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1
Pariseau, Claude. Les troubles de 1860-1880 à Oka: Choc de deux cultures. 2nd ed. [Sherbrooke, Québec]: C. Pariseau, 1991.
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2
Bone tumors: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co., 1991.
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3
B, Skinner Harry, ed. Current diagnosis & treatment in orthopedics. 3rd ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, 2003.
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B, Skinner Harry, ed. Current diagnosis & treatment in orthopedics. 4th ed. New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, 2006.
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5
Toshitsugu, Oda, ed. 40-dai kara no gan no jikaku shōjō to saishin chiryōhō jiten: Gan ni tsuite shiru, soshite gan o yobōsuru / kanshū Oda Toshitsugu ; cho Gan Chirō Kenkyū Sentā. Tōkyō: Dōbun Shoin, 1999.
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6
Current diagnosis and treatment in orthopedics. New York, NY: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2006.
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B, Skinner Harry, ed. Current diagnosis & treatment in orthopedics. 2nd ed. New York: Lange Medical Books, 2000.
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8
Jobe, Andrea L. Bhāṣaṇa śikṣaṇa--karadīpika: Śastra cikitsatō savariñcina grahaṇa morri pai pedavi mariyu aṅgililō gala pillalu peddulu kōraku oka bhāṣaṇa śikṣaṇā sādhanaṃ : Telugu prati. Sikindrābād, Iṇḍiyā: Ār. Es. Eph.-Ert Spīk, 2003.
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9
Ebben, Matthew R. Review of PAP Therapy for the Treatment of OSA, an Issue of Sleep Medicine Clinics. Elsevier, 2023.
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Ryan, Laura, and Paul Hopkins. Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0011.
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Adenotonsillectomy is one of the most commonly performed surgeries in children and is the mainstay treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Children with OSA have a higher risk of perioperative respiratory morbidity. Diagnosis of OSA is made by overnight polysomnography, but this resource is rare and expensive so children at risk for OSA must be identified based on parental history. Patients with risk factors for postoperative respiratory complications may need to be monitored in the hospital overnight. Anesthetic challenges associate with adenotonsillectomy include perioperative analgesia, prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting, risk of airway fire, and management of airway obstruction.
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Squire, Peter. Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199764495.003.0012.
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Adenotonsillectomy has become first-line treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and it is increasingly performed as a day-case procedure. A diagnosis of OSA increases the risk for postoperative respiratory morbidity from 1% to approximately 20% and unfortunately, the clinical history may be unreliable at distinguishing which children are at greatest risk. The gold standard investigation is overnight polysomnography (PSG), but this is a scarce resource considering the number of procedures performed. Fortunately, overnight home pulse oximetry also provides a useful stratification of severity and may predict postoperative problems. Children with OSA have a respiratory drive and airway tone that may be exquisitely sensitive to anesthetic and analgesic agents. Accordingly, the anesthesiologist needs to identify which patients are most at risk, and therefore which patients can be managed as “day cases,” what is an appropriate anesthetic regimen, and how best to monitor these patients postoperatively.
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Pevernagie, Dirk. Positive airway pressure therapy. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0017.
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This chapter describes positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy for sleep disordered breathing. Continuous PAP (CPAP) acts as a mechanical splint on the upper airway and is the treatment of choice for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Autotitrating CPAP may be used when the pressure demand for stabilizing the upper airway is quite variable. In other cases, fixed CPAP is sufficient. There is robust evidence that CPAP reduces the symptomatic burden and risk of cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with moderate to severe OSA. Bilevel PAP is indicated for treatment of respiratory diseases characterized by chronic alveolar hypoventilation, which typically deteriorates during sleep. Adaptive servo-ventilation is a mode of bilevel PAP used to treat Cheyne–Stokes respiration with central sleep apnea . It is crucial that caregivers help patients get used to and be compliant with PAP therapy. Education, support, and resolution of adverse effects are mandatory for therapeutic success.
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Craig, Sonya, and Sophie West. Obstructive sleep apnoea. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0136.
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Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is caused by the repetitive closure of the pharynx during sleep, leading to sleep fragmentation and, often, daytime somnolence. Traditionally, it is defined as either the number of apnoeas (complete cessation of breathing for longer than 10 seconds) or hyponoeas (reduction in air flow by >50%) per hour in an overnight sleep study. However, it must be remembered that this definition is arbitrary, and OSA is better viewed as a spectrum with trivial snoring at one end and severe, almost continuous obstruction at the other. In addition to the sleep-study findings, if the patient is sleepy during the day, as defined by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, then this condition is termed ‘obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome’. This distinction is important, as patients with this syndrome usually warrant treatment.
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Pirelli, Gianni. Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630430.003.0008.
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This chapter is the second part of the section of the book pertaining to the emerging roles of medical and mental health professionals in firearm-related matters. In this chapter, the authors provide a broad overview of therapeutic interventions, including outlining considerations in the following areas: (i) psychology as a science; (ii) contemporary treatment modalities, such as psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral, and dialectical behavioral therapy approaches, among others; (iii) treatment for violence risk and violent offenders; (iv) treatment for victims of violence and domestic violence; (v) treatment for risk of suicide and self-harm; and (vi) youth interventions. The authors also address general considerations for health and wellness, firearm safety, barriers to treatment and restoration of gun rights, and vicarious trauma and self-care for practitioners.
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Osborne, David, and Chris Williams. Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0011.
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This chapter discusses talking therapies, or psychotherapies, for people with depression. For many years the predominant clinical model of depression has relied on medication as the gold standard for treatment. However, the cost of antidepressant medication prescribing is significant and rising. In response, recent government mental health targets also emphasize psychological interventions as an important treatment option. This chapter provides an overview of the characteristics of people who typically access talking therapies before turning to talking therapies that are available, including those that are recommended by national treatment guidelines such as NICE in England and Wales and SIGN in Scotland. In particular, it considers evidence-based talking therapies such as cognitive behavioural therapy, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), interpersonal therapy (IPT), and psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy. The chapter also assesses the implications of talking therapies for clients of legal professionals.
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Birks, David, and Thomas Douglas, eds. Treatment for Crime. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.001.0001.
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Crime-preventing neurointerventions (CPNs) are increasingly being used or advocated for crime prevention. There is increasing use of testosterone-lowering agents to prevent recidivism in sexual offenders, and strong political and scientific interest in developing pharmaceutical treatments for psychopathy and anti-social behaviour. Recent developments suggest that we may ultimately have at our disposal a range of drugs capable of suppressing violent aggression, and it is not difficult to imagine possible applications of such drugs in crime prevention. But should neurointerventions be used in crime prevention, and may the state ever permissibly impose CPNs as part of the criminal justice process? It is widely thought that preventing recidivism is one of the aims of criminal justice, yet existing means of pursuing this aim are often poorly effective, restrictive of basic freedoms, and harmful. Incarceration, for example, tends to be disruptive of personal relationships and careers, detrimental to physical and mental health, highly restrictive of freedom of movement and association, and rarely more than modestly effective at preventing recidivism. Neurointerventions hold the promise of preventing recidivism in ways that are more effective and more humane, but the use of CPNs in criminal justice raises several ethical concerns. CPNs could be highly intrusive and may threaten fundamental human values, such as bodily integrity and freedom of thought, and humanity has a track record of misguided, harmful, and unwarrantedly coercive use of neurotechnological ‘solutions’ to criminality. This collection brings together original contributions from emerging scholars and internationally renowned moral and political philosophers to address these issues.
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Series, Hugh. The Treatment of Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0010.
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This chapter considers some of the physical options for the treatment of the affective disorders, depression, and mania. It first provides an historical overview of physical treatments for depression, including drugs such as opium, morphine, and diamorphine, chloral, and barbiturates, as well as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). It then examines whether antidepressants work and how they are used before describing the biological basis of depression. It also looks at different classes of antidepressants, including monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), reuptake inhibitors, and mood stabilizers. Finally, it evaluates non-pharmacological physical treatments ranging from ECT to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), psychosurgery and deep brain stimulation, and novel therapies.
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Patterson Silver Wolf, David A. The New Addiction Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197601372.001.0001.
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Addiction is this country’s most pervasive and damaging public health problem, yet most Americans receive care that results in a failure rate that is both astronomically high and shielded from public view. This book examines the current state of the addiction treatment business and explores the reasons why—unlike those for all other behavioral, psychological, or neurological disorders—the treatment of addiction has been frozen in amber and little improved since the founding of Alcoholics Anonymous in 1935. After describing the size and scope of the problem and examining actual recovery rates for those who undergo treatment, there is the assertion that there are effectively two kinds of treatment regimes in the United States: those that medical doctors receive and those for the rest of us. The former has about an 80 percent success rate, the latter about an 80 percent failure rate. Drawing from personal experience as a former patient and person in long-term recovery, as well as 22 years as a clinician, professor, and researcher, many of the impediments to effective treatment today are described. The book finally offers a plausible and cost-effective way to disrupt the dismal status quo and realistically aspire to an 80 percent success rate for everyone who receives professional help for a substance use disorder.
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Skinner, Harry B. Current Diagnosis & Treatment in Orthopedics. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill/Appleton & Lange, 2000.
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20
Dolan, Kate, Zahra Alam-Mehrjerdi, and Babak Moazen. Drug Treatment for Prisoners. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374847.003.0016.
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Globally more than 10.2 million people are held in prisons on any given day, of whom 10% to 48% of males and 30% to 60% of females are estimated to be drug-dependent. Rates of incarceration for people with drug-related problems have increased in the past couple of decades. The preponderance of people who use or inject drugs in prisons, high rates of drug-related harm in prison and after release, and the high level of re-incarceration among drug users after release from prison are the main reasons for providing drug treatment in prisons. This chapter provides an overview of the rationale for prison drug treatment programs in prison., It describes three main forms of treatment: opioid substitution treatment (OST), therapeutic communities or drug free units, and cognitive behavioral therapy. A review of the evidence on the effectiveness of each treatment is presented, and the chapter concludes with recommendations for drug treatment in the prison setting.
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Abhishek, Abhishek, Adrian Jones, and Michael Doherty. Topical pharmacological treatments. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0028.
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Topical pharmacological agents such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and capsaicin are widely recommended as first-line analgesics in the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee, hand, and potentially other peripheral joints in view of their safety and efficacy. Although initial studies were short in duration (2–4 weeks), recent randomized controlled trials have confirmed the efficacy of topical NSAIDs over longer (12-week) study periods. Systematic reviews demonstrate that their efficacy can be equivalent to oral NSAIDs for OA pain, but they have a significantly better systemic toxicity profile than the corresponding oral formulations. Topical capsaicin is less well studied than topical NSAIDs but has been demonstrated to be effective in several placebo-controlled clinical trials. Local warming and an uncomfortable burning sensation is a common problem with initial applications, but this subsides with continued treatment and can be minimized by using a low-strength preparation (e.g. 0.025%) initially. Several other topical treatments such as drug-free transfersome gel and local lignocaine patches have been shown to be effective in controlling pain due to OA. However, they have been studied in relatively few studies and currently are not recommended for general use.
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Abhishek, Abhishek, and Michael Doherty. Treatment of calcium pyrophosphate deposition. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0052.
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The treatment of calcium pyrophosphate crystal deposition (CPPD) is mainly symptomatic. Acute calcium pyrophosphate (CPP) crystal synovitis should be treated with rest, local application of ice packs, joint aspiration, and/or intra-articular corticosteroid injection (once joint sepsis has been excluded). Oral colchicine or prednisolone may be used if joint aspiration and/or injection are not feasible. Anti-inflammatory agents (with proton pump inhibitors) may be used but in general these should be avoided as most patients with acute CPP crystal arthritis are elderly, and at a high risk of gastrointestinal and renal complication of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). Principles of management of CPPD with osteoarthritis (OA) are identical to those for isolated OA. However, patients may have more inflammatory signs and symptoms and periodic joint aspiration and corticosteroid injection may be required more often than in isolated OA. Oral NSAIDs (with gastro-protection), colchicine, low-dose corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine, and radiosynovectomy have been suggested as options for the treatment of chronic CPP crystal arthritis. There is growing interest in use of anti-interleukin-1 agents for acute or chronic CPP crystal arthritis but the efficacy of these agents has not been formally studied, and their use should be considered on an individual basis.
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Donnelly, Mary. Depression and Consent to Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0018.
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This chapter examines the law’s approach to decision-making capacity in the context of severe depression, with particular emphasis on decisions in respect of treatment (both treatment for the depressive condition itself and for other conditions that are not directly linked). It draws on the work of Matthew Ratcliffe on experiences of depression to highlight difficulties in applying the legal standard for decision-making capacity in the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA) to people with severe depression. The chapter explains how the law can address the limits of a capacity-based approach to consent to treatment and argues that an appropriate legal framework requires better engagement with the experiences of people living with depression. This framework should be grounded in recovery norms rather than autonomy/capacity norms—even if it recognizes that the two will overlap in many situations.
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Faber, Dennis, Niels Vermunt, Jason Kilborn, and Kathleen van der Linde, eds. Treatment of Contracts in Insolvency. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668366.001.0001.
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This is the second title in the new Oxford International and Comparative Insolvency Law Series. Virtually any insolvency needs to deal with the matter of contractual obligations and this book focuses on the extent to which insolvency law interferes with those obligations and relationships. As with the first volume in the series, the topic is addressed through national reports from nineteen of the main economically developed countries, all of which follow a uniform structure. This format enables easy comparison between the jurisdictions and substantially enhances the accessibility of material on a jurisdiction to foreign lawyers. It is essential for all commercial lawyers to consider the implications of insolvency (whether of their client or of the counter-party) on any contract that is under discussion, particularly where there are international aspects to the transaction. This work provides authoritative guidance on the consequences of insolvency on the contractual relationship covering issues such as performance, rights of counterparties, and the special treatment of specific contracts. Also considered are the effects of pre-insolvency negotiated contractual remedies such as flip clauses, automatic termination, acceleration clauses, close out netting provisions, flawed/conditional rights and penalty provisions. There is also guidance given on striking a balance between competing interests in an insolvency situation, for example social concerns raised by some employment contracts. Quality, uniformity and the high level of detail of National Reports are the key benefits of this book. The topic of the treatment of contracts is one in which there are significant differences internationally making this volume a valuable reference tool for practitioners, scholars, and postgraduate students alike.
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Babor, Thomas F., Jonathan Caulkins, Benedikt Fischer, David Foxcroft, Keith Humphreys, María Elena Medina-Mora, Isidore Obot, et al. Treatment systems for drug users. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198818014.003.0015.
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Policies affecting the type, amount, and organization of health and social services play an important role in the overall effectiveness of a service system. Countries differ markedly in their service systems, which vary in terms of the availability, accessibility, coordination, cost-effectiveness, and coerciveness of treatment and harm-reduction services. There are now a large number of evidence-informed health and social services that are ready for implementation in systems of care in both low and high-income countries. These interventions, along with innovations in the organization of service systems, can directly address access, equity, and coordination. Coordination between the criminal justice system, mental health services, primary health care, and the treatment system can reduce drug use, improve health, prevent crime, and decrease recidivism. Health and social services organized within an integrated system, can have an impact on the population in a variety of areas targeted by drug policy.
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Series, Hugh. Legal Regulation of Treatment for Depression. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801900.003.0020.
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This chapter reviews the legal regulation of treatment of depression as it exists in England and Wales, where medicinal products are regulated largely by the Medicines Act 1988 and the Misuse of Drugs Act 1971. The Medicines Act divides medicinal products into pharmacy only medicines, which can only be purchased under the supervision of a pharmacist, over-the-counter medicines, and prescription only medicines. The Misuse of Drugs Act is concerned with controlled drugs. These are divided into three classes according to their perceived degree of harmfulness. This chapter considers treatment with valid consent and two pieces of legislation that govern people who are sufficiently ill and need to be admitted to hospital: the Mental Health Act 1983 (MHA) and the Mental Capacity Act 2005 (MCA). It also discusses treatment of mentally incapacitated patients and the issue of liberty regarding the admission of a compliant but incapacitated patient to hospital. Finally, it looks at three types of non-medical prescribing in England, issued by independent prescribers, supplementary prescribers, and community practitioners.
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Smiley, Will. Military Reform, Reciprocity, and Improved Treatment. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785415.003.0010.
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This chapter examines captivity in the first two wars against Russia fought by the new Ottoman Regular army, in 1828–29 and 1853–56 (the Crimean War). We will see that the Ottoman prisoner-of-war system changed in response to the new incentives and interests created by the forces, as the Porte took conscious efforts to improve prisoners’ treatment in several ways. The result was that during the Crimean War, when the Ottoman alliance with France and Britain brought these three states’ captivity systems into contact with each other, all appeared roughly comparable in their basic structure. Both changes and continuities in this era drew on the Law of Release and the prisoner-of-war system established over the preceding century. Thus, while there were important changes, and convergences with European practices, Ottoman state interests and Russo-Ottoman legal traditions still remained paramount in governing captivity (with one major exception, to be discussed in Chapter 10).
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Ryberg, Jesper. Neuroscientific Treatment of Criminals and Penal Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198758617.003.0010.
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Does the implementation of treatment schemes as an integrated element in the sentencing of offenders violate a retributivist view of punishment? Traditional rehabilitationism has often been held to conflict with retributive justice. However, in this chapter it is argued that: 1) treatment schemes can be designed in a way that is fully consistent with retributive proportionality constraints; 2) treatment schemes cannot plausibly be rejected by retributivists as a type of punishment that should be banned in principle; 3) there may be circumstances under which the retributivist should accept treatment schemes even if criminals are being disproportionately punished.
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Grove, David R., Gilbert J. Greene, and Mo Yee Lee. Family Therapy for Treating Trauma. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190059408.001.0001.
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Family Therapy for Trauma: An Integrative Family and Systems Treatment (I-FAST) Approach offers a stand-alone family therapy treatment approach for trauma, addressing a gap in the trauma treatment literature. The book outlines a flexible yet structured family therapy approach that can integrate intervention procedures from any of the evidence-based manualized trauma treatments into a family treatment framework. The authors show how this flexibility offers great advantages for engaging trauma survivors and their families into treatment, who otherwise would not cooperate with standard trauma treatment approaches. They show how tracking and utilizing client and family frames in the organizing of treatment enhances both family engagement and the healing process in general. We show the role of family interactional patterns in the perpetuation of trauma symptoms and how changing these patterns leads to the resolution of trauma symptoms. The book demonstrates how tracking and enlarging interactional exceptions plays a key role in overcoming problems related to trauma. For clients who are not interested in trauma treatment, the authors show how treatment focusing on whatever issue they are willing to address can simultaneously resolve their trauma symptoms.
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Coppock, Elizabeth, and Stephen Wechsler. The proper treatment of egophoricity in Kathmandu Newari. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786658.003.0003.
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In egophoric (or conjunct/disjunct) verb-marking systems, a conjunct verb form co-occurs with first-person subjects in declaratives and second-person subjects in interrogatives, and also appears in de se attitude and speech reports; a disjunct verb form appears elsewhere. Conjunct marking also interacts with evidentiality: a speaker who abdicates responsibility for the content of an utterance by means of an evidential marker uses the disjunct verb form despite co-occurence with a first-person subject. Focussing on the case of Kathmandu Newari, Coppock and Wechsler propose that conjunct morphology marks the contents of attitudes de se. They develop a formal treatment of egophoricity, including a dynamic discourse model of the way attitudes de se are communicated. The propositional content of an attitude de se, modelled as a set of centered worlds, is effectively uncentered by its agent, to produce an ordinary proposition that is eligible to enter the common ground.
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Koppelman, Andrew. A Rawlsian Defence of Special Treatment for Religion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794394.003.0003.
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Religion, as such, is routinely given special treatment in American law. Many distinguished legal theorists and philosophers have claimed that this special treatment is unfair. Some of the arguments for this claim are adapted from the philosophy of John Rawls. The chapter argues that objections to special treatment of religion find no support in Rawls. The rights established in the original position are vaguely specified. Liberty of conscience cannot be implemented without reliance on more specific and local aspirations. In the later stages of the four-stage sequence, fulfilling the original position’s commitments requires taking account of the values that actual citizens hold, including religious ones where these are salient.
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(Editor), Evan T. Keller, and Leland W.K. Chung (Editor), eds. The Biology of Skeletal Metastases (Cancer Treatment and Research). Springer, 2004.
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Doherty, Michael, Johannes Bijlsma, Nigel Arden, David J. Hunter, and Nicola Dalbeth. Introduction: the comprehensive approach. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0020.
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This introductory chapter to the section on management of osteoarthritis (OA) emphasizes the need for a full assessment of the patient, not just in terms of joint symptoms and examination findings but a full holistic assessment of the person, including the impact of OA on their life, their illness perceptions of OA, and the presence of comorbidities. An individualized package of care can then be developed. Patients should be fully informed about OA and fully involved in all management decisions. Apart from education, which is an ongoing not one-off process, other core treatments to be considered in every person with OA are exercise (both strengthening and aerobic) and strategies to reduce adverse mechanical factors, including weight loss if overweight or obese. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the safest analgesic drug to try first for peripheral joint OA. Other treatments can be selected as required from a wide range of drug and non-pharmacological options, to address the needs of the individual. The patient requires regular follow-up for reassessment and re-adjustment of management as required. Currently there are sparse data on predictors of response to treatment, limiting a stratified medicine approach. Caveats to the research evidence for OA and its transition to clinical practice are discussed, and one way of improving this (reporting overall treatment effect and the proportion attributable to placebo in clinical trials) is presented. Optimizing contextual effects, which are an integral part of any treatment and which may explain the majority of improvement that a patient experiences for their OA, is emphasized as a key aspect of care.
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Wenham, Claire Y. J., and Philip G. Conaghan. Osteoarthritis—management. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0140.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common condition which often causes pain and functional limitation, significantly impacting on a person's quality of life. A comprehensive assessment of the impact of OA should be performed before selecting therapies and treatment goals. Current recommended therapies include a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies, which should be considered for all people with OA, regardless of anatomical site of involvement. Non-pharmacological treatments include education, muscle strengthening and aerobic exercises, weight loss if appropriate, splints and devices, and aids. Pharmacological therapies include paracetamol, oral and topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, topical capsaicin, intra-articular corticosteroid injections, and opioids. Many existing therapies have only a small analgesic effect size and, in the case of drug therapies, may be associated with important side effects, so an individual's symptoms and comorbidities must be taken into account when selecting therapies. For those who do not respond to these treatments, surgery such as a total joint arthroplasty may be required. There is a strong need for new analgesic treatments for OA. As it is becoming increasingly clear that the sources of pain in OA are complex and multifactorial, future treatments for OA will need to target both peripheral and central pain mechanisms.
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Hotopf, Matthew. Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of depression in advanced disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198806677.003.0009.
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Depression in palliative care is common, under-recognised and has significant impacts for sufferers. There are effective treatments but often a shortage of staff to provide them. This chapter sets out a number of key issues to consider when assessing and treating individual patients and considers the way in which palliative care services can innovate to provide a population level response to depression. Palliative care staff can be trained to deliver basic depression care and follow simple protocols to initiate, monitor and adjust antidepressant treatment. These approaches have been tested in trials in cancer care but the challenge is to take these approaches from research trials conducted in centres of excellence with good resources, to other settings.
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Innominato, Pasquale F., and David Spiegel. Circadian rhythms, sleep, and anti-cancer treatments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0016.
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The circadian timing system temporally regulates biological functions relevant for psycho-physical wellbeing, spanning all the systems related to health. Hence, disruption of circadian rhythms, along with sleep cycles, is associated with the development of several diseases, including cancer. Moreover, altered circadian and sleep functions negatively impact on cancer patients’ quality of life and survival, above and beyond known determinants of outcome. This alteration can occur as a consequence of cancer, but also of anti-cancer treatments. Indeed, circadian rhythms govern also the ability of detoxifying chemotherapy agents across the 24 hours. Hence, adapting chemotherapy delivery to the molecular oscillations in relevant drug pathways can decrease toxicity to healthy cells, while increasing the number of cancer cells killing. This chronomodulated chemotherapy approach, together with the maintenance of proper circadian function throughtout the whole disease challenge, would finally result in safer and more active anticancer treatments, and in patients experiencing better quality and quantity of life.
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Dyken, Mark Eric, Kyoung Bin Im, George B. Richerson, and Deborah C. Lin-Dyken. Sleep and stroke. Edited by Sudhansu Chokroverty, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, and Christopher Kennard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199682003.003.0027.
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The study of stroke and sleep is in its infancy, as exemplified by the fact that polysomnography (PSG) has only recently been used to help confirm that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a stroke risk factor. There is a strong association between stroke and sleep problems, as stroke can cause, and also may result from, some sleep disorders. Symptoms of OSA, the most frequent and dangerous sleep problem associated with stroke, often suggest other primary sleep disorders. OSA should be the first concern, and, if diagnosed, positive airway pressure (PAP) and positional therapies are first-line treatments. If OSA is ruled out, good sleep hygiene through cognitive–behavioral techniques (cognitive, sleep restriction, stimulus control, and progressive relaxation therapies) are often recommended, as stroke patients are prone to the adverse effects of medications routinely used for sleep problems.
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Walsh, David A. Contextual aspects of pain: why does the patient hurt? Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0014.
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The context in which osteoarthritis (OA) pain is experienced moderates and, to an extent, mediates its severity and impact. Context is both internal to the patient (e.g. genes, gender, age, comorbidities, psychological distress, and catastrophizing), and a consequence of external factors (e.g. social, healthcare, and work environment). Context influences how people report their pain, and also how the nervous system processes nociceptive information. Treatment contexts moderate and mediate therapeutic effectiveness, dependent on treatment expectations, beliefs, and risk evaluation. Uptake of treatments, both in primary and secondary care, is further influenced by the contexts in which they are offered. Understanding the nature and consequences of context helps explain heterogeneity between different people with OA pain, and opens avenues for potentially powerful interventions that could improve their quality of life. Context can be adjusted through the clinician–patient relationship and by targeting risk factors for poor outcome. Concurrent weight reduction, and psychological and physiotherapeutic interventions illustrate the use of combination therapy to address multiple contextual aspects of OA pain.
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Lobo, Ben. Advance decisions to refuse treatment and the impact of wider legislation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0009.
Full textAbstract:
This chapter provides insight into practice and legislative changes that relates to advance decisions to refuse treatment and advance care planning (ACP) for end of life. It sets this in the context of the Medical Control Agency (MCA) which provides the legal framework In England and Wales. The chapter explore aspects of the impact of this legislation including Lasting Power of Attorney, and Deprivation of Liberty Safeguards, the role of the Office of the Public Guardian and Court of Protection. Case law examples are given relating to decisions on mental capacity and best interests decisions including life sustaining treatment. Also discussed are: ADRT and children; decisions relating to CPR; assisted suicide, legal challenges and reform. The chapter concludes with a reflection on dilemmas that persists. It offers positive suggestions to move forwards, postulating that ACP and advance decisions overall reduce uncertainty and increases the chances of achieving patient-centred outcomes.
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Cuzick, Jack. Preventive Therapy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0068.
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Compared to cardiovascular medicine, where preventive treatments have long been firmly established, the development of therapies to prevent cancer is still in its infancy. Cancers are more heterogeneous and biologically complex than cardiovascular diseases, and it is challenging to identify agents that selectively block neoplastic progression in one organ without producing countervailing toxicity elsewhere. Causal pathways are less well understood for cancer than for heart disease; thus it is not surprising that the incomplete mechanistic understanding of carcinogenic pathways has yielded candidate treatments with mixed results. The balance of risks and benefits is also inherently more precarious for preventive than for therapeutic interventions. All of the patients treated therapeutically already have the disease for which the treatment is designed and can experience benefits as well as harms. This chapter discusses selected pharmacologic agents that have proven to be of value or show some promise as potential anti-cancer drugs.
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Reese, Elizabeth D., Jennifer Y. Yi, Ryan P. Bell, and Stacey B. Daughters. The Role of Negative Affect in the Course of Substance Use Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0014.
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Negative affect (NA) plays a prominent role in theoretical models characterizing the course of substance use disorders and is thus considered a central mechanism contributing to maintenance of symptoms and increased risk for relapse. This chapter overviews theoretical models of substance use, highlighting the impact of NA within the addiction cycle. In this context, it examines the evidence linking NA to substance use disorder (SUD) development, maintenance, and relapse, highlighting the association between NA and addiction-specific processes including withdrawal and craving. It concludes with a discussion of current substance use treatment approaches that target NA, including promising new pharmacological and neurobiological treatments.
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Miller, Michelle A. The genetics of sleep. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778240.003.0006.
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The genetic regulation of normal sleep and sleep disorders is complex and often shows strong environmental interactions. This is a relatively new, and rapidly expanding, area of research, and the number of sleep conditions with established, underlying genetic components is growing. The genetic basis regulating the sleep–wake cycle has identified the Period genes. Their polymorphisms appear to determine the morning/night preferences of individuals. At present, the public health benefits are limited, but will increase as the identification and understanding of genetic causes for sleep conditions improve. This may lead to new diagnostic and treatment options including genetic counselling, improved therapeutic regimes, and new drug treatments.
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Fancourt, Daisy. Fact file 2: Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792079.003.0015.
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Dentistry involves the study, diagnosis, prevention, and/or treatment of diseases, disorders, and conditions of the oral cavity, including the teeth, gums, and tissues. Dentistry is thought to be one of the first areas of specialization to emerge from medicine, with evidence of drilled teeth dating back 9,000 years. The most common conditions treated within dentistry involve tooth decay (dental caries) and gum disease (periodontal disease), with common dental procedures including x-rays, restorative treatments (such as fillings, crowns, and bridges), prosthetics (dentures), orthodontics (such as teeth braces), tooth extraction and endodontic (root canal) therapy. Dentistry also involves public health work such as the encouragement of oral disease prevention through dental hygiene and check-ups....
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Ahlskog, J. Eric. Dementia with Lewy Body and Parkinson's Disease Patients. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199977567.001.0001.
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Patients, spouses, families, and caregivers dealing with dementia face a host of complex issues, particularly when they must confront Dementia with Lewy Bodies or Parkinson's Disease. Until now there has been no guidebook for the general public to help navigate these challenging disorders. In Dementia with Lewy Bodies and Parkinson's Disease Dementia, Dr. J. Eric Ahlskog draws on 30 years of clinical and research work at Mayo Clinic to arm patients and families with crucial information that will enable them to work in tandem with their doctors. A diagnosis of dementia can be devastating, leaving families and caregivers struggling with a loved one's radically-impaired thinking and memory. When dementia is coupled with Parkinson's, which will develop in Parkinson's patients that live long enough, or with Lewy Bodies, which is the second leading cause of dementia behind Alzheimer's, the difficulties become even more daunting. And while these disorders are all too common, most people have little solid information about them. Too often doctors cannot spend the necessary time answering questions or discussing the specific challenges and treatments for these kinds of dementia during office visits. Arriving for a doctor appointment knowing the issues and treatment options beforehand gives patients and families an important head start. Dr. Ahlskog clearly explains all aspects of these disorders, their causes, symptoms, most effective drug treatments, proper doses, and which medications to avoid. He also discusses the complications that can arise in treating these conditions, given the variety of available medications and their possible side effects and interactions. While a cure does not yet exist, in this accessible, highly informative guidebook, Dr. Ahlskog shows that optimal medical treatment can markedly improve the quality of life for both patients and family.
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Thorlund, Jonas Bloch, and L. Stefan Lohmander. Other surgical approaches in the management of osteoarthritis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0034.
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Joint replacement is often considered the surgical treatment for patients with osteoarthritis (OA). However, several other surgical treatments, of which some are more frequently performed, have been advocated for patients with OA in order to relieve symptoms, stall progression, and avoid or postpone joint replacement. This chapter briefly describes the most common procedures such as knee and hip arthroscopy and knee and hip osteotomy. It also reviews the evidence for the efficacy of these treatments compared with non-surgical alternatives, which is frequently insufficient due to lack of controlled low-risk-of-bias studies. The risk of adverse events is also reported when data is available. Some of the more recent surgical techniques such as implantation of chondrocytes or stem cells are also described and discussed but their utility for treating osteoarthritis remains uncertain. There is a great need for continued innovation and development of surgical techniques for managing in particular the earlier stages of osteoarthritis. To reduce the risk of future costly failures, a stepwise introduction of new surgical procedures and devices must be encouraged.
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Ellis, Erin M., and Rebecca A. Ferrer. Decision Making in Cancer Prevention and Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190499037.003.0020.
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Being diagnosed with cancer introduces the need to make many high-stakes decisions about treatments, clinical trial participation, palliative care, advanced care planning, and (sometimes) end-of-life preferences. These decisions can be intensely emotional themselves, and occur within the affectively laden context of cancer-related issues, such as symptom management, interpersonal concerns, and existential questions about life and death. This chapter outlines how affect/emotion influences several decisions faced by cancer patients, and how emotions are relevant to the interpersonal context in which these decisions occur. Emotion has pervasive and predictable—sometimes deleterious and sometimes advantageous—influences on decision making. Fundamental knowledge regarding how affect influences cancer-related decision making could be leveraged to develop interventions to optimize decisions about treatment, clinical trial participation, and palliative care among cancer patients and survivors, thereby improving cancer-related outcomes.
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Olshan, Andrew F., and Mia Hashibe. Cancer of the Larynx. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190238667.003.0027.
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Cancer of the larynx can affect the glottis, supraglottis, subglottis, and laryngeal cartilage. Traditional treatments for laryngeal cancer caused significant disfigurement, difficulty with swallowing and speech, and poor quality of life. Newer treatment methods seek to preserve laryngeal function. Worldwide, an estimated 157,000 new cases and 83,000 deaths from laryngeal cancer occurred in 2012, accounting for 1.1% of all new cancer cases and 1.0% of all cancer deaths. The risk of cancer of the larynx is nearly five times higher in men than women in the United States. Incidence and mortality rates of these cancers in males are decreasing in most high-income countries; this decrease is seen in all racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Active cigarette smoking is the strongest risk factor and explains the greatest proportion of cases. All tobacco products are strongly associated with increased risk, especially when combined with alcohol consumption.
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Mathers, Nigel, and Craig Sinclair. Planning ahead in all areas. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802136.003.0026.
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Advance care planning (ACP) has traditionally been identified as a means by which patients can give anticipatory directions for future medical treatment. However the narrow focus on medical treatments has been criticized by those who argue that ACP should commence early in a life-limiting illness, be an ongoing process, and encompass goals and values in a broad range of domains (e.g. cultural, spiritual, lifestyle, and/or financial). Benefits would include reduced focus on end-of-life care, alignment with person-centred care principles, and greater capacity for incorporating ‘future planning’ discussions into routine care. This approach may be accessible to a broader range of patients, enabling meaningful discussions to commence prior to, or soon after, diagnosis of a life-limiting illness. We discuss the implications of this broad approach to ACP for practitioners, patients, and family caregivers, with reference to relevant case examples.
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Koslicki, Kathrin. Artifacts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823803.003.0009.
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This chapter continues the examination of the special features of artifacts by discussing their place within existing essentialist and anti-essentialist frameworks. It will be argued that prominent essentialist treatments of artifacts, such as those proposed by Amie Thomasson, Simon Evnine, and Lynne Rudder Baker, are susceptible to the concern that they exaggerate the creative and discriminating power of human intentions. Existing anti-essentialist frameworks, however, tend to trace the ascriptions of modal features to objects back to our semantic, inferential, or explanatory practices and are therefore also not particularly well suited to capture the primarily practical and action-based orientation of our engagement with the realm of artifacts. For the time being, the special case of artifacts eludes an entirely satisfactory treatment and must await the further development and refinement of suitable essentialist and anti-essentialist frameworks before the status of artifacts within a hylomorphic ontology can be fully resolved.
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Abhishek, Abhishek, and Michael Doherty. Placebo, nocebo, and contextual effects. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199668847.003.0027.
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Placebo effect is an example of ‘contextual’ effect and is the symptomatic improvement experienced by patients who have unknowingly received a placebo (inactive treatment) instead of an active drug. It occurs due to patient-specific factors such as expectation of improvement and is influenced by the context in which the treatment is delivered. Nocebo effect is the opposite of placebo effect and includes worsening of symptoms or incident adverse effects due to expectancy or negative contextual or practitioner influence. Placebo effect has been demonstrated in a range of musculoskeletal conditions, including osteoarthritis (OA), as well as other conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and asthma. In OA, the placebo effect is strongest for subjective outcomes like pain. In fact, the effect size (ES) of placebo analgesia in OA clinical trials (0.51) is clinically significant and higher than the ES (defined by the additional improvement above placebo) obtained from non-pharmacological (0.25) and pharmacological (0.39) treatments. A number of patient- and intervention-specific and contextual factors influence the magnitude of placebo-induced improvements. Placebo analgesia is real, not a ‘trick of the mind’, and results from central mechanisms that increase descending inhibition of pain. Contextual effects are an integral part of everyday clinical practice. While patient- and intervention-specific determinants cannot be changed easily, healthcare practitioners should optimize the physician-specific factors that enhance positive contextual response and minimize nocebo response. Such a strategy that will increase the overall improvement is particularly relevant for OA where there is no ‘cure’ and a predominance of negative beliefs.