W. N. Konings. "Osmoregulation in Rhodobacter sphaeroides." Journal of Bacteriology 172, no. 1 (1990): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.172.1.149-154.1990.

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18

Zadunaisky, José A. "Chloride cells and osmoregulation." Kidney International 49, no. 6 (June 1996): 1563–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ki.1996.225.

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19

Somero, G. N. "Animal Osmoregulation. Tim Bradley." Integrative and Comparative Biology 49, no. 6 (August 12, 2009): 717–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icb/icp083.

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20

May, Conrad, Michele Haber, Sarah H. Young, Thomas P. Tomai, Gyorgy Csako, and Robert P. Friedland. "Osmoregulation in Alzheimer's Disease." Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders 1, no. 2 (1990): 90–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000107125.

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21

Girlich, C., F. Mandraka, and U. Woenckhaus. "St�rungen der Osmoregulation." Intensivmedizin + Notfallmedizin 42, no. 3 (April 2005): 224–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00390-005-0534-8.

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22

Hazon, Neil. "Osmoregulation in elasmobranch fish." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 153, no. 2 (June 2009): S64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.004.

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23

Wegmann, Klaus. "Osmoregulation in eukaryotic algae." FEMS Microbiology Letters 39, no. 1-2 (July 1986): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01840.x.

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24

Bourque, C. W., S. H. R. Oliet, and D. Richard. "Osmoreceptors, Osmoreception, and Osmoregulation." Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 15, no. 3 (September 1994): 231–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/frne.1994.1010.

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25

Morgan, JM, and AG Condon. "Water Use, Grain Yield, and Osmoregulation in Wheat." Functional Plant Biology 13, no. 4 (1986): 523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9860523.

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Genotypic differences in turgor maintenance in wheat were shown to be associated with differences in grain yield in the field at both high and Low water deficits. High water deficits were produced by growing plants in field plots using water stored in the soil at sowing, and excluding rain with a rain cover. At low water deficits plants received rainfall, and irrigation was supplied before and immediately after sowing, at tillering, at jointing, at ear emergence, and during grain filling. Yield differences were analysed in terms of harvest index, water use, and water use efficiency. Water use was calculated from changes in soil water contents. At high water deficits all three factors were associated with differences in turgor maintenance. However, only the variations in water use and harvest index could be logically associated with differences in turgor maintenance. Analysis of the soil water extraction data showed that the differences in water use efficiency were due solely to differences in water use at depth while surface water losses were the same, i.e. the ratio of transpiration to soil evaporation would have been higher in low-osmoregulating genotypes. At low water deficits, no differences were observed in harvest index, though there were non-significant correlations between turgor maintenance and total water use efficiency or total water use. A similar result was obtained when the water use and yield data were related to osmoregulation measurements made in the glasshouse. It is therefore concluded that effects of turgor maintenance or osmoregulation on grain yield were primarily associated with differences in water use which were, in turn, due to differences in water extraction at soil depths between 25 and 150 cm.
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26

Morgan, J. M. "Changes in rheological properties and endosperm peroxidase activity associated with breeding for an osmoregulation gene in bread wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 6 (1999): 963. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar98132.

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Backcross lines which had been bred for an osmoregulation gene to improve the drought tolerance of 3 commercial bread wheat cultivars were tested for standard grain, dough, and baking characteristics. Three field sites were used to provide a range of protein contents of 10–14%. It was found that backcross lines with high osmoregulation had alterations in dough strength which could only be understood in terms of genetic linkage. Evidence of a linkage effect was found by comparing lines with recurrent parents in a season of low water stress, i.e. where yields and hence protein contents of each group were the same. On average, lines which had been bred for high osmoregulation had significantly shorter development times and significantly lower maximum resistances to extension than recurrent parents. Other parameters were not significantly different. A probable explanation of the dough strength effect lay in a difference in peroxidase activity due to linkage between the endosperm peroxidase, Per-A4, locus, and the osmoregulation, or, locus. There was an expectation, from published work, that dough strength could be affected by peroxidase. The hypothesis was confirmed by measurements of peroxidase activity. On average, lines with high osmoregulation (lower dough strength) had lower peroxidase activities than recurrent parents (higher dough strength). This effect, however, depended on protein content and genotype. Significance for plant breeding is discussed.
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27

Aryansyah, Akbar, Sutrisno Anggoro, and Norma Afiati. "Osmoregulation performance, condition factor, and gonad maturity of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Cengklik reservoir, Boyolali." Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal 10, no. 1 (April 7, 2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/aa.v10i1.10829.

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Osmoregulation is a physiological adjustment mechanism of fish to environmental conditions. Fish growth performance will reduce when a large amount of energy is redirected for the osmoregulation process. The purpose of this study was to determine the osmotic work level (OWL), osmoregulation pattern, condition factor (K), gonad maturity stages (GMS) and analyze the relationship between OWL with condition factor and GMS of tilapia collected from three floating net cages in Cengklik reservoir, Boyolali. Samples were collected during March – April 2022 followed by some allometric measurements and regression analyses. The OWL of tilapia at the three cages ranged from 4 – 10 mOsm/L H2O; they performed a hyperosmotic osmoregulation pattern. The condition factor of male and female tilapia were1,86±0,21 and 1,89±0,18. GMS of both male and female tilapia was dominated by GMS IV with a fecundity of 9408±2092.54 eggs. OWL did not reveal a significant effect on condition factors or on the GMS of tilapia (p>0.05). Pearson correlation test showed a weak relationship between OWL with condition factors (r = 0,204) and tilapia GMS (r = -0,001). Therefore, tilapia uses less energy in osmotic work to produce good growth performance because it has more energy for growth, as indicated by the high condition factor (K>1) and domination by fish with GMS IV level of mature gonads.Keywords: Condition Factor; Gonad Maturity; Fish Cages; Oreochromis niloticus; Osmoregulation
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28

Aryansyah, Akbar, Sutrisno Anggoro, and Norma Afiati. "Osmoregulation performance, condition factor, and gonad maturity of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Cengklik reservoir, Boyolali." Acta Aquatica: Aquatic Sciences Journal 10, no. 2 (October 16, 2023): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/aa.v1i2.9356.

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Osmoregulation is a physiological adjustment mechanism of fish to environmental conditions. Fish growth performance will reduce when a large amount of energy is redirected for the osmoregulation process. The purpose of this study was to determine the osmotic work level (OWL), osmoregulation pattern, condition factor (K), gonad maturity stages (GMS) and analyze the relationship between OWL with condition factor and GMS of tilapia collected from three floating net cages in Cengklik reservoir, Boyolali. Samples were collected during March – April 2022 followed by some allometric measurements and regression analyses. The OWL of tilapia at the three cages ranged from 4 – 10 mOsm/L H2O; they performed a hyperosmotic osmoregulation pattern. The condition factor of male and female tilapia were1,86±0,21 and 1,89±0,18. GMS of both male and female tilapia was dominated by GMS IV with a fecundity of 9408±2092.54 eggs. OWL did not reveal a significant effect on condition factors or on the GMS of tilapia (p>0.05). Pearson correlation test showed a weak relationship between OWL with condition factors (r = 0,204) and tilapia GMS (r = -0,001). Therefore, tilapia uses less energy in osmotic work to produce good growth performance because it has more energy for growth, as indicated by the high condition factor (K>1) and domination by fish with GMS IV level of mature gonads.Keywords: Condition Factor; Gonad Maturity; Fish Cages; Oreochromis niloticus; Osmoregulation
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29

Lang, M. A. "Correlation between osmoregulation and cell volume regulation." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 252, no. 4 (April 1, 1987): R768—R773. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1987.252.4.r768.

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The euryhaline crab, Callinectes sapidus, behaves both as an osmoregulator when equilibrated in salines in the range of 800 mosM and below and an osmoconformer when equilibrated in salines above 800 mosM. There exists a close correlation between osmoregulation seen in the whole animal in vivo and cell volume regulation studied in vitro. Hyperregulation of the hemolymph osmotic pressure and cell volume regulation both occurred in salines at approximately 800 mosM and below. During long-term equilibration of the crabs to a wide range of saline environments, the total concentration of hemolymph amino acids plus taurine remained below 3 mM. During the first 6 h after an acute osmotic stress to the whole animal, the hemolymph osmotic pressure and Na activity gradually decreased, whereas the free amino acids remained below 3 mM. As the hemolymph osmotic pressure decreased below approximately 850 mosM, the amino acid level began to increase to 17-25 mM. This change was primarily due to increases in glycine, proline, taurine, and alanine. The likely source of the increase in hemolymph free amino acids in vivo is the free amino acid loss from muscle cells observed during cell volume regulation in vitro.
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30

Charmantier, G., C. Haond, J. Lignot, and M. Charmantier-Daures. "Ecophysiological adaptation to salinity throughout a life cycle: a review in homarid lobsters." Journal of Experimental Biology 204, no. 5 (March 1, 2001): 967–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.204.5.967.

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Adaptations to salinity are reviewed throughout development in both species of the genus Homarus. Some populations of homarid lobsters are known to inhabit coastal and estuarine areas where salinity fluctuates. Salinity tolerance varies during development, with 50 % lethal salinities (LS(50)) ranging from approximately 15–17 in larvae to approximately 12 in postlarvae and 10 in adults. Larval and adult lobsters can avoid low-salinity areas using behavioural strategies. When exposed to low salinity, the capacity to osmoregulate varies with development. Embryos are osmoconformers and are osmotically protected by the egg membranes. Larvae are also osmoconformers, and the pattern of osmoregulation changes at metamorphosis to hyper-regulation, which is retained throughout the later stages up to the adult stage. Exposure to low salinity increases the activity of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase in postlarvae and later stages. The level of osmoregulation evaluated through the osmoregulatory capacity (the difference between haemolymph and medium osmolalities) is negatively affected by low temperature (2 degrees C). The variations in haemolymph osmolality resulting from osmoconforming or partial osmoregulation are compensated by intracellular iso-osmotic regulation. Neuroendocrine control of osmoregulation appears in postlarvae and seems to involve the crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone. In adult lobsters, the gills appear to have a respiratory function only, and extracellular osmoregulation is effected by the epipodites, with the addition of the branchiostegites at low salinity. These organs are present at hatching. Transmission electron microscopy and immunolocalization of Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase reveal that the epipodites become functional in larvae and that the branchiostegites become functional in postlarvae. An integrated series of events links the appearance of osmoregulatory tissues, the increase in Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase activity, the occurrence in postlarvae of hyper-regulation at low salinity and the increase in salinity tolerance. Further ecological and physiological studies are proposed for a better understanding of the adaptive significance of the ontogeny of osmoregulation in lobsters.
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31

Pierce, V. A., L. D. Mueller, and A. G. Gibbs. "Osmoregulation in Drosophila melanogaster selected for urea tolerance." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 17 (September 1, 1999): 2349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.17.2349.

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Animals may adapt to hyperosmolar environments by either osmoregulating or osmoconforming. Osmoconforming animals generally accumulate organic osmolytes including sugars, amino acids or, in a few cases, urea. In the latter case, they also accumulate ‘urea-counteracting’ solutes to mitigate the toxic effects of urea. We examined the osmoregulatory adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster larvae selected to live in 300 mmol l(−)(1) urea. Larvae are strong osmoregulators in environments with high NaCl or sucrose levels, but have increased hemolymph osmolarity on urea food. The increase in osmolarity on urea food is smaller in the selected larvae relative to unselected control larvae, and their respective hemolymph urea concentrations can account for the observed increases in total osmolarity. No other hemolymph components appear to act as urea-counteractants. Urea is calculated to be in equilibrium across body compartments in both selected and control larvae, indicating that the selected larvae are not sequestering it to lower their hemolymph osmolarity. The major physiological adaptation to urea does not appear to involve increased tolerance or improved osmoregulation per se, but rather mechanisms (e.g. metabolism, decreased uptake or increased excretion) that reduce overall urea levels and the consequent toxicity.
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32

Rasoolzadegan, Y. "OSMOREGULATION IN YOUNG JOJOBA SEEDLINGS." HortScience 25, no. 9 (September 1990): 1083f—1083. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1083f.

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The possibility of osmotic adjustment to salinity in Jojoba was studied in a sand culture system. After being stablished, 2 WKs old seedlings were exposed to 1/2 strength hoagland's solution plus NaCl salt to make up -0.7., -0.4, -0.6, -0.8, & -1 MPa. Shoot & leaf elongation, components of Ψleaf, proline accumulation, & inorganic salts were determined every 24 hour for 9 days. Shoot & leaf length were reduced at -0.8 and -0.4 MPa respectively. Osmotic adjustment occured only above -0.8 MPa at the rate of 0.21 If MPa/day. Total inorganic salts in whole plant increased with a decrease in solution Ψw. However, above -0.8 MPa excess Na & Cl ions were excluded from the leaves & accumulated within the roots, while K/Na ratio remained higher above -1 MPa. The selective uptake of K ions seems a possible mechanism for osmotic adjustment in Jojoba. Accumulation of Na & Cl ions under -1 MPa correlated with occasional pale green discoloration & tip-burn of leaves. Although the accumulation of proline was considerable at & below -0.8 MPa, but did not play a significant role in osmoregulation.
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33

Roberts, Mary, F. "Osmoadaptation and osmoregulation in archaea." Frontiers in Bioscience 5, no. 1 (2000): d796. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/roberts.

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34

D'haeseleer, Patrik. "Closing the circle of osmoregulation." Nature Biotechnology 23, no. 8 (August 2005): 941–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0805-941.

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35

Csonka, L. N., and A. D. Hanson. "Prokaryotic Osmoregulation: Genetics and Physiology." Annual Review of Microbiology 45, no. 1 (October 1991): 569–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.mi.45.100191.003033.

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36

McDonald, M. D. "ACIDIC ABSORBATE INTEGRAL TO OSMOREGULATION." Journal of Experimental Biology 209, no. 21 (November 1, 2006): vii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.02546.

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37

Lock, R. A. C., and S. E. Wendelaar Bonga. "Toxicants and Osmoregulation in Fish." Netherlands Journal of Zoology 42, no. 2-3 (1991): 478–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156854291x00469.

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38

Bradley, T. J. "Physiology of Osmoregulation in Mosquitoes." Annual Review of Entomology 32, no. 1 (January 1987): 439–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.en.32.010187.002255.

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39

Beck, Franz-X., Adolf Dörge, and Klaus Thurau. "Cellular Osmoregulation in Renal Medulla." Kidney and Blood Pressure Research 11, no. 3-5 (1988): 174–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000173161.

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40

Kanchanapoom, Kamnoon, and Wendy F. Boss. "Osmoregulation of fusogenic protoplast fusion." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 861 (1986): 429–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0005-2736(86)90451-7.

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41

Mayfield, Anderson B., and Ruth D. Gates. "Osmoregulation in anthozoan–dinoflagellate symbiosis." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 147, no. 1 (May 2007): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2006.12.042.

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42

Roberts, Mary F. "Osmoadaptation and osmoregulation in archaea." Frontiers in Bioscience 5, no. 3 (2000): d796–812. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/a552.

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43

Laurent, Pierre, and Nadra Hebibi. "Gill morphometry and fish osmoregulation." Canadian Journal of Zoology 67, no. 12 (December 1, 1989): 3055–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z89-429.

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Morphofunctional parameters were studied during adaptation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to different ionic environments: Strasbourg tap water, ion-poor water, and artificial seawater. The gill lamellae displayed large changes in size. Surface area of individual lamellae increased in trout acclimated to ion-poor water or seawater. Conversely, the harmonic mean thickness of the lamellar epithelium decreased in seawater, and to an even greater extent in ion-poor water. The apical surface area of individual branchial filament chloride cells, the number of these cells, and their apical surface density per unit of filament epithelial surface area were calculated in these three conditions. These variables did not differ significantly in Strasbourg tap water or seawater, but increased greatly in ion-poor water. These results are discussed in relation to gill permeability and ionic regulation in fish.
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44

Brown, A. D., Kylie F. Mackenzie, and K. K. Singh. "Selected aspects of microbial osmoregulation." FEMS Microbiology Letters 39, no. 1-2 (July 1986): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.1986.tb01839.x.

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45

Moran, Nava. "Osmoregulation of leaf motor cells." FEBS Letters 581, no. 12 (April 9, 2007): 2337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2007.04.002.

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46

Madea, B., and S. A. Padosch. "Neurogene St�rung der Osmoregulation." Rechtsmedizin 14, no. 5 (October 2004): 412–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00194-004-0284-0.

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47

Beck, Franz, Adolf D�rge, Roger Rick, and Klaus Thurau. "Osmoregulation of renal papillary cells." Pfl�gers Archiv European Journal of Physiology 405, S1 (1985): S28—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00581776.

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48

Balment, R. J., J. M. Warne, M. Tierney, and N. Hazon. "Arginine vasotocin and fish osmoregulation." Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 11, no. 1-6 (July 1993): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00004566.

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49

Wichard, Wilfried. "Das Experiment: Osmoregulation der Köcherfliegenlarven." Biologie in unserer Zeit 23, no. 3 (June 1993): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/biuz.19930230321.

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50

Jaafar, Raghad S., and Sumaya M. Ahmed. "Effect of salt stress on osmoregulation and energy consumption in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.,1844)." Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture 8, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 15–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.58629/ijaq.v8i1.227.

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This study aims to explain the effect of salt stress on Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. It includes two parts, the first to determine the LC50 during abrupt increase in salinity to 5,10 and 15g/L.While the other part concerned with the physiological effects of the gradual increase in salinity to 5 and 10 g/L on osmoregulation, by measuring ions concentration ( Na+, K+ ) in the blood plasma and muscles, water contents in the muscles , numbers and percentage of chloride cells in the gills epithelia, beside studying the expenditure of osmoregulation by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption, the levels of glucose and total protein in blood plasma. The results showed that the Grass carp has a narrow salt tolerance with LC50 7.5g/L. Osmoregulation study showed an increase in the concentrations of ions( Na+ and K+) in the blood plasma and muscles with increasing salinity to 5 and 10 g/L and the water levels in the muscle increase with increasing salinity. These changes are parallel with the increasing percentage and numbers of chloride cells in the gills. The oxygen consumption rate was increased with increasing salinity to 5 and 10 g/L .There was a decrease in the total protein and increase in the glucose levels with increasing salinity to 5 and 10g/L which reflect an increase energy consumption for osmoregulation. It was concluded, that the Grass carp does not have resistance to high salt concentration over 10 g/L, and the acclimation occurred in salt concentrations between 5 and 10 g/L with a new state of homeostasis and high consumption of energy for osmoregulation.
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