Journal articles: 'Orthopedic implants – Materials'

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Bai, Gong, Chen, Sun, Zhang, Cai, Zhu, and Xie. "Additive Manufacturing of Customized Metallic Orthopedic Implants: Materials, Structures, and Surface Modifications." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9091004.

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Metals have been used for orthopedic implants for a long time due to their excellent mechanical properties. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, studying customized implants with complex microstructures for patients has become a trend of various bone defect repair. A superior customized implant should have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties matching the defect bone. To meet the performance requirements of implants, this paper introduces the biomedical metallic materials currently applied to orthopedic implants from the design to manufacture, elaborates the structure design and surface modification of the orthopedic implant. By selecting the appropriate implant material and processing method, optimizing the implant structure and modifying the surface can ensure the performance requirements of the implant. Finally, this paper discusses the future development trend of the orthopedic implant.

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Wildemann, Britt, and Klaus D. Jandt. "Infections @ Trauma/Orthopedic Implants: Recent Advances on Materials, Methods, and Microbes—A Mini-Review." Materials 14, no. 19 (October 6, 2021): 5834. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14195834.

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Implants and materials are indispensable in trauma and orthopedic surgery. The continuous improvements of implant design have resulted in an optimized mechanical function that supports tissue healing and restoration of function. One of the still unsolved problems with using implants and materials is infection. Trauma and material implantation change the local inflammatory situation and enable bacterial survival and material colonization. The main pathogen in orthopedic infections is Staphylococcus aureus. The research efforts to optimize antimicrobial surfaces and to develop new anti-infective strategies are enormous. This mini-review focuses on the publications from 2021 with the keywords S. aureus AND (surface modification OR drug delivery) AND (orthopedics OR trauma) AND (implants OR nails OR devices). The PubMed search yielded 16 original publications and two reviews. The original papers reported the development and testing of anti-infective surfaces and materials: five studies described an implant surface modification, three developed an implant coating for local antibiotic release, the combination of both is reported in three papers, while five publications are on antibacterial materials but not metallic implants. One review is a systematic review on the prevention of stainless-steel implant-associated infections, the other addressed the possibilities of mixed oxide nanotubes. The complexity of the approaches differs and six of them showed efficacy in animal studies.

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Kopec, Mateusz, Adam Brodecki, Grzegorz Szczęsny, and Zbigniew L. Kowalewski. "Microstructural Analysis of Fractured Orthopedic Implants." Materials 14, no. 9 (April 25, 2021): 2209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14092209.

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In this paper, fracture behavior of four types of implants with different geometries (pure titanium locking plate, pure titanium femoral implant, Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy pelvic implant, X2CrNiMo18 14-3 steel femoral implant) was studied in detail. Each implant fractured in the human body. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to determine the potential cause of implants fracture. It was found that the implants fracture mainly occurred in consequence of mechanical overloads resulting from repetitive, prohibited excessive limb loads or singular, un-intendent, secondary injures. Among many possible loading types, the implants were subjected to an excessive fatigue loads with additional interactions caused by screws that were mounted in their threaded holes. The results of this work enable to conclude that the design of orthopedic implants is not fully sufficient to transduce mechanical loads acting over them due to an increasing weight of treated patients and much higher their physical activity.

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Memarian, Parastoo, Elham Pishavar, Federica Zanotti, Martina Trentini, Francesca Camponogara, Elisa Soliani, Paolo Gargiulo, Maurizio Isola, and Barbara Zavan. "Active Materials for 3D Printing in Small Animals: Current Modalities and Future Directions for Orthopedic Applications." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031045.

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The successful clinical application of bone tissue engineering requires customized implants based on the receiver’s bone anatomy and defect characteristics. Three-dimensional (3D) printing in small animal orthopedics has recently emerged as a valuable approach in fabricating individualized implants for receiver-specific needs. In veterinary medicine, because of the wide range of dimensions and anatomical variances, receiver-specific diagnosis and therapy are even more critical. The ability to generate 3D anatomical models and customize orthopedic instruments, implants, and scaffolds are advantages of 3D printing in small animal orthopedics. Furthermore, this technology provides veterinary medicine with a powerful tool that improves performance, precision, and cost-effectiveness. Nonetheless, the individualized 3D-printed implants have benefited several complex orthopedic procedures in small animals, including joint replacement surgeries, critical size bone defects, tibial tuberosity advancement, patellar groove replacement, limb-sparing surgeries, and other complex orthopedic procedures. The main purpose of this review is to discuss the application of 3D printing in small animal orthopedics based on already published papers as well as the techniques and materials used to fabricate 3D-printed objects. Finally, the advantages, current limitations, and future directions of 3D printing in small animal orthopedics have been addressed.

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Tan, Gang, Jing Xu, Walter Munesu Chirume, Jieyu Zhang, Hui Zhang, and Xuefeng Hu. "Antibacterial and Anti-Inflammatory Coating Materials for Orthopedic Implants: A Review." Coatings 11, no. 11 (November 18, 2021): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11111401.

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Orthopedic implant failure is the most common complication of orthopedic surgery, causing serious trauma and resulting in a tremendous economic burden for patients. There are many reasons for implant failure, among which peri-implant infection (or implant-related infection) and aseptic loosening are the most important. At present, orthopedic doctors have many methods to treat these complications, such as revision surgery, which have shown good results. However, if peri-implant infection can be prevented, this will bring about significant social benefits. Many studies have focused on adding antibacterial substances to the implant coating, and with a deeper understanding of the mechanism of implant failure, adding such substances by different modification methods has become a research hot spot. This review aims to summarize the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory substances that can be used as coating materials in orthopedic implants and to provide a reference for the prevention and treatment of implant failure caused by implant-related infection and excessive inflammation.

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Filip, Nina, Iulian Radu, Bogdan Veliceasa, Cristiana Filip, Mihaela Pertea, Andreea Clim, Alin Constantin Pinzariu, Ilie Cristian Drochioi, Remus Lucian Hilitanu, and Ionela Lacramioara Serban. "Biomaterials in Orthopedic Devices: Current Issues and Future Perspectives." Coatings 12, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): 1544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101544.

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In orthopedics, bone fixation imposes the use of implants in almost all cases. Over time, the materials used for the implant have evolved from inert materials to those that mimic the morphology of the bone. Therefore, bioabsorbable, biocompatible, and bioactive materials have emerged. Our study aimed to review the main types of implant materials used in orthopedics and present their advantages and drawbacks. We have searched for the pros and cons of the various types of material in the literature from over the last twenty years. The studied data show that consecrated metal alloys, still widely used, can be successfully replaced by new types of polymers. The data from the literature show that, by manipulating their composition, the polymeric compounds can simulate the structure of the different layers of human bone, while preserving its mechanical characteristics. In addition, manipulation of the polymer composition can provide the initiation of desired cellular responses. Among the implanting materials, polyurethane is distinguished as the most versatile polymeric material for use both as orthopedic implants and as material for biomechanical testing of various bone reduction and fixation techniques.

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Kwan, Millie, and Ri Zhi Wang. "Bio-Fabrication of Nacre on Conventional Implant Materials." Key Engineering Materials 529-530 (November 2012): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.529-530.255.

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Nacreous coatings on orthopedic implants can be advantageous because of its robust mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and ability to promote bone growth. The biofabrication of nacreous coatings on conventional orthopedic implant materials via biomineralization process from abalone shells was examined. The objective was to investigate the effect of different materials on nacreous coating growth. The coatings were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD. It was found that different materials resulted in different surface morphologies and coating thicknesses, although the main mineral formed was aragonite. Calcium carbonate coating was formed on the entire surface of the poly (methyl methacrylate) and high density polyethylene implants and resulted in a thick coating, while the titanium implants showed thinner coating at the same growing period.

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Moore, Kelly, Niraj Gupta, Tripti Thapa Gupta, Khushi Patel, Jacob R. Brooks, Anne Sullivan, Alan S. Litsky, and Paul Stoodley. "Mapping Bacterial Biofilm on Features of Orthopedic Implants In Vitro." Microorganisms 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2022): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10030586.

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Implant-associated infection is a major complication of orthopedic surgery. One of the most common organisms identified in periprosthetic joint infections is Staphylococcus aureus, a biofilm-forming pathogen. Orthopedic implants are composed of a variety of materials, such as titanium, polyethylene and stainless steel, which are at risk for colonization by bacterial biofilms. Little is known about how larger surface features of orthopedic hardware (such as ridges, holes, edges, etc.) influence biofilm formation and attachment. To study how biofilms might form on actual components, we submerged multiple orthopedic implants of various shapes, sizes, roughness and material type in brain heart infusion broth inoculated with Staphylococcus aureus SAP231, a bioluminescent USA300 strain. Implants were incubated for 72 h with daily media exchanges. After incubation, implants were imaged using an in vitro imaging system (IVIS) and the metabolic signal produced by biofilms was quantified by image analysis. Scanning electron microscopy was then used to image different areas of the implants to complement the IVIS imaging. Rough surfaces had the greatest luminescence compared to edges or smooth surfaces on a single implant and across all implants when the images were merged. The luminescence of edges was also significantly greater than smooth surfaces. These data suggest implant roughness, as well as large-scale surface features, may be at greater risk of biofilm colonization.

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Sui, Junhao, Shu Liu, Mengchen Chen, and Hao Zhang. "Surface Bio-Functionalization of Anti-Bacterial Titanium Implants: A Review." Coatings 12, no. 8 (August 5, 2022): 1125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12081125.

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Titanium (Ti) and titanium alloy have been widely used in orthopedics. However, the successful application of titanium implants is mainly limited due to implant-associated infections. The implant surface contributes to osseointegration, but also has the risk of accelerating the growth of bacterial colonies, and the implant surfaces infected with bacteria easily form biofilms that are resistant to antibiotics. Biofilm-related implant infections are a disastrous complication of trauma orthopedic surgery and occur when an implant is colonized by bacteria. Surface bio-functionalization has been extensively studied to better realize the inhibition of bacterial proliferation to further optimize the mechanical functions of implants. Recently, the surface bio-functionalization of titanium implants has been presented to improve osseointegration. However, there are still numerous clinical and non-clinical challenges. In this review, these aspects were highlighted to develop surface bio-functionalization strategies for enhancing the clinical application of titanium implants to eliminate implant-associated infections.

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Hussain, Muzamil, Syed Hasan Askari Rizvi, Naseem Abbas, Uzair Sajjad, Muhammad Rizwan Shad, Mohsin Ali Badshah, and Asif Iqbal Malik. "Recent Developments in Coatings for Orthopedic Metallic Implants." Coatings 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070791.

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Titanium, stainless steel, and CoCrMo alloys are the most widely used biomaterials for orthopedic applications. The most common causes of orthopedic implant failure after implantation are infections, inflammatory response, least corrosion resistance, mismatch in elastic modulus, stress shielding, and excessive wear. To address the problems associated with implant materials, different modifications related to design, materials, and surface have been developed. Among the different methods, coating is an effective method to improve the performance of implant materials. In this article, a comprehensive review of recent studies has been carried out to summarize the impact of coating materials on metallic implants. The antibacterial characteristics, biodegradability, biocompatibility, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties for performance evaluation are briefly summarized. Different effective coating techniques, coating materials, and additives have been summarized. The results are useful to produce the coating with optimized properties.

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Moraes, Carla, Camila Q. M. Bruna, Cristiane de Lion Botero Couto Lope, and Kazuko U. Graziano. "Research: Recovery of Microorganisms in Nonsterile, Reusable, Loaned Orthopedic Implants." Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology 53, no. 5 (September 1, 2019): 351–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-53.5.351.

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Abstract Currently, there are two orthopedic implant types: (1) Sterile implants (e.g., joint prostheses) are distributed in a ready-for-use sterile fashion, and (2) nonsterile implants (e.g., plates, screws, Schanz pins, intramedullary rods) are processed by a healthcare facility's central sterile service department (CSSD). The current study evaluated processed implants for presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci, which was observed in 30% of the cortical screws, spongy screws, and Schanz pins (37 total samples) processed by a CSSD. Some samples were resistant to antimicrobial agents, thereby demonstrating that risk exists in the current methods used in the processing of nonsterile implants. Also of important note, nonsterile implants are commonly loaned worldwide. Loaned implantable materials should not be processed in the same manner as materials routinely prepared in the CSSD, as it is not possible to know the quality of the cleaning performed before the materials are returned to the loaning company. It is not uncommon for hospitals to receive loaned materials with organic residues.

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Antoniac, Iulian, Marian Miculescu, Veronica Mănescu (Păltânea), Alexandru Stere, Pham Hong Quan, Gheorghe Păltânea, Alina Robu, and Kamel Earar. "Magnesium-Based Alloys Used in Orthopedic Surgery." Materials 15, no. 3 (February 2, 2022): 1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031148.

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Magnesium (Mg)-based alloys have become an important category of materials that is attracting more and more attention due to their high potential use as orthopedic temporary implants. These alloys are a viable alternative to nondegradable metals implants in orthopedics. In this paper, a detailed overview covering alloy development and manufacturing techniques is described. Further, important attributes for Mg-based alloys involved in orthopedic implants fabrication, physiological and toxicological effects of each alloying element, mechanical properties, osteogenesis, and angiogenesis of Mg are presented. A section detailing the main biocompatible Mg-based alloys, with examples of mechanical properties, degradation behavior, and cytotoxicity tests related to in vitro experiments, is also provided. Special attention is given to animal testing, and the clinical translation is also reviewed, focusing on the main clinical cases that were conducted under human use approval.

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Beck, Sascha, Carolin Sehl, Sylvia Voortmann, Hedda Luise Verhasselt, Michael J. Edwards, Jan Buer, Mike Hasenberg, Erich Gulbins, and Katrin Anne Becker. "Sphingosine is able to prevent and eliminate Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation on different orthopedic implant materials in vitro." Journal of Molecular Medicine 98, no. 2 (December 20, 2019): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00109-019-01858-x.

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Abstract Periprosthetic infection (PPI) is a devastating complication in joint replacement surgery. On the background of an aging population, the number of joint replacements and associated complications is expected to increase. The capability for biofilm formation and the increasing resistance of different microbes to antibiotics have complicated the treatment of PPI, requiring the need for the development of alternative treatment options. The bactericidal effect of the naturally occurring amino alcohol sphingosine has already been reported. In our study, we demonstrate the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine on three different strains of biofilm producing Staphylococcus epidermidis, representing one of the most frequent microbes involved in PPI. In an in vitro analysis, sphingosine’s capability for prevention and treatment of biofilm-contamination on different common orthopedic implant surfaces was tested. Coating titanium implant samples with sphingosine not only prevented implant contamination but also revealed a significant reduction of biofilm formation on the implant surfaces by 99.942%. When testing the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine on sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis, sphingosine solution was capable to eliminate 99.999% of the bacteria on the different implant surfaces, i.e., titanium, steel, and polymethylmethacrylate. This study provides evidence on the antimicrobial efficacy of sphingosine for both planktonic and sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis on contaminated orthopedic implants. Sphingosine may provide an effective and cheap treatment option for prevention and reduction of infections in joint replacement surgery. Key messages • Here we established a novel technology for prevention of implant colonization by sphingosine-coating of orthopedic implant materials. • Sphingosine-coating of orthopedic implants prevented bacterial colonization and significantly reduced biofilm formation on implant surfaces by 99.942%. • Moreover, sphingosine solution was capable to eliminate 99.999% of sessile biofilm-grown Staphylococcus epidermidis on different orthopedic implant surfaces.

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Noreen, Sehrish, Engui Wang, Hongqing Feng, and Zhou Li. "Functionalization of TiO2 for Better Performance as Orthopedic Implants." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 6868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196868.

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This review mainly focuses on the surface functionalization approaches of titanium dioxide (TiO2) to prevent bacterial infections and facilitate osteointegration simultaneously for titanium (Ti)-based orthopedic implants. Infection is one of the major causes of implant failure. Meanwhile, it is also critical for the bone-forming cells to integrate with the implant surface. TiO2 is the native oxide layer of Ti which has good biocompatibility as well as enriched physical, chemical, electronic, and photocatalytic properties. The formed nanostructures during fabrication and the enriched properties of TiO2 have enabled various functionalization methods to combat the micro-organisms and enhance the osteogenesis of Ti implants. This review encompasses the various modifications of TiO2 in aspects of topology, drug loading, and element incorporation, as well as the most recently developed electron transfer and electrical tuning approaches. Taken together, these approaches can endow Ti implants with better bactericidal and osteogenic abilities via the functionalization of TiO2.

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Bane, Marin, Florin Miculescu, Ana Iulia Blajan, Mihaela Dinu, and Iulian Antoniac. "Failure Analysis of some Retrieved Orthopedic Implants Based on Materials Characterization." Solid State Phenomena 188 (May 2012): 114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.188.114.

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The aim of this paper is to determine causes of failure of orthopedic implants like intramedullary nail based on explants analysis and materials characterization. The clinical performance, corrosion characteristics and metallurgical properties of some retrieved titanium femoral nails have been examined. The macroscopic and the microscopic investigation of explants help us to describe the breaking mechanism and to identify the potential causes that led to implant failure.

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Koju, Naresh, Suyash Niraula, and Behzad Fotovvati. "Additively Manufactured Porous Ti6Al4V for Bone Implants: A Review." Metals 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2022): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040687.

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Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy is one of the most widely used orthopedic implant materials due to its mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility nature. Porous Ti64 structures are gaining more research interest as bone implants as they can help in reducing the stress-shielding effect when compared to their solid counterpart. The literature shows that porous Ti64 implants fabricated using different additive manufacturing (AM) process routes, such as laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and electron beam melting (EBM) can be tailored to mimic the mechanical properties of natural bone. This review paper categorizes porous implant designs into non-gradient (uniform) and gradient (non-uniform) porous structures. Gradient porous design appears to be more promising for orthopedic applications due to its closeness towards natural bone morphology and improved mechanical properties. In addition, this paper outlines the details on bone structure and its properties, mechanical properties, fatigue behavior, multifunctional porous implant designs, current challenges, and literature gaps in the research studies on porous Ti64 bone implants.

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Saconi, Felipe, Geraldine Hincapie Diaz, André Costa Vieira, and Marcelo Leite Ribeiro. "Experimental Characterization and Numerical Modeling of the Corrosion Effect on the Mechanical Properties of the Biodegradable Magnesium Alloy WE43 for Orthopedic Applications." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 14, 2022): 7164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207164.

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Computational modeling plays an important role in the design of orthopedic implants. In the case of biodegradable magnesium alloys, a modeling approach is required to predict the effects of degradation on the implant’s capacity to provide the desired stabilization of fractured bones. In the present work, a numerical corrosion model is implemented to predict the effects of biodegradation on the structural integrity of temporary trauma implants. A non-local average pitting corrosion model is calibrated based on experimental data collected from in vitro degradation experiments and mechanical testing of magnesium WE43 alloy specimens at different degradation stages. The localized corrosion (pitting) model was implemented by developing a user material subroutine (VUMAT) with the program Abaqus®/Explicit. In order to accurately capture both the linear mechanical reduction in specimen resistance, as well as the non-linear corrosion behavior of magnesium WE43 observed experimentally, the corrosion model was extended by employing a variable corrosion kinetic parameter, which is time-dependent. The corrosion model was applied to a validated case study involving the pull-out test of orthopedic screws and was able to capture the expected loss of screw pull-out force due to corrosion. The proposed numerical model proved to be an efficient tool in the evaluation of the structural integrity of biodegradable magnesium alloys and bone-implant assembly and can be used in future works in the design optimization and pre-validation of orthopedic implants.

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Studenikin, R. V., A. A. Filin, A. A. Mamedov, and K. S. Niftaliev. "One-stage dental implantation without orthopedic loads – histological and radiographic control of survival." Medical alphabet, no. 22 (October 15, 2022): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2022-22-12-17.

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Purpose: histological and radiographic study and comparison of osseointegration and stability of implants without orthopedic load, installed in different ways (simultaneously in a fresh socket immediately after tooth extraction and in mature bone).Materials and methods: the criterion for inclusion in the study was the possibility of placing a test (immediately after tooth extraction) and a control implant (in mature bone) on opposite sites without the use of osteoplastic materials or membranes. The procedures were followed by periapical radiography, which was repeated three months later. According to the comparative data of the images, the marginal loss of bone tissue was calculated. Both implants were removed to obtain histological specimens. Sections were prepared by standard staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Using an X-ray digitizer, the percentage of implant-to-bone connection was calculated.Results: the data of histological and radiographic studies showed no significant difference in the osseointegration of the implant in the post-extraction lenok and in the mature bone. There was no statistically significant difference in the percentage of bone connection between test and control implants placed in different jaws. Connective tissue in implants is absent, as well as fibrous. Bone destruction was not observed in histological sections.Conclusions: jsseointegration and survival of dental implants without orthopedic load, installed without the use of osteoplastic materials in a fresh post-extraction hole and in a mature bone is almost the same, regardless of the place of installation (upper or lower jaw).

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Zaman, Hainol Akbar, Safian Sharif, Mohd Hasbullah Idris, and Anisah Kamarudin. "Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Implant Applications: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.19.

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Stainless steel, titanium alloys and cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are classified under the metallic biomaterials whereby various surgical implants, prosthesis and medical devices are manufactured to replace missing body parts which may be lost through accident, trauma, disease, or congenital conditions. Among these materials, cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are the common cobalt base alloy used for orthopedic implants due their excellence properties which include high corrosion resistance, high strength, high hardness, high creep resistance, biocompatibility and greater wear resistance. This paper summarises the various aspects and characteristic of metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, titanium and cobalt chromium alloys for medical applications especially for orthopedic implant. These include material properties, biocompatibility, advantages and limitations for medical implants applications.

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Lee, Sangmin, Yun-Young Chang, Jinkyu Lee, Sajeesh Kumar Madhurakkat Perikamana, Eun Mi Kim, Yang-Hun Jung, Jeong-Ho Yun, and Heungsoo Shin. "Surface engineering of titanium alloy using metal-polyphenol network coating with magnesium ions for improved osseointegration." Biomaterials Science 8, no. 12 (2020): 3404–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0bm00566e.

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Jackson, Nicolette, Michel Assad, Derick Vollmer, James Stanley, and Madeleine Chagnon. "Histopathological Evaluation of Orthopedic Medical Devices: The State-of-the-art in Animal Models, Imaging, and Histomorphometry Techniques." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318821083.

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Orthopedic medical devices are continuously evolving for the latest clinical indications in craniomaxillofacial, spine, trauma, joint arthroplasty, sports medicine, and soft tissue regeneration fields, with a variety of materials from new metallic alloys and ceramics to composite polymers, bioresorbables, or surface-treated implants. There is great need for qualified medical device pathologists to evaluate these next generation biomaterials, with improved biocompatibility and bioactivity for orthopedic applications, and a broad range of knowledge is required to stay abreast of this ever-changing field. Orthopedic implants require specialized imaging and processing techniques to fully evaluate the bone-implant interface, and the pathologist plays an important role in determining the proper combination of histologic processing and staining for quality slide production based on research and development trials and validation. Additionally, histomorphometry is an essential part of the analysis to quantify tissue integration and residual biomaterials. In this article, an overview of orthopedic implants and animal models, as well as pertinent insights for tissue collection, imaging, processing, and slide generation will be provided with a special focus on histopathology and histomorphometry evaluation.

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Pilliar, R. M., J. E. Davies, and D. C. Smith. "The Bone-Biomaterial Interface for Load-Bearing Implants." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 9 (September 1991): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400056074.

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Bone-interfacing surgical implants used in orthopedics and dentistry must bear the forces of normal patient activity with minimal risk of mechanical failure of the implant. This requires using appropriate materials and designs for implant fabrication. Additionally, reliable long-term implant attachment to host bone must be assured so that effective force transfer between implant and bone occurs for the patient's lifetime without the implant loosening. With recent advances in implant designs and techniques for their placement, effective implant fixation to bone can last for years (decades) either directly or through an acceptable intermediate fibrous tissue layer at the bone-implant interface. With approximately 500,000 artificial hips implanted annually worldwide and the demand for other joint replacements approaching the same order of magnitude, as well as the recent major growth in the use of dental implants (300,300 projected for insertion in North America alone in 1991), the assurance of effective implant-to-bone fixation is extremely important.Studies of implant biocompatibility have resulted from concerns over the cumulative effects of foreign element release through implant corrosion and wear. Accumulation of this debris in tissues both local and remote to implant sites over the long term is a concern. Of equal importance, for load-bearing implants, are studies to determine the important factors for successful long-term implant fixation. Current trends in design and use of both dental and orthopedic implants reflect the trial-and-error approach that has characterized this field for decades.

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Barbosa, Luzinete Pereira, Lucio Salgado, N. Filho Karsokas, and Márcia Kazumi Nagamine. "Characterization of HDH Titanium Powder for Biomaterial Applications." Materials Science Forum 660-661 (October 2010): 188–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.660-661.188.

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Several materials have been used as surgical implants since the 16th century. Materials can be implanted in the human body; however, the choice of the appropriate material is based on the required mechanical, physical, chemical, and biological properties. Until now two classes of metals namely stainless steel and cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloys became known as materials for implant applications. They were considered suitable for surgical implant procedures but many researchers and surgeons were not completely satisfied with their performance. The main problem of the modern science is to find a material that perfectly restores tissues damaged after accidents or diseases. The trend of the current research in orthopedic prosthesis is based on the development of titanium alloys composed of non-toxic elements with low modulus of elasticity. Powder metallurgy techniques have beenused to produce controlled porous structures such as the porous coating applied for dental and orthopedic surgical implants which allows bone tissue grown within the implant surface, improving fixation. The development of porous metallic biomaterials associated with their biomedical applications is an important research area. To obtain a good one implant successful therapy the composition, size, form and topography of the alloys are extremely important.

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Taeh, Alaa S., Farhad M. Othman, and Alaa A. Abdul-Hamead. "Reviewing Alumina-Zirconia Composite as a Ceramic Biomaterial." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.6.27.

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In orthopedics, increasing the implant lifetime minimizes the need for repair surgery, which benefits the patient’s health and the practice bottom line. The quality of the materials and designs is always being enhanced to reach the ultimate objective of a single implant that would last a person their whole life. The purpose of orthopedic treatments is to enhance the patient’s ability to participate in normal activities and socialize, and the implant carrier should not be subjected to unnecessary limitations. As a result, implants are exposed to severe mechanical stress and the inherently hostile in vivo biochemical environment, which is particularly prevalent in younger and more active people. The development of hip prosthesis design and materials has taken this path in recent years. This development is one of the most challenging problems in the field of implant technology in this century. In this study, various materials, including ceramics, glass, metal alloys, polymers, metal alloys, composites, and others, were used in an effort to combine biocompatibility with fatigue resistance, stiffness, hardness, the capacity to withstand dynamic and static stresses, and excellent chemical and mechanical wear resistance. The fracture toughness of zirconia-toughened alumina composites is increased by a factor of four compared to alumina by itself. Zirconia was first included in alumina as a densifier; however, it was not until much later that zirconia was used as a reinforcement particle to increase the level of toughness in the material. The use of ZTA to improve the mechanical properties of orthopedic implants has lately been the subject of several studies, which have all just been concluded. This research includes a literature review primarily concerned with the Biolox Delta composite, its microstructural properties, manufacturing and prosthesis materials for it to identify as a bioceramic material for medical applications.

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Escada, A. L. A., João Paulo Barros Machado, Sandra G. Schneider, Roberto Zenhei Nakazato, and Ana Paula Rosifini Alves Claro. "Growth of Calcium Phosphate Using Chemically Treated Titanium Oxide Nanotubes." Journal of Nano Research 16 (January 2012): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.16.63.

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Many materials with different surfaces have been developed for dental and orthopedics implants. Among the various materials for implants, titanium and bioactive ones such as calcium phosphates and hydroxyapatite, are widely used clinically. When these materials are inserted into bone several biological reactions occur. Thes processes can be associated with surface properties (topography, roughness and surface energy). In this work, ingots were obtained from titanium and molybdenum by using an arc-melting furnace. They were submitted to heat treatment at 1100°C for one hour, cooled in water and cold worked by swaging. Titanium nanotubes were fabricated on the surface of Ti-7,5Mo alloy by anodization, and then treated with NaOH solution to make them bioactive, to induce growth of calcium phosphate in a simulated body fluid. . It is shown that the presence of titanium nanotubes induces the growth of a sodium titanate nanolayer. During the subsequent in-vitro immersion in a simulated body fluid, the sodium titanate nanolayer induced the nucleation and growth of nano-dimensioned calcium phosphate. These titanium nanotubes can be useful as a well-adhered bioactive surface layer on Ti implant metals for orthopedic and dental implants.

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Er, Yusuf, and Emine Unsaldi. "The Production of Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy with Open Pore Structure as an Implant and the Investigation of Its Biocompatibility In Vivo." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/568479.

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A dental crown material, Nickel-Chrome-Molybdenum alloy, is manufactured using precision casting method from a polyurethane foam model in a regular and open-pore form, as a hard tissue implant for orthopedic applications. The samples produced have 10, 20, and 30 (±3) pores per inch of pore densities and 0.0008, 0.0017, and 0.0027 g/mm3densities, respectively. Samples were implanted in six dogs and observed for a period of two, four, and six months for the histopathological examinations. The dogs were examined radiologically in 15-day intervals and clinically in certain intervals. The implants were taken out with surrounding tissue at the end of these periods. Implants and surrounding tissues were examined histopathologically in terms of biocompatibility. As a result, it is seen that new bone tissue was formed, in pores of the porous implant at the head of the tibia in dogs implanted. Any pathology, inflammation, and reaction in old and new tissues were not observed. It was concluded that a dental alloy (Ni-Cr-Mo alloy) could also be used as a biocompatible hard tissue implant material for orthopedics.

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Korol, Dmytro, Artem Yefimenko, and Mykhailo Korol. "COMPARISON OF THE CONDITION OF THE PERI-IMPLANT ORAL MUCOUS ACCORDING TO THE RESULTS OF DIGITAL MICROSCOPY." ScienceRise, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001558.

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The object of the study there is a level of hyperemia of the mucous membrane around the installed intraosseous dental implants with different coating material according to the results of histogram analysis of digital microscopy. The problem to be solved – evaluation of the degree of hyperemia of the periimplant mucosa around intraosseous dental implants coated with rutile, in comparison with titanium implants of VT-6 alloy after prosthetics. Main scientific results: Analysis of digital images using histogram evaluation of the red component of the spectrum showed that 1 month after prosthetics in group 1, which included 20 patients who had intraosseous implants made of titanium alloy TiV6Al (VT-6), the above indicator increased to 191 (St.Err. 4.45). The difference was 4 conventional units. Similarly, in group 2 (16 people) who had intraosseous zirconium implants, there was an increase in the quantitative rate after prosthetics by 9 conventional units, and its value was 194 conventional units (St.Err. 3.64). Since increasing numerical values and shifting the digital histogram to the right is an objective criterion for reducing the intensity of redness, it can be concluded that there is a reduction of mucosal irritation after orthopedic treatment with a predominance of this process in the group of patients who received intraosseous dental implants coated with rutile. The area of practical use of research results: Since the authors first studied the reaction of the peri-implant mucosa in contact with various implant materials at the stages of orthopedic treatment, this is the basis for the introduction into general medical practice of intraosseous dental implants made in Ukraine using rutile application technology. The area of application of an innovative technological product - it is a dental implant practice. The obtained results will allow to use more widely Ukrainian implants of non-demountable construction with a high level of surface preparation, for the purpose of further orthopedic treatment with the use of non-removable metal-ceramic dentures.

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Sidun, Jaroslaw, and Jan Dabrowski. "Investigation of Osseointegration of Porous Materials for Orthopedic Implants." Acta Mechanica Slovaca 14, no. 2 (October 31, 2010): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10147-011-0024-x.

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Savich, V. V. "Criteria for selecting powder composite materials for orthopedic implants." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 48, no. 3-4 (March 2009): 216–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-009-9109-8.

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Dahm, K. L., I. A. Anderson, and P. A. Dearnley. "Hard coatings for orthopedic implants." Surface Engineering 11, no. 2 (January 1995): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/sur.1995.11.2.138.

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Ding, Yun-Fei, Rachel W. Li, Masaaki Nakai, Trina Majumdar, Dong-Hai Zhang, Mitsuo Niinomi, Nick Birbilis, Paul N. Smith, and Xiao-Bo Chen. "Osteoanabolic Implants: Osteoanabolic Implant Materials for Orthopedic Treatment (Adv. Healthcare Mater. 14/2016)." Advanced Healthcare Materials 5, no. 14 (July 2016): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201670071.

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Wu, Kailun, Bin Li, and Jiong Jiong Guo. "Fatigue Crack Growth and Fracture of Internal Fixation Materials in In Vivo Environments—A Review." Materials 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14010176.

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The development of crack patterns is a serious problem affecting the durability of orthopedic implants and the prognosis of patients. This issue has gained considerable attention in the medical community in recent years. This literature focuses on the five primary aspects relevant to the evaluation of the surface cracking patterns, i.e., inappropriate use, design flaws, inconsistent elastic modulus, allergic reaction, poor compatibility, and anti-corrosiveness. The hope is that increased understanding will open doors to optimize fabrication for biomedical applications. The latest technological issues and potential capabilities of implants that combine absorbable materials and shape memory alloys are also discussed. This article will act as a roadmap to be employed in the realm of orthopedic. Fatigue crack growth and the challenges associated with materials must be recognized to help make new implant technologies viable for wider clinical adoption. This review presents a summary of recent findings on the fatigue mechanisms and fracture of implant in the initial period after surgery. We propose solutions to common problems. The recognition of essential complications and technical problems related to various approaches and material choices while satisfying clinical requirements is crucial. Additional investigation will be needed to surmount these challenges and reduce the likelihood of fatigue crack growth after implantation.

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Morimoto, Tadatsugu, Hirohito Hirata, Shuichi Eto, Akira Hashimoto, Sakumo Kii, Takaomi Kobayashi, Masatsugu Tsukamoto, Tomohito Yoshihara, Yu Toda, and Masaaki Mawatari. "Development of Silver-Containing Hydroxyapatite-Coated Antimicrobial Implants for Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery." Medicina 58, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040519.

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The prevention of surgical site infections is directly related to the minimization of surgical invasiveness, and is in line with the concept of minimally invasive spine therapy (MIST). In recent years, the incidence of postoperative infections has been increasing due to the increased use of spinal implant surgery in patients at high risk of infection, including the elderly and easily infected hosts, the limitations of poor bone marrow transfer of antibiotics, and the potential for contamination of surgical gloves and instruments. Thus, the development of antimicrobial implants in orthopedic and spinal surgery is becoming more and more popular, and implants with proven antimicrobial, safety, and osteoconductive properties (i.e., silver, iodine, antibiotics) in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials have become available for clinical use. We have developed silver-containing hydroxyapatite (Ag-HA)-coated implants to prevent post-operative infection, and increase bone fusion capacity, and have successfully commercialized antibacterial implants for hip prostheses and spinal interbody cages. This narrative review overviews the present status of available surface coating technologies and materials; describes how the antimicrobial, safety, and biocompatibility (osteoconductivity) of Ag-HA-coated implants have been demonstrated for commercialization; and reviews the clinical use of antimicrobial implants in orthopedic and spinal surgery, including Ag-HA-coated implants that we have developed.

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Wong, Pei-Chun, Sin-Mao Song, Pei-Hua Tsai, Yi-Yuan Nien, Jason Shian-Ching Jang, Cheng-Kung Cheng, and Chih-Hwa Chen. "Relationship between the Surface Roughness of Biodegradable Mg-Based Bulk Metallic Glass and the Osteogenetic Ability of MG63 Osteoblast-Like Cells." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051188.

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Mg-based bulk metallic glass materials have been investigated for their large potential for application in orthopedic implants due to their biocompatibility, low degradation rate, and osteogenetic ability. As an orthopedic implant, initial cell adhesion has been a critical issue for subsequent osteogenesis and bone formation because the first contact between cells and the implant occurs upon the implants surface. Here, we aimed to create Mg-based bulk metallic glass samples with three different surface roughness attributes in order to understand the degradation behavior of Mg-based bulk metallic glass and the adhesion ability and osteogenetic ability of the contact cells. It was found that the degradation behavior of Mg66Zn29Ca5 bulk metallic glass was not affected by surface roughness. The surface of the Mg66Zn29Ca5 bulk metallic glass samples polished via #800 grade sandpaper was found to offer a well-attached surface and to provide a good cell viability environment for Human MG63 osteoblast-like cell line. In parallel, more calcium and mineral deposition was investigated on extracellular matrix with higher surface roughness that verify the relationship between surface roughness and cell performance.

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Hussain, Muzamil, Sami Ullah, Muhammad Rafi Raza, Naseem Abbas, and Ahsan Ali. "Recent Developments in Zn-Based Biodegradable Materials for Biomedical Applications." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010001.

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Zn-based biodegradable alloys or composites have the potential to be developed to next-generation orthopedic implants as alternatives to conventional implants to avoid revision surgeries and to reduce biocompatibility issues. This review summarizes the current research status on Zn-based biodegradable materials. The biological function of Zn, design criteria for orthopedic implants, and corrosion behavior of biodegradable materials are briefly discussed. The performance of many novel zinc-based biodegradable materials is evaluated in terms of biodegradation, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. Zn-based materials perform a significant role in bone metabolism and the growth of new cells and show medium degradation without the release of excessive hydrogen. The addition of alloying elements such as Mg, Zr, Mn, Ca, and Li into pure Zn enhances the mechanical properties of Zn alloys. Grain refinement by the application of post-processing techniques is effective for the development of many suitable Zn-based biodegradable materials.

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Govindaraj, Dharman, and Mariappan Rajan. "Fabrication of Minerals Substituted Hydroxyapatite based Nanocomposite Coating on Titanium: Physico-Chemical and in vitro Biological Evaluations." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 1 (2021): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23441.

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The search of orthopedic metallic implants which facilitate osteoconductivity and mitigate bacterial contamination has received substantial care to ensure long-term problems in the biomedical sector. Current research studies electrophoretic deposition of gelatin (Gel)@minerals (Ce, Mg, Zn) substituted hydroxyapatite (MHA2)-halloysite nanotube (HNT)-single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) (Gel@MHA2-HNT-SWCNT) nanocomposite coatings on the surface of titanium plate. Coated samples were characterized by FTIR, XRD and SEM-EDX techniques. Furthermore, antimicrobial, hemolysis and cell viability studies of coating materials and their findings show the bacteriostatic activity, hemocompatibility and more viable cells, respectively. Overall, the in vitro experiments have shown that Gel@MHA2-HNT-SWCNT nanocomposite coating on titanium enhanced the biocompatible efficiency, suggesting that Gel@MHA2-HNT-SWCNT coated titanium is a potential implant substrate for orthopedic implants.

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Isaka, Mitsuhiro, Daiki Kokubo, and Toshikazu Sakai. "The occurrence of osteosarcoma after tibial fracture repair in a dog." Open Veterinary Journal 11, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v11i1.3.

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Background: There are few detailed reports on implant-associated sarcoma in dogs; however, loose implants, metal type, and infection have not been shown as specific risk factors for this condition. Case Description: A 14-year-old spayed female Labrador retriever was referred to our hospital with a main complaint of chronic right hind lameness after previous tibial fracture repair. On radiographs, rupture of the bone plate and screws with swelling of the surrounding soft tissue was observed, and osteosarcoma (OSA) was diagnosed after histopathological examinations. During amputation surgery, a plastic band was found associated with the implant. Conclusion: Veterinary surgeons should be aware of implant-associated OSA and refrain from using non-medical materials in the implants. Furthermore, they should recommend the removal of orthopedic implants after fracture repair.

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Tran, Nhat Tien, Yu-Kyoung Kim, Seo-Young Kim, Min-Ho Lee, and Kwang-Bok Lee. "Comparative Osteogenesis and Degradation Behavior of Magnesium Implant in Epiphysis and Diaphysis of the Long Bone in the Rat Model." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 5630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165630.

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Magnesium (Mg), as a biodegradable material, is a promising candidate for orthopedic surgery. Long-bone fractures usually occur in cancellous-bone-rich epiphysis at each end or the cortical-rich diaphysis in the center, with different bone healing processes. Little is known about the differences in results between the two regions when applying Mg implants. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the biodegradation and osteogenesis of Mg implants in a rat model’s epiphysis and diaphysis of the long bone. Twelve male Sprague Dawley rats underwent Mg rod implantation in the distal femoral epiphyses and tibial diaphyses. Every three weeks for up to twelve weeks, degradation behavior, gas evolution, and new bone formation were measured by micro CT. Histomorphology was analyzed by Hematoxylin and Eosin, Villanueva bone staining, and TRAP staining for osteoclastogenesis evaluations. Micro-CT analysis showed statistically significant higher new bone formation in the epiphysis group than in the diaphysis group, which correlated with a lower gas volume. Histological analysis showed higher osseointegration of Mg implants in the epiphyseal region than in the diaphyseal region. The magnesium implant’s osteoclastogenesis-inhibiting properties were shown in the surrounding areas in both the cortical bone of the diaphysis and the cancellous bone of the epiphysis. Our findings show the differences in the magnesium implant’s osteogenesis and biodegradation in the epiphysis and the diaphysis. These dissimilarities indicate a better response of the epiphyseal region to the Mg implants, a promising biomaterial for orthopedic surgery applications.

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Xu, Jingyuan, Jiawen Zhang, Yangfan Shi, Jincheng Tang, Danni Huang, Ming Yan, and Matthew S. Dargusch. "Surface Modification of Biomedical Ti and Ti Alloys: A Review on Current Advances." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051749.

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Ti is widely used as a material for orthopedic implants. As rapid and effective osseointegration is a key factor for the successful application of implants, biologically inert Ti materials start to show inherent limitations, such as poor surface cell adhesion, bioactivity, and bone-growth-inducing capabilities. Surface modification can be an efficient and effective approach to addressing the biocompatibility, mechanical, and functionality issues of the various Ti implant materials. In this study, we have overviewed more than 140 papers to summarize the recent progress in the surface modification of Ti implants by physical and/or chemical modification approaches, aiming at optimizing their wear resistance, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties. As an advanced manufacturing technology for Ti and Ti alloys, additive manufacturing was particularly addressed in this review. We also provide an outlook for future research directions in this field as a contribution to the development of advanced Ti implants for biomedical applications.

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Sahal, Mohammed, Mu Tao Chen, Shruti Sharma, Sidharth Sukumaran Nair, and Vaishakh Gopalakrishnan Nair. "3DP materials and methods for orthopedic, dental and maxillofacial implants: a brief comparative report." Journal of 3D Printing in Medicine 3, no. 3 (August 2019): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/3dp-2018-0020.

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The current approach of modifying standardized prosthetics for orthopedic, dental and maxillofacial implants made from conventional manufacturing techniques have been found inconvenient to customize for specific cases as the complex geometry of the skeletal tissue varies appreciably from patient to patient [ 1 , 2 ]. These standard procedures justly demand patient-specific, complex-shaped, custom-made implants be reliably delivered in minimal time. In this specific regard, 3DP implants are extensively researched [ 3 ]. A significant number of research outcomes sufficiently emphasize the desirable superior shape conformity and the short delivery time provided by the custom-made 3DP implants compared over conventional implants. These potential benefits facilitated by the novel 3DP technology can be adequately explained by the inherent ability of various modern 3DP disciplines to manufacture complex shaped implants by efficiently converting any patient-specific x-ray or CT scans into STL files. In this academic paper, we comparatively review the methods and materials utilized for specific 3DP implants.

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Shishkovsky, I. V., M. V. Kuznetsov, and Yu G. Morozov. "Computer-controlled synthesis of orthopedic implants." International Journal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis 18, no. 2 (June 2009): 137–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1061386209020125.

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Pelekhan, Bohdan, Maciej Dutkiewicz, Ivan Shatskyi, Andrii Velychkovych, Mykola Rozhko, and Liubomyr Pelekhan. "Analytical Modeling of the Interaction of a Four Implant-Supported Overdenture with Bone Tissue." Materials 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2022): 2398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15072398.

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Today, an interdisciplinary approach to solving the problems of implantology is key to the effective use of intraosseous dental implantations. The functional properties of restoration structures for the dentition depend significantly on the mechanical stresses that occur in the structural elements and bone tissues in response to mastication loads. An orthopedic design with a bar fixation system connected to implants may be considered to restore an edentulous mandible using an overdenture. In this study, the problem of the mechanics of a complete overdenture based on a bar and four implants was formulated. A mathematical model of the interaction between the orthopedic structure and jawbone was developed, and a methodology was established for the analytical study of the stress state of the implants and adjacent bone tissue under the action of a chewing load. The novelty of the proposed model is that it operates with the minimum possible set of input data and provides adequate estimates of the most significant output parameters that are necessary for practical application. The obtained analytical results are illustrated by two examples of calculating the equivalent stresses in implants and the peri-implant tissue for real overdenture designs. To carry out the final assessment of the strength of the implants and bone, the prosthesis was loaded with mastication loads of different localization. In particular, the possibilities of loading the prosthesis in the area of the sixth and seventh teeth were investigated. Recommendations on the configuration of the distal cantilever of the overdenture and the acceptable level and distribution of the mastication load are presented. It was determined that, from a mechanical point of view, the considered orthopedic systems are capable of providing long-term success if they are used in accordance with established restrictions and recommendations.

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Mori, Yu, Naoya Masahashi, and Toshimi Aizawa. "A Review of Anodized TiNbSn Alloys for Improvement in Layer Quality and Application to Orthopedic Implants." Materials 15, no. 15 (July 22, 2022): 5116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15155116.

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Titanium alloys are useful for application in orthopedic implants. However, complications, such as prosthetic infections and aseptic loosening, often occur after orthopedic devices are implanted. Therefore, innovation in surface modification techniques is essential to develop orthopedic materials with optimal properties at the biomaterial–bone interface. In this review, we present recent research on the improvement in the osteoconductivity and antibacterial effect of the Ti-33.6% Nb-4% Sn (TiNbSn) alloy by anodic oxidation and other related studies. TiNbSn alloys are excellent new titanium alloys with a low Young’s modulus, high tensile strength, and with gradient functional properties such as a thermally adjustable Young’s modulus and strength. Titanium dioxide (TiO2), when obtained by the anodic oxidation of a TiNbSn alloy, improves bone affinity and provides antibacterial performance owing to its photocatalytic activity. The safety of TiO2 and its strong bonding with metal materials make its method of preparation a promising alternative to conventional methods for improving the surface quality of orthopedic implants. Implementing anodization technology for TiNbSn alloys may alleviate orthopedic surgery-related complications, such as loosening, stress shielding, and infection after arthroplasty.

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Li, Xue Zhou, Chen Yu Wang, Jian Lin Xiao, and Yan Guo Qin. "Applications of Nanotechnology in Hip Implants." Advanced Materials Research 662 (February 2013): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.218.

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With the development of medical technology, the medical surgery requires increasingly advanced biomimetic materials. The ideal joint prosthesis should have following properties anti-corrosion, bone ingrowth, anti-infection and same mechanical properties of natural bone. In recent years, nanomaterials in orthopedic applications attracted more and more attention. Nanometer-size materials made ceramics, polyethylene, metals have been tested and verified in orthopedic implants. As the devices made by nanomaterials can mimic the dimensions of constituent components of natural bone, so it could promote adequate osteointegration and enable the prosthesis to be successful for long time. In this paper, we discussed the nanomaterials’ ability to promote bone growth, ingrowth and anti-infection of the joint prosthesis.

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Shi, Lianxin, Wei Zhang, Kun Yang, Haigang Shi, Dan Li, Jun Liu, Junhui Ji, and Paul K. Chu. "Antibacterial and osteoinductive capability of orthopedic materials via cation–π interaction mediated positive charge." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 3, no. 5 (2015): 733–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tb01924e.

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Crimu, Carmen, Sergiu Stanciu, Diana Pitul Cristea, Sergiu Ciprian Focșăneanu, Corneliu Munteanu, and Kamel Earar. "Microbiological Testing of Biodegradable MgCa Alloys for Use in Orthopedic Implants." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.195.

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Implants based on titanium alloys, stainless steel and cobalt –chromium have been the primary biomaterials used for load bearing applications and they have been remarkably successful throughout time, but on the long term, there appear a series of inconveniences regarding these metallic implants. Thus, there have been cases of aseptic osteolysis around the implant, with pain and high degree of loosening of the prosthesis which constitutes a limitation of the long term benefits of metallic implants. Therefore, researchers have found new materials for implants, more competitive and efficient. These are materials that are biocompatible and biodegradable. These constitute a novel class of bioactive biomaterials which are expected to support the healing process of a diseased tissue and to degrade thereafter. Magnesium alloys attracted great attention as a new kind of degradable biomaterial. Mg is an essential mineral for human metabolism and its deficiency has been linked to various pathological conditions. The main advantages of Mg alloys are its superior mechanical and biocorrosive properties and its biocompatibility. Mg is a very light-weight metal with a lower density than that of biocompatible Ti alloys, which is closer to that of the human bone. In the present paper we shall focus on presenting some biological testing studies of several Mg alloys from the system Mg-Ca, with different percentages of Ca. Three methods have been use for this: determining the ph at different sample incubation times in culture environment; citotoxicity tests made in vitro which: evaluate the contact toxicity by putting the samples in the buckets of cellular culture plates; evaluate the cellular proliferation at the surface of the tested materials by fluorescence microscopy and deflection microscopy; evaluation of toxicity by testing the effect of the extraction liquid resulting from the incubation of the material with testing cell specific culture environment.

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Du, Ya-Wei, Li-Nan Zhang, Zeng-Tao Hou, Xin Ye, Hong-Sheng Gu, Guo-Ping Yan, and Peng Shang. "Physical modification of polyetheretherketone for orthopedic implants." Frontiers of Materials Science 8, no. 4 (October 21, 2014): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11706-014-0266-4.

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Yablokov, A. E., A. V. Ivaschenko, I. M. Fediaev, I. N. Kolganov, V. Ya Arkhipov, V. P. Tlustenko, A. M. Nesterov, and S. E. Chigarina. "Features of dental implants’ positioning." Medical alphabet 2, no. 11 (November 23, 2019): 33–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33667/2078-5631-2019-2-11(386)-33-34.

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Relevance. According to WHO, the absence of teeth occurs in various regions of the globe in 75 % of the population [1]. In the Russian Federation, tooth extraction in 35–44 years is 5.50 %, in patients older than 44 years is 17.29 % of the total number of people applying for dental treatment. Purpose. To analyze the theoretical basis for the positioning of dental implants. Materials and methods. The authors of the article carried out a retrospective analysis of the literature data on the theoretical basis for the positioning of dental implants. It was revealed that modern implantology successfully solves many problems of rehabilitation of patients with dentition defects. The conclusion. Improper positioning of dental implants entails a number of surgical and orthopedic problems, leading to disruption of the osteointegration of dental implants and, consequently, the inability of the dental implant to function.

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Azad, Abdul-Majeed, Ryan Hershey, Asem Aboelzahab, and Vijay Goel. "Infection Mitigation Efficacy of Photoactive Titania on Orthopedic Implant Materials." Advances in Orthopedics 2011 (2011): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/571652.

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In order to impede infection and achieve accelerated wound healing in the postorthopaedic surgery patients, a simple and benign procedure for creating nanotubular or nanofibrillar structure of photoactive TiO2on the surface of Ti plates and wires is described. The nanoscale TiO2films on titanium were grown by hydrothermal processing in one case and by anodization in the presence of dilute mineral acids under mild and benign conditions in the other. Confocal microscopy results demonstrated at least 50% reduction in the population ofE. colicolonies (concentration 2.15 × 107 cells/mL) on TiO2-coated implants upon an IR exposure of up to 30 s; it required~20 min of exposure to UV beam for the same effect. These findings suggest the probability of eliminating wound infection during and after orthopedic surgical procedures by brief illumination of photoactive titania films on the implants with an IR beam.

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Rimnac, Clare M., Timothy M. Wright, Donald L. Bartel, Robert W. Klein, and Alesia A. Petko. "Failure of orthopedic implants: Three case histories." Materials Characterization 26, no. 4 (June 1991): 201–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1044-5803(91)90012-s.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Orthopedic implants – Materials'

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