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Journal articles on the topic 'Orthopaedic surgery'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 March 2023

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1

Tarrant, Seth, Vafa Behzadpour, Thomas McCormack, Justin Cline, Jordan Willis, Gregory Mendez, Rosalee Zackula, Bradley Dart, and Bernard Hearon. "Improving Medical Student Mentorship in Orthopaedic Surgery." Kansas Journal of Medicine 16, no. 1 (February 21, 2023): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.vol16.18770.

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Introduction. Owing to limited clinical clerkships and travel restrictions related to COVID-19, recent medical student mentorship in orthopaedic surgery has been negatively impacted. The purpose of this Quality Improvement (QI) project was to determine if medical student awareness of orthopaedics as a possible career field may be improved through a mentoring program designed and delivered by orthopaedic residents. Methods. A five-resident QI team developed four educational sessions aimed at a medical student audience. Forum topics included (1) orthopaedics as a career, (2) fracture conference, (3) splinting workshop, and (4) residency application process. Pre- and post-forum surveys were administered to student participants to assess changes in their perceptions regarding orthopaedic surgery. Data derived from the questionnaires were analyzed with nonparametric statistical tests. Results. Of 18 forum participants, 14 were men and 4 were women. A total of 40 survey pairs were collected, averaging 10 per session. In the all-participant encounter analysis, there were statistically significant improvements in all outcome measures including interest in, exposure to, and knowledge of orthopaedics; exposure to our training program; and ability to interact with our residents. Those undecided regarding their specialty demonstrated larger increases in post-forum responses, suggesting that the learning experience was more impactful for that subgroup. Conclusions. This QI initiative was a successful demonstration of orthopaedic resident mentorship of medical students, wherein perceptions of orthopaedics were favorably influenced by the educational experience. For some students with limited access to orthopaedic clerkships or formal one-on-one mentoring, forums like these may be an acceptable alternative.

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2

Finerman, Gerald. "Orthopaedic Surgery." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 68, no. 6 (July 1986): 957. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-198668060-00035.

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3

Aiyer, Amiethab, Kenneth Egol, Javad Parvizi, Alexandra Schwartz, and Samir Mehta. "Orthopaedic surgery." Current Orthopaedic Practice 27, no. 1 (2016): 98–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bco.0000000000000310.

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4

DOBBERSTEIN, KATHLEEN. "ORTHOPAEDIC SURGERY." AJN, American Journal of Nursing 87, no. 7 (July 1987): 961. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-198707000-00029.

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5

Carmichael, J. "Orthopaedic surgery." BMJ 326, no. 7382 (January 25, 2003): 25Sa—25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7382.s25a.

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6

Bismil, Quamar, Christopher PJ Wood, Marc Patterson, and David M. Ricketts. "Orthopaedic surgery." BMJ 332, no. 7554 (June 10, 2006): s229.2—s230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.332.7554.s229-a.

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7

Meeks, L. "Orthopaedic surgery." Journal of the American College of Surgeons 190, no. 2 (February 2000): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1072-7515(99)00262-8.

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8

Torresyap, Pearl M. "Orthopaedic Surgery." AORN Journal 62, no. 1 (July 1995): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(06)63696-x.

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9

Carmichael, James. "Orthopaedic surgery." BMJ 326, Suppl S3 (March 1, 2003): 030362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sbmj.030362.

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10

Siraj, Muhammad, Abbas Ali, and Mudir Khan. "Effect of Prophylactic Antibiotics in Orthopaedic Surgery." Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 15, no. 11 (November 30, 2021): 2969–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53350/pjmhs2115112969.

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Background: Orthopaedic surgeries require sensitive protocol for prevention of infection pre and post-surgery. Antibiotic-prophylaxis has been reported for reducing risk of infection in orthopaedic surgeries such as removal of implants. Aim: To assess the effect of prophylactic antibiotics in orthopaedic surgery. Study design: Retrospective study Place and duration of study: Dept. of Orthopaedics, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar from 1-1-2020 to 31-12- 2020. Methodology: One hundred and ten patients within 18-75 years were divided into two groups. Each group had 55 patients. Group 1 were given prophylactic antibiotics pre-operative as a single dose while group 2 were given only saline. All patients were admitted for removal of orthopaedic implants in foot, ankle or leg. Patients 30 days record was observed for any surgical-site infection. Results: The mean age of patient was 42.95±10.8 years. Group 1 and Group 2 had more males than females. There were 10.9% and 9.09% diabetic patients within group 1 and group 2. The 30 days assessment of post implant removal orthopaedic surgery showed a decrease of surgical-site infection in group 1. Surgical-site infection decreased by a rate of 5.4% among patients who were given cefazolin antibiotic. Conclusion: The effect of prophylactic antibiotic reduces chance of surgical-site infection in orthopaedic surgery. Keywords: Antibiotic-prophylaxis, Orthopaedic surgery, Implant-removal, Surgical-site infection

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11

Iobst, Christopher, Alexander Cherkashin, and Robert Wigginton. "Historical Persepective: Gavriil Ilizarov, MD." Journal of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America 4, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.55275/jposna-2022-0010.

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Gavriil Ilizarov (1921-1992) would have celebrated his 100th birthday in 2021. His contributions to the field of orthopaedic surgery are simply extraordinary. While he is most famous for the circular external fixator system that bears his name, his principles of distraction osteogenesis revolutionized the field of limb lengthening and reconstruction. Despite having no formal education in orthopaedics, he developed a method that became so successful that an 800-bed orthopaedic hospital was built for him in Kurgan, Siberia. The Russian Ilizarov Scientific Center for Restorative Traumatology and Orthopaedics became the largest orthopaedic clinic in the world.

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12

O’Donnell, Seth W., Brian C. Drolet, Jonathan P. Brower, Dawn LaPorte, and Craig P. Eberson. "Orthopaedic Surgery Residency." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 25, no. 1 (January 2017): 61–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00099.

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13

Shah, Kalpit N., Jack H. Ruddell, Brandon Scott, Daniel B. C. Reid, Andrew D. Sobel, Julia A. Katarincic, and Edward Akelman. "Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty." JBJS Open Access 5, no. 3 (2020): e20.00009-e20.00009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.oa.20.00009.

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14

Stern, Peter J., Stephen Albanese, Mathias Bostrom, Charles S. Day, Steven L. Frick, William Hopkinson, Shepard Hurwitz, et al. "Orthopaedic Surgery Milestones." Journal of Graduate Medical Education 5, no. 1s1 (March 1, 2013): 36–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4300/jgme-05-01s1-05.

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15

Nicholas, R. M. "Mercer's orthopaedic surgery." British Journal of Sports Medicine 31, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.31.2.165.

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16

Schwartz, Herbert S. "Orthopaedic Allograft Surgery." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American Volume) 79, no. 8 (August 1997): 1277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199708000-00031.

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17

Dickson, Robert, and David Limb. "Chapman’s orthopaedic surgery." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 84-B, no. 1 (January 2002): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.84b1.0840150b.

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18

Spengler, Dan M. "Orthopaedic Surgery Essentials." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 87, no. 12 (December 2005): 2843–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200512000-00034.

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19

Koval, Kenneth J. "Orthopaedic Surgery Essentials." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 88, no. 5 (May 2006): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200605000-00048.

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20

Koval, Kenneth J. "Orthopaedic Surgery Essentials." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 88, no. 5 (May 2006): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200605000-00051.

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21

Gainor, Barry J. "Orthopaedic Surgery Essentials." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 88, no. 7 (July 2006): 1687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200607000-00036.

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22

Gainor, Barry J. "Orthopaedic Surgery Essentials." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 88, no. 7 (July 2006): 1687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200607000-00039.

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23

Pean, Christian A., Ajay Premkumar, Marc-Alain Pean, Rivka Ihejirika-Lomedico, Pierre-Marie Woolley, Toni McLaurin, Ronald Israelski, Ran Schwarzkopf, Arthur Caplan, and Kenneth Egol. "Global Orthopaedic Surgery." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 101, no. 13 (July 2019): e64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.18.01358.

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24

Pathania, VP. "Chapman's Orthopaedic Surgery." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 58, no. 4 (October 2002): 357–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(02)80103-4.

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25

Arora, NC. "MERCER’S Orthopaedic Surgery." Medical Journal Armed Forces India 54, no. 1 (January 1998): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0377-1237(17)30430-6.

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26

Buckham, Kathryn R. "Inside Orthopaedic Surgery." Orthopaedic Nursing 11, no. 1 (January 1992): 20???21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006416-199201000-00008.

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27

Dickson, R. A. "Mercer’s orthopaedic surgery." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 79-B, no. 5 (September 1997): 881–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.79b5.0790881c.

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28

McMinn, Derek. "Orthopaedic allograft surgery." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British volume 80-B, no. 3 (May 1998): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.80b3.0800559a.

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29

Prasad, Arun. "Robotic orthopaedic surgery." Apollo Medicine 9, no. 4 (December 2012): 349–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apme.2012.08.004.

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30

Otsuka, Norman. "Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery." JAMA 307, no. 12 (March 28, 2012): 1321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2012.351.

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31

Osowski, Jakub, and Tomasz Mazurek. "History of osteosynthesis in the Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, based on examination of surgical instruments withdrawn from the operating theatre." Chirurgia Narządów Ruchu i Ortopedia Polska 87, no. 3 (September 22, 2022): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31139/chnriop.2022.87.3.5.

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Based on the analysis of surgical instruments withdrawn from the operating theatre, it was decided to briefly present the history of osteosynthesis in the orthopaedic department in Gdansk, Poland. Boxes with orthopaedic instruments withdrawn from the operating theatre were obtained. The instruments were grouped, numbered, photographed and catalogued. Not all obtained instruments were used in orthopaedics; the boxes contained several instruments typically used in other fields of surgery. Attempts have been made to divide orthopaedic instruments into several groups, depending on their use in bone fixation. Some specific instruments are used only in one method. The most interesting tools are discussed in detail, with attention to their features and role in shaping modern orthopaedics. Some of the obtained equipment could have been made in the Orthopaedic Workshop in the hospital. They are specific exhibits related to the development of orthopaedics in this hospital that required preservation.

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32

Poacher, Arwel T., Hari Bhachoo, Jack Weston, Kavita Shergill, Gethin Poacher, and Joe Froud. "Undergraduate education of trauma and orthopaedic surgery in the UK." Bone & Joint Open 3, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.37.bjo-2022-0044.r1.

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Aims Evidence exists of a consistent decline in the value and time that medical schools place upon their undergraduate orthopaedic placements. This limited exposure to trauma and orthopaedics (T&O) during medical school will be the only experience in the speciality for the majority of doctors. This review aims to provide an overview of undergraduate orthopaedic training in the UK. Methods This review summarizes the relevant literature from the last 20 years in the UK. Articles were selected from database searches using MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, Cochrane, and Web of Science. A total of 16 papers met the inclusion criteria. Results The length of exposure to T&O is declining; the mean total placement duration of two to three weeks is significantly less than the four- to six-week minimum advised by most relevant sources. The main teaching methods described in the literature included didactic lectures, bedside teaching, and small group case-based discussions. Students preferred interactive, blended learning teaching styles over didactic methods. This improvement in satisfaction was reflected in improvements in student assessment scores. However, studies failed to assess competencies in clinical skills and examinations, which is consistent with the opinions of UK foundation year doctors, approximately 40% of whom report a “poor” understanding of orthopaedics. Furthermore, the majority of UK doctors are not exposed to orthopaedics at the postgraduate level, which only serves to amplify the disparity between junior and generalist knowledge, and the standards expected by senior colleagues and professional bodies. Conclusion There is a deficit in undergraduate orthopaedic training within the UK which has only worsened in the last 20 years, leaving medical students and foundation doctors with a potentially significant lack of orthopaedic knowledge. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(7):549–556.

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33

Adam, JA, F.-M. Khaw, RG Thomson, PJ Gregg, and HA Llewellyn-Thomas. "Patient Decision Aids in Joint Replacement Surgery: A Literature Review and An Opinion Survey of Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeons." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 90, no. 3 (April 2008): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588408x285748.

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INTRODUCTION Patient decision aids could facilitate shared decision-making in joint replacement surgery. However, patient decision aids are not routinely used in this setting. METHODS With a view to developing a patient decision aid for UK hip/knee joint replacement practice, we undertook a systematic search of the literature for evidence on the use of shared decision-making and patient decision aids in orthopaedics, and a national survey of consultant orthopaedic surgeons on the potential acceptability and feasibility of patient decision aids. RESULTS We found little published evidence regarding shared decision-making or patient decision aids in orthopaedics. In the survey, 362 of 639 (57%) randomly selected consultant orthopaedic surgeons responded. Respondents appear representative of consultant orthopaedic surgeons in the UK. Of 272 valid responses, 79% (95% CI, 73–85%) thought patient decision aids a good or excellent idea. There was consensus on the potential helpfulness of patient decision aids and core content. A booklet to take home was the preferred medium/practice model. CONCLUSIONS Despite the increased emphasis on patient involvement in decision-making, there is little evidence in the medical literature relating to shared decision-making or the use of patient decision aids in orthopaedic surgery. Further research in this area of clinical practice is required. Our survey shows that consultant orthopaedic surgeons in the UK are generally positive about the use of patient decision aids for joint replacement surgery. Survey results could inform future development of patient decision aids for joint replacement practice in the UK.

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34

Sarfani, Shumaila. "Unsolicited Patient Complaints in Orthopaedic Surgery: An Analysis Utilizing a Large National Database." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 1 (January 2022): 2473011421S0043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00434.

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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Unsolicited patient complaints (UPCs) about surgeons have been shown to correlate with surgical complications and malpractice claims in several specialties. Analysis of UPCs in orthopaedics is limited and using large national databases of UPCs may prove informative to orthopaedic providers and administrators. Our purpose was to 1) Evaluate the differences in the number and distribution of UPCs between orthopaedic surgeons as compared to other surgeons, and non- surgeons. 2) Describe the distribution of UPCs among orthopaedic sub-specialties. 3) Assess for clinical characteristics that may be associated with UPCs. Methods: Patient complaint reports recorded at 36 medical centers between January 1st, 2015 through December 31st, 2018 were coded using a previously validated coding algorithm, PARS® (Patient Advocacy Reporting System®). We (1) evaluated the distribution of UPCs across orthopaedic surgeons, (2) compared orthopaedic surgeons’ UPC distribution with those of other surgeons and non-surgeons, and (3) analyzed differences in complaint types across orthopaedic sub-specialties. Results: A total of 33,174 physicians had four consecutive years of data across the 36 nation-wide participating medical centers and met other inclusion criteria, including 1,148 orthopaedic surgeons, 6,747 other surgeons, and 25,279 non-surgeons. Orthopaedic surgeons experienced more UPCs per physician than non-orthopaedic surgeons and non-surgeons (5 vs. 2 vs. 1 respectively, p<0.05); the top 20% of orthopaedic surgeons with UPCs accounted for half of all complaints about orthopaedic surgeons received by the organizations in the study. The sub-specialties that had significantly more UPCs compared to general orthopaedic surgeons were Foot and Ankle (OR 2.6 [1.4-4.6], p=.002), followed by Adult Reconstruction (OR 2.2 [1.3-3.8], p=.002), Spine [OR 2.2 (1.3-3.8), p=.005), and Trauma (OR 2.2 [1.2-4.0], p =.01). Surgeons in the midwest were less likely to get complaints that surgeons in the northeast and sex was not a predicting factor. Conclusion: Orthopaedic surgeons receive comparatively more UPCs than other surgical and non-surgical specialties. Among orthopaedic surgeons, the subspecialties of Foot and Ankle, Adult, Reconstruction, Spine, and Trauma received the most UPCs. As increased UPCs have been linked to higher risk of malpractice claims, individual orthopaedic surgeons with high numbers of UPCs may benefit from being made aware of their elevated risk status in ways that invite reflection on underlying causes.

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35

Pearle, Andrew D., Daniel Kendoff, and Volker Musahl. "Perspectives on Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery: Movement Toward Quantitative Orthopaedic Surgery." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 91, Suppl 1 (February 2009): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.h.01510.

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36

Wilhelm, Torsten J., Kondwani Dzimbiri, Victoria Sembereka, Martin Gumeni, Olaf Bach, and Henning Mothes. "Task-shifting of orthopaedic surgery to non-physician clinicians in Malawi: effective and safe?" Tropical Doctor 47, no. 4 (July 6, 2017): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475517717178.

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There is a shortage of orthopaedic surgeons in Malawi. Orthopaedic clinical officers (OCOs) treat trauma patients and occasionally perform major orthopaedic surgery. No studies have assessed the efficacy and safety of their work. The aim of this study was to evaluate their contribution to major orthopaedic surgery at Zomba Central Hospital. Data about orthopaedic procedures during 2006–2010 were collected from theatre books. We selected major amputations and open reductions and plating for outcome analysis and collected details from files. We compared patients operated by OCOs alone (‘OCOs alone’ group) and by surgeons or OCOs assisted by surgeons (‘Surgeon present’ group). OCOs performed 463/1010 major (45.8%) and 1600/1765 minor operations (90.7%) alone. There was no difference in perioperative outcome between both groups. OCOs carry out a large proportion of orthopaedic procedures with good clinical results. Shifting of clinical tasks including major orthopaedic surgery can be safe. Further prospective studies are recommended.

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37

Johnson, Kenneth A. "Minimally Invasive Orthopaedic Surgery." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 34, no. 02 (March 2021): v—vi. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1725062.

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38

Lošťák, Jiří, and Jiří Gallo. "Thromboprophylaxis after orthopaedic surgery." Klinická farmakologie a farmacie 31, no. 4 (January 1, 2018): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/far.2017.022.

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39

Huddleston, Paul M. "Orthopaedic Surgery: The Essentials." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 74, no. 12 (December 1999): 1310. http://dx.doi.org/10.4065/74.12.1310-a.

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40

Laurencin, Cato T., and Saadiq F. El-Amin. "Xenotransplantation in Orthopaedic Surgery." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 16, no. 1 (January 2008): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200801000-00002.

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41

Marecek, Geoffrey S., and Michael F. Schafer. "Driving After Orthopaedic Surgery." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 21, no. 11 (November 2013): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-21-11-696.

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42

Grabowski, Gregory, Alexis Pilato, Caroline Clark, and J. Benjamin Jackson. "HIV in Orthopaedic Surgery." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 25, no. 8 (August 2017): 569–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00123.

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43

Amaro, Emilie J., Nicholas Shepard, Lewis Moss, Mara Karamitopoulos, and Claudette Lajam. "Vaping and Orthopaedic Surgery." JBJS Reviews 7, no. 1 (January 2019): e5-e5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.18.00015.

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44

Lanham, Nathan S., Kyle J. Bockelman, and Brendan J. McCriskin. "Telemedicine and Orthopaedic Surgery." JBJS Reviews 8, no. 7 (July 2020): e20.00083-e20.00083. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.20.00083.

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45

Blankstein, Anna R., Brett L. Houston, Dean A. Fergusson, Donald S. Houston, Emily Rimmer, Eric Bohm, Mina Aziz, et al. "Transfusion in orthopaedic surgery." Bone & Joint Open 2, no. 10 (October 1, 2021): 850–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.210.bjo-2021-0077.r1.

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Aims Orthopaedic surgeries are complex, frequently performed procedures associated with significant haemorrhage and perioperative blood transfusion. Given refinements in surgical techniques and changes to transfusion practices, we aim to describe contemporary transfusion practices in orthopaedic surgery in order to inform perioperative planning and blood banking requirements. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult patients who underwent orthopaedic surgery at four Canadian hospitals between 2014 and 2016. We studied all patients admitted to hospital for nonarthroscopic joint surgeries, amputations, and fracture surgeries. For each surgery and surgical subgroup, we characterized the proportion of patients who received red blood cell (RBC) transfusion, the mean/median number of RBC units transfused, and exposure to platelets and plasma. Results Of the 14,584 included patients, the most commonly performed surgeries were knee arthroplasty (24.8%), hip arthroplasty (24.6%), and hip fracture surgery (17.4%). A total of 10.3% of patients received RBC transfusion; the proportion of patients receiving RBC transfusions varied widely based on the surgical subgroup (0.0% to 33.1%). Primary knee arthroplasty and hip arthroplasty, the two most common surgeries, were associated with in-hospital transfusion frequencies of 2.8% and 4.5%, respectively. RBC transfusion occurred in 25.0% of hip fracture surgeries, accounting for the greatest total number of RBC units transfused in our cohort (38.0% of all transfused RBC units). Platelet and plasma transfusions were uncommon. Conclusion Orthopaedic surgeries were associated with variable rates of transfusion. The rate of RBC transfusion is highly dependent on the surgery type. Identifying surgeries with the highest transfusion rates, and further evaluation of factors that contribute to transfusion in identified at-risk populations, can serve to inform perioperative planning and blood bank requirements, and facilitate pre-emptive transfusion mitigation strategies. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(10):850–857.

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46

Ames, S. Elizabeth, Brent A. Ponce, J. Lawrence Marsh, and Stanley J. Hamstra. "Orthopaedic Surgery Residency Milestones." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 28, no. 1 (January 2020): e1-e8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-18-00786.

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47

Chen, Antonia F., Eric S. Secrist, Brian P. Scannell, and Joshua C. Patt. "Matching in Orthopaedic Surgery." Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 28, no. 4 (February 2020): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-19-00313.

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48

Morris, Carol D. "Bisphosphonates in Orthopaedic Surgery." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery (American) 87, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1609. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.d.03032.

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49

Jaramaz, B., M. A. Hafez, and A. M. DiGioia. "Computer-Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery." Proceedings of the IEEE 94, no. 9 (September 2006): 1689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jproc.2006.880675.

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50

SIMON, MICHAEL A., REGINALD R. COOPER, JAMES R. URBANIAK, JOHN A. BERGFELD, JAMES H. HERNDON, JAMES W. STRICKLAND, STEVEN P. NESTLER, and MICHAEL A. SIMON. "Symposium - Orthopaedic Surgery Fellowships." Journal of Bone & Joint Surgery 80, no. 12 (December 1998): 1826–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199812000-00013.

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