Academic literature on the topic 'Orthographic documentation'

This article is a study of Arabic Language Education students at the University of Muhammad Malang concerning spelling errors in writing Arabic characters. Orthography or Arabic alphabet spelling is a system that is generally used to realize the sound description from spoken language to written language in a language community, in this case Arabic. But in practice not everyone is able to describe the sound of language into writing correctly. Including students in the Arabic Language Study Program, University of Muhammadiyah Malang. This research is a descriptive type, in collecting data using observation techniques, documentation techniques, and interview techniques. The data analysis uses the orthographic equivalent method with basic techniques (orthographic sorting techniques) and advanced techniques (comparative correlation techniques). While the presentation of data uses informal variety. The results showed that the forms of orthographic errors or Arabic characters were first, one type of error consisting of adding vowels, reducing vowels or consonants, reducing consonant punctuation, and changing letters. Second, two or more types of errors. The factors underlying these mistakes are in terms of sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics.

AbstractThis paper studies the Cascajal Block, a serpentinite artifact with an Olmec text dating to ca. 1000–900 b.c. (Rodríguez Martínez et al. 2006a). It introduces a new line drawing made possible by the detailed documentation carried out by Carrasco and Englehardt, presents a distributional analysis of the inscription in order to assess the sign inventory proposed by Rodríguez Martínez et al. (2006a) and revised by Mora-Marín (2009), and, most significantly, suggests that certain irregularities in the patterns of sign co-occurrence raised by previous authors (Justeson 2012; Macri 2006) are consistent with spelling practices in logosyllabic scripts, showing that the script is linguistically motivated. The work by Carrasco and Englehardt (2015) on the identification and analysis of sign pairings as likely diphrastic kennings is highlighted as crucial to establishing semantic controls needed for any attempt at decipherment; a new, repeated pairing is proposed, consisting of the PELT-PAW signs. Finally, this paper assesses how the various models for the reading formatting and direction of the text could impact the proposed hypotheses.

Abstract The title of an invention allows the reader to understand the significance of a patent claim, and the wording of the title recurs throughout the subsequent patent documentation. If the translation of the title is erroneous, the quality of the translation in other parts of the patent documentation also suffers. This research involved using linguistic evaluation to identify common translation errors in Chinese–English machine translations of patent titles and examine the quality of machine-translated patent titles. Special focus was placed on orthographic, morphological, lexical, semantic, and syntactic errors found in patent titles. We sought to answer the following questions: (1) What are the trends in the application of machine translation in the Taiwan Intellectual Property Office (TIPO)? (2) How is the quality of machine translation controlled at TIPO? (3) What are common errors in machine-translated patent titles? Through analysis of our findings, it is possible to estimate the level of effort required from a posteditor following translation, and to suggest methods of improving machine translations of patent titles. This study also generates information applicable to the training of patent translators and posteditors.

Mosaic floors of surviving buildings in Ostia have been mainly recorded in photographs. From 2008, Japanese research group carries out a project of 3d measuring of the whole structure of ancient Roman city Ostia using laser scanners, including its landscape, city blocks, streets, buildings, wall paintings and mosaics. The laser scanner allows for a more detailed analysis and a greater potential for recording mosaics. We can record the data of mosaics, which are described piece by piece. However it is hard to acquire enough high dense point cloud and the internal camera of the laser scanner produce low quality images. We introduce a possible technology of 3D recording of mosaics with high-quality colour information; SFM. The use of this technique permits us to create 3D models from images provided from a CCD camera without heavy and large laser scanners. We applied SFM system to different three types of the mosaics laid down on the floors of "the House of the Dioscuroi", "the Insula of the Muse" and "the House of Jove and Ganymede", and created high resolution orthographic images. Then we examined to compare these orthographic images with that are created from the point cloud data. As a result, we confirmed that SFM system has sufficient practical utility for the mosaic research. And we present how much of density of point cloud or ground resolution are required for the documentation of mosaics accurately.

This article reviews a case for advancing the role of sketching in the art of engineering. Engineers have adopted productivity tools that promise more predictable outcomes. Computer-aided design, for example, is one of those tools. The evolution of design documentation made a huge advance when engineers no longer defined their designs in the universal graphics language known as orthographic projection drawings. Engineers now create a 3D simulation of the solid design instead of creating 2D representations of views. The 3D CAD process is closer to sculpting the design than drawing it. Sketches are part of a successful design process acting as a channel between creative engineering thinking and critical engineering thinking. Visualizing a design prepares the way to more traditional analytical engineering activities. In this early phase, engineering decisions are being made with little if any data. Intuition is a guide to get the project to a point where data can be collected and analyzed.

AbstractThe archives of French India and French Guiana, two colonies that were failing by the mid-nineteenth century, elucidate the legacy of colonial linguistics by drawing attention to the ideological and technological natures of colonial printing and the far-reaching and longstanding consequences of the European objectification of Indian vernaculars. Torn between religious, commercial, and imperialist agendas, the French in India both promoted Catholicism and advanced the scientific study of Tamil, the majority language spoken in the colonial headquarters of Pondicherry. There, a little known press operated by the Paris Foreign Missions shipped seventy-one dictionaries, grammars, and theological works printed in Tamil and French to Catholic schools undergoing secularization in French Guiana, a colony with several thousand Tamil indentured laborers. I analyze the books’ lexical, orthographic, and typographical forms, metalinguistic commentaries, publicity tactics, citational practices, and circulation histories by drawing on seldom-discussed materials from the Archives nationales d'outre-mer in Aix-en-Provence, France. I propose a theoretical framework to investigate how technology intersects with the historical relationship between language and colonialism, and argue that printing rivalries contributed to Orientalist knowledge production by institutionalizing semiotic and language ideologies about the nature of “perfectible” and “erroneous” signs. My comparative approach highlights the interdiscursive features of different genres and historical periods of Tamil documentation, and underscores how texts that emerged out of disparate religious and scientific movements questioned the veracity of knowledge and fidelity of sources. Such metalinguistic labor exposed the evolving stances of French Indologists toward Dravidian and Indo-Aryan linguistics and promoted religious and secular interests in educational and immigration policies.

<p>This article aims to critically examine the entire methodology of very large scale (1:1) surveying and documentation of mosaic surfaces. The term ‘survey’ should be read in its broadest and most complete and sense, including the phases of measurement and data processing as well as management and use of these data for the purposes of preservation and maintenance. The case study presented here took place at St Mark’s Basilica (<em>Basilica di San Marco</em>), in Venice, where mosaic flooring, wall and vault decorations have been surveyed on two separate occasions. These two experiences shared a common goal (a full-scale survey of the mosaic decorations) but differed in terms of the methodologies used, chiefly due to the technological developments of recent years. All this, therefore, lends itself to a methodological reflection and critique of the ways in which surveying technology has evolved over time. It enables to conduct surveys that would, just a few years ago, have been inconceivable due to their size and complexity. This article describes in detail current surveying processes, which includes the use of a multi-scale “image-based” approach, “re-topology” methods such as non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) and a tailor-made Building Information Modeling (BIM) system. This system allows the direct use of a three-dimensional (3D) model of the Basilica within the maintenance process of the monument itself with the options to georeferencing information, extract basic metric data and catalogue all its mosaics.</p><p><strong>Highlights:</strong></p><ul><li><p>Modern digital photogrammetric techniques enable the acquisition of very complex objects, not only in terms of form but also in terms of material.</p></li><li><p>To obtain high resolution orthophotos, it is necessary to accurately take care of all the stages of the process: photographic acquisition, surveying, modelling and orthographic reprojection.</p></li><li><p>High resolution images and detailed 3D models can benefit from a complex BIM system for the management of all data.</p></li></ul>

This study attempts a systematic description and classification of Itu Mbon Uso Consonants, using a descriptive framework. This research will provide a background study for the description of Itu Mbon Uso consonants. It aims to establish and provide a detailed study of the consonant sounds available in the Itu Mbon Uso language. Data was collected through primary and secondary sources. The trial version of the Ibadan 400 wordlist was used in data collection. In addition, there was the need to develop short sentences in the language so as to capture the pronunciation of words not found in the 400 wordlist and to show the position of each segment in words. The objective of this research is the need to develop our indigenous languages and save them from extinction, which should begin with the development of the orthography. The study revealed that they are seventeen phonemic and twenty phonetic consonants in Itu Mbon Uso with syllabic features such as aspiration and consonant processes like nasalization and palatalization. Our contribution is the provision of the consonantal inventory of the language which will act as a springboard for the eventual development of orthography for the language. The study is also important documentation of an endangered language, which had hitherto received little attention. It is recommended that research be carried out on the vowel system of the language to ensure an eventual orthography for the language.

The paper deals with the analysis of the toponyms of the historical Klaipėda region (Ger. Memelland), the northern part of former East Prussia. Research material comes from historical and cartographic sources of various periods. The accessibility of these sources enables marked expansion of the data that was used by the initiators of this theme in the middle of the twentieth century. A fairly small seaside territory (2,735 ha in the mainland), in which the concept of the regional park is directly related to the protection of cultural heritage, was selected for research. Methods of diachronic and comparative linguistics, as well as of geolinguistics, are combined with analysis of historical and genealogical data. Special attention is paid to the traces of fifteenth-to-eighteenth-century migration from Courland in the onomastics in the Klaipėda region. The problem of regional lexical identification, investigation of the chronology of the documentation of names, and the search for specific linguistic features addressed in the paper allow raising the hypotheses of the origin and the interaction of languages. The actualisation of historical and obsolete names for the needs of the Baltic, historical, and cultural studies is approached as an important issue. In the sixteenth century, the northern part of Prussia was a zone of intensive contacts of the Baltic languages. The personal names recorded here at that time point to undisputed links between the dialects of Courland and north-western Lithuanians. Now it is difficult to say which part of the toponyms has reached us from the old Curonians and which toponyms immigrated from Courland – not only due to the hypothetical nature of the reconstructed system of close languages, but also because analysis is made complicated by varying orthography in German characters. In the seventeenth century and later, the expansion of Latvian onomastics in the Klaipėda region decreased, but even then, there would appear names the etymology of which is more transparent in Latvian and not Lithuanian. The influence of Curonian and neo-Curonian (the Kursenieku language) is stronger in the seaside territories of fishermen and in the locations where fishermen became assimilated in the farmers’ community. However, the names of the villages situated at some distance from the sea are more frequently related to Lithuanian anthroponyms. In the northern part of the Klaipėda region, German toponyms were rare exceptions even during the period of intensive germanization. Although in the early twentieth century, the origin of the official oikonyms used in the Lithuanian and German environment often differed, the absolute majority of German oikonyms are of Baltic origin. Lituanization of the names of villages was a natural result of the residents’ assimilation process. In the process of the reconstruction of historical toponyms, it is possible to form a reserve list of names, part of which could be brought back for ‘the second life’ by giving these names to streets, parts of the regional park, hotels, and other objects.

The diploma thesis is focused on selected designing works related to the design of a specific process of acid water stripping. The main purpose of the work is to describe the procedure and the obtained results for these performed design work based on the relevant assignment and the process requirements. In the introductory two chapters, the work focuses on process introduction and description of main process equipment. The following chapters are devoted to the description of the designing works, specifically simulation of the process in CHEMCAD, design calculation of the spiral plate heat exchanger for feed preheating, creation of 3D model and drawing documentation using AutoCAD Plant 3D and lastly strength analysis of the selected pipeline. The main outputs of this work are mainly generated result reports from the process and equipment simulation and strength analysis of the solved pipeline route, 3D model of the process and selected technical and drawing documentation. At the end of the diploma thesis, the performed activities and their outputs are summarized and evaluated.

Bantu vowel phonemes are reflexes of the Proto-Bantu seven-vowel system /*i *ɪ * ε‎ *a *ɔ *ʊ *u/. While lax high vowels were supplanted in some systems because of vowel mergers in the first two degrees /*i *ɪ/ and /*u *ʊ/, lax mid vowels / ε‎ ɔ/ are attested across most Bantu languages either underlyingly or at surface. Widespread use of roman orthographic vowels has left the phonemic status of mid vowels fuzzy. Here the orthography is treated as a “mask” disguising the phonetic quality of vowels, to be “unmasked” with the help of proper documentation and description. With examples from endangered Bantu languages of Tanzania and from Swahili current vowel documentation methodologies and theoretical approaches for unmasking are discussed. The distribution of mid vowels is characterized with a theory of markedness which contributes to understanding why lax mid vowels may be either triggers or targets of harmony and why a low vowel may be opaque or transparent to harmony.