Journal articles: 'Orthopedic implants – Biocompatibility'

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Nasakina, E. O., M. A. Sevostyanov, and A. G. Kolmakov. "Surface Modification of Orthopedic Implants Based on Titanium Alloys." Biotekhnologiya 36, no. 5 (2020): 31–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21519/0234-2758-2020-36-5-31-40.

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This review is devoted to modern technologies for various modifications of a surface of orthopedic implants made from titanium alloys. This approach will allow improving such characteristics of the implants as a corrosion resistance, biocompatibility and osteointegration. Modifications of titanium alloys with hydroxyapatite and calcium phosphate, multifunctional polymer or antibacterial coatings are considered. Analysis of the studies shows that the implant material can only provide a certain degree of biocompatibility and corrosion resistance, and that the nature and design of its surface have a strong influence on the body's response. Surface modification of implants is a good approach to overcome and solve various problems associated with the disadvantages of titanium alloys for orthopedic implants. titanium alloys, orthopedic implant, functional coating, ceramic coating, polymer coating, antibacterial coating The reported study was funded by RFBR, project No 19-18-50015.

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Bai, Gong, Chen, Sun, Zhang, Cai, Zhu, and Xie. "Additive Manufacturing of Customized Metallic Orthopedic Implants: Materials, Structures, and Surface Modifications." Metals 9, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9091004.

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Metals have been used for orthopedic implants for a long time due to their excellent mechanical properties. With the rapid development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology, studying customized implants with complex microstructures for patients has become a trend of various bone defect repair. A superior customized implant should have good biocompatibility and mechanical properties matching the defect bone. To meet the performance requirements of implants, this paper introduces the biomedical metallic materials currently applied to orthopedic implants from the design to manufacture, elaborates the structure design and surface modification of the orthopedic implant. By selecting the appropriate implant material and processing method, optimizing the implant structure and modifying the surface can ensure the performance requirements of the implant. Finally, this paper discusses the future development trend of the orthopedic implant.

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Adam, Razvan, Horia Orban, Lavinia Dragomir, Claudia Milea, Iulian Antoniac, and Adrian Barbilian. "Investigation of Biodegradation Behavior of an Mg-1Ca Alloy during In Vivo Testing." Key Engineering Materials 752 (August 2017): 87–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.752.87.

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In case of an orthopedic implant, it would be ideal that resorption to occur by biodegradation and bone remodeling. The main advantage of using resorbable orthopedic implants is eliminating the need for a new surgical procedure. The use of pure magnesium for orthopedic implants shows some drawbacks, which need to be considered and evaluated by in vitro and in vivo assays. One of the main problems encountered when pure Mg is used as biodegradable implant is represented by a high corrosion rate, faster than the rate of bone formation. The aim of this study is testing and evaluation of Mg-1Ca alloy from biocompatibility in vivo point of view. The purpose of in vivo test was to demonstrate good biocompatibility and lack of local and systemic toxicity of implants made by Mg-1Ca alloy. The study was conducted by implanting Mg-1Ca alloy parallelepiped shaped implants in the tibia of rabbits. In our tests related to Mg-1Ca alloy in vivo evaluation, there were no pathological increases in blood levels of Mg and Ca, or other elements, showing that it has no adversely affect to their metabolism. Also it shows a good bone integration, newly formed bone being adherent to the implant surface, with no tissue interposed between it and the bone. In conclusion, magnesium alloy Mg-1Ca represents a promising solution in orthopedic surgery, proving to be safe, with a high degree of biocompatibility and without toxic effects during in vivo testing.

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Zaman, Hainol Akbar, Safian Sharif, Mohd Hasbullah Idris, and Anisah Kamarudin. "Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Implant Applications: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 735 (February 2015): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.735.19.

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Stainless steel, titanium alloys and cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are classified under the metallic biomaterials whereby various surgical implants, prosthesis and medical devices are manufactured to replace missing body parts which may be lost through accident, trauma, disease, or congenital conditions. Among these materials, cobalt chromium molybdenum alloys are the common cobalt base alloy used for orthopedic implants due their excellence properties which include high corrosion resistance, high strength, high hardness, high creep resistance, biocompatibility and greater wear resistance. This paper summarises the various aspects and characteristic of metallic biomaterials such as stainless steel, titanium and cobalt chromium alloys for medical applications especially for orthopedic implant. These include material properties, biocompatibility, advantages and limitations for medical implants applications.

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Llopis-Grimalt, Maria Antonia, Aina Arbós, Maria Gil-Mir, Aleksandra Mosur, Prathamesh Kulkarni, Armando Salito, Joana M. Ramis, and Marta Monjo. "Multifunctional Properties of Quercitrin-Coated Porous Ti-6Al-4V Implants for Orthopaedic Applications Assessed In Vitro." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9030855.

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(1) One strategy to improve the outcome of orthopedic implants is to use porous implants with the addition of a coating with an antibacterial biomolecule. In this study, we aimed to produce and test the biocompatibility, the osteopromotive (both under normal conditions and under a bacterial challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)) and antibacterial activities of a porous Ti-6Al-4V implant coated with the flavonoid quercitrin in vitro. (2) Porous Ti-6Al-4V implants were produced by 3D printing and further functionalized with quercitrin by wet chemistry. Implants were characterized in terms of porosity and mechanical testing, and the coating with quercitrin by fluorescence staining. Implant biocompatibility and bioactivity was tested using MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts by analyzing cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, osteocalcin production, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity under control and under bacterial challenging conditions using lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, the antibacterial properties of the implants were studied using Staphylococcus epidermidis by measuring bacterial viability and adhesion. (3) Porous implants showed pore size of about 500 µm and a porosity of 52%. The coating was homogeneous over all the 3D surface and did not alter the mechanical properties of the Young modulus. Quercitrin-coated implants showed higher biocompatibility, cell adhesion, and osteocalcin production compared with control implants. Moreover, higher ALP activity was observed for the quercitrin group under both normal and bacterial challenging conditions. Finally, S. epidermidis live/dead ratio and adhesion after 4 h of incubation was lower on quercitrin implants compared with the control. (4) Quercitrin-functionalized porous Ti-6Al-4V implants present a great potential as an orthopedic porous implant that decreases bacterial adhesion and viability while promoting bone cell growth and differentiation.

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Arora, Himanshu, Anil Nafria, and Anup Kanase. "Rabbits as Animal Models in Contemporary Implant Biomaterial Research." World Journal of Dentistry 2, no. 2 (2011): 129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1069.

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ABSTRACT Development of an optimal interface between bone and orthopedic or dental implants has taken place for many years. In order to determine whether a newly developed implant material conforms to the requirements of biocompatibility, mechanical stability and safety, it must undergo rigorous testing both in vitro and in vivo. Results from in vitro studies can be difficult to extrapolate to the in vivo situation. For this reason the use of animal models is often an essential step in the testing of orthopedic and dental implants prior to clinical use in humans. This review discusses the reasons, the importance, and the research carried out in rabbits in our quest to develop a dental implant ideally suited for human bone.

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Kwan, Millie, and Ri Zhi Wang. "Bio-Fabrication of Nacre on Conventional Implant Materials." Key Engineering Materials 529-530 (November 2012): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.529-530.255.

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Nacreous coatings on orthopedic implants can be advantageous because of its robust mechanical properties, high biocompatibility, and ability to promote bone growth. The biofabrication of nacreous coatings on conventional orthopedic implant materials via biomineralization process from abalone shells was examined. The objective was to investigate the effect of different materials on nacreous coating growth. The coatings were characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD. It was found that different materials resulted in different surface morphologies and coating thicknesses, although the main mineral formed was aragonite. Calcium carbonate coating was formed on the entire surface of the poly (methyl methacrylate) and high density polyethylene implants and resulted in a thick coating, while the titanium implants showed thinner coating at the same growing period.

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Noreen, Sehrish, Engui Wang, Hongqing Feng, and Zhou Li. "Functionalization of TiO2 for Better Performance as Orthopedic Implants." Materials 15, no. 19 (October 3, 2022): 6868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196868.

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This review mainly focuses on the surface functionalization approaches of titanium dioxide (TiO2) to prevent bacterial infections and facilitate osteointegration simultaneously for titanium (Ti)-based orthopedic implants. Infection is one of the major causes of implant failure. Meanwhile, it is also critical for the bone-forming cells to integrate with the implant surface. TiO2 is the native oxide layer of Ti which has good biocompatibility as well as enriched physical, chemical, electronic, and photocatalytic properties. The formed nanostructures during fabrication and the enriched properties of TiO2 have enabled various functionalization methods to combat the micro-organisms and enhance the osteogenesis of Ti implants. This review encompasses the various modifications of TiO2 in aspects of topology, drug loading, and element incorporation, as well as the most recently developed electron transfer and electrical tuning approaches. Taken together, these approaches can endow Ti implants with better bactericidal and osteogenic abilities via the functionalization of TiO2.

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Shi, Yi Ping, Don Fang Yin, Ping Hu, Yi Fei Huang, and Lin Liu. "Synthesis and Biocompatibility Evaluation of Poly(HEMA-Co-MMA) Orbital Implant." Key Engineering Materials 288-289 (June 2005): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.288-289.485.

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Orbital implant, used for filling the space after enucleation, played an important role in the optical orthopedic operations. However, the clinical application of soft orbital implants was in a limited extent. This paper focused on the synthetic method of a new kind of soft poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) orbital implant. This method included two steps, making the orbital implant with through-holes by salt leaking method and improving the compress property of PHEMA by copolymerizing it with methyl methacrylate (MMA). Scanning electronic microscope (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), and compress experiment were carried out to evaluate the physical properties of the implant. And to evaluate the biocompatibility of this poly (HEMA-co-MMA) orbital implant, short term and long term observations were studied after subcutaneous implantation of material blocks and implantation of orbital implants (diameter in 14mm) in rabbits’ orbits.

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Hussain, Muzamil, Syed Hasan Askari Rizvi, Naseem Abbas, Uzair Sajjad, Muhammad Rizwan Shad, Mohsin Ali Badshah, and Asif Iqbal Malik. "Recent Developments in Coatings for Orthopedic Metallic Implants." Coatings 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070791.

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Titanium, stainless steel, and CoCrMo alloys are the most widely used biomaterials for orthopedic applications. The most common causes of orthopedic implant failure after implantation are infections, inflammatory response, least corrosion resistance, mismatch in elastic modulus, stress shielding, and excessive wear. To address the problems associated with implant materials, different modifications related to design, materials, and surface have been developed. Among the different methods, coating is an effective method to improve the performance of implant materials. In this article, a comprehensive review of recent studies has been carried out to summarize the impact of coating materials on metallic implants. The antibacterial characteristics, biodegradability, biocompatibility, corrosion behavior, and mechanical properties for performance evaluation are briefly summarized. Different effective coating techniques, coating materials, and additives have been summarized. The results are useful to produce the coating with optimized properties.

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Koju, Naresh, Suyash Niraula, and Behzad Fotovvati. "Additively Manufactured Porous Ti6Al4V for Bone Implants: A Review." Metals 12, no. 4 (April 16, 2022): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040687.

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Ti-6Al-4V (Ti64) alloy is one of the most widely used orthopedic implant materials due to its mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility nature. Porous Ti64 structures are gaining more research interest as bone implants as they can help in reducing the stress-shielding effect when compared to their solid counterpart. The literature shows that porous Ti64 implants fabricated using different additive manufacturing (AM) process routes, such as laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) and electron beam melting (EBM) can be tailored to mimic the mechanical properties of natural bone. This review paper categorizes porous implant designs into non-gradient (uniform) and gradient (non-uniform) porous structures. Gradient porous design appears to be more promising for orthopedic applications due to its closeness towards natural bone morphology and improved mechanical properties. In addition, this paper outlines the details on bone structure and its properties, mechanical properties, fatigue behavior, multifunctional porous implant designs, current challenges, and literature gaps in the research studies on porous Ti64 bone implants.

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Jackson, Nicolette, Michel Assad, Derick Vollmer, James Stanley, and Madeleine Chagnon. "Histopathological Evaluation of Orthopedic Medical Devices: The State-of-the-art in Animal Models, Imaging, and Histomorphometry Techniques." Toxicologic Pathology 47, no. 3 (January 17, 2019): 280–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192623318821083.

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Orthopedic medical devices are continuously evolving for the latest clinical indications in craniomaxillofacial, spine, trauma, joint arthroplasty, sports medicine, and soft tissue regeneration fields, with a variety of materials from new metallic alloys and ceramics to composite polymers, bioresorbables, or surface-treated implants. There is great need for qualified medical device pathologists to evaluate these next generation biomaterials, with improved biocompatibility and bioactivity for orthopedic applications, and a broad range of knowledge is required to stay abreast of this ever-changing field. Orthopedic implants require specialized imaging and processing techniques to fully evaluate the bone-implant interface, and the pathologist plays an important role in determining the proper combination of histologic processing and staining for quality slide production based on research and development trials and validation. Additionally, histomorphometry is an essential part of the analysis to quantify tissue integration and residual biomaterials. In this article, an overview of orthopedic implants and animal models, as well as pertinent insights for tissue collection, imaging, processing, and slide generation will be provided with a special focus on histopathology and histomorphometry evaluation.

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Li, Chuan Silvia, Christopher Vannabouathong, Sheila Sprague, and Mohit Bhandari. "The Use of Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced (CFR) PEEK Material in Orthopedic Implants: A Systematic Review." Clinical Medicine Insights: Arthritis and Musculoskeletal Disorders 8 (January 2015): CMAMD.S20354. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/cmamd.s20354.

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Carbon-fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone (CFR-PEEK) has been successfully used in orthopedic implants. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the properties, technical data, and safety of CFR-PEEK biomaterial and to evaluate its potential for new innovation in the design of articulating medical devices. A comprehensive search in PubMed and EMBASE was conducted to identify articles relevant to the outcomes of CFR-PEEK orthopedic implants. The search was also expanded by reviewing the reference sections of selected papers and references and benchmark reports provided by content experts. A total of 23 articles were included in this review. There is limited literature available assessing the performance of CFR-PEEK, specifically as an implant material for arthroplasty systems. Nevertheless, available studies strongly support CFR-PEEK as a promising and suitable material for orthopedic implants because of its biocompatibility, material characteristics, and mechanical durability. Future studies should continue to investigate CFR-PEEK's potential benefits.

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Xu, Jingyuan, Jiawen Zhang, Yangfan Shi, Jincheng Tang, Danni Huang, Ming Yan, and Matthew S. Dargusch. "Surface Modification of Biomedical Ti and Ti Alloys: A Review on Current Advances." Materials 15, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1749. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15051749.

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Ti is widely used as a material for orthopedic implants. As rapid and effective osseointegration is a key factor for the successful application of implants, biologically inert Ti materials start to show inherent limitations, such as poor surface cell adhesion, bioactivity, and bone-growth-inducing capabilities. Surface modification can be an efficient and effective approach to addressing the biocompatibility, mechanical, and functionality issues of the various Ti implant materials. In this study, we have overviewed more than 140 papers to summarize the recent progress in the surface modification of Ti implants by physical and/or chemical modification approaches, aiming at optimizing their wear resistance, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties. As an advanced manufacturing technology for Ti and Ti alloys, additive manufacturing was particularly addressed in this review. We also provide an outlook for future research directions in this field as a contribution to the development of advanced Ti implants for biomedical applications.

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Nicolaescu, Oana-Elena, Adina Turcu-Stiolica, Renata-Maria Varut, Andreea-Gabriela Mocanu, Ionela Belu, Livia Elena Sima, and Johny Neamtu. "Evaluation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Osteoblasts’ Adhesion and Proliferation in the Presence of HA-AL Biomaterials." Coatings 9, no. 12 (November 22, 2019): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9120782.

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There is an increased interest in developing biocomposite implants with high biocompatibility in order to be used as grafts or prostheses in orthopedic surgery. The purpose of the study was to determine the biocompatibility of titanium implants coated with synthesized hydroxyapatite-alendronate composites. The implants were obtained using Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation technique (MAPLE). The hydroxyapatite-alendronate composites were synthesized using the wet precipitation method. Immunofluorescence microscopy showed that composites support mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) adhesion. Bone cells as well as human MSCs adhere to hydroxyapatite (HA)-based thin films obtained by matrix assisted laser deposition onto titanium. Alendronate doping into the films increased the number of cell-biomaterial focal points as compared to HA only. Thus, the synthesis of hydroxyapatite-alendronate composite (HA-AL) may be considered a viable solution for including the bisphosphonate on the surface of metallic prosthetic components used in orthopedics.

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Jeong, Jin-Oh, Sung In Jeong, Jong-Seok Park, Hui-Jeong Gwon, Sung-Jun Ahn, Heungsoo Shin, Jae Young Lee, and Youn-Mook Lim. "Development and characterization of heparin-immobilized polycaprolactone nanofibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering using gamma-irradiation." RSC Advances 7, no. 15 (2017): 8963–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra20082f.

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Bazhenov, Viacheslav, Anna Li, Artem Iliasov, Vasiliy Bautin, Sofia Plegunova, Andrey Koltygin, Alexander Komissarov, Maxim Abakumov, Nikolay Redko, and Kwang Seon Shin. "Corrosion Behavior and Biocompatibility of Hot-Extruded Mg–Zn–Ga–(Y) Biodegradable Alloys." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 13, no. 4 (December 12, 2022): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb13040294.

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Fixation screws and other temporary magnesium alloy fixation devices are used in orthopedic practice because of their biodegradability, biocompatibility and acceptable biodegradation rates. The substitution of dissolving implant by tissues during the healing process is one of the main requirements for biodegradable implants. Previously, clinical tests showed the effectiveness of Ga ions on bone tissue regeneration. This work is the first systematic study on the corrosion rate and biocompatibility of Mg–Zn–Ga–(Y) alloys prepared by hot extrusion, where Ga is an additional major alloying element, efficient as a bone-resorption inhibitor. Most investigated alloys have a low corrosion rate in Hanks’ solution close to ~0.2 mm/year. No cytotoxic effects of Mg–2Zn–2Ga (wt.%) alloy on MG63 cells were observed. Thus, considering the high corrosion resistance and good biocompatibility, the Mg–2Zn–2Ga alloy is possible for applications in osteosynthesis implants with improved bone tissue regeneration ability.

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Pilliar, R. M., J. E. Davies, and D. C. Smith. "The Bone-Biomaterial Interface for Load-Bearing Implants." MRS Bulletin 16, no. 9 (September 1991): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400056074.

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Bone-interfacing surgical implants used in orthopedics and dentistry must bear the forces of normal patient activity with minimal risk of mechanical failure of the implant. This requires using appropriate materials and designs for implant fabrication. Additionally, reliable long-term implant attachment to host bone must be assured so that effective force transfer between implant and bone occurs for the patient's lifetime without the implant loosening. With recent advances in implant designs and techniques for their placement, effective implant fixation to bone can last for years (decades) either directly or through an acceptable intermediate fibrous tissue layer at the bone-implant interface. With approximately 500,000 artificial hips implanted annually worldwide and the demand for other joint replacements approaching the same order of magnitude, as well as the recent major growth in the use of dental implants (300,300 projected for insertion in North America alone in 1991), the assurance of effective implant-to-bone fixation is extremely important.Studies of implant biocompatibility have resulted from concerns over the cumulative effects of foreign element release through implant corrosion and wear. Accumulation of this debris in tissues both local and remote to implant sites over the long term is a concern. Of equal importance, for load-bearing implants, are studies to determine the important factors for successful long-term implant fixation. Current trends in design and use of both dental and orthopedic implants reflect the trial-and-error approach that has characterized this field for decades.

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Er, Yusuf, and Emine Unsaldi. "The Production of Nickel-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy with Open Pore Structure as an Implant and the Investigation of Its Biocompatibility In Vivo." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/568479.

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A dental crown material, Nickel-Chrome-Molybdenum alloy, is manufactured using precision casting method from a polyurethane foam model in a regular and open-pore form, as a hard tissue implant for orthopedic applications. The samples produced have 10, 20, and 30 (±3) pores per inch of pore densities and 0.0008, 0.0017, and 0.0027 g/mm3densities, respectively. Samples were implanted in six dogs and observed for a period of two, four, and six months for the histopathological examinations. The dogs were examined radiologically in 15-day intervals and clinically in certain intervals. The implants were taken out with surrounding tissue at the end of these periods. Implants and surrounding tissues were examined histopathologically in terms of biocompatibility. As a result, it is seen that new bone tissue was formed, in pores of the porous implant at the head of the tibia in dogs implanted. Any pathology, inflammation, and reaction in old and new tissues were not observed. It was concluded that a dental alloy (Ni-Cr-Mo alloy) could also be used as a biocompatible hard tissue implant material for orthopedics.

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Brunello, Giulia, Hamada Elsayed, and Lisa Biasetto. "Bioactive Glass and Silicate-Based Ceramic Coatings on Metallic Implants: Open Challenge or Outdated Topic?" Materials 12, no. 18 (September 10, 2019): 2929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182929.

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The overall success and long-term life of the medical implants are decisively based on the convenient osseointegration at the hosting tissue-implant interface. Therefore, various surface modifications and different coating approaches have been utilized to the implants to enhance the bone formation and speed up the interaction with the surrounding hosting tissues, thereby enabling the successful fixation of implants. In this review, we will briefly present the main metallic implants and discuss their biocompatibility and osseointegration ability depending on their chemical and mechanical properties. In addition, as the main goal of this review, we explore the main properties of bioactive glasses and silica-based ceramics that are used as coating materials for both orthopedic and dental implants. The current review provides an overview of these bioactive coatings, with a particular emphasis on deposition methods, coating adhesion to the substrates and apatite formation ability tested by immersion in Simulated Body Fluid (SBF). In vitro and in vivo performances in terms of biocompatibility, biodegradability and improved osseointegration are examined as well.

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Feier, Andrei Marian, Tudor Sorin Pop, Paul-Gabriel Borodi, Sándor-György Zuh, Andrei Oprișan, Octav Russu, and Tiberiu Bațagă. "From Basic Science to Clinical Perfection: What Defines the Orthopedic Biocompatible Implant?" Surgeries 4, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surgeries4010001.

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The general improvement in life expectancy and standard of living makes it easier for patients to get access to routine medical exams and is anticipated to increase the prevalence of several degenerative joint illnesses. In addition, it is anticipated that their incidence will increase both nationally and internationally, which will raise the demand for novel and long-lasting implantable devices in the field of orthopedics. The current review’s goals are to define what constitutes a biocompatible orthopedic implant in terms of in vitro biocompatibility testing and to clarify important concepts and definitions that are already in use. The demand for materials and implants made of various tissues is now increasing, and the ongoing advancement of in vitro cell culture studies is a reliable practical tool for examining the biocompatibility of potential implantable materials. In vitro biocompatibility research has been reduced and, in most cases, diminished to laboratory studies that no longer or drastically reduce animal sacrifice as a response to the well-known three “Rs” (“reduction”, “refinement”, and “replacement”) introduced to literature by English academics in the 1960s. As technology advances at an astounding rate, a new generation of gene-activating biomaterials tailored for specific people and disease conditions might emerge in the near future.

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Stevanovic, Milena, Marija Djosic, Ana Jankovic, Kyong Rhee, and Vesna Miskovic-Stankovic. "Electrophoretically deposited hydroxyapatite-based composite coatings loaded with silver and gentamicin as antibacterial agents." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 84, no. 11 (2019): 1287–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190821092s.

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Increasing need for improved, compatible bone tissue implants led to the intensive research of novel biomaterials, especially hydroxyapatite (HAP)- -based composite materials on titanium and titanium alloy surfaces. Owing to its excellent biocompatibility and osteoinductivity properties, hydroxyapatite is often used as part of composite biomaterials aimed for orthopedic implant applications. In order to overcome persistent problems of bacterial infection, various antimicrobial agents and materials and their incorporation in such medical devices were investigated. This paper represents a comprehensive review of single-step electrodeposition on titanium of hydroxyapatite/chitosan/graphene composite coatings loaded with silver and antibiotic gentamicin as antibacterial agents. The improvement of mechanical and adhesive properties of deposited composite coatings was achieved by graphene and chitosan addition, while desirable antibacterial properties were introduced by including antibiotic gentamicin and silver. The biocompatibility of electrodeposited HAP and HAP-based composite coatings was evaluated by MTT testing, indicating a non-cytotoxic effect and high potential for future medical use as orthopedic implant coating.

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Hussain, Muzamil, Sami Ullah, Muhammad Rafi Raza, Naseem Abbas, and Ahsan Ali. "Recent Developments in Zn-Based Biodegradable Materials for Biomedical Applications." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14010001.

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Zn-based biodegradable alloys or composites have the potential to be developed to next-generation orthopedic implants as alternatives to conventional implants to avoid revision surgeries and to reduce biocompatibility issues. This review summarizes the current research status on Zn-based biodegradable materials. The biological function of Zn, design criteria for orthopedic implants, and corrosion behavior of biodegradable materials are briefly discussed. The performance of many novel zinc-based biodegradable materials is evaluated in terms of biodegradation, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties. Zn-based materials perform a significant role in bone metabolism and the growth of new cells and show medium degradation without the release of excessive hydrogen. The addition of alloying elements such as Mg, Zr, Mn, Ca, and Li into pure Zn enhances the mechanical properties of Zn alloys. Grain refinement by the application of post-processing techniques is effective for the development of many suitable Zn-based biodegradable materials.

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Lee, Ji Yeon, Ludwig Erik Aguilar, Chan Hee Park, and Cheol Sang Kim. "UV Light Assisted Coating Method of Polyphenol Caffeic Acid and Mediated Immobilization of Metallic Silver Particles for Antibacterial Implant Surface Modification." Polymers 11, no. 7 (July 18, 2019): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11071200.

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Titanium implants are extensively used in biomedical applications due to their excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, and superb mechanical stability. In this work, we present the use of polycaffeic acid (PCA) to immobilize metallic silver on the surface of titanium materials to prevent implant bacterial infection. Caffeic acid is a plant-derived phenolic compound, rich in catechol moieties and it can form functional coatings using alkaline buffers and with UV irradiation. This combination can trigger oxidative polymerization and deposition on the surface of metallic substrates. Using PCA can also give advantages in bone implants in decreasing inflammation by decelerating macrophage and osteoclast activity. Here, chemical and physical properties were investigated using FE-SEM, EDS, XPS, AFM, and contact angle. The in vitro biocompatibility and antibacterial studies show that PCA with metallic silver can inhibit bacterial growth, and proliferation of MC-3T3 cells was observed. Therefore, our results suggest that the introduced approach can be considered as a potential method for functional implant coating application in the orthopedic field.

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Morimoto, Tadatsugu, Hirohito Hirata, Shuichi Eto, Akira Hashimoto, Sakumo Kii, Takaomi Kobayashi, Masatsugu Tsukamoto, Tomohito Yoshihara, Yu Toda, and Masaaki Mawatari. "Development of Silver-Containing Hydroxyapatite-Coated Antimicrobial Implants for Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery." Medicina 58, no. 4 (April 6, 2022): 519. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina58040519.

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The prevention of surgical site infections is directly related to the minimization of surgical invasiveness, and is in line with the concept of minimally invasive spine therapy (MIST). In recent years, the incidence of postoperative infections has been increasing due to the increased use of spinal implant surgery in patients at high risk of infection, including the elderly and easily infected hosts, the limitations of poor bone marrow transfer of antibiotics, and the potential for contamination of surgical gloves and instruments. Thus, the development of antimicrobial implants in orthopedic and spinal surgery is becoming more and more popular, and implants with proven antimicrobial, safety, and osteoconductive properties (i.e., silver, iodine, antibiotics) in vitro, in vivo, and in clinical trials have become available for clinical use. We have developed silver-containing hydroxyapatite (Ag-HA)-coated implants to prevent post-operative infection, and increase bone fusion capacity, and have successfully commercialized antibacterial implants for hip prostheses and spinal interbody cages. This narrative review overviews the present status of available surface coating technologies and materials; describes how the antimicrobial, safety, and biocompatibility (osteoconductivity) of Ag-HA-coated implants have been demonstrated for commercialization; and reviews the clinical use of antimicrobial implants in orthopedic and spinal surgery, including Ag-HA-coated implants that we have developed.

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Helmholz, Heike, Bérengère Julie Christine Luthringer-Feyerabend, and Regine Willumeit-Römer. "Elemental mapping of biodegradable magnesium-based implants in bone and soft tissue by means of μ X-ray fluorescence analysis." Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 34, no. 2 (2019): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ja00377g.

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Besides the biocompatibility and potential support of bone-healing, homogeneous degradation and the uniform distribution of degradation products are key factors for a successful medical application of magnesium (Mg)-based materials as biodegradable implants in orthopedic therapies.

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Ivanov, Eugene, Eduardo del Rio, Igor Kapchemnko, Maija Nyström, and Juha Kotila. "Development of Bio-Compatible Beta Ti Alloy Powders for Additive Manufacturing for Application in Patient-Specific Orthopedic Implants." Key Engineering Materials 770 (May 2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.770.9.

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The use and application of alloys as biomedical alloys have increased over the past few years owing to their excellent biocompatibility, corrosion resistance, high mechanical and fatigue resistance, low density, adequate wear resistance, and low elastic modulus. Orthopedic implant materials are exposed to high mechanical loading. Conventional materials based on Ti-6Al-4V, stainless steel or cobalt-chromium alloys demonstrate good mechanical strength, but also some toxicological concerns due to release of toxic elements which may result in inflammatory reactions. Metal alloys based on titanium, zirconium, tantalum and niobium represent higher biocompatibility with appropriate mechanical properties for avoiding stress-shielding and consecutive implant loosening. Application of specifically designed spherical β-titanium alloy powders in additive manufacturing, such as selective laser melting (SLM) or electron beam melting (EBM); enable the production of components with a high degree in freedom of design. Accordingly, SLM or EBM of Ti/Nb (/Ta) alloys offer the possibility to fabricate patient-specific orthopedic implants. The present paper describes development of β-titanium alloys powders designed for application in additive manufacturing technologies. TiNbZrTa (TNZT)-based 3D structures were successfully manufactured and mechanically tested.

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Xu, Wen Feng. "Biocompatibility and Medical Application of Carbon Material." Key Engineering Materials 452-453 (November 2010): 477–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.452-453.477.

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Carbon composites have good mechanical properties and preserve the inherent excellent biocompatibility of carbon, which make them great potential as orthopedic implants in human body. The present work reviews the biocompatible behavior and research situation of such materials for medical application. The mechanical properties, interface and surface modification problem of carbon composites are discussed in detail. Finally, the medical prospects and some problems needed to be solved of carbon composites are put forward.

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Wong, Pei-Chun, Sin-Mao Song, Pei-Hua Tsai, Yi-Yuan Nien, Jason Shian-Ching Jang, Cheng-Kung Cheng, and Chih-Hwa Chen. "Relationship between the Surface Roughness of Biodegradable Mg-Based Bulk Metallic Glass and the Osteogenetic Ability of MG63 Osteoblast-Like Cells." Materials 13, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 1188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13051188.

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Mg-based bulk metallic glass materials have been investigated for their large potential for application in orthopedic implants due to their biocompatibility, low degradation rate, and osteogenetic ability. As an orthopedic implant, initial cell adhesion has been a critical issue for subsequent osteogenesis and bone formation because the first contact between cells and the implant occurs upon the implants surface. Here, we aimed to create Mg-based bulk metallic glass samples with three different surface roughness attributes in order to understand the degradation behavior of Mg-based bulk metallic glass and the adhesion ability and osteogenetic ability of the contact cells. It was found that the degradation behavior of Mg66Zn29Ca5 bulk metallic glass was not affected by surface roughness. The surface of the Mg66Zn29Ca5 bulk metallic glass samples polished via #800 grade sandpaper was found to offer a well-attached surface and to provide a good cell viability environment for Human MG63 osteoblast-like cell line. In parallel, more calcium and mineral deposition was investigated on extracellular matrix with higher surface roughness that verify the relationship between surface roughness and cell performance.

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Meng, Fanying, Zhifeng Yin, Xiaoxiang Ren, Zhen Geng, and Jiacan Su. "Construction of Local Drug Delivery System on Titanium-Based Implants to Improve Osseointegration." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 1069. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14051069.

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Titanium and its alloys are the most widely applied orthopedic and dental implant materials due to their high biocompatibility, superior corrosion resistance, and outstanding mechanical properties. However, the lack of superior osseointegration remains the main obstacle to successful implantation. Previous traditional surface modification methods of titanium-based implants cannot fully meet the clinical needs of osseointegration. The construction of local drug delivery systems (e.g., antimicrobial drug delivery systems, anti-bone resorption drug delivery systems, etc.) on titanium-based implants has been proved to be an effective strategy to improve osseointegration. Meanwhile, these drug delivery systems can also be combined with traditional surface modification methods, such as anodic oxidation, acid etching, surface coating technology, etc., to achieve desirable and enhanced osseointegration. In this paper, we review the research progress of different local drug delivery systems using titanium-based implants and provide a theoretical basis for further research on drug delivery systems to promote bone–implant integration in the future.

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Morozova, Oksana, and Edwin Gevorkyan. "CURRENT STATE OF APPLIENCE ZIRCONIUM DIOXIDE IN BIOENGINEERING." Technology transfer: fundamental principles and innovative technical solutions 4 (November 30, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2585-6847.2020.001509.

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This descriptive review presents current knowledge about the bioengineering use of a zirconium dioxide, the advantages and disadvantages of the material, and the prospects for research in this direction. The work reflects the success of the practical application of the zirconium dioxide as a material for dental structures and biological implants. Such practical characteristics, such as color-stability, chemical stability, good aesthetics, biocompatibility and durability, allowed to actively use the zirconium dioxide as a material for producing various dental structures. In comparison with other ceramics, the presence of high-performance of strength and fracture toughness of the zirconium dioxide enables the use of this material as an alternative material for the reconstructions in the readings with considerable loads. High hardness determines the zirconium dioxide as an excellent material for articular prostheses, because of its hardness, provides a low level of wear and excellent biocompatibility. However, along with positive characteristics, a widespread practical problem of using the zirconium dioxide in dentistry is a chip or fracture of veneering ceramics. It has also been reported that there is a shortage of orthopedic implants such as hydrothermal stability. The solution of such problems is indicated and the use of composite materials based on the zirconium dioxide, which allows to solve a similar problem, as well as to increase the service life and reliability of orthopedic implants by providing a higher fracture toughness and mechanical strength. The existence of such composite materials based on the zirconium dioxide provides a significant increase in the wear resistance of orthopedic implants, which is essential for successful prosthetics

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Oleshko, Oleksandr, Iryna Liubchak, Yevheniia Husak, Viktoriia Korniienko, Aziza Yusupova, Tetiana Oleshko, Rafal Banasiuk, et al. "In Vitro Biological Characterization of Silver-Doped Anodic Oxide Coating on Titanium." Materials 13, no. 19 (September 30, 2020): 4359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194359.

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Despite the high biocompatibility and clinical effectiveness of Ti-based implants, surface functionalization (with complex osteointegrative/antibacterial strategies) is still required. To enhance the dental implant surface and to provide additional osteoinductive and antibacterial properties, plasma electrolytic oxidation of a pure Ti was performed using a nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA)-based Ag nanoparticles (AgNP)-loaded calcium–phosphate solution. Chemical and structural properties of the surface-modified titanium were assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and contact angle measurement. A bacterial adhesion test and cell culture biocompatibility with collagen production were performed to evaluate biological effectiveness of the Ti after the plasma electrolytic process. The NTA-based calcium–phosphate solution with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) can provide formation of a thick, porous plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) layer enriched in silver oxide. Voltage elevation leads to increased porosity and a hydrophilic nature of the newly formed ceramic coating. The silver-enriched PEO layer exhibits an effective antibacterial effect with high biocompatibility and increased collagen production that could be an effective complex strategy for dental and orthopedic implant development.

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Prakash, P. Shakti, S. J. Pawar, and R. P. Tewari. "Synthesis, characterization, and coating of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) based material over medical implants: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 233, no. 6 (April 18, 2017): 1227–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420717705151.

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Biocompatible metallic alloys (stainless steel, Ti-alloy, Co–Cr alloys, etc.) have been frequently used for various biomedical implants. Being biocompatible, complications like implant corrosion, body inflammation, organ pain, local infection, and cytotoxicity cannot be avoided. Hydroxyapatite, a common biomaterial, is used in the form of powders, coatings, and composites for biomedical applications. But poor adhesion, poor load-bearing capacity, high dissolution, poor wear resistance, natural fragility, etc. are the few hindrances in the use of hydroxyapatite coating over implants. Hence, there is a need to focus on the development of alternative biomaterials and their coatings for metallic (orthopedic, dental, metallic stents, pacemakers, etc.) implants. To avoid various complexities and to improve the biocompatibility of metal implants, the coating of forsterite and its composites are being used nowadays. Techniques like dip coating, plasma spraying, and electrophoretic deposition are employed for such coatings. In this paper, a review based on methods of preparation of forsterite has been done. For the preparation of forsterite powder, various studies have reported the sintering temperature range to be 800–1450 ℃ and the crystallite size from 10 nm to 100 µm. The forsterite and its composites coating over Ti-alloy and stainless steel have also been reported. This paper also compares the mechanical and biological properties of forsterite and hydroxyapatite. It has been observed that the mechanical properties (hardness, fracture toughness, Young’s modulus, and compressive strength), and biological properties (biocompatibility and bioactivity) of forsterite are favorable for the biomedical implant coating.

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Istrate, Bogdan, Corneliu Munteanu, Iulian-Vasile Antoniac, and Ștefan-Constantin Lupescu. "Current Research Studies of Mg–Ca–Zn Biodegradable Alloys Used as Orthopedic Implants—Review." Crystals 12, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 1468. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101468.

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Biodegradable alloys and especially magnesium-based alloys are considered by many researchers as materials to be used in medicine due to their biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. Biodegradable magnesium-based materials have applications in the medical field and in particular in obtaining implants for small bones of the feet and hands, ankles, or small joints. Studies have shown that Mg, Zn, and Ca are found in significant amounts in the human body and contribute effectively and efficiently to the healing process of bone tissue. Due to its biodegradability, magnesium alloys, including Mg–Ca–Zn alloys used in the manufacture of implants, do not require a second surgery, thus minimizing the trauma caused to the patient. Other studies have performed Mg–Ca–Zn system alloys with zinc variation between 0 and 8 wt.% and calcium variation up to 5 wt.%, showing high biocompatibility, adequate mechanical properties, and Mg2Ca and Mg6Ca2Zn compounds in microstructure. Biocompatibility is an essential factor in the use of these materials, so that some investigations have shown a cell viability with values between 95% and 99% compared with the control in the case of Mg–0.2Ca–3Zn alloy. In vivo analyses also showed no adverse reactions, with minimal H2 release. The aim of this review includes aspects regarding microstructure analysis and the degradation mechanisms in a specific environment and highlights the biocompatibility between the rate of bone healing and alloy degradation due to rapid corrosion of the alloys.

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Han, Xia-Ying, Tong Meng, Jian-Xin Ye, Hua-Bin Yin, and Dian-Wen Song. "Enhanced Antibacterial and Osteogenic Properties of Graphene Oxide Loaded with Berberine on Biomedical Titanium." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 18, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 849–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2022.3273.

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Internal implants are widely used in most orthopedic surgeries, of which titanium and its alloys are most widely used owing to the excellent corrosiveness resistance, low elastic modulus and good biocompatibility. However, implant failure still occurs for that titanium and its alloys themselves do not own antibacterial and osteogenic properties. In this work, we successfully fabricated berberine-loaded graphene oxide (GO) on the surface of biomedical titanium and systematically investigated its capabilities of antibacteria and osteogenesis. In vitro results showed that berberine had low antibacterial activity, but GO loaded with berberine on titanium (Ber&GO@Ti) exhibited superior antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) with the synergistic effect of GO and berberine. Meanwhile, Ber&GO@Ti performed satisfactory cytocompatibility and was capable of promoting osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. In the vivo experiment, Ber&GO@Ti showed excellent antibacterial properties and inflammatory cells e.g., neutrophils had seldom been found. No visceral toxicity had been found. This multifunctional coating showed great potential in orthopedic implants.

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Hillock, MD, Ronald, and Shain Howard, BS. "Utility of Carbon Fiber Implants in Orthopedic Surgery: Literature Review." Reconstructive Review 4, no. 1 (March 31, 2014): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15438/rr.v4i1.55.

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Carbon fiber (CF) consists of a multitude of unique physical, chemical and biological characteristics that can be utilized and exploited for a number of diverse applications. Found in aerospace systems, structural elements, energy storage and other products, the most recent application of CF has expanded into the realm of surgical implants. The material properties of CF, historical development and applications and methods of manufacturing are illustrated upon. The various surgical applications of CF are defined, from biocompatibility within the human body and wound healing products to numerous surgical implantations. Keywords: carbon fiber; orthopedics; historical review

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Mozumder, Mohammad Sayem, Abdel-Hamid I. Mourad, Hiran Perinpanayagam, and Jesse Zhu. "NanoTiO₂-Enriched Biocompatible Polymeric Powder Coatings: Adhesion, Thermal and Biological Characterizations." Advanced Materials Research 995 (July 2014): 113–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.995.113.

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The success of orthopedic and dental implants largely depends on their biocompatibility with the surrounding body environment and the biocompatibility depends on the physical, chemical, mechanical, topographical and biological properties of the implant materials chosen. Since the last few decades, titanium and its alloys have been among the most widely used ones due to their superior biocompatibility and mechanical properties; however, pure titanium needs to be pre and/or post treated chemically or physically to maintain appropriate textures and surface roughness. In the present study, TiO2 nanoparticles incorporated polymeric powder coatings consisting of smooth and micro-nanoscale roughness were developed that exhibited biocompatibility towards Human Embryonic Palatial Mesenchymal (HEPM) Cells. In addition, an experimental set up was designed and executed to evaluate the adhesion/ bond strength of the coating and to measure the load bearing capacity that the coatings can withstand before being detached from the substrate. Coating’s topographical features were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were performed to evaluate the thermal stability of the coating materials.

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Taeh, Alaa S., Farhad M. Othman, and Alaa A. Abdul-Hamead. "Reviewing Alumina-Zirconia Composite as a Ceramic Biomaterial." Journal of Hunan University Natural Sciences 49, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55463/issn.1674-2974.49.6.27.

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In orthopedics, increasing the implant lifetime minimizes the need for repair surgery, which benefits the patient’s health and the practice bottom line. The quality of the materials and designs is always being enhanced to reach the ultimate objective of a single implant that would last a person their whole life. The purpose of orthopedic treatments is to enhance the patient’s ability to participate in normal activities and socialize, and the implant carrier should not be subjected to unnecessary limitations. As a result, implants are exposed to severe mechanical stress and the inherently hostile in vivo biochemical environment, which is particularly prevalent in younger and more active people. The development of hip prosthesis design and materials has taken this path in recent years. This development is one of the most challenging problems in the field of implant technology in this century. In this study, various materials, including ceramics, glass, metal alloys, polymers, metal alloys, composites, and others, were used in an effort to combine biocompatibility with fatigue resistance, stiffness, hardness, the capacity to withstand dynamic and static stresses, and excellent chemical and mechanical wear resistance. The fracture toughness of zirconia-toughened alumina composites is increased by a factor of four compared to alumina by itself. Zirconia was first included in alumina as a densifier; however, it was not until much later that zirconia was used as a reinforcement particle to increase the level of toughness in the material. The use of ZTA to improve the mechanical properties of orthopedic implants has lately been the subject of several studies, which have all just been concluded. This research includes a literature review primarily concerned with the Biolox Delta composite, its microstructural properties, manufacturing and prosthesis materials for it to identify as a bioceramic material for medical applications.

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Orazi, Leonardo, Maksym Pogorielov, Volodumyr Deineka, Evhenia Husak, Victoriia Korniienko, Oleg Mishchenko, and Barbara Reggiani. "Osteoblast Cell Response to LIPSS-Modified Ti-Implants." Key Engineering Materials 813 (July 2019): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.813.322.

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In the present work, the surface of Ti-6Al-7Nb samples was patterned with Laser Induced Periodic Surface Structures in order to improve biocompatibility, increase tissue ingrowth and decrease bacterial adhesion and inflammatory response for applications in dental and orthopedic implants. Polished and sandblasted disks 10 mm in diameter were treated generating LIPSS under two different sets of parameters. The surface morphology and chemistry were investigated both by secondary electrons imaging, EDS analysis and Atomic Force Microscopy. Primary rat osteoblast culture (passage 2) was used to assess cell toxicity and biocompatibility. Alamar Blue assay was used to access cell viability and proliferation on day 1, 3 and 7. The difference between cell adhesion on polished and sandblasted surface as well as between polished and LIPSS-modified surface are described and discussed.

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Sur, Debashish, Pablo Tirado, Jesus Alcantar, Orlando Auciello, and G. Bahar Basim. "Integration of Ultrananocrystalline Diamond (UNCD)-Coatings on Chemical-Mechanical Surface Nano-structured (CMNS) Titanium-Based Dental Implants." MRS Advances 5, no. 44 (2020): 2261–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.329.

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AbstractThis paper focuses on describing the integration of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) coating on pure titanium-based dental implants (DIs) integrated with the surface pre-treatment by chemical-mechanical nano-structuring (CMNS) process. The combination of the UNCD coating with the CMNS metal surface treatment provides a transformational process to produce a new generation of metallic implants. CMNS promotes a uniform and dense titanium oxide interface and UNCD enables higher resistance to chemical-induced corrosion by oral fluids and enhanced bone attachment due to superior bone cell growth on C atoms (element of life in human DNA and cell). The main focus of the presented research is to establish the preliminary studies on the integration of the UNCD coating process on CMNS treated dental implants to promote corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. It is demonstrated that the CMNS process in the presence of an oxidizer (1M to be optimal) induces a tailored interface to promote UNCD coating capability through effective interface passivation leading to uniform surface coverage. The final implant product is observed to have improved corrosion potential and enhanced hydrophobicity indicating better biocompatibility providing the basis for a new generation of superior DIs. The findings can further be extended to the hip, knee, and other orthopedic metallic implants, which require major performance improvements, particularly in reducing or eliminating in-vivo body fluid-induced chemical corrosion.

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Qin, Shuang, Zhengkuan Lu, Liang Chen, Yue Wang, Jianfei Bai, Defei Wang, Na Wang, and Hong Liu. "Preparation and Biocompatibility of Polydopamine Modified Porous Polyetheretherketone Implants." Journal of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering 9, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 1676–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbt.2019.2193.

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Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), as a new polymer biomaterial, became a potential candidate for orthopedic and dental implant, however its application was limited by bioinert surface. The surface modification method had achieved remarkable results in improving the bioactivity of the implant surface. In this work, PEEK was firstly etched by sulfuric acid of different time and then the optimal group was modified with polydopamine coating. All the specimens including the control group were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), contact angle goniometer and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). As a result, the surface of PEEK was corroded by sulfuric acid to obtain a relatively stable porous structure at 6 minutes and polydopamine coating significantly reduced the surface contact angle. In subsequent biocompatibility study, the non-toxicity and the promotion of cell adhesion and proliferation of the modified PEEK-based substrates were verified by MC3T3 cells, laying a foundation for the wider application of PEEK in medical implantation.

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Shao, Longfei, Yiheng Du, Kun Dai, Hong Wu, Qingge Wang, Jia Liu, Yujin Tang, and Liqiang Wang. "β-Ti Alloys for Orthopedic and Dental Applications: A Review of Progress on Improvement of Properties through Surface Modification." Coatings 11, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 1446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11121446.

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Ti and Ti alloys have charming comprehensive properties (high specific strength, strong corrosion resistance, and excellent biocompatibility) that make them the ideal choice in orthopedic and dental applications, especially in the particular fabrication of orthopedic and dental implants. However, these alloys present some shortcomings, specifically elastic modulus, wear, corrosion, and biological performance. Beta-titanium (β-Ti) alloys have been studied as low elastic modulus and low toxic or non-toxic elements. The present work summarizes the improvements of the properties systematically (elastic modulus, hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, antibacterial property, and bone regeneration) for β-Ti alloys via surface modification to address these shortcomings. Additionally, the shortcomings and prospects of the present research are put forward. β-Ti alloys have potential regarding implants in biomedical fields.

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Soleymani Eil Bakhtiari, Sanaz, Hamid Reza Bakhsheshi-Rad, Saeed Karbasi, Mohamadreza Tavakoli, Mahmood Razzaghi, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail, Seeram RamaKrishna, and Filippo Berto. "Polymethyl Methacrylate-Based Bone Cements Containing Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Oxide: An Overview of Physical, Mechanical, and Biological Properties." Polymers 12, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 1469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071469.

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Every year, millions of people in the world get bone diseases and need orthopedic surgery as one of the most important treatments. Owing to their superior properties, such as acceptable biocompatibility and providing great primary bone fixation with the implant, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cements (BCs) are among the essential materials as fixation implants in different orthopedic and trauma surgeries. On the other hand, these BCs have some disadvantages, including Lack of bone formation and bioactivity, and low mechanical properties, which can lead to bone cement (BC) failure. Hence, plenty of studies have been concentrating on eliminating BC failures by using different kinds of ceramics and polymers for reinforcement and also by producing composite materials. This review article aims to evaluate mechanical properties, self-setting characteristics, biocompatibility, and bioactivity of the PMMA-based BCs composites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), graphene oxide (GO), and carbon-based compounds. In the present study, we compared the effects of CNTs and GO as reinforcement agents in the PMMA-based BCs. Upcoming study on the PMMA-based BCs should concentrate on trialing combinations of these carbon-based reinforcing agents as this might improve beneficial characteristics.

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Yolun, Abdurrahman, Murat Şimşek, Mehmet Kaya, Ebru Elibol Annaç, Mustafa Köm, and Ömer Çakmak. "Fabrication, characterization, and in vivo biocompatibility evaluation of titanium-niobium implants." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 235, no. 1 (September 28, 2020): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954411920960854.

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In this study, biocompatible titanium-niobium (Ti-Nb) alloys were fabricated by using powder metallurgy methods. Physical, morphological, thermal, and mechanical analyses were performed and their in vivo compatibility was evaluated. Besides α, β, and α″ martensitic phases, α+β Widmanstätten phase due to increasing sintering temperature was seen in the microstructure of the alloys. Phase transformation temperatures of the samples decreased as Nb content increased. The ratio of Nb in the samples affected their mechanical properties. No toxic effect was observed on implanted sites. This study shows that Ti-Nb alloys can be potentially used for orthopedic applications without any toxic effects.

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Adam, Razvan, Horia Orban, Elisa Plopeanu, Dan Voinescu, and Adrian Barbilian. "Results of In Vivo Biological Tests Performed on a Mg-0.8Ca Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 745 (July 2017): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.745.50.

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Biodegradable magnesium-based alloys shows good prospects in their use as biodegradable orthopedic materials. The aim of this study is to demonstrate good biocompatibility and lack of local and systemic toxicity of some experimental implants made by magnesium alloy type Mg-Ca 0,8 [%wt]. The study was conducted by implanting some experimental pins made by magnesium alloy type Mg-Ca 0,8 [%wt] in bone, proximal femur and intramedullary tibia, and in thigh muscle of the rabbits. Also, we follow the evolution of blood levels of Mg, Ca, blood counts, liver and kidney function. The evolution of the experience animals was followed for 6 weeks by radiologic imaging, and taking blood samples. After 6 weeks, we obtain after euthanasia of animal experience the harvest blood samples, and musculoskeletal tissue samples for histopathological examination. The histopathology results have not demonstrated peri-implant cytotoxicity, bone and muscle cells being viable. Fibrosis at tissue implant border was minimal showing a good integration. There were no pathological increases in blood levels of Mg and Ca, or changes in blood counts, as well as no change in renal or hepatic function. All this experimental results demonstrates that the magnesium alloy type Mg-Ca 0,8 [%wt] represent a promising solution in orthopedic surgery, proving to be safe, with a high degree of biocompatibility, and without toxic effects.

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Sovak, Guy, Irena Gotman, and Anna Weiss. "Osseointegration of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Implants with a Titanium Nitride Coating Produced by a PIRAC Nitriding Technique: A Long-Term Time Course Study in the Rat." Microscopy and Microanalysis 21, no. 1 (December 8, 2014): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614013634.

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AbstractThis study examined bone tissue responses to Ti–6Al–4V alloy implants with a hard TiN coating applied by an original powder immersion reaction-assisted coating (PIRAC) nitriding method. Progression of implant fixation in the distal epiphysis and within the medullary cavity of the rat femur was evaluated between 3 days and 6 months postimplantation by scanning electron microscopy, oxytetracycline incorporation, and histochemistry. After 6 months, successful osseointegration was achieved in both epiphyseal and diaphyseal sites. Throughout, implant portions located within the epiphysis remained in close contact with bone trabeculae that gradually engulfed the implant forming a bone collar continuous with the trabecular network of the epiphysis. In the diaphysis, woven bone was first formed within the marrow cavity around the implant and later was replaced by a shell of compact bone around the implant. In general, higher osseointegration rates were measured for TiN-coated versus the uncoated implants, both in the epiphysis and in the diaphysis. In conclusion, our findings indicate an excellent long-term biocompatibility of TiN coatings applied by the PIRAC nitriding technique and superior osteoinductive ability in comparison with uncoated Ti–6Al–4V alloy. Such coatings can, therefore, be considered for improving the corrosion and wear resistance of titanium-based orthopedic implants.

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Baltatu, Madalina Simona, Andrei Victor Sandu, Marcin Nabialek, Petrica Vizureanu, and Gabriela Ciobanu. "Biomimetic Deposition of Hydroxyapatite Layer on Titanium Alloys." Micromachines 12, no. 12 (November 25, 2021): 1447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12121447.

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Over the last decade, researchers have been concerned with improving metallic biomaterials with proper and suitable properties for the human body. Ti-based alloys are widely used in the medical field for their good mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. The TiMoZrTa system (TMZT) evidenced adequate mechanical properties, was closer to the human bone, and had a good biocompatibility. In order to highlight the osseointegration of the implants, a layer of hydroxyapatite (HA) was deposited using a biomimetic method, which simulates the natural growth of the bone. The coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro indentation tests and contact angle. The data obtained show that the layer deposited on TiMoZrTa (TMZT) support is hydroxyapatite. Modifying the surface of titanium alloys represents a viable solution for increasing the osseointegration of materials used as implants. The studied coatings demonstrate a positive potential for use as dental and orthopedic implants.

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Crimu, Carmen, Sergiu Stanciu, Diana Pitul Cristea, Sergiu Ciprian Focșăneanu, Corneliu Munteanu, and Kamel Earar. "Microbiological Testing of Biodegradable MgCa Alloys for Use in Orthopedic Implants." Advanced Materials Research 1036 (October 2014): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1036.195.

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Implants based on titanium alloys, stainless steel and cobalt –chromium have been the primary biomaterials used for load bearing applications and they have been remarkably successful throughout time, but on the long term, there appear a series of inconveniences regarding these metallic implants. Thus, there have been cases of aseptic osteolysis around the implant, with pain and high degree of loosening of the prosthesis which constitutes a limitation of the long term benefits of metallic implants. Therefore, researchers have found new materials for implants, more competitive and efficient. These are materials that are biocompatible and biodegradable. These constitute a novel class of bioactive biomaterials which are expected to support the healing process of a diseased tissue and to degrade thereafter. Magnesium alloys attracted great attention as a new kind of degradable biomaterial. Mg is an essential mineral for human metabolism and its deficiency has been linked to various pathological conditions. The main advantages of Mg alloys are its superior mechanical and biocorrosive properties and its biocompatibility. Mg is a very light-weight metal with a lower density than that of biocompatible Ti alloys, which is closer to that of the human bone. In the present paper we shall focus on presenting some biological testing studies of several Mg alloys from the system Mg-Ca, with different percentages of Ca. Three methods have been use for this: determining the ph at different sample incubation times in culture environment; citotoxicity tests made in vitro which: evaluate the contact toxicity by putting the samples in the buckets of cellular culture plates; evaluate the cellular proliferation at the surface of the tested materials by fluorescence microscopy and deflection microscopy; evaluation of toxicity by testing the effect of the extraction liquid resulting from the incubation of the material with testing cell specific culture environment.

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Brunello, Giulia, Lisa Biasetto, Hamada Elsayed, Elia Sbettega, Chiara Gardin, Anna Scanu, Simone Carmignato, Barbara Zavan, and Stefano Sivolella. "An In Vivo Study in Rat Femurs of Bioactive Silicate Coatings on Titanium Dental Implants." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 5 (April 29, 2020): 1290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051290.

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Silica-based ceramics have been proposed for coating purposes to enhance dental and orthopedic titanium (Ti) implant bioactivity. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sphene-based bioceramic (CaO.TiO2.SiO2) coatings on implant osseointegration in vivo. Sphene coatings were obtained from preceramic polymers and nano-sized active precursors and deposited by an automatic airbrush. Twenty customized Ti implants, ten sphene-coated and ten uncoated rough implants were implanted into the proximal femurs of ten Sprague-Dawley rats. Overall, cortical and cancellous bone-to-implant contact (BIC) were determined using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) at 14 and 28 days. Moreover, peri-implant bone healing was histologically and histomorphometrically evaluated. The white blood cell count in the synovial fluid of the knee joints, if present, was also assessed. No difference in the BIC values was observed between the sphene-coated and uncoated implants, overall and in the two bone compartments (p > 0.05). Delamination of the coating occurred in three cases. Consistently with micro-CT data, the histological evaluation revealed no differences between the two groups. In addition, no synovial fluid could be collected on the test side, thus confirming sphene biocompatibility. In conclusion, sphene coating was found to be a suitable material for biomedical applications. Further studies are needed to improve coating adhesion to the implants.

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Kaur, Ghadirinejad, and Oskouei. "An Overview on the Tribological Performance of Titanium Alloys with Surface Modifications for Biomedical Applications." Lubricants 7, no. 8 (August 5, 2019): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/lubricants7080065.

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The need for metallic biomaterials will always remain high with their growing demand in joint replacement in the aging population. This creates need for the market and researchers to focus on the development and advancement of the biometals. Desirable characteristics such as excellent biocompatibility, high strength, comparable elastic modulus with bones, good corrosion resistance, and high wear resistance are the significant issues to address for medical implants, particularly load-bearing orthopedic implants. The widespread use of titanium alloys in biomedical implants create a big demand to identify and assess the behavior and performance of these alloys when used in the human body. Being the most commonly used metal alloy in the fabrication of medical implants, mainly because of its good biocompatibility and corrosion resistance together with its high strength to weight ratio, the tribological behavior of these alloys have always been an important subject for study. Titanium alloys with improved wear resistance will of course enhance the longevity of implants in the body. In this paper, tribological performance of titanium alloys (medical grades) is reviewed. Various methods of surface modifications employed for titanium alloys are also discussed in the context of wear behavior.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Orthopedic implants – Biocompatibility'

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