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Journal articles on the topic 'Oruanui'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Wilson, C. J. N., V. R. Switsur, and A. P. Ward. "A new 14C age for the Oruanui (Wairakei) eruption, New Zealand." Geological Magazine 125, no. 3 (May 1988): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756800010232.

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AbstractThe Oruanui eruption was the largest known outburst of Taupo volcano, New Zealand, and is among the larger Quaternary eruptions documented. The eruption deposits are variously known as the Oruanui, Wairakei, Kawakawa Tephra, or Aokautere Ash formations, and represent a bulk volume probably exceeding 500 km3. Four new 14C age determinations on carbonized vegetation in the non-welded Oruanui ignimbrite are combined to give a conventional age of 22590±230 yr b.p. Compared with the previously accepted figure of 20000 yr b.p., this new age resolves the anomaly of apparently older 14C ages being obtained from a demonstrably younger New Zealand deposit, and strengthens correlation of this eruption with an Antarctic ice-core acid anomaly. The trace of this eruption has great potential as a time-plane marker in the Antarctic just prior to the last glacial maximum. The close similarity in ages between the Oruanui and a comparable sized eruption (Ito/Aira-Tn) in Japan suggests that this period of activity may represent the best chance of resolving any linkages between large-scale explosive silicic volcanism and climate changes.

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2

Schill, G. P., K. Genareau, and M. A. Tolbert. "Deposition and immersion mode nucleation of ice by three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman spectroscopy." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 2 (January 16, 2015): 1385–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-1385-2015.

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Abstract. Ice nucleation on volcanic ash controls both ash aggregation and cloud glaciation, which affect atmospheric transport and global climate. Previously, it has been suggested that there is one characteristic ice nucleation efficiency for all volcanic ash, regardless of its composition, when accounting for surface area; however, this claim is derived from data from only two volcanic eruptions. In this work, we have studied the depositional and immersion freezing efficiency of three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman Microscopy coupled to an environmental cell. Ash from the Fuego (basaltic ash, Guatemala), Soufrière Hills (andesitic ash, Montserrat), and Taupo (Oruanui euption, rhyolitic ash, New Zealand) volcanoes were chosen to represent different geographical locations and silica content. All ash samples were quantitatively analyzed for both percent crystallinity and mineralogy using X-ray diffraction. In the present study, we find that all three samples of volcanic ash are excellent depositional ice nuclei, nucleating ice from 225–235 K at ice saturation ratios of 1.05 ± 0.01, comparable to the mineral dust proxy kaolinite. Since depositional ice nucleation will be more important at colder temperatures, fine volcanic ash may represent a global source of cold-cloud ice nuclei. For immersion freezing relevant to mixed-phase clouds, however, only the Oruanui ash exhibited heterogeneous ice nucleation activity. Similar to recent studies on mineral dust, we suggest that the mineralogy of volcanic ash may dictate its ice nucleation activity in the immersion mode.

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3

Schill, G. P., K. Genareau, and M. A. Tolbert. "Deposition and immersion-mode nucleation of ice by three distinct samples of volcanic ash." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 13 (July 10, 2015): 7523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7523-2015.

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Abstract. Ice nucleation of volcanic ash controls both ash aggregation and cloud glaciation, which affect atmospheric transport and global climate. Previously, it has been suggested that there is one characteristic ice nucleation efficiency for all volcanic ash, regardless of its composition, when accounting for surface area; however, this claim is derived from data from only two volcanic eruptions. In this work, we have studied the depositional and immersion freezing efficiency of three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman microscopy coupled to an environmental cell. Ash from the Fuego (basaltic ash, Guatemala), Soufrière Hills (andesitic ash, Montserrat), and Taupo (Oruanui eruption, rhyolitic ash, New Zealand) volcanoes were chosen to represent different geographical locations and silica content. All ash samples were quantitatively analyzed for both percent crystallinity and mineralogy using X-ray diffraction. In the present study, we find that all three samples of volcanic ash are excellent depositional ice nuclei, nucleating ice from 225 to 235 K at ice saturation ratios of 1.05 ± 0.01, comparable to the mineral dust proxy kaolinite. Since depositional ice nucleation will be more important at colder temperatures, fine volcanic ash may represent a global source of cold-cloud ice nuclei. For immersion freezing relevant to mixed-phase clouds, however, only the Oruanui ash exhibited appreciable heterogeneous ice nucleation activity. Similar to recent studies on mineral dust, we suggest that the mineralogy of volcanic ash may dictate its ice nucleation activity in the immersion mode.

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4

Vandergoes, Marcus. "Refining the age of the Kawakawa/Oruanui tephra in New Zealand." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.1781.

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5

Wilson, C. J. N. "The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: an introduction and overview." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 112, no. 1-4 (December 2001): 133–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-0273(01)00239-6.

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6

Allan, Aidan S. R., Daniel J. Morgan, Colin J. N. Wilson, and Marc-Alban Millet. "From mush to eruption in centuries: assembly of the super-sized Oruanui magma body." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 166, no. 1 (March 17, 2013): 143–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0869-2.

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7

Van Eaton, Alexa R., and Colin J. N. Wilson. "The nature, origins and distribution of ash aggregates in a large-scale wet eruption deposit: Oruanui, New Zealand." Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 250 (January 2013): 129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2012.10.016.

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8

Vandergoes, Marcus J., Alan G. Hogg, David J. Lowe, Rewi M. Newnham, George H. Denton, John Southon, David J. A. Barrell, et al. "A revised age for the Kawakawa/Oruanui tephra, a key marker for the Last Glacial Maximum in New Zealand." Quaternary Science Reviews 74 (August 2013): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.11.006.

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9

WILSON, C. J. N., S. BLAKE, B. L. A. CHARLIER, and A. N. SUTTON. "The 26·5 ka Oruanui Eruption, Taupo Volcano, New Zealand: Development, Characteristics and Evacuation of a Large Rhyolitic Magma Body." Journal of Petrology 47, no. 1 (August 31, 2005): 35–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egi066.

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10

Liu, Yang, Alfred T. Anderson, Colin J. N. Wilson, Andrew M. Davis, and Ian M. Steele. "Mixing and differentiation in the Oruanui rhyolitic magma, Taupo, New Zealand: evidence from volatiles and trace elements in melt inclusions." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 151, no. 1 (December 8, 2005): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-005-0046-3.

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11

Manville, Vern, and Colin J. N. Wilson. "The 26.5 ka Oruanui eruption, New Zealand: A review of the roles of volcanism and climate in the post‐eruptive sedimentary response." New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics 47, no. 3 (September 2004): 525–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288306.2004.9515074.

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12

Leckie, H. D., and P. C. Almond. "Evidence of prehistoric wind erosion of the Mackenzie Basin, South Island, New Zealand: an assessment based on 137Cs and Kawakawa-Oruanui tephra." Soil Research 53, no. 1 (2015): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13312.

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Many authors have reported significant soil erosion resulting from the grazing of sheep, rabbit plagues and invasion of the exotic Hawkweed (Hieracium sp.) in the sub humid alpine region of Mackenzie Basin, South Island, New Zealand. In the present study, we investigated the soil redistribution of four study plots with varying vegetation depletion over historic (54 years) and long (25 ka) time scales. Historic soil loss, quantified by bomb fallout 137Cs, under plots of depleted short tussock and herbfield vegetation was no more than the adjacent undisturbed reference plot of red tussock (Chionochloa rubra). This indicates the present landscape characterised by soil and vegetation degradation is not due to erosion since 1953. There is no evidence from the present study to suggest that establishment and rapid invasion of Hieracium sp. and major periodic rabbit plagues have accelerated soil erosion over the past 54 years. By contrast, low topsoil thickness under Hieracium sp. indicates that Hieracium sp. is colonising bare ground and may have, at least in the short-term, a stabilising effect. Long-term soil loss was quantified by the profile distribution of volcanic glass originating from Kawakawa-Oruanui tephra (KOT). The peak concentration, and hence the tephra’s 25.4 ka isochron, occurred at a depth of 70–85 cm at the reference plot. The degraded plots showed significant decreases in glass concentration and depth to peak concentration with progressively shallower soils and vegetation depletion. This equated to a minimum erosion rate averaged over the past ~25.4 k years of 0.020 mm year–1 in the most eroded plot. The extent of bare ground and topsoil thickness were poor indicators of soil erosion status. The tephra results show a potentially long history of soil erosion that has predisposed soil and vegetation degradation within the European era.

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13

Charlier, B. L. A., C. J. N. Wilson, and J. P. Davidson. "Rapid open-system assembly of a large silicic magma body: time-resolved evidence from cored plagioclase crystals in the Oruanui eruption deposits, New Zealand." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 156, no. 6 (June 13, 2008): 799–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-008-0316-y.

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14

Lowe, David J., C. J. N. Wilson, R. M. Newnham, and A. G. Hogg. "Dating the Kawakawa/Oruanui eruption: Comment on “Optical luminescence dating of a loess section containing a critical tephra marker horizon, SW North Island of New Zealand” by R. Grapes et al." Quaternary Geochronology 5, no. 4 (August 2010): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2009.10.006.

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15

"Stratigraphy, chronology, styles and dynamics of late Quaternary eruptions from Taupo volcano, New Zealand." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Physical and Engineering Sciences 343, no. 1668 (May 15, 1993): 205–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.1993.0050.

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Taupo volcano is the southerly of two dormant caldera volcanoes in the rhyolite-dominated central portion of the Taupo Volcanic Zone in the North Island of New Zealand. Taupo has an average magma output rate of 0.2 m 3 s -1 over the past 65 000 years, and is one of the most frequently active and productive rhyolite volcanoes known. The structure of the modern ‘inverse’ volcano was formed largely by caldera collapse associated with the voluminous 22 600 14 C years BP Oruanui eruption, and has been little modified since except for collapse following the 1850 14 C years BP eruption. The products of 28 eruptions (labelled T, f2, A, ..., Z), all of which post-date the Oruanui eruption, are defined and described here. Twenty-seven of these eruptions are represented by pyroclastic deposits (of which three were accompanied by a mappable lava extrusion), and one eruption (Z) solely by evidence for a lava extrusion. The deposits of seven eruptions (B, C, E, S, V, X and Y) largely correspond to previously defined tephra formations (Karapiti, Poronui, Opepe, Waimihia, Whakaipo, Mapara and Taupo, respectively). The previously defined Motutere and Hinemaiaia Tephras are reinterpreted to represent the products of 12 eruptions (G to R), while the remaining eight deposits and one eruption are newly recognized. Eruption T occurred at ca . 17200 14 C or 20500 calibrated years BP and eruption Z about 1740 calibrated years BP. Eruption volumes vary by more than three orders of magnitude between 0.01 and more than 44 km 3 , and repose periods by more than two orders of magnitude from ca . 20 to 6000 years. The eruption deposits reflect great variations in parameters such as volume, the dispersal characteristics of the fall deposits, the presence or absence of intraeruptive time breaks, the formation of pyroclastic flows, the degree of magmawater interaction, the vesiculation state of the magma on fragmentation and the relative proportions of juvenile obsidian versus foreign lithologies in the lithic fractions. All but seven fall deposits are plinian in dispersal; two (Y1 and probably W) are sub-plinian, one (Y5) has been termed ‘ultraplinian’, while 4/ and A are too poorly preserved for their dispersal to be assessed. The lengths of repose periods in the post-Oruanui sequence range are not randomly distributed but show self-similar properties (fractal dimensionality); repose intervals ( r , in years) of not more than 350 years follow n = 53.5r-0'21, and those of not less than 350 years follow n = 2096 r -0-83 , where n is the number of eruptions. The shorter repose periods may reflect triggering processes, such as regional extension, affecting magma bodies during their viable lifetimes, while longer repose intervals (i.e. not less than 350 years) may reflect an episodicity of major rifting events or the production of magma bodies below the volcano. Bulk volumes ( v , in km 3 ) of the eruption products also show self-similar properties (fractal dimensionality), with n = 6.17 v -0.46 . However, there are then apparently random relationships between eruption volumes and the preceding or succeeding repose period such that prediction of the time and size of the next eruption is impossible. The post-Oruanui activity at Taupo represents ‘noise’ superimposed on the more uniform, longer term activity in the central Taupo Volcanic Zone, where large (greater than 100 km 3 ) eruptions, such as the Oruanui, occur at more evenly spaced intervals of one per 40-60000 years.

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16

Rooyakkers, Shane M., Colin J. N. Wilson, C. Ian Schipper, Simon J. Barker, and Aidan S. R. Allan. "Textural and micro-analytical insights into mafic–felsic interactions during the Oruanui eruption, Taupo." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 173, no. 5 (April 7, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-018-1461-6.

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17

Sharpe, Max S., Simon J. Barker, Shane M. Rooyakkers, Colin J. N. Wilson, Isabelle Chambefort, Michael C. Rowe, C. Ian Schipper, and Bruce L. A. Charlier. "A sulfur and halogen budget for the large magmatic system beneath Taupō volcano." Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 177, no. 10 (September 27, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00410-022-01959-w.

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AbstractThe transport and degassing pathways of volatiles through large silicic magmatic systems are central to understanding geothermal fluid compositions, ore deposit genesis, and volcanic eruption dynamics and impacts. Here, we document sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F) concentrations in a range of host materials in eruptive deposits from Taupō volcano (New Zealand). Materials analysed are groundmass glass, silicic melt inclusions, and microphenocrystic apatite that equilibrated in shallow melt-dominant magma bodies; silicic melt and apatite inclusions within crystal cores inferred to be sourced from deeper crystal mush; and olivine-hosted basaltic melt inclusions from mafic enclaves that represent the most primitive feedstock magmas. Sulfur and halogen concentrations each follow distinct concentration pathways during magma differentiation in response to changing pressures, temperatures, oxygen fugacities, crystallising mineral phases, the effects of volatile saturation, and the presence of an aqueous fluid phase. Sulfur contents in the basaltic melt inclusions (~ 2000 ppm) are typical for arc-type magmas, but drop to near detection limits by dacitic compositions, reflecting pyrrhotite crystallisation at ~ 60 wt. % SiO2 during the onset of magnetite crystallisation. In contrast, Cl increases from ~ 500 ppm in basalts to ~ 2500 ppm in dacitic compositions, due to incompatibility in the crystallising phases. Fluorine contents are similar between mafic and silicic compositions (< 1200 ppm) and are primarily controlled by the onset of apatite and/or amphibole crystallisation and then destabilisation. Sulfur and Cl partition strongly into an aqueous fluid and/or vapour phase in the shallow silicic system. Sulfur contents in the rhyolite melts are low, yet the Oruanui supereruption is associated with a major sulfate peak in ice core records in Antarctica and Greenland, implying that excess S was derived from a pre-eruptive gas phase, mafic magma recharge, and/or disintegration of a hydrothermal system. We estimate that the 25.5 ka Oruanui eruption ejected > 130 Tg of S (390 Tg sulfate) and up to ~ 1800 Tg of Cl, with potentially global impacts on climate and stratospheric ozone.

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18

Ruefer, Anna C., Kenneth S. Befus, James O. Thompson, and Benjamin J. Andrews. "Implications of Multiple Disequilibrium Textures in Quartz-Hosted Embayments." Frontiers in Earth Science 9 (December 10, 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.742895.

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The faces of volcanic phenocrysts may be marked by imperfections occurring as holes that penetrate the crystal interior. When filled with glass these features, called embayments or reentrants, have been used to petrologically constrain magmatic ascent rate. Embayment ascent speedometry relies on the record of disequilibrium preserved as diffusion-limited volatile concentration gradients in the embayment glass. Clear, glassy embayments are carefully selected for speedometry studies. The use and subsequent descriptions of pristine embayments overrepresent their actual abundance. Here, we provide a textural analysis of the number, morphology, and filling characteristics of quartz-hosted embayments. We target a collection of large (i.e., >20 km3 erupted volume) silicic eruptions, including the Bishop Tuff, Tuff of Bluff Point, Bandelier Tuff, Mesa Falls Tuff, and Huckleberry Ridge Tuff in the United States, Oruanui Tuff in New Zealand, Younger Toba Tuff in Indonesia, the Kos Plateau Tuff in Greece, and the Giant Pumice from La Primavera caldera in Mexico. For each unit, hundreds of quartz crystals were picked and the total number of embayment-hosting crystals were counted and categorized into classifications based on the vesicularity and morphology. We observed significant variability in embayment abundance, form, and vesicularity across different eruptions. Simple, cylindrical forms are the most common, as are dense glassy embayments. Increasingly complex shapes and a range of bubble textures are also common. Embayments may crosscut or deflect prominent internal cathodoluminescence banding in the host quartz, indicating that embayments form by both dissolution and growth. We propose potential additional timescales recorded by embayment disequilibrium textures, namely, faceting, bubbles, and the lack thereof. Embayment formation likely occurs tens to hundreds of years before eruption because embayment surfaces are rounded instead of faceted. Bubble textures in embayments are far from those predicted by equilibrium solubility. Homogenous nucleation conditions likely allow preservation of pressures much greater than magmastatic inside embayments. Our textural observations lend insight into embayment occurrence and formation and guide further embayment studies.

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