Journal articles on the topic 'Oropharyngeal Cancers'
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Chan, Man Hin, Feng Wang, Wai kong Mang, and Lap Ah Tse. "Sex Differences in Time Trends on Incidence Rates of Oropharyngeal and Oral Cavity Cancers in Hong Kong." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 127, no. 12 (September 29, 2018): 895–902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003489418802287.
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Objectives: Worldwide studies have shown an increasing trend of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) but a decreasing trend of oral cavity cancers over the past 2 decades, particularly in developed countries with successful tobacco control. This trend has been attributed to the increase in the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated OPSCC. The aim of this study was to examine sex differences in incidence trends of oropharyngeal and oral cavity cancers in Hong Kong from 1983 to 2014. Methods: Using data from the Hong Kong Cancer Registry from 1983 to 2014, age-standardized incidence rates for potentially HPV-associated sites (oropharyngeal) and non-HPV-associated sites (oral cavity) were calculated, stratified by sex and age groups. Joinpoint regression and an age-period-cohort model were used to assess incidence trends. Results: A total of 1,972 cases of oropharyngeal cancer and 7,389 cases of oral cavity cancer were diagnosed from 1983 to 2014. The male/female ratios were 4.16:1 for oropharyngeal cancers and 1.63:1 for oral cavity cancers. A significant increasing trend was observed in oropharyngeal cancers from 1994 to 2014 (average annual percentage change = 2.66, P < .05). In contrast, a significant decreasing trend was observed in oral cavity cancers from 1983 to 1994 (average annual percentage change = −5.36, P < .05). The trends were more significant in men and in patients aged 45 to 69 years. A positive birth cohort effect was observed for oropharyngeal cancer in men. Conclusions: The rising trend of oropharyngeal cancer and decreasing trend of oral cavity cancer in Hong Kong from 1983 to 2014 are consistent with worldwide trends. Increase in high-risk sexual behaviors and oral HPV infection may influence the difference in trends.
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Sturgis, Erich M., and K. Kian Ang. "The Epidemic of HPV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer Is Here: Is It Time to Change Our Treatment Paradigms?" Journal of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network 9, no. 6 (June 2011): 665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2011.0055.
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Although relatively uncommon, oropharyngeal cancers are increasing in incidence despite declining prevalence of smoking and in direct opposition to a decreasing incidence of all other head and neck cancers. An epidemic of human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated oropharyngeal cancers seems to account for these incidence trends. Important demographic, behavioral, and prognostic characteristics define this unique population. Changes in prevention, diagnosis, evaluation, staging, and treatment are needed. This article summarizes the epidemiology and clinical behavior of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer and discusses evolving/potential paradigms of treatment. However, data are currently insufficient to change treatment paradigms for HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer outside of a closely monitored clinical trial.
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Chaturvedi, Anil K., Neal D. Freedman, and Christian C. Abnet. "The Evolving Epidemiology of Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers." Cancer Research 82, no. 16 (August 16, 2022): 2821–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-2124.
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In 1988, Blot and colleagues reported results from a U.S. case–control study of oral cavity or pharyngeal (oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal) cancers, with results showing independent associations of smoking and alcohol with increased risk, multiplicative interaction effects between smoking and alcohol, and that nearly three-quarters of these cancers are attributable to smoking and alcohol. The report by Blot and colleagues represents a landmark in oropharyngeal cancer epidemiology. This study, the largest at the time, introduced several novel concepts in oropharyngeal cancer epidemiology that remain relevant today—etiologic heterogeneity, statistical interaction effects, adjusted attributable fractions, and disparities by sex and race/ethnicity. Perhaps the most significant recognition in the field since 1988 is the etiologic association of human papillomavirus (HPV, primarily HPV16) with cancers arising in the oropharynx. Today, more than 80% of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States are caused by HPV while only approximately 3% of oral cavity cancers are caused by HPV. This etiologic heterogeneity across head and cancer subsites revealed by HPV is manifest at the genetic/genomic, epidemiologic, and clinical levels. Tobacco and alcohol remain the major etiologic factors for oral cavity cancers while HPV is the major cause of oropharyngeal cancers. Thus, tobacco and alcohol control and prophylactic HPV vaccination remain the most promising prevention tools for oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers at this time. Importantly, the ever-emerging alternative tobacco products, such as smokeless tobacco/snus, hookah and water pipes, e-cigarettes, flavored cigars and cigarillos, and oral dissolvable products, represent a key public health concern and the carcinogenic effects of these products remains an active area of investigation. See related article by Blot and colleagues, Cancer Res 1988;48:3282–7
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Kreimer, Aimée R., Mattias Johansson, Tim Waterboer, Rudolf Kaaks, Jenny Chang-Claude, Dagmar Drogen, Anne Tjønneland, et al. "Evaluation of Human Papillomavirus Antibodies and Risk of Subsequent Head and Neck Cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 21 (July 20, 2013): 2708–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.47.2738.
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PurposeHuman papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) infection is causing an increasing number of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States and Europe. The aim of our study was to investigate whether HPV antibodies are associated with head and neck cancer risk when measured in prediagnostic sera.MethodsWe identified 638 participants with incident head and neck cancers (patients; 180 oral cancers, 135 oropharynx cancers, and 247 hypopharynx/larynx cancers) and 300 patients with esophageal cancers as well as 1,599 comparable controls from within the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Prediagnostic plasma samples from patients (collected, on average, 6 years before diagnosis) and control participants were analyzed for antibodies against multiple proteins of HPV16 as well as HPV6, HPV11, HPV18, HPV31, HPV33, HPV45, and HPV52. Odds ratios (ORs) of cancer and 95% CIs were calculated, adjusting for potential confounders. All-cause mortality was evaluated among patients using Cox proportional hazards regression.ResultsHPV16 E6 seropositivity was present in prediagnostic samples for 34.8% of patients with oropharyngeal cancer and 0.6% of controls (OR, 274; 95% CI, 110 to 681) but was not associated with other cancer sites. The increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer among HPV16 E6 seropositive participants was independent of time between blood collection and diagnosis and was observed more than 10 years before diagnosis. The all-cause mortality ratio among patients with oropharyngeal cancer was 0.30 (95% CI, 0.13 to 0.67), for patients who were HPV16 E6 seropositive compared with seronegative.ConclusionHPV16 E6 seropositivity was present more than 10 years before diagnosis of oropharyngeal cancers.
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Watters, Carolina, Sabrina Brar, Claire Richards, and Rafal Niziol. "Oropharyngeal cancer." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 13, no. 11 (September 11, 2020): 650–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738020949569.
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The incidence of oropharyngeal cancer in the UK has almost trebled in the last few decades and continues to climb. It is expected that its associated symptoms will become increasingly common presenting complaints in primary care, where early recognition is hugely advantageous for patient outcomes. Thorough history and examination, plus a sound knowledge of associated risk factors, is vital in identifying potential cases, and an understanding of the correct referral pathways ensures patients are appropriately referred to head and neck cancer services. A broad overview of benign differential diagnoses, subsequent investigation and management of oropharyngeal cancers is helpful in order to properly inform and support patients in their next steps.
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Liao, Cheng-I., I.-Jung Feng, Caitlin Ruth Johnson, Pin-Jie Bin, Chun-Teng Tsai, Daniel Stuart Kapp, and John K. Chan. "Human papillomavirus-associated cancers in Taiwan over the last 18 years: The potential impact of screening, vaccination, and smoking." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 10574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.10574.
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10574 Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a causative agent of many human cancers. This study aims to determine the incidences and trends of HPV-associated cancers in the Republic of China. Methods: HPV-associated cancers included: cervical carcinoma, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), anal/rectal, vulvo-vaginal, and penile SCC. Deidentified data were obtained from Taiwan’s National Health Insurance Research Database from 2001 to 2018. SEER*Prep 2.6.0, SEER*Stat 8.3.9.2, and Joinpoint regression program 4.9.0.0 were used to calculate incidences and trends of HPV-associated cancers per 100,000. The age-adjusted incidence was adjusted by the WHO 2000 standard population. Results: A total of 55,248 HPV-associated cancers were identified. Of these, 34,730 (62.9%) were identified in women and 20,518 (37.1%) in men. The majority (60.0%) were cervical followed by oropharyngeal at 37.6%, and other HPV-associated cancers comprised 2.4%. Over the 18-year study, the overall age-adjusted incidence of HPV-associated cancers decreased from 13.41 to 8.92 (per/100,000) with an annual decrease of 2.02% ( P< 0.001). More specifically, cervical cancer incidence decreased from 20.42 to 7.70 per 100,000 with an annual decrease of 5.6% ( P< 0.001). Other cancers, such as vaginal and vulvar, decreased 2.34% ( P< 0.001) and 1.82% ( P< 0.001), respectively. With respect to oropharyngeal SCC, the incidence was over 12-fold higher in men compared to women (8.37 vs. 0.67/100,000) with both sexes increasing at 3.61% ( P< 0.001) and 3.59% ( P< 0.001) annually. Anal/rectal SCC increased at 3.55% ( P< 0.001) whereas penile cancer decreased at 2.52% ( P< 0.001). Of note, all HPV-associated cancers among non-smokers decreased 2.02% ( P< 0.001) annually, whereas they increased in smokers at 1.00% ( P> 0.05) per year. This increase in incidence was particularly evident in oropharyngeal SCC and cervical carcinomas. Conclusions: Women comprised over 60% of HPV related cancers, with cervical cancer being most common followed by oropharyngeal cancer. Over the last 18 years, cervical and vulvovaginal cancers decreased, but the rates of oropharyngeal cancers in men was 12-fold higher than women and continues to increase. Public awareness and education of these trends are needed toward prevention and screening.
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Chaturvedi, Anil K., Eric A. Engels, Ruth M. Pfeiffer, Brenda Y. Hernandez, Weihong Xiao, Esther Kim, Bo Jiang, et al. "Human Papillomavirus and Rising Oropharyngeal Cancer Incidence in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 32 (November 10, 2011): 4294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.36.4596.
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Purpose Recent increases in incidence and survival of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States have been attributed to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, but empirical evidence is lacking. Patients and Methods HPV status was determined for all 271 oropharyngeal cancers (1984-2004) collected by the three population-based cancer registries in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Residual Tissue Repositories Program by using polymerase chain reaction and genotyping (Inno-LiPA), HPV16 viral load, and HPV16 mRNA expression. Trends in HPV prevalence across four calendar periods were estimated by using logistic regression. Observed HPV prevalence was reweighted to all oropharyngeal cancers within the cancer registries to account for nonrandom selection and to calculate incidence trends. Survival of HPV-positive and HPV-negative patients was compared by using Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox regression analyses. Results HPV prevalence in oropharyngeal cancers significantly increased over calendar time regardless of HPV detection assay (P trend < .05). For example, HPV prevalence by Inno-LiPA increased from 16.3% during 1984 to 1989 to 71.7% during 2000 to 2004. Median survival was significantly longer for HPV-positive than for HPV-negative patients (131 v 20 months; log-rank P < .001; adjusted hazard ratio, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.21 to 0.46). Survival significantly increased across calendar periods for HPV-positive (P = .003) but not for HPV-negative patients (P = .18). Population-level incidence of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers increased by 225% (95% CI, 208% to 242%) from 1988 to 2004 (from 0.8 per 100,000 to 2.6 per 100,000), and incidence for HPV-negative cancers declined by 50% (95% CI, 47% to 53%; from 2.0 per 100,000 to 1.0 per 100,000). If recent incidence trends continue, the annual number of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers is expected to surpass the annual number of cervical cancers by the year 2020. Conclusion Increases in the population-level incidence and survival of oropharyngeal cancers in the United States since 1984 are caused by HPV infection.
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Liao, Cheng-I., Michelle Ann P. Caesar, Chloe Chan, Michael Richardson, Daniel Stuart Kapp, Alex Andrea Francoeur, and John Chan. "HPV associated cancers in the United States over the last 15 years: Has screening or vaccination made any difference?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 39, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2021): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2021.39.15_suppl.107.
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107 Background: Human papillomavirus is a causative agent of many human cancers. This study aims to determine the incidence and trends of HPV-related cancers in the United States. Methods: HPV-associated cancers as classified by the CDC were included: oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), anal & rectal SCC, vulvar SCC, vaginal SCC, cervical carcinoma, and penile SCC. Data were obtained from the United States Cancer Statistics program from 2001-2017. SEER*Stat 8.3.8 and Joinpoint regression program 4.8.0.1 were used to calculate incidence trends of HPV-associated cancers per 100,000. Results: The overall incidence of HPV related cancers for women was 13.68/100,000, more than half of which (52%) were cervical cancer, at 7.12/100,000 in the year 2017. Over the last 16 years, the incidence of cervical cancer has decreased at an annual percent change (APC) of 1.03% (p < 0.001). In contrast, oropharyngeal (APC = 0.77%, p < 0.001), anal & rectal (APC = 2.75%, p < 0.001), and vulvar SCC all increased significantly (APC = 1.27%, p < 0.001). For older women, the incidence of anal & rectal cancer approached that of cervical cancer. In those over 80, the incidence of cervical cancer was 6.95 (-2.90% APC, p < 0.001), compared to 6.36 for anal & rectal cancer (1.23% APC, p < 0.001). Using a projection model, incidence of anal & rectal cancer is expected to surpass that of cervical cancer by year 2025 for every age group over 55. For men, the incidence of all HPV-related cancers was 11.0/100,000 in the year 2017, 81% were associated with oropharyngeal cancer. Over the last 16 years, there was an overall annual increase in HPV related cancers at 2.36% per year (p < 0.001) with the highest increase in oropharyngeal (APC = 2.71%, p < 0.001) and anal & rectal SCC (APC = 1.71%, p < 0.001). Those at greatest risk of oropharyngeal cancer were older men aged 65-69 years with an incidence of 36.5/100,000 and annual percent increase of 4.24% (p < 0.001). The intersectionality of age and race showed that White men age 65-69 years had the highest incidence of oropharyngeal at 41.6/100,000. Conclusions: Overall, there was a decrease in cervical cancer incidence likely due to screening or vaccination. However, over 80% of men with HPV related cancers had oropharyngeal cancer, a nearly fivefold higher incidence compared to women. In contrast, there was a significant increase in non-screenable HPV-related cancers and anal & rectal SCC incidence is projected to surpass that of cervical cancer within 5 years for certain at-risk groups. Further resources and research should be conducted to address the lack of screening or vaccination in these preventable cancers.
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Ahmad, A. "Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 39, no. 6 (November 1, 1989): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.39.6.397.
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Zanner, J. P. "Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 39, no. 6 (November 1, 1989): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.39.6.398-a.
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Goldstein, M. R. "Cholestyramine and oropharyngeal cancers." American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 54, no. 2 (August 1, 1991): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/54.2.429.
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Thobias, Ashi Robert, Kinjal Ankit Patel, Supreet Dhananjay Bhatt, Kruti Ashvinkumar Mehta, Chetana Deepal Parekh, Pariseema Sharad Dave, and Prabhudas Shankarbhai Patel. "Human papillomavirus: footprints in the population of western India." Epidemiology and Health 43 (February 3, 2021): e2021013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2021013.
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OBJECTIVES: Cancer is a multi-factorial disease, with various intrinsic and environmental factors contributing to its occurrence. Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with the occurrence of many cancers. India severely suffers from 3 HPV-associated cancers (cervical cancer, oral cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer). Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the HPV burden in these 3 cancers among patients from the western region of India.METHODS: DNA was isolated from samples from 400 cervical cancer, 127 oral cancer, and 75 oropharyngeal cancer patients. Polymerase chain reaction was performed using degenerate primers for HPV infection.RESULTS: Overall, HPV infection was observed in 87% of cervical cancer cases, 12.5% of oral cancer cases, and 26.7% of oropharyngeal cancer cases when analyzed with a cumulative detection method using the MY 09/11, GP 5+/6+, and CP I/II primer sets.CONCLUSIONS: A significant prevalence of HPV infection was detected in all 3 cancers using the degenerate primer sets. This finding implies that testing for HPV infection using multiple primer sets is crucial for determining its actual prevalence in various malignancies.
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Chotipanich, Adit, Surattaya Siriarechakul, and On-ong Mungkung. "Role of high-risk human papillomavirus in the etiology of oral and oropharyngeal cancers in Thailand: A case–control study." SAGE Open Medicine 6 (January 1, 2018): 205031211876560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050312118765604.
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Background: Among developing countries, Thailand shows no increase in the incidence of human papillomavirus–driven oropharyngeal cancer. The causal role of human papillomavirus infection in this pathology has not been researched thoroughly. Methods: A hospital-based, case–control study was performed which included 104 patients with newly diagnosed oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas and 104 individuals without cancer. The Cervista high-risk human papillomavirus and 16/18 assays were used to detect human papillomavirus. Odds ratios were used to assess the association between high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus and the cancers. Results: High-risk human papillomavirus was detected in 4 of 52 (7.7%) oral cancer cases, 6 of 52 (11.5%) oropharyngeal cancer cases, and 1 of 104 (0.96%) control subjects. Of 104 cancer patients in the study, 83 were smokers. High-risk human papillomavirus was significantly associated with oropharyngeal cancer (odds ratio = 13.44, 95% confidence interval = 1.6–114.8) but was nonsignificantly associated with oral cancer (odds ratio = 8.58, 95% confidence interval = 0.9–78.9). However, after adjustment for smoking, high-risk human papillomavirus was determined to be nonsignificantly associated with oropharyngeal cancer (adjusted odds ratio = 5.83, 95% confidence interval = 0.8–43.5). Conclusion: Although low human papillomavirus prevalence was observed, the rate of high-risk human papillomavirus infection in the cancer group was still higher than that in the control group. Smoking may have an influence on the etiology of human papillomavirus–related cancers. However, the study is underpowered to clarify the role of human papillomavirus as the independent risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancers in the Thai population.
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Deniz, Zeynep, Suleyman Uraz, Ryan Holem, Resat Ozaras, and Veysel Tahan. "Human Papillomavirus Infection and Oropharyngeal and Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Causal Relationship?" Diseases 10, no. 4 (October 20, 2022): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases10040094.
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The human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections worldwide. The risk of being infected at least once in a lifetime among both men and women is estimated to be 50%. Although the majority of HPV infections are asymptomatic and improve within 2 years, approximately 10% of individuals develop a persistent infection and have an increased risk of developing carcinomas. The association of HPV and genital cancer is well established. However, there is evidence that HPV may also be associated with other cancers, including those of the gastrointestinal system. The aim of this review is to organize the current evidence of associations between HPV infections and oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal cancers, including the following: oropharyngeal, esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and anal cancers. A comprehensive review of the most up-to-date medical literature concluded that an HPV infection might have a role in the oncogenesis of gastrointestinal tract cancers. HPV may have a causal relationship with oropharyngeal and esophageal squamous cell cancers. However, the association between HPV and gastric and colorectal cancers is weaker. The development of cancer in the oropharyngeal and gastrointestinal tract is usually multifactorial, with HPV having a role in at least a subset of these cancers. HPV infections pose a big challenge due to their burden of infection and their oncogenic potential.
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Savita Sharma. "Oral Cancer and HPV Connection: A Review." International Healthcare Research Journal 1, no. 8 (November 10, 2017): 240–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.26440/ihrj/01_08/122.
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HPV is the leading cause of oropharyngeal cancers and a few oral cavity cancers with increasing mortality across the globe. The risk factors for oral cancer are well known. Factors like tobacco chewing, smoking, alcohol consumption and actinic radiation have been extensively studied and clinically validated. However , Recently HPV has been shown to be a significant risk factor for oral and oropharyngeal cancers. The HPV family contains around 200 strains but it is important to note that only nine out of them are high risk and associated with cancers. Amongst them HPV16 is most strongly related with oral cancer. HPV associated cancers are different from cancers originating from other etiologies and thus , require a novel multidisciplinary treatment approach. The article is a review of Molecular Biology , Risk Factors ,Clinical aspects ,Diagnosis ,and Treatment of HPV associated Oral cancer .
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Ghazawi, Feras M., Jessica Lu, Evgeny Savin, Andrei Zubarev, Peter Chauvin, Denis Sasseville, Anthony Zeitouni, and Ivan V. Litvinov. "Epidemiology and Patient Distribution of Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal SCC in Canada." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 24, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 340–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1203475420915448.
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Background Oral cavity cancers (OCCs) and oropharyngeal cancers (OPCs) continue to be a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide requiring the shared effort of numerous specialists. Tobacco and alcohol consumption have long been identified as risk factors for both OCC and OPC. In addition, human papilloma virus (HPV) is gaining its position as the main causal agent for OPC. Objective The objective of this study is to analyze the epidemiology of OCC and OPC in Canada. Methods Data pertaining to the year of diagnosis, the patient’s sex, age at the time of diagnosis, province/territory, city and postal code of oral cavity, and oropharyngeal malignancies diagnosed during 1992-2010 were extracted from the Canadian Cancer Registry and Le Registre Québécois du Cancer. Results In total, 21 685 OCC cases and 15 965 OPC cases were identified from 1992 to 2010. Of those, 84.97% were oral cavity squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), 88.10% were oropharyngeal SCCs, and both had a significant male predominance. While oral cavity SCC incidence stabilized over the study period, oropharyngeal SCC continued to increase. Oral cavity SCC incidence increased with age, while oropharyngeal SCC incidence peaked in the 50- to 59-year age group. Detailed geographic distribution analysis of patients at the provincial/territorial, city, and postal code levels identified several patient clusters. Conclusions This work highlights important epidemiological differences in trends between oral and oropharyngeal cancers, identifies high-incidence postal codes for each malignancy, and correlates incidence/mortality with known risk factors including alcohol/tobacco use and HPV infections, therefore providing a comprehensive understanding of epidemiology for these cancers in Canada.
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Ho, Sheng-Yow, Wan-Chen Kao, Sheng-Yen Hsiao, Sheng-Fu Chiu, Sung-Wei Lee, Jia-Chun Chen, and Li-Tsun Shieh. "Retrospective analysis of adjuvant radiotherapy in oral cavity or oropharyngeal cancer: Feasibility of omitting lower-neck irradiation." PLOS ONE 17, no. 4 (April 11, 2022): e0266678. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266678.
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Objectives Adjuvant radiotherapy is the standard of care in locally advanced head and neck cancers. The radiation field is correlated with the surgical field in the adjuvant radiotherapy setting; therefore, tailoring the irradiation field is reasonable. Materials and methods We retrospectively analyzed patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers included in the cancer registry between 2015 and 2019 in the study hospital. Patients who underwent whole-neck irradiation (WNI) were compared with those who underwent lower-neck–sparing (LNS) irradiation. Results A total of 167 patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers were included in the study. Cancer recurrence was recorded in 33% of the patients. The rate of recurrence of oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer at neck level IV was 8%. The 2-year incidence of level IV recurrence was lower in the WNI group than in the LNS group (2% vs. 10%; p = 0.04). The 2-year disease-free survival rates were 75% and 63% in the WNI and LNS groups, respectively (p = 0.08). Conclusion The rate of level IV recurrence was higher in the LNS group than in the WNI group. Trends of improvement in disease-free survival with lower-neck irradiation suggested that it is premature to consider LNS irradiation as daily practice in patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer.
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Hennebery, Ruth B., and William R. Robinson. "The occurrence of human papilloma virus (HPV)-related cancers in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women compliant with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.7_suppl.185.
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185 Background: HAART has been demonstrated effective at maintaining immunocompetence (as measured in part by CD4 levels) and reducing the occurrence and severity of cervical cancer in HIV-infected women. Conversely, rapid disease progression, poor treatment response and the development of multiple cancers has been associate with suboptimal HIV therapy and low CD4 counts. Methods: 17 HIV-infected women presenting to an inner-city, academic medical center from 1996-2016 were diagnosed with cervical cancer and at least one other HPV-associated cancer. Data recorded include: year of diagnosis and treatment for cervical cancer; the type, year of diagnosis and treatment of subsequent HPV-associated cancers; compliance with HAART and CD4 counts at diagnosis and death (if applicable). Results: 15/17 (88.2%) used HAART and had CD4 counts > 200 at cervical cancer diagnosis. The time from diagnosis of cervical cancer to a second HPV-associated cancer was 0-19 years, with 52.9% developing a second cancer within 3 years. Second cancer diagnoses included vulvar(9), vaginal(2), anal(3), oropharyngeal(1), urethral(1), and bladder/urethral(1). Seven patients developed third cancers: anal(3), oropharyngeal(3), vaginal(1). Conclusions: Despite the effective use of HAART, HIV-infected women appear to be at risk for the development of multiple cancers following a diagnosis of cervical cancer, even years to decades later. Screening for HPV-associated cancers (including oropharyngeal) should therefore be maintained and emphasized, even in highly compliant subjects with adequate CD4 levels.
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Osazuwa-Peters, Nosayaba, Matthew C. Simpson, Rebecca L. Rohde, Sai D. Challapalli, Sean T. Massa, and Eric Adjei Boakye. "Differences in Sociodemographic Correlates of Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancer Survival in the United States." Cancer Control 28 (January 2021): 107327482110418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10732748211041894.
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Objectives Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancers account for about 9% of the cancer mortality burden in the United States; however, survival differs among sociodemographic factors. We determine sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with HPV-associated cancer survival. Methods Data derived from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results 18 cancer registry were analyzed for a cohort of adult patients diagnosed with a first primary HPV-associated cancer (anal, cervical, oropharyngeal, penile, vaginal, and vulvar cancers), between 2007 and 2015. Multivariable Fine and Gray proportional hazards regression models stratified by anatomic site estimated the association of sociodemographic and clinical variables and cancer-specific survival. Results A total of 77 774 adults were included (11 216 anal, 27 098 cervical, 30 451 oropharyngeal, 2221 penile, 1176 vaginal, 5612 vulvar; average age = 57.2 years). The most common HPV-associated cancer was cervical carcinoma (58%) for females and oropharyngeal (81%) for male. Among patients diagnosed with anal/rectal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), males had a higher risk of death than females. NonHispanic (NH) blacks had a higher risk of death from anal/rectal SCC, oropharyngeal SCC, and cervical carcinoma; and Hispanics had a higher risk of death from oropharyngeal SCC than NH whites. Marital status was associated with risk of death for all anatomic sites except vulvar. Compared to nonMedicaid insurance, patients with Medicaid and uninsured had higher risk of death from anal/rectal SCC, oropharyngeal SCC, and cervical carcinoma. Conclusions There exists gender (anal) and racial and insurance (anal, cervical, and oropharyngeal) disparities in relative survival. Concerted efforts are needed to increase and sustain progress made in HPV vaccine uptake among these specific patient subgroups, to reduce cancer incidence.
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Kamer, A. R., L. Krebs, S. A. Hoghooghi, and C. Liebow. "Proliferative and Apoptotic Responses in Cancers With Special Reference To Oral Cancers." Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 10, no. 1 (January 1999): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10454411990100010301.
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The study of signal transduction pathways for mechanisms of apoptosis and proliferation has significantly advanced our understanding of human cancer, subsequently leading to more effective treatments. Discoveries of growth factors and oncogenes, especially those that function through phosphorylation on tyrosine residues, have greatly benefited our appreciation of the biology of cancer. The regulation of proliferation and apoptosis through phosphorylation via tyrosine kinases and phosphatases is discussed, as well as the contributions of other systems, such as serine and threonine kinases and phosphatases. Receptors with seven-transmembrane domains, steroid hormones, genes, and "death domains" will also be discussed. This review attempts to compare the regulation of the growth of normal tissues and cancers with an effort to highlight the current knowledge of these factors in the growth regulation of oral/oropharyngeal cancers. Despite the strides made in our understanding of growth regulation in human cancers, the study of oral/oropharyngeal cancer specifically lags behind. More research must be done to further our understanding of oral cancer biology, if we are to develop better, more effective treatment protocols.
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Khan, Asghar, Sofia Kabir, and Nighat Musa. "Frequency of Oropharyngeal Cancer Among Males." Journal of Gandhara Medical and Dental Science 4, no. 2 (March 1, 2018): 42–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.37762/jgmds.4-2.24.
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OBJECTIVE:Background: Worldwide oropharyngeal cancers are one of ten most common cancers. A multitude of factors are responsible for the development of oropharyngeal cancers. Some factors are non- modifiable like age, sex, genetics and many are modifiable risk factors like tobacco use, chewing betel nuts, eating paan, alcohol and UV light exposure etc. The main purpose of this study was to analyze frequency and different risk factors associated with oropharyngeal cancers among males visiting tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar.METHODOLOGY:A cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 male patients having different cancers visiting tertiary care hospitals of Peshawar. Study duration was 5 months from January to May 2015. Non-probability convenient sampling technique was used. Semi-structured questionnaire, Patient’s record were used as data collecting tools. Different risk factors were assessed and analyzed.RESULTS:Frequency of oropharyngeal cancers was found to be 19%. Common risk factors among these patients were prolong Ultra violet light exposure (4-8 hrs) 74%, 42% were smokers, 42% had history of oral thrush, 37% patients were in a habit of taking snuff regularly, 36% history of leukoplakia and 16% had smoked meat diet history.CONCLUSION:Prolong exposure to ultra violet radiations, smoking, snuff and human papiloma virus increases risk of patients for oropharyngeal cancers.
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Ghebre, Rahel, J. Michael Berry-Lawhorn, and Gypsyamber D’Souza. "State of the Science: Screening, Surveillance, and Epidemiology of HPV-Related Malignancies." American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book, no. 41 (March 2021): 377–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/edbk_325319.
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Oropharyngeal, cervical, vulvar, and anal cancers share a common risk factor of HPV infection. HPV vaccination is currently recommended at age 11 or 12 to prevent new HPV infections for all genders with catch-up vaccination recommened up to age 26. Despite the known effectiveness of HPV vaccination to prevent HPV-related cancer, there is continued low uptake in the United States; only 40% of eligible persons were vaccinated in 2018, though rates are 70% among teenagers. Current American Cancer Society cancer screening guidelines recommend cervical cancer screening, but do not have specific recommendations for screening for other HPV-related cancers. Oropharyngeal cancer precursors have yet to be identified, and there are currently no routine screening tests for oropharyngeal cancer recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and American Cancer Society recommend cervical cancer screening for women at average risk up to age 65, and screening guidelines do not currently differ by HPV vaccination status. Primary HPV DNA testing was first approved for cervical cancer screening in 2016 and was shown to be superior for cervical cancer prevention. Vulvar and anal cancer precursors have been identified, but optimal screening remains unclear. Examination of the anal canal and perianus is best performed by trained clinicians using high-resolution anoscopy, and effectiveness of using high-resolution anoscopy to detect and treat anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions to prevent cancer is actively being researched. Current multistep approaches to control HPV-related malignancies include HPV vaccination coupled with cervical cancer screening or surveillance for oropharyngeal, vulvar, and anal cancers.
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Fagan, Johannes J., Julie Wetter, Jeffrey Otiti, Joyce Aswani, Anna Konney, Evelyne Diom, Kenneth Baidoo, et al. "Is AJCC/UICC Staging Still Appropriate for Head and Neck Cancers in Developing Countries?" OTO Open 4, no. 3 (July 2020): 2473974X2093831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473974x20938313.
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By 2030, 70% of cancers will occur in developing countries. Head and neck cancers are primarily a developing world disease. While anatomical location and the extent of cancers are central to defining prognosis and staging, the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC)/International Union Against Cancer (UICC) have incorporated nonanatomic factors that correlate with prognosis into staging (eg, p16 status of oropharyngeal cancers). However, 16 of 17 head and neck surgeons from 13 African countries cannot routinely test for p16 status and hence can no longer apply AJCC/UICC staging to oropharyngeal cancer. While the AJCC/UICC should continue to refine staging that best reflects treatment outcomes and prognosis by incorporating new nonanatomical factors, they should also retain and refine anatomically based staging to serve the needs of clinicians and their patients in resource-constrained settings. Not to do so would diminish their global relevance and in so doing also disadvantage most of the world’s cancer patients.
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Saraiya, M., and K. Kawaoka. "Incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related head and neck cancers in the U.S. from 1998–2003: Pre-HPV vaccine licensure." Journal of Clinical Oncology 25, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2007): 6003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2007.25.18_suppl.6003.
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6003 Background: While smoking and alcohol are implicated in the majority of head and neck cancers, human papillomavirus (HPV) has been responsible for 15–35% of head and neck cancers worldwide. In head and neck sites such as the oropharynx, tonsil, and tongue, HPV is associated with 50–90% of squamous cell cancers. Recent recommendation of an HPV vaccine, protecting against infection with HPV types 16 and 18 have prompted this current assessment of the burden of squamous cell cancers (SCC) at these sites. Methods: Using data from CDC’s National Program of Cancer Registries and/or NCI’s SEER Program for cases diagnosed from 1998–2003, covering 83% of the U.S. population, we assessed the squamous cell cancers (SCC) of the base of tongue, oropharynx, and tonsil in the U.S. population on the basis of age group, gender, race/ethnicity, stage, US region, and year of diagnosis. Incidence rates were age- adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population and are expressed per 100,000 individuals. Results: The average annual incidence rates per 100,000 individuals during 1998–2003 are: base of tongue, 1.16 (95% confidence interval 1.14–1.18); oropharyngeal, 0.90 (95% CI 0.89–0.92); and tonsillar, 1.35 (95% CI 1.34–1.37). Blacks have the highest incidence of base of tongue, oropharyngeal, and tonsillar SCC (1.25, 1.61, and 1.47, respectively) while Asian/Pacific Islanders have the lowest incidence (0.37, 0.25, and 0.49, respectively). The South has the highest incidence of base of tongue, oropharyngeal, and tonsillar SCC (1.24, 1.06, and 1.52 respectively). Tonsillar cancer had the highest incidence rates for Whites, Asian/Pacific Islanders, American Indians/Alaska Natives, and Hispanics (1.37, 0.49, 0.85, and 0.89, respectively), but oropharyngeal cancer was the highest in Blacks (1.47). Both base of tongue and tonsillar SCC show a significant annual increase (2.68%, 2.96%, respectively). Conclusions: Increasing incidence rates among those head and neck cancers that are HPV- associated such as tonsillar and base of tongue suggest that the HPV vaccine may have a significant impact on these cancers. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Nishikawa, Daisuke, Hidenori Suzuki, Shintaro Beppu, Hoshino Terada, Michi Sawabe, and Nobuhiro Hanai. "Near-Infrared Photoimmunotherapy for Oropharyngeal Cancer." Cancers 14, no. 22 (November 17, 2022): 5662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers14225662.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer has a better prognosis than other head and neck cancers. However, rates of recurrence and metastasis are similar and the prognosis of recurrent or metastatic HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer is poor. Near-infrared photoimmunotherapy (NIR-PIT) is a treatment involving administration of a photosensitizer (IRDye®700DX) conjugated to a monoclonal antibody followed by activation with near-infrared light illumination. It is a highly tumor-specific therapy with minimal toxicity in normal tissues. Moreover, NIR-PIT is expected to have not only direct effects on a treated lesion but also immune responses on untreated distant lesions. NIR-PIT with cetuximab-IR700 (AlluminoxTM) has been in routine clinical use since January 2021 for unresectable locally advanced or locally recurrent head and neck cancer in patients that have previously undergone radiotherapy in Japan. NIR-PIT for head and neck cancer (HN-PIT) is expected to provide a curative treatment option for the locoregional recurrent or metastatic disease after radiotherapy and surgery. This article reviews the mechanism underlying the effect of NIR-PIT and recent clinical trials of NIR-PIT for head and neck cancers, treatment-specific adverse events, combination treatment with immune checkpoint inhibitors, illumination approach and posttreatment quality of life, and provides a case of series of two patients who receive NIR-PIT for oropharyngeal cancer at our institution.
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Uzcudun, A. Escribano, P. Bravo Fernández, J. J. Sánchez, A. García Grande, I. Rabanal Retolaza, M. González Barón, and J. Gavilán Bouzas. "Clinical features of pharyngeal cancer: a retrospective study of 258 consecutive patients." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 115, no. 2 (February 2001): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0022215011907703.
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Pharyngeal cancer still presents an unsatisfactory mortality (30-40 per cent in most series, with a slightly better prognosis for nasopharyngeal cancer relative to both oropharyngeal and hypophyarngeal cancers) despite advances in treatment. Therefore, it is critical to know the clinical features of pharyngeal cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the most relevant clinical features of pharyngeal cancer (oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal, and nasopharyngeal) in order to improve knowledge of this malignancy with the aim of ameliorating diagnosis and treatment.The retrospective study was based on a review of medical records from 258 consecutive patients with pharyngeal cancer (oropharyngeal, hypopharyngeal and nasopharyngeal) diagnosed at La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain, between January 1 1991 and and December 31 1995. Medical records were provided by the Departments of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Radiation Oncology, and Medical Oncology.All medical records were analysed for the following clinical variables: 1) incidence, 2) sociodemographics, 3) sites (oropharynx, hypopharynx, nasopharynx) and subsites, 4) clinical and histological staging, 5) pathlogy, 6) presenting symptoms, 7) time to diagnosis, 8) patients’ general performance status at diagnosis, 9) personal cancer history and synchronous head and neck tumours, 10) premalignant lesions, and 11) paediatric cases.Our most outstanding finding was the excessively long time that elapsed between first clinical manifestation appearance and conclusive diagnosis of pharyngeal cancer (4.7 months for pharynx, 4.5 for oropharynx, 4.4 for hypopharynx and 6.5 for nasopharynx cancers). It was found that nasopharyngeal cancer was quite different from both oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal cancers with respect to its potential aetiology, risk factors and clinical presentation. In addition it has a better prognosis.
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Roberts, Sally, Dhananjay Evans, Hisham Mehanna, and Joanna L. Parish. "Modelling human papillomavirus biology in oropharyngeal keratinocytes." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1773 (April 8, 2019): 20180289. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0289.
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Most human papillomavirus (HPV) positive head and neck cancers arise in the tonsil crypts; deep invaginations at the tonsil surface that are lined with reticulated epithelium infiltrated by immune cells. As in cervical HPV infections, HPV16 is the most prevalent high-risk type in the oropharyngeal cancers, and a genital-oral route of infection is most likely. However, the natural history of HPV-driven oropharyngeal pathogenesis is an enigma, although there is evidence that it is different to that of cervical disease. It is not known if the virus establishes a productive or abortive infection in keratinocytes of the tonsil crypt, or if viral infections progress to cancer via a neoplastic phase, as in cervical HPV infection. The HPV DNA is more frequently found unintegrated in the cancers of the oropharynx compared to those that arise in the cervix, and may include novel HPV-human DNA hybrids episomes. Here, we review current understanding of HPV biology in the oropharynx and discuss the cell-based systems being used to model the HPV life cycle in tonsil keratinocytes and how they can be used to inform on HPV-driven neoplastic progression in the oropharynx. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses’.
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Dawson, George Anthony, Yue Hua Zhang, Angela Laurio, Patricia Smith, Michael Dellatto, Fiona T. Innis-Gordon, and Anthony Reino. "Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related oropharyngeal cancer cofactors: Viral co-infections, second cancers, and survival trends—A single Veterans Administration (VA) institution." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e17531-e17531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e17531.
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e17531 Background: Oropharyngeal cancers related to HPV are increasing in number. Common factors associated with HPV related head and neck cancers include ethnicity, young age, and low usage of alcohol and tobacco. All are typical of HPV+ related Oropharyngeal cancer in non-VA populations. Methods: This IRB approved chart review of 73 documented patients with Oropharyngeal cancers from co-HPV infections from 01/01/2011 - 12/31/2016. In this version of report we discuss second cancers, trends and other co-factors. Results: Overall trend was notable for a reversal (more HPV+ / less HPV- ) cases. All cancers were squamous cell variety. 2011 /2012 /2013/ 2014/2015/2016 HPV +: 4 / 4 / 0 / 6 / 11 / 7. HPV -: 6 / 8 / 4 / 8 / 6 / 5. Clinical stage: Evident adenopathy - (N2 to N3) was noted in 51/73(70%) cases: HPV+ 30/36 (83%) / HPV- 21/37(57%). As noted, there are ~40 co-factor events in each group with no clear association with HPV + or – status numbers of cases were too small for meaningful analysis. Second Cancers HPV+: PROSTATE 7 / BLADDER 2 / TESTICULAR 1 / RENAL 1 / LUNG 1 / SKIN 4. HPV- : FOM 2 / LARYNX 2 / TONSILLAR 1 / PAROTID 1 / BLADDER 1 / SKIN 5 / PROSTATE 1 / LUNG 1. Survival data results: There was evidence in our data that survival was prolonged in patients who are HPV negative, but this sample was too small to show statistical significance. Further, it appears white race improves the odds of survival p-value 0.073, however, not statistically significant, due to the small sample. Conclusions: As in the non-VA community, our data noted an increase in HPV+ oropharyngeal cancers treated at the Bronx VA during review period. Further, our HPV+ group had predominant advanced adenopathy, and whites had longer survival regardless of HPV status. Second cancers in HPV- group followed field cancerization effects in regards number new or old head / neck cancer events. Interestingly, with almost equal tobacco / alcohol use in both groups, no 2nd head and neck cancers in the HPV+ group were discovered. Potential immuno-protection for HPV+ 2nd h and N cancers.[Table: see text]
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Hao, Desiree, Harold Y. Lau, Longlong Huang, Corinne M. Doll, Joseph C. Dort, and Lorraine Shack. "An analysis of the temporal, age, and gender trends in human papillomavirus virus (HPV)-related versus non-HPV-related head and neck cancers (HNC) in Alberta, Canada." Journal of Clinical Oncology 31, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2013): e12505-e12505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e12505.
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e12505 Background: Recent epidemiologic studies have suggested that the incidence of HPV-associated HNC is increasing. This study assessed temporal, age-specific and gender specific changes in cancer incidence for HPV- versus non-HPV associated HNC compared with other HPV versus non-HPV associated malignancies in a population-based setting. Methods: We used the Alberta Cancer Registry, a population-based registry of all cancers diagnosed in the province of Alberta, Canada (population est. 3.6 million), to identify patients diagnosed with cancers of the oropharynx, cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and penis (HPV-associated group) and compared this with non-oropharyngeal cancers of the head and neck and lung cancer (non-HPV associated, modifiable risk group) between January 1, 1975 and December 31, 2009. The age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) for each cancer by gender and age-specific incidence was estimated with the annual percentage change (APC) assessed using Joinpoint regression. Results: The ASIR for oropharyngeal cancers (OPC) increased over time for both men (APC 3.5) and women (APC 1.5) with rapid increases seen in men under 35 (APC 27.3). Non-oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck had a higher ASIR overall with moderate temporal increases (APC 2.5) and age-specific increases highest in those aged 55 to 74. ASIR for anal canal cancers also increased over time, with greater increases amongst younger females, in contrast to OPC. By comparison, the ASIR of cervix cancer declined with more significant decreases in younger females; while the rates of other HPV-associated cancers (vulva, vagina, penile) showed little change. The ASIR for lung cancer decreased after 1987 (APC -1.5) for men and continued to moderately increase for women. Conclusions: Our findings suggest the greatest increases in OPC are occurring in younger men. Programs of HPV prevention such as vaccination should be explored to reduce the incidence of OPC in males.
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Li, Xinjun, Anni I. Koskinen, Otto Hemminki, Asta Försti, Jan Sundquist, Kristina Sundquist, and Kari Hemminki. "Family History of Head and Neck Cancers." Cancers 13, no. 16 (August 16, 2021): 4115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers13164115.
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Background: Head and neck cancers (HNCs) encompass a heterogeneous group of cancers between the mouth and larynx. Familial clustering in HNCs has been described, but how it influences individual sites and to which extent known risk factors, such as human papilloma virus (HPV) infection, may contribute is not well established. Patients/methods: We employed standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) to estimate familial risks for HNC with same (concordant) and different (discordant) cancers among first-degree relatives using data from the Swedish Cancer Registry from 1958 to 2018. Results: Incidence for male and female oropharyngeal cancer increased close to four-fold in the past 39 years. Familial HNC was found in 3.4% of the study population, with an overall familial SIR of 1.78. Patients with concordant nasopharyngeal cancer showed a high risk of 23.97, followed by hypopharyngeal cancer (5.43). The husbands of wives with cervical cancer had an increased risk of oropharyngeal cancer. Discussion/Conclusion: Nasopharyngeal cancers lacked associations with lifestyle or HPV associated cancers, suggesting a role for germline genetics, which was also true for the high-risk families of three HNC patients. In the Swedish population with low smoking levels, HPV is becoming a dominant risk factor, emphasizing the need for sexual hygiene and HPV vaccination.
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Economopoulou, Panagiota, Ioannis Kotsantis, and Amanda Psyrri. "Special Issue about Head and Neck Cancers: HPV Positive Cancers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 3388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21093388.
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The oropharynx has become the leading primary site for Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancer. HPV positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV+ OSCC) has emerged as an epidemic not easily recognized by many physicians, resulting in delays in diagnosis and management. HPV+ OSCC traditionally refers to younger, healthier patients with high economic status and high-risk sexual behavior and is related to improved prognosis. De-intensification strategies are being evaluated in ongoing clinical trials and if validated, might help spare severe morbidity associated with current cisplatin-based chemoradiotherapy, which is the standard of care for all patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer. On the other hand, whether HPV status represents an important prognostic factor for non-oropharyngeal sites remains to be elucidated.
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Mashberg, A., and A. Samit. "Author's Reply: Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers." CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 39, no. 6 (November 1, 1989): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/canjclin.39.6.398.
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Chaturvedi, Anil K., Huan Song, Phillip S. Rosenberg, Torbjorn Ramqvist, William F. Anderson, Eva Munck-Wikland, Weimin Ye, and Tina Dalianis. "Tonsillectomy and Incidence of Oropharyngeal Cancers." Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention 25, no. 6 (March 14, 2016): 944–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.epi-15-0907.
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Boyle, Jay, Snehal Patel, and Jatin P. Shah. "Management of oral and oropharyngeal cancers." Oral Diseases 9, no. 3 (May 2003): 109–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1601-0825.2003.03955.x.
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Grulich, Andrew E., Fengyi Jin, E. Lynne Conway, Alicia N. Stein, and Jane Hocking. "Cancers attributable to human papillomavirus infection." Sexual Health 7, no. 3 (2010): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh10020.
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Although the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine was introduced primarily as a cervical cancer prevention vaccine, HPV has a causal role in several types of cancer. This article reviews the epidemiological evidence for the role of HPV in human cancer, and describes Australian trends in these cancers. HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. The currently vaccine-preventable subtypes of HPV 16 and 18 are responsible for ~70% of cervical cancer. The introduction of an organised Pap smear program in Australia led to a steep decline in incidence over the past decades. HPV can be detected in ~40% and 70% of vulval and vaginal cancers respectively. Rates of these cancers have been stable over the past 20 years. The prevalence of HPV in penile cancer is ~50% and incidence has not recently changed. For anal cancer, ~85% of cases are HPV positive, and incidence has increased significantly in both men and women over the past 20 years. In the oral cavity, ~35% of oropharyngeal cancers and ~25% of other oral cavity cancers are HPV positive. The incidence of HPV-related oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers is increasing, whereas incidence at HPV-unrelated sites is decreasing. Overall, 1154 HPV-related cancer cases were potentially preventable by vaccination. If HPV-related cancers at non-cervical sites are prevented by vaccination, then a similar number of cancer cases will be prevented as in the cervix. However, almost one-quarter of the potentially preventable cancer cases are in men, who are not included in the current national immunisation program.
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Issanov, Alpamys, Mohammad Ehsanul Karim, Gulzhanat Aimagambetova, and Trevor J. B. Dummer. "Does Vaccination Protect against Human Papillomavirus-Related Cancers? Preliminary Findings from the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2011–2018)." Vaccines 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2022): 2113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122113.
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Most oropharyngeal and anogenital cancers are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV). Although HPV vaccines showed high efficacy against oropharyngeal and anogenital HPV infections, and cancer precursors in randomized clinical trials, there are limited data on the effectiveness of HPV vaccination against HPV-related cancers. We aimed to evaluate the association of HPV vaccination with HPV-related cancers among a nationally representative sample of United States adults, aged 20–59 years. In a cross-sectional study combining four cycles from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, from 2011 through 2018, we used a survey-weighted logistic regression model, propensity score matching and multiple imputations by chained equations to explore the association of HPV vaccination with HPV-related cancers. Among 9891 participants, we did not find an association of HPV vaccination with HPV-related cancers (adjusted OR = 0.58, 95% CI 0.19; 1.75). Despite no statistically significant association between HPV vaccination and HPV-related cancers, our study findings suggest that HPV-vaccinated adults might have lower odds of developing HPV-related cancers than those who were not vaccinated. Given the importance of determining the impact of vaccination on HPV-related cancers, there is a need to conduct future research by linking cancer registry data with vaccination records, to obtain more robust results.
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Burd, Eileen M. "Human Papillomavirus Laboratory Testing: the Changing Paradigm." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 29, no. 2 (February 24, 2016): 291–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00013-15.
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SUMMARYHigh-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause essentially all cervical cancers, most anal and oropharyngeal cancers, and some vaginal, vulvar, and penile cancers. Improved understanding of the pathogenesis of infection and the availability of newer tests are changing the approach to screening and diagnosis. Molecular tests to detect DNA from the most common high-risk HPVs are FDA approved for use in conjunction with cytology in cervical cancer screening programs. More-specific tests that detect RNA from high-risk HPV types are now also available. The use of molecular tests as the primary screening tests is being adopted in some areas. Genotyping to identify HPV16 and -18 has a recommended role in triaging patients for colposcopy who are high-risk HPV positive but have normal cytology. There are currently no recommended screening methods for anal, vulvar, vaginal, penile, or oropharyngeal HPV infections. HPV testing has limited utility in patients at high risk for anal cancer, but p16 immunohistochemistry is recommended to clarify lesions in tissue biopsy specimens that show moderate dysplasia or precancer mimics. HPV testing is recommended for oropharyngeal squamous cell tumors as a prognostic indicator. Ongoing research will help to improve the content of future guidelines for screening and diagnostic testing.
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Oliva, Carolina, Diego Carrillo-Beltrán, Paul Boettiger, Iván Gallegos, and Francisco Aguayo. "Human Papillomavirus Detected in Oropharyngeal Cancers from Chilean Subjects." Viruses 14, no. 6 (June 2, 2022): 1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14061212.
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High-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPV) are the causal agents of an important subset of oropharyngeal cancers that has increased considerably in incidence in recent years. In this study, we evaluated the presence of HPV in 49 oropharyngeal cancers from Chilean subjects. The presence of HPV DNA was analyzed by conventional PCR, the genotypes were identified through sequencing, and the expression of E6/E7 transcripts was evaluated by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Additionally, to determine p16 expression—a surrogate marker for oncogenic HPV infection—a tissue array was constructed for immunohistochemistry (IHC). HPV was detected in 61.2% of oropharyngeal carcinomas, the most prevalent genotype being HPV16 (80%). E6 and E7 transcripts were detected in 91.6% and 79.1% of the HPV16-positive specimens, respectively, demonstrating functional HPV infections. Furthermore, p16 expression was positive in 58.3% of cases. These findings show a high prevalence of HR-HPV in oropharyngeal tumors from Chile, suggesting the necessity of additional studies to address this growing public health concern.
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Lee, Sei Young. "Clinical Benefit of Vaccinating Male Against HPV-related Disease." Korean Society for Head and Neck Oncology 38, no. 1 (May 30, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21593/kjhno/2022.38.1.11.
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HHPV (Human Papillomavirus) is a DNA virus that can cause benign lesions, genitourinary cancer, and oropharyngeal cancer by penetrating the mucous membrane and skin. It is widely known to be transmitted mainly through sexual contact. As with many viral infections, vaccines have been developed to prevent infection with HPV. Currently, in many countries, HPV vaccines are mainly used for national immunization for women to prevent diseases that traditionally occur frequently in women, especially cervical cancer. However, since the vaccination rate is relatively low, many countries are struggling with ways to increase the vaccination rate. Meanwhile, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer caused by HPV in men has been increasing recently. In the United States, the annual number of oropharyngeal cancers in men already exceeds the number of cervical cancers in women, so HPV infection in men has emerged as a major problem. Accordingly, interest in HPV vaccination in men has also increased, and studies on the effectiveness and necessity of vaccination of both women and men compared to women alone are being actively conducted. In this paper, the evidence of HPV vaccination for men will be reviewed through previous studies, and its validity and cost-effectiveness will be analyzed to bolster the clinical usefulness of HPV vaccination for men.
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Le Campion, Anna Carolina Omena Vasconcellos, Camila Maria Beder Ribeiro, Ronir Raggio Luiz, Francisco Feliciano da Silva Júnior, Herbert Charles Silva Barros, Karine de Cássia Batista dos Santos, Stefania Jeronimo Ferreira, Lucio Souza Gonçalves, and Sonia Maria Soares Ferreira. "Low Survival Rates of Oral and Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma." International Journal of Dentistry 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5815493.
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Aim. To assess the epidemiological and clinical factors that influence the prognosis of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods. One hundred and twenty-one cases of oral and oropharyngeal SCC were selected. The survival curves for each variable were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The Cox regression model was applied to assess the effect of the variables on survival. Results. Cancers at an advanced stage were observed in 103 patients (85.1%). Cancers on the tongue were more frequent (23.1%). The survival analysis was 59.9% in one year, 40.7% in two years, and 27.8% in 5 years. There was a significant low survival rate linked to alcohol intake (p=0.038), advanced cancer staging (p=0.003), and procedures without surgery (p<0.001). When these variables were included in the Cox regression model only surgery procedures (p=0.005) demonstrated a significant effect on survival. Conclusion. The findings suggest that patients who underwent surgery had a greater survival rate compared with those that did not. The low survival rates and the high percentage of patients diagnosed at advanced stages demonstrate that oral and oropharyngeal cancer patients should receive more attention.
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Balkanov, A., and Степанова Е. "The Modern Concept of Using Radiation Therapy for Cancer of the Oral Cavity and the Oropharyngeal Area." Medical Radiology and radiation safety 65, no. 1 (February 10, 2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1024-6177-2020-65-1-65-71.
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In the world, there is a rise of cancer incidence, including cancer of the head and neck. The incidence cancer of the head and neck is 4.8 cases per 100 000 population. Oral and oropharyngeal cancers are the most frequently forms cancer of the head and neck – 4,8–27 % of all cancer with this location. Among the causes of oral and oropharyngeal cancer noted alcohol abuse, tobacco and infection with human papilloma virus (HPV-16). Mortality from oral and oropharyngeal cancer is on 8 rank among patients with all tumors. Now when deciding about treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer is applied a new classification АJCC8th, the main differences from the previous version are the inclusion of data on the depth of tumor invasion and the presence of extranodal growth of lymphogenic metastasis.
The chemoradiotherapy to a total dose 60–74 Gy is the most common treatment used in oral and oropharyngeal cancer. When planning irradiation, both the tumor itself (or its residual component) and lymphogenic metastases or lymph nodes with a high risk of metastatic lesions are included in the target volume. The most commonly used chemotherapy drug is cisplatin. The duration of life of patients is significantly influenced by the stage of the tumor process. So 5-year relapse-free survival among patients with oral cancer is 91 % at T1–2, 83 % – at T3 and 12 % – at T4. During the first 5 years after completion of treatment, the probability of locoregional recurrence in patients with oropharyngeal cancer is much shorter in infected HPV-16 – 28.9 % and 54.9 %, respectively.
The effective multimodal treatment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer can be only if the evaluation of the tumor process under the current classification, comply with the requirements of treatment standards and clinical guidelines as well as take into account the latest achievements of the relevant field of medical science.
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Varma, Ravi, Sunita Tibrewala, and Sudeep Roplekar. "Computed Tomography Evaluation of Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers." An International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology Clinics 5, no. 2 (2013): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10003-1111.
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ABSTRACT Cross-sectional imaging plays a vital role in the diagnostic evaluation of oral and oropharyngeal cancers. This article discusses important technical issues related to CT scan examination, cross-sectional anatomy, patterns of tumor spread and role of imaging in pretreatment staging and post-treatment surveillance. How to cite this article Tibrewala S, Roplekar S, Varma R. Computed Tomography Evaluation of Oral Cavity and Oropharyngeal Cancers. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Clin 2013; 5(2):51-62.
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Sadlier, Corinna, Almida Lynam, Colm Kerr, Orla Sheils, and Colm Bergin. "Anal cancer in people living with HIV: A case series." International Journal of STD & AIDS 31, no. 1 (December 16, 2019): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419878039.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes almost 5% of all cancers worldwide including cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancers, vulval cancer, penile cancer and anal cancer. HPV-associated anal squamous cell carcinoma is a rare occurrence in the general population; however, the incidence is increasing. Certain groups including people living with HIV are disproportionately affected. In this case series, we report baseline demographics, clinical characteristics and outcome of anal cancer cases presenting in people living with HIV over a ten-year period (2006–2015).
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Han, Joan, Jennifer L. Waller, Rhonda E. Colombo, Vanessa Spearman, Lufei Young, Mufaddal F. Kheda, Azeem Mohammed, Wendy B. Bollag, Norris Stanley Nahman, and Stephanie L. Baer. "Incidence and risk factors for HPV-associated cancers in women with end-stage renal disease." Journal of Investigative Medicine 68, no. 5 (June 2020): 1002–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jim-2019-001262.
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes the majority of cervical, anal/rectal, and oropharyngeal cancers in women. End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is also associated with an increased risk of malignancy, but the incidence of and risk factors for HPV-associated cancers in US dialysis patients are not defined. We queried the US Renal Data System for women with HPV-associated cancers and assessed for incidence of cancer diagnosis and association of risk factors. From 2005 to 2011, a total of 1032 female patients with ESRD had 1040 HPV-associated cancer diagnoses. Patients had a mean age of 65 years, were mostly white (63%), and on hemodialysis (92%). Cervical cancer (54%) was the most common, followed by anal/rectal (34%), and oropharyngeal (12%). The incidence of HPV-associated cancers in patients with ESRD increased yearly, with up to a 16-fold increased incidence compared with the general population. Major risk factors associated with the development of any HPV-associated cancer included smoking (adjusted relative risk=1.89), alcohol use (1.87), HIV (2.21), and herpes infection (2.02). Smoking, HIV, and herpes infection were prominent risk factors for cervical cancer. The incidence of HPV-associated cancers in women with ESRD is rising annually and is overall higher than in women of the general population. Tobacco use is a universal risk factor. For cervical cancer, the presence of HIV and herpes are important comorbidities. Recognizing risk factors associated with these cancers may improve diagnosis and facilitate survival. The role of HPV vaccination in at-risk dialysis patients remains to be defined but warrants further study.
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Castelli, J., A. Depeursinge, V. Ndoh, J. O. Prior, M. Ozsahin, A. Devillers, H. Bouchaab, et al. "A PET-based nomogram for oropharyngeal cancers." European Journal of Cancer 75 (April 2017): 222–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2017.01.018.
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Marklund, Linda, and Lalle Hammarstedt. "Impact of HPV in Oropharyngeal Cancer." Journal of Oncology 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/509036.
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The incidence of oropharyngeal cancers has increased in the western world and Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) has been recognised as a risk factor in the last decades. During the same period the prevalence of HPV in oropharyngeal tumours has increased and HPV has been suggested responsible for the increase. The HPV-positive tumours are today recognized as a distinct subset of head and neck cancers with its own clinopathological and risk profile and have a significantly improved prognosis regardless of treatment strategy. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding human papillomavirus biology, oncogenic mechanisms, risk factors, and impact of treatment.
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Papatla, Katyayani, Michael T. Halpern, Enrique Hernandez, Jennifer Brown, Daniel Benrubi, Karen Houck, Christina Chu, and Stephen Rubin. "Second primary anal and oropharyngeal cancers in cervical cancer survivors." American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 221, no. 5 (November 2019): 478.e1–478.e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2019.05.025.
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Bozic, Ljiljana, Predrag Jeremic, Milovan Dimitrijevic, Tanja Jovanovic, and Aleksandra Knezevic. "Smoking, alcohol consumption and human papillomavirus infection as risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors in Serbia - a pilot study." Vojnosanitetski pregled 77, no. 7 (2020): 740–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vsp180223143b.
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Background/Aim. The oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are among the most common cancers worldwide with the multifactorial etiology. The aim of this study was to determine the major risk factors among patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal tumors in Serbia. Methods. A total of 63 patients with biopsy proven malignant (33 patients) or benign (30 patients) oral cavity or oropharyngeal lesions were included in this study. The data about gender, age, smoking habits and alcohol consumption were obtained from the routine medical files. The detection and genotyping of human papillomavirus (HPV) was done in paraffin embedded tissue samples using in situ hybridization. Results. Malignant lesions were more frequent in men, smokers and patients who consume alcohol with a statistically significant difference compared to the patients with benign lesions. The prevalence of HPV infection was higher in patients with malignant lesions compared to patients with benign lesions, but without statistically significant difference. High risk genotypes were detected only in patients with malignant lesions of tonsils and base tongue cancer, while low risk types were demonstrated in patients with benign lesions with a highly statistically significant difference. Conclusion. The results point to the significant association of tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and high risk HPV genotypes as risk factors for oral cavity and oropharyngeal carcinomas in Serbian patients.
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Jain, Varsha, Peyton Irmen, Shannon O'Reilly, Jennifer H. Vogel, Liyong Lin, and Alexander Lin. "Predicted Secondary Malignancies following Proton versus Photon Radiation for Oropharyngeal Cancers." International Journal of Particle Therapy 6, no. 4 (March 1, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14338/ijpt-19-00076.1.
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Abstract Purpose There has been a recent epidemic of human papillomavirus (HPV)–positive oropharyngeal cancer, accounting for 70% to 80% of diagnosed cases. These patients have an overall favorable prognosis and are typically treated with a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Because these patients live longer, they are at risk of secondary malignant neoplasms (SMNs) associated with radiation therapy. Therefore, we assessed the predicted risk of SMNs after adjuvant radiation therapy with intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) compared with intensity modulated photon radiation therapy (IMRT) in patients with HPV- positive oropharyngeal cancers after complete resection. Materials and Methods Thirteen consecutive patients with HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers treated with postoperative radiation alone were selected. All patients were treated with pencil beam scanning IMPT to a total dose of 60 Gy in 2 Gy fractions. The IMRT plans were generated for clinical backup and were used for comparative purposes. The SMN risk was calculated based on an organ equivalent dose model for the linear-exponential dose-response curve. Results Median age of the patient cohort was 63 years (range, 47-73 years). There was no difference in target coverage between IMPT and IMRT plans. We noted significant reductions in mean mandible, contralateral parotid, lung and skin organ equivalent doses with IMPT compared with IMRT plans (P < .001). Additionally, a significant decrease in the risk of SMNs with IMPT was observed for all the evaluated organs. Per our analysis, for patients with oropharyngeal cancers diagnosed at a national median age of 54 years with an average life expectancy of 27 years (per national Social Security data), 4 excess SMNs per 100 patients could be avoided by treating them with IMPT versus IMRT. Conclusions Treatment with IMPT can achieve comparable target dose coverage while significantly reducing the dose to healthy organs, which can lead to fewer predicted SMNs compared with IMRT.
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Chan, John K., Atharva Rohatgi, Michelle Ann Caesar, Caitlin Ruth Johnson, Amandeep Kaur Mann, Ava Chan, Daniel Stuart Kapp, and Cheng-I. Liao. "Factors associated with the decreasing rate of oropharyngeal cancer in young adults in the United States." Journal of Clinical Oncology 40, no. 16_suppl (June 1, 2022): 10534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2022.40.16_suppl.10534.
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10534 Background: To evaluate trends of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancers and HPV infections in the United States. Methods: Data was extracted from the United States Cancer Statistics Public Use Database (USCS) between 2001 and 2017 and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2011 to 2016. Data on oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was obtained from the USCS database. HPV vaccination and screening (oral washings) data were obtained from NHANES. Based on CDC guidelines, HPV strains were further subdivided into high-risk strains (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 and 68). Results: Based on USCS, oropharyngeal cancer incidence rates have increased in males by 1.64% every year (p < 0.001) while remaining stable in females over the last 17 years. Oropharyngeal cancers have increased for all age groups over the age of 55, with the largest increase seen in those between the ages of 65-69 years old (p < 0.001). However, individuals between the ages of 30-34 had the largest decrease in oropharyngeal cancers over the same time period (p = 0.016). Based on race, Whites had the highest incidence rates at 5.12/100,000 followed by 2.99 in Blacks, 2.32 in Hispanics, and 1.11 in Asians. By geographical region, the incidence was found to be the highest in the Midwest with 4.68/100,000 and the lowest in the West at 3.78. Our intersectional analysis showed that White males in the South aged 65-69 had the highest incidence of oropharyngeal cancers at 40.57/100,000 and this same group aged 60-64 had the highest annual increase at 4.65% (p < 0.001). Using the NHANES database, we showed that those with greater than 4 lifetime sexual partners have a 3-fold higher risk of high risk HPV infection compared to those with 4 or under (7.1% vs 1.9%, p < 0.0001). 8.8% of current smokers are infected with high risk oral HPV compared to only 3.9% of non smokers (p < 0.001). The incidence of any HPV infection for those <39 years old was 5.9% in 2011 and 4.7% in 2016 (p = 0.4723). In contrast, the incidence in those > 39 years old was 6.6% in 2011 and 6.4% in 2016 (p = 0.99). On multivariate analysis, males have a 4-fold higher risk of high risk HPV infections compared to females (4.45, 95% CI: 2.94 - 6.74, p < 0.0001). Those with five or more sexual partners have 7-fold higher rate of high risk oral HPV infections compared to those without any sexual partners (7.15, 95% CI: 1.94 - 26.3, p = 0.0039). Furthermore, current smokers (1.81, 95% CI: 1.17 - 2.77, p = 0.0081) and three to four drinks per day (1.63, 95% CI: 1.05 - 2.55, p = 0.0312) have an increased risk of high risk oral HPV infections. Conclusions: Over the last 18 years, oropharyngeal cancers are increasing in individuals over the age of 55, particularly White males residing in the South. Individuals with greater than 4 lifetime sexual partners, current smokers, and those who consume three to four drinks per day have increased HPV infectivity rates.