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Lyndina, Yevheniia. "The beginning of the system of assistance to children with visual disabilities: historical and bibliographical aspect." ScienceRise: Pedagogical Education, no. 2(41) (March 31, 2021): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4984.2021.228233.
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The scientific article reveals some of the historical facts of the beginning of helping children with visual impairments. The main chronological events of caring for children with the noted category of disorders are noted, which later became the basis for the development of special education, in particular, typhlopedagogy.
The article describes the emergence of hospitals, shelters for orphans, sick and crippled people throughout Rus, which testifies to the attention of society to their lives. The facts of the search for ways of treatment and the development of methods, principles and means of teaching people with impaired psychophysical development are outlined. Based on the study of historical sources, the times of Kyivan Rus are characterized, when in some monasteries and churches premises were allocated for the residence of orphans and crippled children. There is information about the first institution in Ukraine, which was guarded by the problem of blind people, although it did not provide for special education and training for this category of persons.
An important point of the article is the definition of the role of the state in the care of visually impaired persons. It is noted that in the 17th and 18th century in Ukraine, social work began to take care of orphans and people with disabilities. From the end of the 17th century, orphans and children of "mutilations" began to be in the care of shelters and hospitals, which was stipulated by a number of state decrees. In the 30s of the 18th century, a new form of guardianship over the disabled was introduced, patronage, which still exists in a modernized form. For a deeper retrospective of the state's assistance to children with visual impairments, it is necessary to investigate the facts of historical sources from the 18th century to the present
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Kim, Nam-ki. "Prince Education in 17th century viewed on Dongkungilgi." Han-Character and Classical written language Education 22 (May 30, 2009): 309–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15670/hace.2009.22.1.309.
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Dziuba, Olena. "Traditions of family mutual aid in the Cossack Starshyna society (18th century)." Folk art and ethnology, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 28–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/nte2021.04.028.
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The article, based on the analysis of various sources, including epistolary heritage, wills, memoirs, traces the existence in the Cossack Starshyna society of traditions of family aid for orphans. In the scientific historical, ethnographic literature, this topic is poorly studied, the existence of traditions of mutual aid were considered mostly on the example of the peasant environment. The rights of orphans were protected in testaments, and care for them was considered an established norm, the rejection of which provoked public condemnation. The responsibility for the lives of orphans, their upbringing, education, marriage, career advancement was assumed by the older generation, their property rights were governed by applicable law. According to custom, the brothers were to provide the orphaned sisters with a dowry and a maternity leave. The article considers the most typical manifestations of family mutual assistance on the example of information from the family life of famous representatives of the Cossack Starshyna. Care for family members was not limited to caring for orphans, it was provided to those family members who found themselves in a difficult financial situation, had family problems, were ill. Much also depended on the features of individual psychology, but in general, family values, part of which was the care of orphans, determined the basis of daily life.
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Benoff, Tzvi Aryeh. "The Re-education of Conversos in 17th Century Amsterdam." Dutch Crossing 42, no. 3 (October 11, 2017): 238–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03096564.2017.1381389.
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Soni. "Learning to Labour: “Native” Orphans in Colonial India, 1840s–1920s." International Review of Social History 65, no. 1 (November 29, 2019): 15–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859019000592.
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AbstractTo this day, the history of indigenous orphans in colonial India remains surprisingly understudied. Unlike the orphans of Britain or European and Eurasian orphans in the colony, who have been widely documented, Indian orphans are largely absent in the existing historiography. This article argues that a study of “native” orphans in India helps us transcend the binary of state power and poor children that has hitherto structured the limited extant research on child “rescue” in colonial India. The essay further argues that by shifting the gaze away from the state, we can vividly see how non-state actors juxtaposed labour and education. I assert that the deployment of child labour by these actors, in their endeavour to educate and make orphans self-sufficient, did not always follow the profitable trajectory of the state-led formal labour regime (seen in the Indian indenture system or early nineteenth-century prison labour). It was often couched in terms of charity and philanthropy and exhibited a convergence of moral and economic concerns.
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Bátoriné Misák, Marianna. "„…ki találhat bölcs asszonyt?” Némi betekintés a 16–17. századi papnék műveltségébe." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Theologia Reformata Transylvanica 66, no. 2 (December 20, 2021): 227–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbtref.66.2.12.
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Abstract. “Who Can Find a Wise Woman?” Some Insights into the Education of the Wives of 16th-17th-Century Calvinist Priests. The paper examines the literacy of pastors’ wives during the 16th-17th centuries. For a long time, the opportunity for women to acquire literacy was only the privilege of the upper social strata, but literacy was not widespread among them either. This trend came to an end in the 17th century, for which period we also found examples of the literacy of urban citizens. The daughters of the lower social strata were prepared primarily to be good wives, housewives, and good mothers in the family, especially next to their mothers. Examining the preachers’ wives as a well-defined social group is a problem due to the scarcity of resources. In most cases, we know nothing but the name of the preacher’s wife, and we do not have information about their origins and families; if we do, however, then their social situation and the occupation of their parents provide a basis for research into their education. The conclusion of the research is that even if they did not receive a formal education, the 16th-17th-century Calvinist pastors’ wives were educated women. In many cases, this knowledge – primarily wisdom, life experience, and piety – and the virtues necessary for the roles of housewife, mother, and wife were the main aspects of choice for their husband. Keywords: pastor’s wife, Protestantism, literacy, 16th-17th century
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Bagińska, Elżbieta. "Education of Evangelical Reformed preachers in Lithuania in the 17th century." Studia Podlaskie, no. 20 (2012): 55–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/sp.2012.20.03.
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Roberts, Lissa L. "Instruments of Science and Citizenship: Science Education for Dutch Orphans During the Late Eighteenth Century." Science & Education 21, no. 2 (June 18, 2010): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11191-010-9269-4.
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Kagramanyan, I. N., A. I. Tarasenko, I. A. Kupeeva, O. O. Yanushevich, K. A. Pashkov, and A. O. Efimov. "Historical aspects of the medical education system transformation." National Health Care (Russia) 2, no. 1 (September 15, 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.47093/2713-069x.2021.2.1.32-40.
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The history of medical and pharmaceutical education development is part of the social history. The quality of medical personnel training determines the efficiency of the entire health care system and has been a priority area of development throughout the history of the Russian state. The paper reflects the main stages of the medical education system development in the period from the 17th century to the present. The training of medical personnel in Russia began in the second half of the 17th century, when, under the Pharmaceutical Order, a medical school was established in 1654to train doctors for the needs of the army.The need to provide qualified medical personnel remains relevant, both in wartime and in peacetime. The reforms of medical education that have been taking place over the centuries make it possible to diversify educational programs, as well as the to introduce new educational technologies, considering modern requirements and global trends. The study of the historical aspects of domestic medicine determines a more competent approach to the development of the health care system and medical education.
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Konson, Grigory R. "Concerning the Issue of the Main Protagonist in 17th Century Italian Oratorio." Music Scholarship / Problemy Muzykal'noj Nauki, no. 4 (December 2020): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2587-6341.2020.4.173-186.
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KUCHER, Katharina, Pavel Petrovich SHCHERBININ, and Yuliya Vyacheslavovna SHCHERBININA. "THE ORTHODOX CHURCH AND THE CARE OF ORPHANS IN THE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE TAMBOV EPARCHY)." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 176 (2018): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2018-23-176-154-164.
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The practice of social protection of orphans in the Tambov Governorate of the 19th – early 20th century through the prism of Orthodox charity and monastic charity is studied comprehensively and systematically. On the basis of a wide range of primary materials, primarily periodicals, various little-known aspects of the claimed scientific problem were studied representatively. We summarize the domestic experience of studying the system of charitable initiatives of the Orthodox clergy in provincial Russia, which had significant differences from the realities of the capital. The peculiarity of the care organizations of orphans of the spiritual estate at the regional and district level, which allows to assess the realities of social protection in the Tambov Eparchy of the chronological period, is studied. The possibilities of monastic charity and its significance in the context of charitable activities are clarified. Special consideration is given to the rules of care for orphans in monasteries in the years of peace and during the Russian-Japanese War in 1904–1905 and the First World War in 1914–1918. The main motives and incentives for charitable activities of large regional monasteries were identified, which reflected the general trends in the development of provincial society in the Russian Empire of the examined period. Conclusions are drawn about the results and experience, traditions and features of the activities of parish caregivers to support orphans at the level of the province and county, which allowed to successfully reconstruct this part of the social protection system of pre-revolutionary Russia. Attention is drawn to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical manifestations of charitable support of the Orthodox clergy, as well as the assessment of socio-cultural and ethno-religious positions of the regional society. The influence of the practice of orphans care in the monastery shelters in the period of education and training, as well as subsequent socialization is clarified. It is proved that the Orthodox clergy very rarely showed their own initiative to care for orphans in the region, but the orders of the eparchial authorities determined the ideology and practice of provincial charity through the prism of spiritual bonds and values of mercy.
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Godlewski, Włodzimierz. "Archaeological and architectural evidence of social change in 13th–17th century Dongola." Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 27, no. 1 (April 11, 2018): 617–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2445.
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The article reviews the body of archaeological and architectural evidence for social transformation taking place in Dongola during the period from the end of the 13th through the end of the 17th century, the uppermost stratum uncovered by Polish archaeologists excavating the ruins of the medieval seat of Makurian kings. Domestic architecture from the late 14th through 17th centuries and the artifactual finds from these dwellings, which were built on top of the ruins of the Makurian capital, demonstrate the character and extent of changes in the education, culture and religion of the inhabitants of the city from the Funj period
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Vdovyh, Dmitrij A. "Historical and pedagogical potential of domestic textbooks of the XVI–XVII centuries." Problems of Modern Education (Problemy Sovremennogo Obrazovaniya), no. 5, 2019 (2019): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2218-8711-2019-5-121-128.
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This article deals with the issue of studying the historical and pedagogical potential of the domestic textbooks of the 16th – 17th centuries. It is revealed that in the 16th century the domestic system of educational typography was created, the first textbooks created by Russian printers were published. The leading types and genres of educational literature of the Moscow Russia are identified and their role in the process of teaching children is described. It is established that the 17th century became an important milestone in the textbooks and literacy provision, and the general development of public education.
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Lukšaitė, Ingė. "Stipendiaries of the Calvinist Church of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and its Synod in Foreign Universities in the 17th Century." Lithuanian Historical Studies 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2011): 29–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01601003.
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The article analyses the organisation of higher education by the Calvinist Church of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Unitas Lituaniae) in the 17th century, in the period of the weakening of the Reformation, covering the first half of the 17th century, and the second half of the century, when Evangelicals became a religious minority. Research reveals that the education of young people at foreign universities was funded by private means, collected in the districts and accumulated by the Synod. This article also investigates the formation of the institution of international alumni at the Synod of the Calvinist Church, which became part of the system of education of that Church. The stipendiaries had to make up for the financial aid by working at locations assigned by the Synod. The continuous operation of the institute of international alumni at the Synod for more than a century permitted cultural contacts and simultaneously promoted the infusion of new ideas into the evolution of Lithuanian culture. The most important of the latter included the formation of groups of clergymen and school teachers with a university education; the nurturing of Adomas Rasijus’ (ca 1575–1627/8) projects for the adjustment of the social structure and the refinement of the education system in Lithuania by the establishment of academic grammar schools for the nobility and merchants from Lithuania with special syllabi; the encouragement of S.B. Chylinski to translate the Bible into Lithuanian in the middle of the 17th century in Franeker and London; understanding the importance of the Lithuanian language as a written language and the language of the Holy Scripture; the possibility to get acquainted with the translation, text and commentaries of the Dutch Statenbijbel; the encouragement to complete the translation of the New Testament into the Lithuanian language and publish it in 1701; planning the translation of a commentary to the Dutch Statenbijbel into Polish.
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Agyarkoh, Dr Eric, and Dr Eric Kwadwo Amissah. "Development of Graphic Design Practice and Education in Ghana." Journal of Education and Culture Studies 6, no. 2 (April 30, 2022): p71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jecs.v6n2p71.
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In Ghana, Graphic Design is regarded as one of the contemporary arts that was introduced in the Gold Coast by the British (The colonial administration) and European merchants in the 17th Century. Since then, the art has gone through series of metamorphosis in various aspects till date. However, empirical evidence indicates that the developmental patterns of the art in Ghana has not been documented comprehensively. Using qualitative research approaches such as historical research method, interviews, document review, narrative and inductive analysis, this paper sought to conduct a comprehensive research into the local Graphic Design industry to gather pieces of fragmented documented and oral information from relevant stake holders who were purposively selected from different parts of Ghana based on their professional memory on industrial practice and Graphic Design education in Ghana, to reconstruct the history of the art for posterity. The study revealed that, commercial press printing and newspaper advertising were introduced in the Gold Coast first before outdoor advertising and desktop publishing. Also, colonisation, successive government policies, technological inventions in the western countries, and developments in computer technologies have contributed immensely to the development of Graphic Design practice and education in Ghana from the 17th Century to date.
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Zillén, Erik. "Fable and Lutheranization in 16th and early 17th century Sweden." Reinardus / Yearbook of the International Reynard Society 21 (December 17, 2009): 201–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/rein.21.14zil.
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This paper argues that the Reformation and the adoption of Lutheranism as a state religion had a great and lasting impact on the history of the Aesopic fable in Sweden. During the 16th and early 17th century, it is shown, the genre was explicitly Lutheranized and ascribed vital functions in the process of Lutheran confessionalization within the Swedish national state. In particular, it is demonstrated how the fable – following the models of Melanchthon and Luther – was used in the teaching of classical languages at school and, in the Swedish language, served as an instrument for the moral and religious education of the common people.
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Abdullayeva, Sevda, and Samira Gasimova. "XVII century Azerbaijani culture through the eyes of european travelers." Grani 24, no. 2 (February 28, 2021): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/172113.
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At the beginning of the 16th century, due to the establishment of the Safavid Empire of Azerbaijan, the culture of the people also developed significantly, especially due to the strengthening of the centralized political structure. “Language commonality, which is one of the factors of the national stage of public unity” was a reality that closely united the people of Azerbaijan in the 17th century.In the 17th century, Azerbaijan was remaining one of the most important cultural centers of the Near and Middle East. The ongoing Safavid-Ottoman wars at that time dealt a crushing blow to the cultural development of the people. Many famous Azerbaijani scientists were captivated and taken to Istanbul, and some were transferred to Qazvin and Isfahan. Only in the middle of the 17th century there was a certain revival in the development of science and education in Azerbaijan. There were various educational institutions in the cities of the country, which were the centers of crafts, trade and culture. In the Middle Ages, all educational institutions, including madrassas, neighbour schools, tekyehs, were, of course, religious in nature.A careful analysis of the information provided by medieval historians and travelers leads to the conclusion that book printing was not only known in Azerbaijan in the middle of the 17th century, but even a printing press was brought here. The French traveler Chardin writes that the Safavid Empire, aware of the benefits of printing, was in favor of bringing it to Iran.Generally, the history of Azerbaijan in the Middle Ages (as well as in the XVII century) had the character of a scientific chronicle. However, even the mere recording of real events served to develop the historical thinking of the people, to ensure the connection of inheritance. The expansion of folk art, the spread of cultural potential in the Near and Middle East was one of the features of the development of Azerbaijani culture in the 17th century. Unfavorable socio-economic and political processes had a negative impact on the development of culture in the country.
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Ushakova, Evgeniya V. "Female education of the upper and middle classes in the 17th century England." Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philosophy. Psychology. Pedagogy 22, no. 1 (March 22, 2022): 100–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-7671-2022-22-1-100-104.
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In England the traditions of female education were formed over the centuries, and have survived to the present day. First of all, many educational institutions in England adhere to the idea of separate education of boys and girls, which serves a better education, according to school leaders. The most powerful argument in favor of separate education of boys and girls remains the same as it was one or two hundred years ago – boys and girls are more focused on learning being apart from each other. In addition, boys need a competitive environment more than girls who prefer cooperation and teamwork. In the XVII century female education becomes more widespread than in previous centuries. This century is characterized by an increase in the number of women’s educational institutions, changes in the goals and contents of female education, changes in the attitude to the female education and the role of women in the family and society, which were largely influenced by historical events – the English Revolution of the 1640s, the Republic under Cromwell, the Restoration, religious persecution, the ideas of the Enlightenment. The article presents the results of theoretical studies of the features of middle and upper class women education, types of women educational institutions existed in the XVII century, subjects studied there, and specifics of home education.
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Schroeter, Sara, and Amanda C. Wager. "Blurring Boundaries: Drama as a Critical Multimodal Literacy for Examining 17th-Century Witch Hunts." Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 60, no. 4 (July 11, 2016): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jaal.585.
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Rinas, Karsten. "Afinite Konstruktionen in Grimmelshausens Simplicissimus. Eine Stichprobe." Acta Facultatis Philosophicae Universitatis Ostraviensis Studia Germanistica, no. 29 (February 2022): 25–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15452/studiagermanistica.2021.29.0002.
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This article deals with the use of afinite constructions (auxiliary ellipsis) in a famous German novel of the 17th century: Grimmelshausen’s Simplicissimus. According to a study by Andersson, these constructions are used to create symmetrical clause endings. However, Andersson’s study has philological and methodological shortcomings because it is based on a problematic edition of the Simplicissimus, it uses vague criteria, and it does not reflect the crucial linguistic unit for complex constructions in the 17th century: the rhetorical period. Therefore, Andersson’s survey is repeated here under more adequate conditions.
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Danilova, L. N. "Forming of social order for teachers in the history of education in Russia." Professional education in the modern world 12, no. 2 (July 13, 2022): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20913/2618-7515-2022-2-10.
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Introduction. The first state educational institution for teacher’s training was the teachers’ seminary established in 1783. However, the teaching profession appeared in Russia long before that and was supported by social request. This fact builds questions about transformations of public expectations in relation to teachers, i.e. about the history of the social order to teachers. That order had not been realized and reflected in some documents for a long time, but its influence on education in Russia can be clearly observed already in the 17th century. Purpose setting. The article attempts to determine features of its becoming. Methodology of the study. The research is based on a large layer of literature, on the principles of dialectics and historicism, and uses comparative historical analysis, deduction, culturomics, content analysis, statistics and other theoretical methods. Results. Features of forming of a social order to teachers in the 17th and 18th centuries are identified and specified. The factors and conditions of its forming in the specified historical period are characterized; its structural components were determined, also patterns of changes in the social order for teachers and its actualization time were detected. Conclusion. In the 17th century, there was an order for teachers in the Russian Tsardom, the subject of which was the church, but partly also the state and townspeople. The state imposed requirements on teacher’s work, regulating some aspects of school organizing. The emerging in those times trend of transition from religious characteristics of the teacher to professional ones finally took shape at the beginning of the 18th century, when the state order for teachers had been formed. By the middle of the century, the image of the teacher had radically changed, and there were requirements of professionalism in the being taught science and of positive personal characteristics, which found its place in organizing of the first teachers’ seminary: the order for teacher’s methodological training began thanks to it. Patterns of formation of a social order to teachers (society always has high expectations from either professional or personal characteristics of the teacher; during periods of social conflicts and changes the requirements for his personal characteristics are actualized; that transfer depends on social stability) confirm that clearly it depends on historical periods and socio-political conditions.
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Chumakova, Tatiana V. "Ethical concepts in Russian religious-didactic literature of the 17th century." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 3 (2021): 568–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.316.
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The article offers an analysis of ethical concepts in Russian religious-didactic literature of the 17th century. The main sources are alphabets published in Moscow. There were two alphabets printed by Vasily Burtsov, and an alphabet by Karion Istomin, as well as “Azbuka s oratsiey” (Alphabet with Didactics), and the manuscript “Alfavititsy didaskala” (Small Alphabet of a Teacher). These alphabets can be considered as religious-didactic literature because in addition to grammar, these manuals included the narration “On the Letters” by Chernorizets Hrabar (Hrabar, the Black Robe Wearer), extensive religious-anthropological reasoning, prayers, the Credo, Decalogue (in the Alphabet by Karion Istomin only), the Beatitudes, and other texts which were presented in Catholic catechisms of that time, as well as in the “Profession of Faith” by Peter Mogila (he used the Catholic catechism in his “Profession”). The influence of Reformation ideas is obvious, too. Several works by Karion Istomin, the alphabet primarily, were written and illustrated under the influence of “Orbis sensualium pictus” by John Amos Comenius, the last bishop of the Unity of Brethen (Bohemian or Moravian Church). The content of these manuals (including visual content) allows us to conclude that their mass publication was induced by the disciplinary revolution that began after the end of the Smuta (the Time of Troubles) in Russia, which is associated with the House of the Romanovs coming to power. The creation of a new tsardom was impossible without new people whose education was based on religious ideas and regulations. Ethical concepts in these books were almost inseparable from religious regulations, which is explained by the doctrinal aims of primary education in Russia of the 17th century.
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Kaczor, Dariusz. "Dyscyplinowanie społeczne w szpitalach elbląskich w XVII w.Dyscyplinowanie społeczne w szpitalach elbląskich w XVII w." Studia Historica Gedanensia 11 (2020): 189–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23916001hg.20.010.13616.
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Social disciplining in Elbing hospitals in the 17th century The article undertakes the problematics of rules and range of social disciplining and forming a proper model of behaviour attempted by the city authorities in the instance of urban hospitals in Elbing (Elbląg) of the 17th century. The following ordinances for the 17th century Elblag hospitals have been analysed in that respect: St. Elisabeth’s from 1617, 1625 and 1651, the Holy Spirit’s from 1631 and 1651 (including the project from around the half of the 17th century), Corpus Christi’s from 1651 and St. George’s from 1657, as well as the ordinance of an orphanage established at St Elisabeth hospital (Kinder‑Haus) from 1698 and two memorial statements of the Hospital Office (Spital‑Amt) dated around the half of the 17th century containing postulates referring to the necessity of introducing changes in the current hospital ordinances. In effect, various forms of disciplining as well as mechanisms of maintaining social control have been discussed, which comprise the following aspects: 1. forming religious attitudes conforming with the spirit of Lutheran orthodoxy (doctrinal assumptions, religious education basics); 2. disciplining through compulsory religious practices; 3. disciplining through social hierarchy consolidation (prayers in the intention of the City Council, respect for principal authorities, ban on cursing on the authorities or reprimanding alms, complaining about hospital food); 4. disciplining through enforced work; 5. disciplining abnormal moral behaviour (drunkenness, fornication, theft, fraud, gambling); 6. controlling verbal, symbolic or physical aggression; 7. time rationing (strictly normalised day schedules) and space rationing (ban on leaving the hospital, maintaining cleanness in the occupied quarters); 8. shaping expected features of character (godliness, obedience, the ability of coexisting in a group); 9. disciplining verbal behaviour (ban on swearing, making noise, gossiping, disturbing religious practices by talking) and behavioural patterns (ban on dancing and binges). Also, the system of penalty sanctions issued by hospital authorities against people breaking the ordinance rules has been analysed; moreover, an attempt to reconstruct the hierarchy of social harmfulness of misdemeanours depending on the type of penalties has been undertaken.
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Welton, Michael. "Cunning Pedagogics: The Encounter between the Jesuit Missionaries and Amerindians in 17th-century New France." Adult Education Quarterly 55, no. 2 (February 2005): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0741713604271853.
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Salakhov, A. M. "Tatar fatwas of the 17th century: a review of one manuscript." Minbar. Islamic Studies 14, no. 2 (June 27, 2021): 384–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.31162/2618-9569-2021-14-2-384-396.
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The article describes a manuscript by an unknown Tatar theologian-jurist scholar of the 17th century, found in the collection of Arabic manuscripts of G. Ibragimov Institute of Language, Literature and Art. This is one of the oldest extant literary monuments of Tatar theological and legal thought. The treatise is a collection of fatwas written in the Old Tatar language on various issues of cult, family and marriage, financial, economic and criminal practice. The work also presents a Russian translation of selected fatwas, analysis of which made it possible to draw conclusions about the author’s good education and about the availability of classical works on Hanafi Law. The paper also demonstrates the existence of close relations within the Arab-Muslim World.
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Reed, T. J. "Talking to Tyrants: Dialogues With Power in Eighteenth-Century Germany." Historical Journal 33, no. 1 (March 1990): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013108.
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My first research for this lecture1 was into the name and fame of Lewis Fry, whom it commemorates. The university administration kindly told me that Lewis Fry played a leading role in Bristol's founding, such that a contemporary could call him ‘the father of the university’. It is a nostalgic thought today, for all ofus in British universities, that we once had anything so benevolent as a father. Our institutions now feel like orphans in a harsh world, whose only remaining relative – here (as Canon Chasuble would have hastened to add) I speak metaphorically, my metaphor is drawn from fairy-story – is an unloving and nagging step-mother. The more reason to honour and celebrate past benefactors of liberal education who had humane vision.
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Avsheniuk, Nataliia, Olena Anishchenko, Kateryna Hodlevska, and Nataliya Seminikhyna. "Training to professional fulfillment: the history of women’s education in Ukraine (at the end 19th – early 20th centuries)." SHS Web of Conferences 142 (2022): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214201001.
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The article is focused on the findings of the research of women’s professional education in the context of their self-fulfillment opportunities in Ukraine at the end of 19th-beginning of the 20th century. The current state of research on pedagogical theory’s chosen topic is outlined. The peculiarities of training women in professional educational institutions of different profiles and levels were determined considering the socio-economic, socio-political events in Ukraine and specific purposes, tasks and functions, and foreign trends in women’s professional education. The government impact, charity and educational societies’ focus on women’s professional education in Ukraine has been analyzed. The main emphasis has been placed on the problem of special education for representatives of national minorities, deprived children, and orphans. The theoretical analysis of constructive ideas of women’s professional education experience of the late 19th – early 20th century in the new context of Ukraine’s socio-economic development is substantiated.
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Shain, Cory, and Judith Tonhauser. "The synchrony and diachrony of differential object marking in Paraguayan Guaraní." Language Variation and Change 22, no. 3 (October 2010): 321–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394510000153.
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AbstractThis paper explores the synchrony and diachrony of differential object marking in Paraguayan Guaraní on the basis of a quantitative study of a corpus of naturally occurring data of the modern language and an investigation of object marking in a 17th-century catechism. We show that both animacy and topicality, but not definiteness, affect whether a direct object is marked in modern Guaraní, a finding that has implications for cross-linguistic theories of differential object marking, not all of which recognize topicality as a factor. We also find no categorical constraints on differential object marking in Guaraní, contrary to Bossong (1985b). Our study of the 17th-century catechism provides further support for Bossong's (1985b, 2009) claim that Guaraní did not have differential object marking when it came into contact with Spanish. The paper concludes with a discussion of the hypothesis that differential object marking in Guaraní resulted from contact with Spanish.
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Mohamad Nasir, Mohamad Nasrin. "Convergences and Divergences in Understanding a Malay Sufi Text of the 17th Century." ICR Journal 7, no. 3 (July 15, 2016): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.52282/icr.v7i3.251.
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This paper investigates the seventeenth-century Acehnese Sufi text known as Haqq al-yaqin fi ‘aqidat al-muhaqiqin (The Certified Faith of the Belief of the Verifiers). Written by the Malay Sufi, Shams al-Din Sumatra’i (d.1630), the paper shows that this text contains aspects of Persian mysticism - although it should not be merely read as a rehash of that brand of mysticism. Persian mystical texts became well-known in Southeast Asia beginning with the famous Hamzah al-Fansuri (d.ca.1602). Shams al-Din Sumatra’i was one of Hamzah’s most important students and, similar to Hamzah, was well-versed in Persian. In the Haqq al-Yaqin, Shams al-Din quotes from two main Persian writers, i.e. Mahmud Shabistari and ‘Abd al-Rahman al-Jami. In this paper, however, we will focus on his usage of Shabistari’s Gulshan-i Raz and its commentary, the Sharh Gulshan-i Raz by Muhammad Lahiji Gilani. The main question driving this paper is whether Shams al-Din’s usage of these quotations converges with Shabistari’s own understanding of them. In other words, did Shams al-Din merely follow Shabistari thereby constituting little more than an imitator of Persian mystical writings and commentaries? Answering this question is crucial for an understanding of how early Muslim scholars viewed text and interpretation as part of their individual identities as scholars. Such findings will also be useful for demonstrating the successful dialogue between the Persian Islamic world and the Malay Islamic world via tasawwuf or ‘irfan.
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Gausz, Ildikó. "French tragedy in the Hungarian theatre." Belvedere Meridionale 30, no. 1 (2018): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2018.1.1.
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The drama is one of the important historical sources of early modern national self-interpretations. After the Long Turkish War (1591–1606) historical dramas are able to enhance patriotism and patriotic education. The tragedy entitled Mercuriade written in 1605 by Dominique Gaspard puts on stage Philippe-Emmanuel de Lorraine, Duke of Mercœur (1558–1602) when he, after the conciliation with Henry IV and leaving the Catholic League, entered into the service of Rudolf II in 1599 and joined the anti-Turkish fights in Hungary. After his death Duke of Mercœur became a mythical hero and his memory was even mentioned at the end of 17th century. Mercuriade can be considered a masterpiece of 17th century school drama, through which it is possible to study the particularities of plays written with a didactic purpose for the students.
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Czepil, Marija, and Oresta Karpenko. "Pedagogical Principles of Child Custody in European Countries." Czech-polish historical and pedagogical journal 11, no. 2 (2019): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cphpj-2019-030.
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The article describes the forms of orphans’ care, custody of children deprived of parental care, their emergence and development in European countries of the 18th century – the first half of the 19th century. Attention is focused on the theory and practice of custodial education, socio-pedagogical concepts, which are based on the principle of family and living together, where you care for the child and love him. The concept of upbringing in Children’s homes, which for the first time in the history of upbringing was implemented in Switzerland, was highlighted. A significant contribution to the theory and practice of upbringing was the adoption to Rescue houses kids of both sexes. At that time that was an innovative idea.
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Podolskiy, Vadim. "Social policy and paternalism in the traditionalistic political philosophy of 17th century France." Socium i vlast, no. 3 (September 2022): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1996-0522-2022-3-95-105.
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Introduction. Discussions on social policy in French traditionalism of the XVII century served as a source for philosophic considerations in the XVIII century, and defined the features of the French conservatism in the XIX century and specif- ics of the French welfare state in the XX century. The purpose of the article is to review the attitude of the French traditionalists of the XVII century on the social policy. Methods. The article relies on historic and com- parative approach and analysis of institutions and shows the features of the political philosophy in France of the XVII century within the context of the social and political problems and religious polemics. Scientific novelty of the study. The article offers analysis of the social policy conceptions of the French traditionalistic philosophy of the XVII century and highlights in paternalistic feudal- ism the background for the development of the conservative philosophy and social policy. Results. Two main approaches coexisted within the French traditionalism of the XVII century: support of the traditional role of the aristocracy and advocacy of the strong monarchy. Both approaches held paternalistic views and believed that it was neces- sary for the strong to display responsibility for the well-being of the weak, they supported aid for the needy to preserve the social order and to for their education. Conclusions. Reflections of the French traditional- ists of the XVII influenced the development of the unique structure of the welfare state in France, defined by the principle of solidarity, and coexist- ence of many different actors, with strong role of the state.
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Ilchenko, Olena. "WOMEN'S CHARITY IN EDUCATION OF UKRAINE THROUGH THE ASSESSMENT OF THE XXI CENTURY." Aesthetics and Ethics of Pedagogical Action, no. 18 (September 9, 2018): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33989/2226-4051.2018.18.176317.
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The article deals with the historical and pedagogical assessment of women's charitable experience in education of Ukraine in the 17th century – the last quarter of the 18th century. The parameters of the assessment of women’s charity are chosen: a) the expansion of the network of schools, improving their material base; b) the ability of schools to provide high-quality training of students; c) the level of financial security of the educational institution; d) education of spiritual and moral values of the person, the formation of their internal needs and beliefs to develop education industry is based on the principles of charity and humanity.The determining of parameters and factors has an impact on their formation when the data are taken into account. They are: the level of development of the society, socio-political conditions, the state of the economy in the country, the identified priorities in education policy, the place of the state on the international arena. In the context of the stated, the modern assessment of the experience of the charitable activities of women in Ukrainian education in the 17th century – the last quarter of the 18th century is made from positions of comprehension: 1) the spiritually-moral phenomenon; 2) the historical-pedagogical phenomenon; 3) social- public phenomenon; 4) socio-economic phenomenon.The study highlights the fact of the historical existence of women’s charitable activities as an effective tool of the development of education in Ukraine testifies to the vitality and sustainability of this phenomenon, its ability to evolve, develop adequately updated and flexibly respond to dynamic changes in the socio-economic, cultural and spiritual life of the society.According to the prognostic-projective potential of women's charity, we believe in modern conditions of entering of Ukraine into the global educational dimension, it is the charity as a socio-civic, socio-economic and professionally organized force (along with the public programs support) has become an important means of building and development of the educational sector, which provides the personal well-being of the person, the economic prosperity of the state, its power and authority.
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Sheykhi, Mohammad Taghi, and Muhammad Ridwan. "Pandemics in the past Eight Centuries: A Sociological Appraisal." SIASAT 6, no. 1 (January 31, 2021): 45–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/siasat.v6i1.88.
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The present article intends to reflect the appearance of different pandemics in different periods from sociological point of view. Earlier pandemics used to appear without being able to control them; at the historical times without medications, hospitals, motor vehicles, without communications etc. Millions of people died because of spreading unknown diseases such as flu, cholera, black death, plague and the like. Estimates show that the first 15 events killed over 85 million people. Plague in Italy during some years in the 17th century perished many people vs the least of facilities within reach. Similarly, great plague in Spain in mid 17th century took the lives of a large number of people. Great plague of London also in the second half of the 17th century killed more than 100,000 of citizens. Such events not only directly killed older household members, but created bad lives and deprivation for the younger remaining members in such households. Many of such children had to resort to orphanages. Cholera outbreak also appeared in early 19th century in India, Russia and Africa leaving behind a great number of deaths. The flu pandemic at the end of 19th century killed many people. Many countries came to know more on influenza since then. The outbreak of Coronavirus in 2020 is the worst very widespread and global affecting and infecting many people in all corners of the world. Coronavirus pandemic is wide spreading without being prevented. Despite all the existing facilities, it is killing more than the earlier pandemics in terms of time and space. As education and understanding of people are currently higher than before, they highly feel distressed and disordered.
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Strode, Anna. "Reliģiskie tēli 17. gadsimta latīņu kāzu dzejā Rīgā." Aktuālās problēmas literatūras un kultūras pētniecībā: rakstu krājums, no. 26/1 (March 1, 2021): 14–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/aplkp.2021.26-1.014.
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The humanists of Riga began to compose various Latin poetry texts due to the currents of European humanism, which came to Livonia soon after the Protestant Reformation took place in Livonia in the first half of the 16th century. As a result of this historical and religious impact, the level of education increased, enabling an environment for the development of the literature. The aim of the article „Religious characters in the 17th-Century Nuptial Poetry in Riga” is to bring to light the content of nuptial (epithalamium, ὑμέναιος/hymenaeus, carmen nuptialis etc.) poetry written in Riga in the 17th century, providing insight into the most frequently mentioned characters and their meaning, as well as by exploring the specific features of occasional poetry to capture reader’s and researcher’s interest in the previously undiscovered cultural heritage. The subject of the study is more than 380 Latin nuptial poems, which are stored in the Department of Manuscripts and Rare Books of the Academic Library of the University of Latvia. The poems are printed at the beginning of the 17th century by the second typographer of Riga city Gerhard Schröder (?–1657). The article includes data from a classification table (created by the author) in which the main characteristic of each poem is highlighted, including the mentions of all (more than 280) characters from ancient Greek and Roman mythology, as well as biblical and historical characters. Fragments of Latin nuptial poetry written in Riga are included to portray the content of poetry more clearly. All translations of poetry in the article are done by the author.
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Harmon, Joseph E. "The Literature of Enlightenment: Technical Periodicals and Proceedings in the 17th and 18th Centuries." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 17, no. 4 (October 1987): 397–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/henf-9quw-4awx-wb17.
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Technical periodicals and proceedings have been important instruments for transmitting news about scientific and technological discoveries for more than 300 years. The first such publications appeared amidst the birth of modem science when, for the first time, emphasis was placed on experiment as the basis for advancement of knowledge. Discussed in this article are the origin of the technical periodical and proceedings and their characteristics up to the end of the 18th century and the analysis of the writing style in an important technical paper written by Isaac Newton and published in 1672.
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Sulistiono, Budi. "THE HISTORY OF TRADE OF THE NUSANTARA IN THE 17th CENTURY." Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah dan Kebudayaan Islam 11, no. 2 (December 16, 2021): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/khazanah.v11i2.656.
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The increasingly significant influence of Islam in the Archipelago was marked by the establishment of a number of sultanates. It is time for the existence of the sultanate to be interpreted as evidence of political power. The track of Islam in the Archipelago, political power was achieved after great successes in building ECONOMIC POWER, EDUCATION, CULTURAL-INTELLECTUAL NETWORKS. Therefore, the track of Islam in the Archipelago, is not an event that is considered strange. Until the 17th century AD, there were even a number of sultanates on the islands of Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Maluku. The spread of the existence of a number of these sultanates in a relay as evidence of the results of the exemplary performances of a number of sultanates that had existed before. May we all never forget the existence of the Sultanate of Jeumpa (± 776 AD-880 AD), Peureulak (standing ± 840 AD), Samudera Pasai (± 1267 AD), Demak (1468 AD), Aceh Darussalam (1496 AD), Ternate (Maluku). ) rulers converted to Islam in 1460, Cirebon (founded 1479 AD), Banten (1526 AD), Banjar (founded 1520 AD). From the coast of Aceh-Malacca-Sumatra, Islam then spread in various directions east to areas on the north coast of Java such as Surabaya, Gresik, Tuban, then continued eastward to areas of Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Ternate and Tidore in the Maluku islands, Papua, Nusa Tenggara, Bali. The approach used in this paper is a historical approach by utilizing study materials from historical literature. In compiling historical facts, guided by logical arrangement of frameworks in chronological order. The conclusion is that, thanks to the wealth and social forces empowered by Muslim communities in various places in the Archipelago, they can play political roles in political entities as evidenced by the birth of a number of Sultanates. This historical fact, at least strengthens Anthony Reid's theory, that the maritime economy is an indicator of maritime trade that unites trade routes with the formation of port cities as international trade routes.
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Robertson, Edmund. "Giovanni Domenico Cassini: A Modern Astronomer in the 17th Century, by Gabriella Bernardi." BSHM Bulletin: Journal of the British Society for the History of Mathematics 33, no. 3 (March 28, 2018): 191–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17498430.2018.1450034.
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Mikirtichan, Galina Lvovna. "The attitude to children, their right for life and development in Russia (X cent.-beginning of the XVIII cent.)." Pediatrician (St. Petersburg) 5, no. 1 (March 15, 2014): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ped51126-131.
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The article discusses the problem of treatment of children and care for them during the period of Kiev and Moscow Rus and Russia at the beginning of the XVIII century. The basic legislative acts and documents reflecting the situation with children and their legal status, relationships between parents and children are analyzed. The basic principle of relations within the family was lawlessness, unquestioning obedience children to parents which was maintained by both oral reprimands and corporal punishment. Peter I had a systematic program of little-year-olds’ charity on the state level. A number of his decrees aimed to stop infanticide , to change the system of orphans’ protection and help, to alleviate the fate of illegitimate children (including the organization of hospitals for “bastards” and wet nurses service), to create conditions for upbringing and education of children, to reduce beggary. Speed, pragmatism, brutal methods of his reforms splitted the Russian society which was not ready for the new, including the state regulation of orphans’ charity, so the fulfillment of his decrees met great difficulties.
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Hallez, Maryvonne. "Teaching Huygens in the rue Huygens: Introducing the history of 17th-century mathematics in a junior secondary school." Science and Education 1, no. 3 (1992): 313–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00430279.
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Gadocha, Marcin. "Nauka sztuki kupieckiej w Krakowie XVI–XIX wieku. Zarys problemu." Biuletyn Historii Wychowania, no. 28 (January 1, 2019): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/bhw.2012.28.1.
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The article is a survey and an attempt to bring closer the questions connected with the education of future tradesmen in Cracow from the 16th century until the first half of the 19th century. Thus far, there has been no thorough study devoted to this topic. In the 16th century, young adepts of trade would start learning this occupation in their father’s business, further family’s business or in the dynamically developing trading houses in Cracow. In the 16th c. and 17th c. there was no merchants’ guild in Cracow, which could oversee the process of learning the “art of trade”. Only the establishment of the Merchants’ Congregation in 1722 brought about changes in this respect. Ultimately, in the new statute of the Congregation from 1833, the new principles of training were formulated. Candidates had to present their birth certificate, the recommending certificate written by their parents or foster parents. Moreover, the candidate had to be able to read, write and calculate in Polish or German. Learning took three years in the 16th and 17th centuries; in the 18th century this period was prolonged, in the 19th century lasted from 4 to 6 years. According to the author, the problem still requires further in-depth research. After the archival query, it seems that there are good possibilities to obtain valuable material connected with mercantile art in Cracow.
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Cokelez, Aytekin, Burçkin Dal, and Gonca Harman. "TURKISH MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ CONCEPTIONS AND MODELLING OF CHEMICAL BONDS." Journal of Baltic Science Education 13, no. 4 (August 25, 2014): 483–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.33225/jbse/14.13.483.
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The purposes of this study were to identify students’ conceptions of chemical bonds and to determine, after instruction, the changes these conceptions undergo. The dataset for this study arises from an administered questionnaire that includes answers to three open–ended questions from 76 6th grade students and 56 7th grade students. Analysis of the qualitative data obtained through the questionnaire indicates that the majority of students had difficulty comprehending the modelisation of chemical bonds and that levels of interpreting these concepts of chemical bonds was much lower than what is required at the end of these different grades. The study showed that students have similar conceptions of bonding affinity expressed though a language of kinship and convenience, as used in 17th century. Additionally, the students’ conceptions also reflect the 18th century’ macro level concept of affinity expressed through the notion that likes attract. Key words: chemical bond, intermolecular bond, intramolecular bond, model, modelling, science education.
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김경나 and 최영준. "A study on the Education & Culture of Mongolian Buddhist Temple from 17th to 19th Century." Journal of Education & Culture 23, no. 6 (December 2017): 645–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.24159/joec.2017.23.6.645.
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여영기. "The Organization of Instructors Responsible for Juvenile Education in the Joseon Dynasty during the 17th Century." History of Education 20, no. 1 (June 2010): 27–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18105/hisedu.2010.20.1.002.
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Zagkotas, Vasileios, and Ioannis Fykaris. "Approaching the ‘Death of Socrates’ through art education. A teaching proposal and the introduction of a new typology for teaching with similar artworks." Journal of Classics Teaching 23, no. 45 (October 15, 2021): 60–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2058631021000556.
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AbstractThe representation of the ‘dying Socrates’ was extremely popular among artists during the 17th and 18th centuries, while there are several artworks with this concept during the early 19th century. This article's main aim is to use the methodological tool of the Grammar of Visual Design in forming a teaching proposal based on the Harvard University ‘Artful Thinking Project’. This teaching proposal can be applied to a Language, a Philosophy or a History course. As a second aim, we propose a new typology for that era's artworks on the subject of the last moments of Socrates.
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Sundue, Sharon Braslaw. "Confining the Poor to Ignorance? Eighteenth-Century American Experiments with Charity Education." History of Education Quarterly 47, no. 2 (May 2007): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2007.00086.x.
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In 1738, the English evangelist George Whitefield traveled to the new colony of Georgia intending to establish “a house for fatherless children.” Inspired by both August Hermann Francke, the German Pietist who had great success educating and maintaining poor orphans in Halle, and by charity schools established in Great Britain, Whitefield's orphan house and charity school, named Bethesda, opened its doors early in 1740. For years, Whitefield devoted himself tirelessly to ensuring the success of the Bethesda school, preaching throughout Britain and North America on its behalf. Whitefield's preaching tour on behalf of his beloved Bethesda is well known for its role in catalyzing the religious revivals known collectively as the Great Awakening. The tour also marked an important shift in the history of education in America. News of the establishment of the orphanage at Bethesda coincided with new efforts to school the poor throughout the colonies. Drawing on both the British and German models of charity schooling that were highly influential for Whitefield, eighteenth-century Americans began or increased commitments to charity schooling for poor children. But the European models were not adopted wholesale. Instead, local administrators of the schooling experiments deviated from these models in a striking way. In America, elites offered some children the opportunity for extensive charity instruction, but not necessarily children at the bottom of the social hierarchy. This article will argue that the execution of these charity schooling programs was contingent upon local social conditions, specifically what appears to have been local elites' desire to maintain a certain social order and ensure a continued supply of cheap labor.
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Kojima, Hideo. "Japanese Concepts of Child Development from the Mid-17th to Mid-19th Century." International Journal of Behavioral Development 9, no. 3 (September 1986): 315–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016502548600900304.
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This paper summarizes beliefs and values about child-rearing and education in Japan at a time when direct Western influence was minimal. The chief materials for the analysis are documents written by experts of those times for the general public. Japanese writers argued that children are innately good rather than evil; environmental factors rather than innate ones account for differences among children; and children are autonomous learning beings rather than passive to experience. Goals were related either to maintenance of harmonious human relationships or to faithful performance of one's assigned task. The basic method of training was to observe children's maturation and assign age-appropriate tasks to them. Young infants were conceived as competent beings in the sensory and perceptual domain, but they were also thought to be unstable and fragile. Observational learning and internal regulation of behavior by older children were emphasized. Up to the age of seven, adults did not deal with boys and girls differently; both sexes were treated permissively, even indulgently.
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Eredics, Péter. "The Reception History of the Dutch Statenbijbel in Hungary in the 17th Century." Lithuanian Historical Studies 16, no. 1 (December 28, 2011): 73–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/25386565-01601006.
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In the middle of the 16th century, the Reformation gained ground in Hungary, and would-be Protestant ministers sought theological education in Western Europe, as there was no Calvinist university in their homeland. Unfortunately, translations from Dutch to Hungarian in the Early Modern Period have not received the attention they deserve, given their undoubted importance. This article summarises a project for researching the exegetical coomentaries of István Szathmári Ötvös (d. 1655), whose Titkok jelenese, Avagy, Sz. Janos Apostol Mennyei-Latasa. Roevid magyarázo jedzésekkel edgyuett (Secret Signs, or Visions of St John the Apostle) was published posthumously in 1668 in Szeben (now Sibiu in Romania). The author examines the part that Ötvös and his work played in the cultural relations between Hungary and the Republic of the United Provinces in the 17th century. By working out which source underlies the book, and comparing the texts of the original and the Hungarian version, we will hopefully understand which translation method(s), philological precision, and freedom in revision were employed by Szathmári Ötvös.
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Akamine, Jun. "Tastes for blubber: diversity and locality of whale meat foodways in Japan." Asian Education and Development Studies 10, no. 1 (September 16, 2020): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/aeds-02-2020-0027.
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PurposeThis paper aims to discuss how whale meat foodways in Japan is a local practice, contrary to the prevailing political belief that it is national, and to examine two local whale meat foodways in Japan by focusing on the usage of blubber. To understand complexity of whaling issue, one needs to be careful of species rather than general “whale.”Design/methodology/approachBy investigating two kinds of recipe books, one published in the early 19th century and the other the early 20th century on whale meat dish, the paper clarifies blubber has been widely consumed rather than lean meat, and blubber was more important than lean meat as whale meat.FindingsThe western part of Japan has rich whale meat foodways compared to other parts of Japan. It is because of their history of whaling since the 17th century. They have inherited rich whale meat foodways.Originality/valueAlthough whale sashimi and deep-fried lean meat are popular nationwide regardless of their communities' history, former whaling communities in the western part of Japan developed a preference for blubber, skin, tongue and offal over lean meat. Whale meat foodways in Japan, therefore, is a local heritage. This fact should be the starting point for analyzing Japanese whaling and whale meat foodways.
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Lin, Tsung-Yi, and Wen-Feng Lin. "The evolution and restoration of European vertically arranged mechanical turret clocks before the 17th century." Mechanical Sciences 13, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 933–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ms-13-933-2022.
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Abstract. From the 14th to 17th century in Europe, a variety of types of mechanical turret clocks were manufactured, many of which have been replaced or abandoned. At present, vertically arranged mechanical turret clocks can be rarely found. This study mainly analyzed the mechanism and technology of nine existing vertically arranged mechanical turret clocks manufactured in Europe from the 15th to the 17th century, in order to determine the design rules based on mechanical evolution and variation. The systematical restoration of vertically arranged mechanical turret clocks in history has resulted in 16 representative mechanism configurations of movements of mechanical turret clocks. The content and results of this study can provide its readers a clearer understanding about the mechanism design and technology of the vertically arranged mechanical turret clocks of each period throughout history in order to establish a comprehensive knowledge system. Furthermore, understanding the design concept of the vertically arranged mechanical turret clock contributes to the establishment of every possible restoration design construction throughout history. These innovative results not only provide new historical materials that could be applied in the research of science and technology history, but also contribute to the development of creativity and science education teaching materials.