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Journal articles on the topic 'Orthodontics and demineralization'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Zakrzewski, Wojciech, Maciej Dobrzynski, Wojciech Dobrzynski, Anna Zawadzka-Knefel, Mateusz Janecki, Karolina Kurek, Adam Lubojanski, Maria Szymonowicz, Zbigniew Rybak, and Rafal J. Wiglusz. "Nanomaterials Application in Orthodontics." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (January 28, 2021): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020337.

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Nanotechnology has gained importance in recent years due to its ability to enhance material properties, including antimicrobial characteristics. Nanotechnology is applicable in various aspects of orthodontics. This scientific work focuses on the concept of nanotechnology and its applications in the field of orthodontics, including, among others, enhancement of antimicrobial characteristics of orthodontic resins, leading to reduction of enamel demineralization or control of friction force during orthodontic movement. The latter one enables effective orthodontic treatment while using less force. Emphasis is put on antimicrobial and mechanical characteristics of nanomaterials during orthodontic treatment. The manuscript sums up the current knowledge about nanomaterials’ influence on orthodontic appliances.

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Zabokova-Bilbilova, Efka, Lidija Popovska, Biljana Kapusevska, and Emilija Stefanovska. "White Spot Lesions: Prevention and Management During the Orthodontic Treatment." PRILOZI 35, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/prilozi-2014-0021.

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Abstract The formation of white spot lesions, or enamel demineralization, around fixed orthodontic attachments is a common complication during and following fixed orthodontic treatment, which marks the result of a successfully completed case. This article is a contemporary review of the risk factors and preventive methods of these orthodontics scars. Preventive programmes must be emphasized to all orthodontic patients. The responsibility of an orthodontist is to minimize the risk of the patient having decalcification as a consequence of orthodontic treatment by educating and motivating the patients for excellent oral hygiene practice. Prophylaxis with topical fluoride application should be implemented: high-fluoride toothpastes, fluoride mouthwashes, gels and varnishes during and after the orthodontic treatment, especially for patients at high risk of caries.

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Abufarwa, Moufida, Amal Noureldin, Phillip M. Campbell, and Peter H. Buschang. "The longevity of casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate fluoride varnish's preventative effects: Assessment of white spot lesion formation." Angle Orthodontist 89, no. 1 (September 12, 2018): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/021718-127.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: To test how long casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP) fluoride varnish prevents enamel demineralization in vitro. Materials and Methods: Human molars and premolars were sectioned buccolingually and randomly assigned to two groups. Standardized pretreatment images of enamel surfaces were obtained using FluoreCam. The control group received no treatment, and the experimental group received an application of CPP-ACP fluoride varnish. Over simulated periods of 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, specimens were placed in a toothbrushing simulator, thermocycled, subjected to 9 days of pH cycling, and imaged with FluoreCam. Samples were sectioned and polished for polarized light microscope (PLM) evaluation. Results: There were statistically significant time (P < .001) and varnish (P < .001) effects on area, intensity, and impact of enamel demineralization. The control group showed significant and progressive demineralization over the 12 weeks (P < .001). The experimental group revealed no significant demineralization during the first 4 weeks (P > .05) and significant (P < .001) increases thereafter. Experimental demineralization after 12 weeks was comparable to 2-week demineralization in the controls, with significant between-group differences (P < .001) in enamel demineralization at all time points. PLM of the control and experimental groups revealed lesion depths of 90 ± 34 μm and 37 ± 9 μm, respectively. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, CPP-ACP fluoride varnish prevents enamel demineralization for at least 4 weeks and limits demineralization up to 12 weeks.

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Galuscan, Atena, Daniela Jumanca, Angela C. Podariu, Adina Dumitrache, Ramona A. Popovici, Laura Cristina Rusu, Teodora Ștefănescu, and Anca Tudor. "The Assessment of Enamel Demineralisation by Fluorescent Light in Fixed Orthodontics." Key Engineering Materials 638 (March 2015): 262–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.638.262.

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<p class="TTPAbstract">The brackets collating technique and microbial factors increase the risk for enamel demineralization in patients with fixed orthodontic appliance. The aim of this study was to determine the risk level of enamel demineralization in fixed orthodontic device bearers. The enamel demineralization was assessed in 187 patients by measuring dental structure by fluorescent light. The measurements were performed with the DIAGNOdent Pen 2190 (KaVo, Biberach, Germany). Except canines which remain in the risk 1 category, without enamel demineralization, the other investigated teeth may have a medium demineralization degree The values recorded with fluorescent light on canine enamel showed low and insignificant differences (p>0.05) as a result of fixed orthodontic appliances, classifying these teeth as healthy teeth with enamel integrity or with low enamel demineralization. The molars presented significantly increased values in the study group as compared to the control group (p<0.05). 6 years molars had a marked predisposition to demineralization and caries as compared to frontal group teeth, after fluorescent light measurements. The measurements include these teeth in the medium to high risk for dental caries. The DIAGNOdent, due to its capacity to determine the demineralization degree of dental surfaces, may be used to monitor patients and to prevent the occurrence of dental caries during fixed orthodontic treatments.<o:p></o:p></p>

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Miller, Cara C., Girvan Burnside, Susan M. Higham, and Norah L. Flannigan. "Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital as an oral hygiene evaluation tool to assess plaque accumulation and enamel demineralization in orthodontics." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 6 (March 23, 2016): 991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/092415-648.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the use of Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital as an oral hygiene evaluation tool during orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: In this prospective, randomized clinical trial, 33 patients undergoing fixed orthodontic appliance treatment were randomly allocated to receive oral hygiene reinforcement at four consecutive appointments using either white light (WL) or Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital (QLF) images, taken with a device, as visual aids. Oral hygiene was recorded assessing the QLF images for demineralization, by fluorescence loss (ΔF), and plaque coverage (ΔR30). A debriefing questionnaire ascertained patient perspectives. Results: There were no significant differences in demineralization (P = .56) or plaque accumulation (P = .82) between the WL and QLF groups from T0 to T4. There was no significant reduction in demineralization, ΔF, in the WL, or the QLF group from T0–T4 (P > .05); however, there was a significant reduction in ΔR30 plaque scores (P < .05). All the participants found being shown the images helpful, with 100% of the QLF group reflecting that it would be useful to have oral hygiene reinforcement for the full duration of treatment compared with 81% of the WL group (OR 2.3; P < .05). Conclusions: Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence-Digital can be used to detect and monitor demineralization and plaque during orthodontics. Oral hygiene reinforcement at consecutive appointments using WL or QLF images as visual aids is effective in reducing plaque coverage. In terms of clinical benefits, QLF and WL images are of similar effectiveness; however, patients preferred the QLF images.

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Tan, Ayten, and Serpil Çokakoğlu. "Effects of adhesive flash-free brackets on enamel demineralization and periodontal status." Angle Orthodontist 90, no. 3 (February 11, 2020): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/80819-518.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To evaluate the effects of adhesive precoated (APC) flash-free brackets on enamel demineralization and periodontal status in patients during fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods Thirty patients, age 12 to 18 years, who had Angle Class I or Class II malocclusion with mild to moderate crowding in the permanent dentition were selected for this study. APC flash-free and conventional ceramic brackets were bonded for a split-mouth study design. The quadrant allocation was randomized. Demineralization records were obtained immediately after bonding (T0), 1 month after bonding (T1), and 6 months after bonding (T2). Clinical periodontal measurements, including gingival index, plaque index, and bleeding upon probing, were obtained before bonding (T0) and at the same time points (T1 and T2). Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Friedman tests to compare parameters between groups and times. Results Demineralization values decreased on most sides of the brackets for both groups between T0 and T1. In the conventional group, there was significantly higher demineralization on more sides compared with flash-free brackets between T1 and T2. With one exception, the decreased values were found in the incisal/occlusal sides of all brackets at T2. All periodontal parameters showed significant increases after 6 months of treatment in both groups. Intergroup comparison showed no significant differences in demineralization or periodontal measurements at any of the time points. Conclusions The effects of APC flash-free and conventional brackets on enamel demineralization and periodontal health did not differ from each other.

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Martins, Luís Roberto Marcondes, Mario Vedovello Filho, Suzy H. A. Martins, Heloísa C. Valdrighi, Silvia Amélia S. Vedovello, Mayury Kuramae, Adriana Simoni Lucato, and Eloisa Marcantonio Boeck. "Evaluation of Bonded Orthodontics Brackets Using Different Adhesive Systems after a Cariogenic Challenge." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 11, no. 1 (January 2010): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jcdp-11-1-41.

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Abstract Aim The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevention of enamel demineralization and the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with fluoride and no fluoride conventional and selfetching adhesives and to analyze the characteristics of enamel near the bond area using a polarized light microscope (PLM) following demineralization and remineralization cycling (Des Re). Methods and Materials Fifty bovine incisors were selected and divided into five groups according to the adhesive system used during the bonding process: G1, Transbond™ XT Adhesive; G2, Single Bond 2 Adhesive; G3, Optibond Solo Plus; G4, Clearfil SE Bond; and G5, Clearfil Protect Bond. Transbond™ XT was used to fix the brackets to the teeth in all groups. After bonding, the groups were separated into cycling and control subgroups. The specimens were submitted to SBS testing and evaluated under a PLM. The results were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (p<.05). Results There were no significant differences for SBS after Des-Re cycling. The Clearfil Protect Bond showed the SBS to be statistically lower than the other adhesives used for the control groups. After a cariogenic challenge, the Single Bond adhesive showed an SBS significantly lower than Transbond XT. The Des-Re cycling increased the enamel demineralization induced after the cariogenic challenge. Conclusions The cariogenic challenge did not reduce the SBS. Optibond Solo Plus and Transbond™ XT adhesives presented the highest SBS while Clearfil Protect Bond had the lowest. The PLM showed that the cariogenic challenge increased the enamel demineralization for all adhesives evaluated, independent of the presence of fluoride. Clinical Significance An alternative material with the ability to prevent enamel demineralization should be used in orthodontic patients due to the higher accumulation of plaque around orthodontic brackets. Citation Filho MV, Martins SHA, Valdrighi HC, Vedovello SAS, Kuramae M, Lucato AS, Boeck EM, Martins LRM. Evaluation of Bonded Orthodontics Brackets Using Different Adhesive Systems after a Cariogenic Challenge. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 Jan; 11(1):041-048. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/ view/volume11-issue1-filho.

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Brusnitsyna, E. V., T. V. Zakirov, M. M. Saipeeva, E. S. Ioshchenko, and S. A. Sheshenina. "Hypersensitivity of teeth after orthodontic treatment in adolescence." Pediatric dentistry and dental profilaxis 20, no. 3 (October 10, 2020): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33925/1683-3031-2020-20-3-217-222.

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Relevance. In adolescence, focal demineralization after orthodontic treatment is highly prevalent. This, in turn, leads to symptomatic hypersensitivity in the absence of other predisposing factors (recessions, exposure of cervical dentin, increased abrasion, etc.). Reviewed the mechanism for reducing hypersensitivity and remineralizing of calcium-sodium phosphosilicate, also the effectiveness of using a prophylactic toothpaste with this component in adolescents.Materials and methods. A single-center, non-comparative open study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the Sensodyne Restoration and Protection toothpaste at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, USMU for 4 weeks. 22 adolescents aged 14-16 years with focal demineralization of enamel in the stain stage after completion of orthodontic treatment participated in the study.Results. The use of toothpaste with calcium-sodium phosphosilicate after a month of use leads to a decrease in the hygiene index by 23.38%, a decrease in hypersensitivity according to the results of the Schiff air index by 56.94% (p ≤ 0.05), and a tendency to an increase in the level of mineralization and a decrease in areas of white spot lesions.Conclusions. Toothpaste with calcium-sodium phosphosilicate has a cleansing effect and reduces sensitivity and can be recommended for adolescents with focal demineralization against the background of orthodontic treatment.

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Benson, P. E., A. A. Shah, D. T. Millett, F. Dyer, N. Parkin, and R. S. Vine. "Fluorides, orthodontics and demineralization: a systematic review." Journal of Orthodontics 32, no. 2 (June 2005): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146531205225021033.

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Yetkiner, Enver, Florian Just Wegehaupt, Rengin Attin, and Thomas Attin. "Caries infiltrant combined with conventional adhesives for sealing sound enamel in vitro." Angle Orthodontist 83, no. 5 (January 31, 2013): 858–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/102312-827.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To test the null hypothesis that combining low-viscosity caries infiltrant with conventional adhesive resins would not improve sealing of sound enamel against demineralization in vitro. Materials and Methods: Bovine enamel discs (N = 60) with diameter of 3 mm were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 10). The discs were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 30 seconds and treated with resins of different monomer content forming the following groups: (1) Icon (DMG), (2) Transbond XT Primer (3M ESPE), (3) Heliobond (Ivoclar Vivadent), (4) Icon + Transbond XT Primer, and (5) Icon + Heliobond. Untreated etched samples served as the negative control. Specimens were subjected to demineralization by immersion in hydrochloric acid (pH 2.6) for 80 hours. Calcium dissolution into the acid was assessed by colorimetric analysis using Arsenazo III method at 16-hour intervals. Groups presenting high protection against demineralization were subjected to further acidic challenge for 15 days with calcium measurements repeated at 24-hour intervals. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test. Results: Untreated specimens showed the highest amount of demineralization. Icon and Transbond XT primer decreased the mineral loss significantly compared to the control. Heliobond performed significantly better than both Icon and Transbond XT primer. Combination of Icon both with Transbond XT primer or Heliobond served as the best protective measures and maintained the protective effect for the additional 15-day acidic challenge. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it could be concluded that the use of low-viscosity caries infiltrant prior to application of the tested conventional adhesives increases their protective effect against demineralization.

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Gupta, Prateek, Navneet Singh, Vipul Kumar Sharma, and Garima Gupta. "Assessing demineralization during treatment." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 158, no. 5 (November 2020): 636–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2020.07.007.

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Benson, Philip Edward, Anwar Ali Shah, and Derrick Robert Willmot. "Polarized Versus Nonpolarized Digital Images for the Measurement of Demineralization Surrounding Orthodontic Brackets." Angle Orthodontist 78, no. 2 (March 1, 2008): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/121306-511.1.

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Abstract Objective: To compare the assessment of demineralized white lesions surrounding orthodontic brackets using images produced with and without polarizing filters to reduce incidental flash reflection. Materials and Methods: Thirty teeth with orthodontic brackets and a systematic arrangement of artificially induced demineralization were used. Standardized digital images of the teeth were taken with and without a cross-polarizing filter. These were repeated after 1 week. All the images were randomly numbered and assessed by an investigator, unaware as to the nature of the study. The presence or absence of demineralization was recorded and compared with the actual demineralization pattern. The lesion area and degree of whiteness (LI%) were measured using computerized image analysis. Twenty images from each group were randomly chosen and duplicated for an assessment of measurement error. Results: The positive and negative predictive values were better from the polarized images (0.97 and 0.84, respectively) than from the nonpolarized images (0.90 and 0.74, respectively). The percentage agreements for the repeat assessments of the same slide were better for the polarized images (96%) than for the nonpolarized images (89%). The limits of agreement and intraclass correlation coefficients between measurements of repeated images were lower for lesion area from cross-polarized images, suggesting better reproducibility, but not for LI%. Conclusion: A cross-polarization filter enhances the subjective assessment of demineralized lesions surrounding an orthodontic bracket and improves the reproducibility of measuring the lesion area. The filter did not improve the assessment of changes in enamel gray levels with demineralization.

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Gontijo, Leonardo, Roberval de Almeida Cruz, and Paulo Roberto Gomes Brandão. "Dental enamel around fixed orthodontic appliances after fluoride varnish application." Brazilian Dental Journal 18, no. 1 (2007): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402007000100011.

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Poor oral hygiene has been considered one of the main problems routinely faced in the orthodontic treatment. Orthodontic appliance creates an environment that provides mineral loss from the dental enamel. Such condition is clinically seen as white spot lesions and cavitations in the most severe cases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a fluoride varnish application as a caries prevention method for clinical orthodontics. The experiment analyzed dental enamel adjacent to orthodontics accessories after treatment. In addition, it was observed the calcium, phosphorus and fluoride contents on enamel treated with a fluoride varnish. The results showed that fluoride varnish application is a simple and fast technique that could be useful in preventing enamel demineralization associated to orthodontic treatment. Scanning electron microscopy revealed significant amount of calcium fluoride-like material deposited on enamel and energy dispersive x-ray analysis demonstrated a large incorporation of calcium and fluoride to the enamel of the treated specimens. It was concluded that fluoride varnish could indeed be considered an efficient preventive method to enhance enamel resistance against the cariogenic challenges during orthodontic therapy.

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Staley, Robert N. "Effect of Fluoride Varnish on Demineralization Around Orthodontic Brackets." Seminars in Orthodontics 14, no. 3 (September 2008): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2008.03.004.

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Wierzbicki, Tom, Tarek El-Bialy, Saleh Aldaghreer, Guang Li, and Michael Doschak. "Analysis of Orthodontically Induced Root Resorption Using Micro-Computed Tomography (Micro-CT)." Angle Orthodontist 79, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/112107-546.1.

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Abstract Objective: To establish a protocol for assessing orthodontically induced tooth root resorption (OITRR) in human premolars using micro-computed tomography. Materials and Methods: Ten extracted maxillary first premolars were obtained from eight healthy adolescent patients; five of these premolars were extracted before any orthodontic movement was applied to them, and the other five premolars were involved in nonextraction orthodontic treatment for 1 year before treatment plan modification lead to extraction treatment. Using reconstructed scanned images, we measured several key resorption lacunae parameters, including the number, volume, and depth on each surface, as well as its extension coronoapically. Results: Orthodontic treatment resulted in a significantly greater tooth root resorption lacunae volume, number, maximum depth, and coronoapical extension as well as in areas of dentin demineralization subjacent to the resorption lacunae than in normal premolars. Conclusions: We have established a protocol to evaluate OITRR quantitatively and have provided a method to predict further resorption based on dentine demineralization.

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Goud, SV Ramesh, Raja Singamani, V. Bhaskar, M. Kurunji Kumaran, Mohammed Arafat, and S. N. Reddy Duvvuri. "Comparitive evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of titanium oxide coatings on different types of ceramic brackets against Streptococcus mutans." International Dental Journal of Student's Research 10, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.idjsr.2022.013.

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Nanomaterials are widely used in modern clinical dentistry. They improve various properties, such as antimicrobial properties, durability of materials. These particles do not exceed 100 nm, due to they obtain a better ratio between the surface and mass. Nanomaterials are used in many areas of dentistry, such as conservative dentistry, endodontics, oral, and maxillofacial surgery, periodontics, orthodontics, and prosthetics. One of the most important complications of fixed orthodontic treatment is enamel demineralization. Brackets and orthodontic accessories facilitate plaque accumulation and compromise oral hygiene maintenance which lead to an increase in oral bacteria count during orthodontic treatment. 30 MBT 0.022’’ monocrystalline ceramic brackets and 30 MBT 0.022’’ polycrystalline ceramic brackets (Metro Orthodontics) which are randomly divided into 4 groups: 2 control groups (group-1=15 uncoated monocrystalline and group-2=15 uncoated polycrystalline) and 2 experimental groups (group-3=15 silver oxide coated monocrystalline and group-4=15 silver oxide coated polycrystalline). S.mutans counts were significantly less in the experimental groups than control groups. Titanium oxide coatings on ceramic brackets reduced the colony forming units of S. mutans. Reduced number of colony forming units was seen in both the monocrystalline and polycrystalline coated brackets than their control groups.

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Benkaddour, Asmae, Loubna Bahije, Asmae Bahoum, and Fatima Zaoui. "Orthodontics and enamel demineralization: Clinical study of risk factors." International Orthodontics 12, no. 4 (December 2014): 458–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2014.10.009.

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Uysal, Tancan, Meltem Derya Akkurt, Mihri Amasyali, Suat Ozcan, Ahmet Yagci, Feridun Basak, and Deniz Sagdic. "Does a chitosan-containing dentifrice prevent demineralization around orthodontic brackets?" Angle Orthodontist 81, no. 2 (March 2011): 319–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/062910-359.1.

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Sudjalim, Theresia Rini, Michael Geoffrey Woods, David John Manton, and Eric C. Reynolds. "Prevention of demineralization around orthodontic brackets in vitro." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 131, no. 6 (June 2007): 705.e1–705.e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2006.09.043.

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Olek, Marcin, Agnieszka Machorowska-Pieniążek, Wojciech Stós, Janusz Kalukin, Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher, David Aebisher, Grzegorz Cieślar, and Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka. "Photodynamic Therapy in Orthodontics: A Literature Review." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (May 14, 2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050720.

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Treatment of malocclusions using fixed orthodontic appliances makes it difficult for patients to perform hygiene procedures. Insufficient removal of bacterial biofilm can cause enamel demineralization, manifesting by visible white spot lesions or periodontal diseases, such as gingivitis periodontitis or gingival hyperplasia. The classic methods of preventing the above problems include, in addition to proper hygiene, ultrasonic scaling, periodontal debridement, and oral rinses based on chlorhexidine. New alternative methods of reducing plaque around brackets are being developed. There is a growing interest among researchers in the possibility of using photodynamic therapy in orthodontics. A literature search for articles corresponding to the topic of this review was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases and the following keywords: ‘photodynamic therapy’, ‘orthodontics’, and ‘photosensitizer(s)’. Based on the literature review, two main directions of research can be distinguished: clinical research on the use of photodynamic therapy in the prevention of white spot lesions and periodontal diseases, and ex vivo research using a modified orthodontic adhesive by adding photosensitizers to them. Methylene blue is the most frequently used photosensitizer in clinical trials. The effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy is mainly compared to the ultrasonic scaler as a single therapy or as an adjunct to the ultrasonic scaler. In their conclusions, the researchers most often emphasize the effectiveness of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in reducing microbial levels in patients treated with fixed appliances and the possibility of using it as an alternative to routine procedures aimed at maintaining a healthy periodontium. The authors suggest further research on the use of photodynamic therapy to prove the validity of this method in orthodontics. It should also not be forgotten that proper hygiene is the basis for maintaining oral cavity health, and its neglect is a contraindication to orthodontic treatment.

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Atilla, Aykan Onur, Taner Ozturk, Mustafa Murat Eruz, and Ahmet Yagci. "A comparative assessment of orthodontic treatment outcomes using the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method between direct bonding and indirect bonding techniques in adolescents: a single-centre, single-blind randomized controlled trial." European Journal of Orthodontics 42, no. 4 (August 3, 2019): 441–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjz058.

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Summary Introduction The aim of this two-arm parallel trial was to evaluate enamel demineralization in fixed orthodontic treatment using an indirect bonding technique in comparison to a direct bonding technique by the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method. Design, settings and participants Fifty-six patients who needed fixed orthodontic treatment were randomly separated into either the direct bonding group or the indirect bonding group. The presence and extent of lesions on the buccal surfaces of all teeth, except the molar teeth, were assessed. The percentage of fluorescence loss (ΔF and ΔFmax), the degree of demineralization (ΔQ) and lesion area (WS area) were determined using the system’s software. The data were analysed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank and Mann–Whitney U-tests (P < 0.05). Interventions Treatment with a direct bonding or an indirect bonding technique. Results This study was completed with 25 patients in the indirect bonding group (12 females, 13 males; mean age: 15.42 ± 1.71 years) and 26 patients in the direct bonding group (12 females, 14 males; mean age: 14.73 ± 1.65 years). In the indirect bonding technique, a few teeth (especially mandibular left canine: 50.45 ± 93.48; 95% confidence interval: −12.35 and 113.26) were found to develop significant white spot lesion (WSL) formation (P < 0.05). However, the number of teeth with demineralization was higher in the direct bonding group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The bonding procedures used in the indirect bonding technique contribute to reducing the degree of WSL formation. Further, the use of flowable composite adhesives in this bonding process is more effective at reducing the appearance of WSLs than in cases where conventional composite adhesives are used. Limitations The limitation of our trial may be the small sample size and the short follow-up time for the patients. Harms No harms were detected during the study. Protocol The protocol was not published before trial commencement. Registration This trial was registered post hoc at ‘Clinical Trials’ (http://www.clinicaltrials.gov), registration number (ID): NCT03738839.

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Twesme, David A., Allen R. Firestone, Timothy J. Heaven, Fred F. Feagin, and Alex Jacobson. "Air-rotor stripping and enamel demineralization in vitro." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 105, no. 2 (February 1994): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(94)70110-5.

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Demito, Carina Faleiros, Julyano Vieira da Costa, Marina de Lourdes Calvo Fracasso, and Adilson Luiz Ramos. "Efficacy of fluoride associated with nano-hydroxyapatite in reducing enamel demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets: in situ study." Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics 24, no. 6 (December 2019): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2177-6709.24.6.048-055.oar.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To assess in situ the effect of fluoride associated with nano-hydroxyapatite for the prevention of demineralization of the enamel adjacent to orthodontic brackets. Material and Methods: Eight volunteers wore palatal devices prepared with 6 bovine enamel blocks (5x5x2 mm) with bonded brackets. The volunteers used the devices in two different moments of 14 days each. During the first 14 days, a product containing fluoride + nano-hydroxyapatite was applied twice (experimental group, GNH, n = 48), and for the other 14 days no prevention product was applied (control group, CG, n = 48). In both groups, along the experiment, the blocks were dripped with 20% sucrose eight times daily. After the experiment, all the specimens were sectioned and examined for lesion depth analysis (µm) under polarized light microscopy, and for enamel longitudinal microhardness (measured under the bracket, at 30 µm and at 130 µm from the margin), at seven different depths (10, 20, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 µm). Results: Under polarized light, group GNH presented significantly less demineralization depth ( X ¯= 15.01 µm, SD = 33.65) in relation to CG ( X ¯= 76.43 µm, SD = 83.75). Enamel longitudinal microhardness demonstrated significantly higher microhardness for group GNH when compared to CG. Conclusion: Fluoride + nano-hydroxyapatite can be an alternative preventive procedure for demineralization of the enamel adjacent to orthodontic brackets.

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Dixon, M., Y. Jones, I. E. Mackie, and S. K. Derwent. "Mandibular incisal edge demineralization and caries associated with Twin Block appliance design." Journal of Orthodontics 32, no. 1 (March 2005): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/146531205225020724.

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Oz, Aslihan Zeynep, Abdullah Alper Oz, and Sabahat Yazıcıoglu. "In vivo effect of antibacterial and fluoride-releasing adhesives on enamel demineralization around brackets: A micro-CT study." Angle Orthodontist 87, no. 6 (September 14, 2017): 841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/060217-371.1.

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ABSTRACT Objectives: The aim of this in vivo study was to investigate the preventive effect of two different adhesives on enamel demineralization and compare these adhesives with a conventional one. Materials and Methods: Fifteen patients requiring the extraction of their first four premolars for orthodontic treatment were included in the study. One premolar was randomly selected, and an antibacterial monomer-containing and fluoride-releasing adhesive (Clearfil Protect Bond, Kuraray Medical, Okayama, Japan) was used for orthodontic bracket bonding. Another premolar was randomly selected, and a fluoride-releasing and recharging orthodontic adhesive (Opal Seal, Ultradent Products, South Jordan, Utah) was used. One premolar was assigned as a control, and a conventional adhesive (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Calif) was used. The teeth were extracted after 8 weeks, and the demineralization areas of the 45 extracted teeth were analyzed using microcomputed tomography with software. Results: There was no significant difference between the white spot lesion (WSL) rates of the adhesives (P > .05). The volumes of the WSLs varied from 0 to 0.019349 mm3. Although Opal Seal showed the smallest lesion volumes, there was no significant difference in volumetric measurements of the lesions among the groups (P > .05). Conclusions: The findings indicated no significant differences between the preventive effects of the adhesives used in this in vivo study over 8 weeks.

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Spaičytė, Nerija, Ieva Gudelevičiūtė, Indrė Migonienė, and Arūnas Vasiliauskas. "INTERVENTIONS PRIOR AND DURING THE ORTHODONTIC TREATMENT FOR ORTHODONTICALLY INDUCED WHITE SPOT LESIONS." Health Sciences 33, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 166–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.35988/sm-hs.2023.041.

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Objective. To evaluate the efficiency of various interventions performed before and during orthodontic treatment which aim to reduce the incidence of WSL. Materials and methods. Using PRISMA guidelines in search of clinical trials published between 2017 and 2022, a literature analysis was performed. This search was conducted using following Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) terms in 2 databases: “prevention and control” AND “Orthodontics” AND “Tooth Demineralization”. Supplementary, a manual search was conducted in Google Scholar. Results. The literature search resulted in a total of 3626 study articles, of which 8 publications were used in the present review, according to a selection based on the pre-established eligibility criteria. The review showed that F varnish, 10% Xylitol varnish had positive outcomes in comparison with placebo. 0.44% APF formulated daily oral rinse and nanosilver mouthwash were better than 0.2% NaF weekly rinse and CHX, F mouthwashes respectively. NovaMin toothpaste, MIPP and MIV, examined in different studies, proved no significant difference over regular F toothpaste. MIV compared to ProSeal provided no statistically significant between-group differences as well. Clinpro 5000 provided superior protection against enamel decalcification when compared to Clinpro Tooth Creme and MI Paste. Conclusion. The white spot lesions have improved, regressed, or eliminated with topical agents including F, Xylitol, or CPP-ACP during the fixed orthodontic treatment. In order to determine the most effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of surface and subsurface demineralization of the enamel, more research is needed to provide scientific proof.

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Ren, Jiajie, Zhen Du, and Jiang Lin. "Applied Research Glass Ionomer Cement with TiO2 Nanoparticles in Orthodontic Treatment." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 2021): 1032–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18681.

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In orthodontics treatment, scholars have tried to introduce nano antibacterial materials into the materials used in orthodontics to reduce the occurrence of enamel demineralization, caries and periodontitis. The experiment investigated the effect of adding titanium dioxide nanoparticles in different proportions on the flexural strength, compressive strength, surface hardness, tribological properties, adhesion properties, fluorine release properties and antibacterial properties of glass ionomer cement. The effect of water cement on orthodontics, the experiment added different proportions of titanium dioxide nanoparticles to traditional glass ion cement, which greatly improved the mechanical strength of glass ion cement, and significantly improved the antibacterial effect of glass ion cement, bending strength, compressive strength and surface hardness. The addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles produced a significant antibacterial effect on Streptococcus mutants. Nano-TiO2 glass ionomer cement has a significant effect on orthodontics, and the damage to patients’ teeth is significantly lower, which is worthy of clinical popularization.

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Pourhajibagher, Maryam, and Abbas Bahador. "Orthodontic adhesive doped with nano-graphene oxide: physico-mechanical and antimicrobial properties." Folia Medica 63, no. 3 (June 30, 2021): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/folmed.63.e53716.

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Introduction: In fixed orthodontics, formation of white spot lesions, enamel demineralization, and tooth decay around appliances are common complications which mar the outcome. Aim: The aims of this study were the determination of the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) of orthodontic adhesive doped with N-GO, as well as the assessment of antimicrobial activities of the modified orthodontic adhesive against Streptococcus mutans. Materials and methods: N-GO was characterized by a scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Zeta potential. The SBS and ARI of modified orthodontics adhesive containing different concentrations of N-GO (0, 1, 2, 5, and 10 wt%) were then measured. The influences of adding N-GO on antimicrobial properties of orthodontic adhesive were determined against S. mutans by disc agar diffusion (DAD) testing and biofilm formation inhibition assay. Results: The SEM, FTIR, XRD, and Zeta potential analysis indicated the successful synthesis of N-GO. Orthodontics adhesive doped with 5 wt% N-GO showed the highest concentration of N-GO and SBS value (21.71±7.45 MPa, p<0.05) simultaneously with no significant differences in adhesive remnant index compared with the control group. SBS in the 1, 2, and 5% N-GO were significantly higher than that in 10% N-GO (p=0.025, p=0.036, p=0.041, respectively). The disinfection ability of the modified orthodontic adhesive doped with N-GO against S. mutans in the DAD and biofilm formation inhibition assays were positively associated with increased in N-GO concentrations (p<0.05). However, the 5 and 10 wt% N-GO showed a statistically significant decrease the CFU/mL of the test microorganisms in biofilm structures (p<0.05). Conclusions: It could be concluded that 5 wt% of N-GO can be considered as an orthodontic adhesive additive to reduce the microbial count and biofilm with no adverse effect on SBS and ARI.

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Baka, Zeliha Müge, Mehmet Akin, Zehra Ileri, and Faruk Ayhan Basciftci. "Effects of remineralization procedures on shear bond strengths of brackets bonded to demineralized enamel surfaces with self-etch systems." Angle Orthodontist 86, no. 4 (November 2, 2015): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/041515-247.1.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the effects of different remineralization procedures on the surface roughness of teeth, shear bond strengths (SBSs), and Adhesive Remnant Index scores of self-etching primer (SEP) used to bond orthodontic brackets to previously treated demineralized enamel surfaces. Materials and Methods: A total of 140 extracted human premolar teeth were randomly divided into seven equal groups. Group I was the control group. A demineralization procedure was performed in the other six groups. A remineralization procedure was performed before bonding by using casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate, fluoride, a microabrasion mixture (18% hydrochloric acid-fine pumice), a microabrasion agent, and resin infiltration in groups III to VII. Brackets were bonded using a self-etching primer/adhesive system. The specimens were tested for SBS. The roughness and morphology of the enamel surfaces were analyzed using profilometer and scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance, Tukey, and G-tests at the α = .05 level. Results: Significant differences were found in the SBS values among the seven groups (F = 32.69, P = .003). The lowest SBS value was found in group II (2.62 ± 1.46 MPa). No significant differences were found between groups I, III, and VII, between groups III and IV, or between groups V and VI. The differences in the roughness values were statistically significant among the groups (P = .002). Conclusions: Remineralization procedures restore the decreased SBS of orthodontic brackets and decrease surface roughness caused by enamel demineralization. SEPs provide clinically acceptable SBS values for bonding orthodontic brackets to previously treated demineralized enamel surfaces.

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Marques, Leandro Silva, Ana Cristina Rey, and Sandra Regina Torres. "Dental demineralization associated with gastroesophageal reflux in an orthodontic patient." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 131, no. 6 (June 2007): 782–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.08.039.

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Hamdan, Wadih Abou, Sherine Badri, and Ahmed El Sayed. "The effect of fluoride varnish in preventing enamel demineralization around and under orthodontic bracket." International Orthodontics 16, no. 1 (March 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ortho.2018.01.005.

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Maliael, Mathew Thomas, Aravind Kumar Subramanian, and Srirengalakshmi M. "Effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing orthodontic primer in reducing demineralization around brackets – a systematic review." Orthodontic Waves 80, no. 4 (October 2, 2021): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13440241.2021.2007678.

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Todd, Mark A., Robert N. Staley, Michael J. Kanellis, Kevin J. Donly, and James S. Wefel. "Effect of a fluoride varnish on demineralization adjacent to orthodontic brackets." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 116, no. 2 (August 1999): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0889-5406(99)70213-1.

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Kawsar, Md Ali, Md Nurul Islam, Moutithi Sen, Subodh Chandra Chakraborty, and Muhammad Tanvir Siddiqui. "Prevalence of White Spot Lesion during Orthodontic Treatment with Fixed Appliance." Update Dental College Journal 9, no. 2 (October 27, 2019): 40–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/updcj.v9i2.43739.

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Background: White spot lesions (enamel demineralization) is one of the most common and a significant risk associated with orthodontic treatment. Objective: To determine the prevalence of white spot lesion during fixed orthodontic treatment. Method: This prospective observational study and was conducted in the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics from January 2016 to December 2017 over a period of two years. Patients with fixed orthodontic appliance age between 12-30 years of both sex attended for follow up were included in this study. After taking written consent, a questionnaire included socio-demographic data, clinical and outcome variables including routine clinical photographs to examine WSL were filled up for each patient. Routine clinical photographs to examine WSL were taken after 6 months and 12 months of fixing orthodontics appliance. Qualitative data were expressed as frequency distribution and percentage. Results: Maximum patients were in age group 12 – 16 years and prevalence of WSL was also sought maximum in this group. Out of 36 cases with WSL, 14 (38.9%) were male and 22 (61.1%) were female. Prevalence of WSL after six month of fixing orthodontic appliance was 21.8% and 26.1% after 12 months. Prevalence of WSL after six month of fixing orthodontic appliance in male was 26.4% & in female was 19.6% and after 12 month of fixing orthodontic appliance it was 30.2% in male and 24.1% in female. After six months of fixing orthodontic appliance 1-3 WSLs was found in 17.0% cases and ≥ 4 WSLs in 4.8% cases. After twelve months of fixing orthodontic appliance 1-3 WSLs was found in 19.4% cases and ≥ 4 WSLs in 6.7% cases. Maximum WSL was found in maxillary incisors. Conclusion: This study showed that 21.8% of the study subjects developed white spot lesions during orthodontic procedure and incisors were the most common affected teeth. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2019; 9 (2): 40-42

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Benson, P. E. "Quantifying enamel demineralization from teeth with orthodontic brackets--a comparison of two methods. Part 2: validity." European Journal of Orthodontics 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/25.2.159.

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36

Sonesson, M., S. Twetman, and L. Bondemark. "Effectiveness of high-fluoride toothpaste on enamel demineralization during orthodontic treatment--a multicenter randomized controlled trial." European Journal of Orthodontics 36, no. 6 (December 28, 2013): 678–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjt096.

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Habeeb, Dr Irfan, Dr K. Nillan Shetty, Dr Harshitha V, Dr Shetty Suhani Sudhakar, and Dr Hannah Sarah. "Effectiveness of MI Varnish in Preventing White Spot Lesions during Orthodontic Treatment -In Vivo Study." Saudi Journal of Oral and Dental Research 7, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sjodr.2022.v07i01.003.

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Objective: The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of MI varnish in preventing white spot lesions in patients with fixed orthodontic therapy. Method The study was performed where 100 patients undergoing orthodontics treatment were allocated randomly to 2 subgroups with differing frequencies of MI varnish application. Degree of mineralisation was measured on the vestibular surfaces of 12 teeth (6 varnish & 6 unvarnished controls) Measurement were taken at 4 sites using camera EOS 750D and then subjected to statistical analysis. Results: The statistical analysis showed difference in the degree of demineralization between treated and untreated teeth, and was statistically significant in terms of time point, frequency of application or specific tooth site. Conclusion: Periodic application of MI varnish can offer some protection against white spot lesions and it is not statistically significant degree if patients have excellent oral hygiene. Additional protection is conferred by applying the product every 3 months compared with every 6 months.

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Hong, Hyun-Sil, Ho-Young Kim, Ji-Young Sung, Jin-Hyoung Cho, and Sang-Cheol Kim. "Effect of remineralization and inhibition to demineralization after fluoride gel or hydroxyapatite paste application on stripped enamel." Korean Journal of Orthodontics 40, no. 4 (2010): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.4041/kjod.2010.40.4.212.

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Foley, Timothy, Manish Aggarwal, and Sahza Hatibovic-Kofman. "A comparison of in vitro enamel demineralization potential of 3 orthodontic cements." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121, no. 5 (May 2002): 526–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.122166.

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Øgaard, B., G. Rølla, J. Arends, and J. M. ten Cate. "Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization Part 2. Prevention and treatment of lesions." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 94, no. 2 (August 1988): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0889-5406(88)90360-5.

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Fard, Behnam Khosravani, Mahmood Ghasemi, Hossein Rastgariyan, Seyed Hadi Sajjadi, Houshang Emami, Masoomeh Amani, and Mohammad Hosein Kalantar Motamedi. "Effectiveness of Mouth Washes on Streptococci in Plaque around Orthodontic Appliances." ISRN Dentistry 2011 (September 21, 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/954053.

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Background and Purpose. Fixed orthodontics may be associated with accumulation of Mutans Streptococci (MS), enamel demineralization, and an increased number of carious lesions, predominantly in sites adjacent to brackets. This study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of Listerine, Oral-B, and Ortho-kin on the accumulation of MS in plaque around orthodontic brackets. Materials and Methods A double-blind randomized cross-over clinical trial on 25 orthodontic patients, classified into 6 groups was done to assess MS in plaque and saliva with the side specific modified Strip-Mutans technique and the plaque (PI) was measured before and after rinsing using 3 types of commercial mouth-rinses. A washout period (3 weeks) was awaited between using each mouth-rinse and the data was analyzed via Wilcoxon and Kruskal Wallis statistical tests. Results. This study of 25 patients, 5 men and 20 women, with an average age of assessed the effectiveness of mouth-rinses on MS. Our results showed that Ortho-kin had a better effect than Oral-B and Listerine (). Ortho-kin also had better effects than Oral-B and Listerine on plaque accumulation (). Conclusion. Ortho-kin showed better effects on decreasing MS and PI because it contained chlorhexidine.

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Tasios, Thomas, Spyridon N. Papageorgiou, Moschos A. Papadopoulos, Apostolos Tsapas, and Anna‐Bettina Haidich. "Prevention of orthodontic enamel demineralization: A systematic review with meta‐analyses." Orthodontics & Craniofacial Research 22, no. 4 (May 27, 2019): 225–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ocr.12322.

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43

Adel, Samar M., Eiman S. Marzouk, and Nadia El-Harouni. "Combined effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate on the prevention of enamel demineralization:." Angle Orthodontist 90, no. 3 (January 14, 2020): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2319/032819-238.

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ABSTRACT Objectives To compare the effect of use of laser, casein phosphopeptide–amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP–ACP), and their combination on prevention of enamel demineralization using polarized light microscopy to assess lesion depth. Materials and Methods Eighty premolars were randomly allocated to four equal groups (n = 20): Group I: Control group, no preventive measures. Group II: CPP–ACP. Group III: Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Group IV: Er,Cr:YSGG laser followed by CPP–ACP. Specimens were subjected to thermocycling and brushing protocols equivalent to 1 year intraorally. Then, all teeth were subjected to acid challenge. Teeth were then sectioned longitudinally and examined under a polarized light microscope and lesion depth was measured. Results Group IV resulted in the least lesion depth with a significant difference between it and all other groups. CPP–ACP alone and laser alone also showed a significant difference in white spot lesion (WSL) depth compared to the control group; however, no significant difference was found between them. Conclusions The combined use of laser and CPP–ACP showed the best prevention against WSL development. The use of CPP–ACP or laser alone also resulted in a significant reduction in lesion depth but was significantly less than their combined use, with no significant difference between them.

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Benson, P. E. "Quantifying enamel demineralization from teeth with orthodontic brackets--a comparison of two methods. Part 1: repeatability and agreement." European Journal of Orthodontics 25, no. 2 (April 1, 2003): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ejo/25.2.149.

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Benson, Philip E. "Fluoride-Containing Materials and the Prevention of Demineralization During Orthodontic Treatment—Which Research Method Should We Now Use?" Seminars in Orthodontics 16, no. 4 (December 2010): 293–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/j.sodo.2010.06.008.

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Gorseta, Kristina, Lidia Gavic, Ali Borzabadi-Farahani, Antonija Tadin, and Domagoj Glavina. "Influence of toothpaste pH on its capacity to prevent enamel demineralization." Contemporary Clinical Dentistry 9, no. 4 (2018): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ccd.ccd_667_18.

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Schmit, Jason L., Robert N. Staley, James S. Wefel, Michael Kanellis, Jane R. Jakobsen, and Peter J. Keenan. "Effect of fluoride varnish on demineralization adjacent to brackets bonded with RMGI cement." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 122, no. 2 (August 2002): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mod.2002.126595.

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Hu, Wei, and John D. B. Featherstone. "Prevention of enamel demineralization: An in-vitro study using light-cured filled sealant." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 128, no. 5 (November 2005): 592–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2004.07.046.

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Paschos, Ekaterini, Thomas Kleinschrodt, Tatiana Clementino-Luedemann, Karin C. Huth, Reinhard Hickel, Karl-Heinz Kunzelmann, and Ingrid Rudzki-Janson. "Effect of different bonding agents on prevention of enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 135, no. 5 (May 2009): 603–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2007.11.028.

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Al Maaitah, Emad F., Adejumoke A. Adeyemi, Susan M. Higham, Neil Pender, and Jayne E. Harrison. "Factors affecting demineralization during orthodontic treatment: A post-hoc analysis of RCT recruits." American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 139, no. 2 (February 2011): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2009.08.028.

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