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Chen, Ying, Ala Lisok, Samit Chatterjee, Bryan Wharram, Mrudula Pullambhatla, Yuchuan Wang, George Sgouros, Ronnie C. Mease, and Martin G. Pomper. "[18F]Fluoroethyl Triazole Substituted PSMA Inhibitor Exhibiting Rapid Normal Organ Clearance." Bioconjugate Chemistry 27, no. 7 (June 24, 2016): 1655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00195.
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Helyer, Laura. "Memento and exhibition: consuming city, consuming character in Orhan Pamuk’s ‘The Museum of Innocence’." Heritage Turkey 2 (December 1, 2012): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18866/biaa2015.052.
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Harphoush, Seba, Guoqing Wu, Gao Qiuli, Margaret Zaitoun, Maissam Ghanem, Yonghui Shi, and Guowei Le. "Thymoquinone ameliorates obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction, improves reproductive efficiency exhibiting a dose-organ relationship." Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine 65, no. 5 (July 1, 2019): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19396368.2019.1626933.
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Correia, A. D., A. L. Pereira, M. H. Costa, and F. Carrapiço. "Functional anatomy of the midgut gland of Gammarus locusta (Crustacea: Amphipoda)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 82, no. 2 (April 2002): 201–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315402005362.
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A description of the midgut gland of Gammarus locusta with the aim of using this organ as a complementary tool in ecotoxicological studies was made. The hepatopancreas is composed of two pairs of blind-ending tubular structures. The thickness and length of these tubules were ∼50 μm and 5 mm, respectively, in adult males (10–12 mm length). The distal part of each tubule is characterized by non-vacuolated E-cells typically exhibiting a relatively high nuclear to cytoplasmatic ratio. The epithelium of the remaining tubules is characterized by abundant columnar R- and F-cells, both ∼40 μm long. Large vacuolated B-cells (∼60 μm length) were very common along the midgut gland but seemed to increase in number in the proximal region of each tubule. An SEM examination revealed a delicate network of muscle fibres that limits the organ.
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Norman, MD. "Ameloctopus litoralis, gen. et sp. nov. (Cephalopoda : Octopodidae), a new shallow-water octopus from tropical Australian waters." Invertebrate Systematics 6, no. 3 (1992): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9920567.
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A new genus of octopus is described from northern Australian waters. Ameloctopus litoralis, gen. et sp. nov., is a shallow-water octopus characterised by the absence of an ink sac, vestigial funnel organ, terminal organ without a diverticulum, marked elongation of the arms and arm autotomy. It is found across northern Australia from southern Queensland to north-west Western Australia, primarily on coastal mudflats and intertidal reefs. This species occupies lairs in shallow and intertidal coastal habitats, feeding by extending arms from the safety of the lair or by foraging at night during low tides, over open sand, mud and rubble. A. litoralis lays large eggs, indicating that hatchlings are benthic and dispersal limited. Loss of the ink sac in a shallow-water octopod and the development of arm autotomy are discussed. Relationships with other octopod taxa exhibiting similar traits are examined.
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Ceesay, Abdoulie, Mariana Nor Shamsudin, Mohammed Aliyu-Paiko, Intan Safinar Ismail, Muhammad Farhan Nazarudin, and Norfarrah Mohamed Alipiah. "Extraction and Characterization of Organ Components of the Malaysian Sea Cucumber Holothuria leucospilota Yielded Bioactives Exhibiting Diverse Properties." BioMed Research International 2019 (April 15, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2640684.
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The aim of the present study was to extract and characterize bioactive components from separate body organs of Holothuria leucospilota. Preliminary qualitative assessment of the crude extracts was positive for phenols, terpenoids, carbohydrates, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, steroids, phlobatannins, and tannins in all body organs evaluated. Phenolics were the most abundant group of bioactives accounting for approximately 80%. The extraction solvent mixtures that yielded most compounds evaluated were methanol/acetone (3:1, v:v) and methanol/distilled water (3:1, v:v). In other analyses, GC-MS data revealed diverse metabolic and biologically active compounds, where those in high concentrations included 2-Pentanone, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl- among the ketones; phenol- 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, a phenol group; and 2-Chlorooctane, a hydrocarbon. Among FA and their methyl/ethyl esters, n-hexadecanoic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid ethyl ester (arachidonic acid), and 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid methyl ester (EPA) were among the most abundant FAMEs accounting for approximately 50% of the subgroups measured. Data from GC-FID analysis revealed methyl laurate (C12:0), methyl myristate (C14:0), methyl palmitate (C16:0), and methyl stearate (18:0) methyl esters as the most abundant saturated FA, whereas cis-9-oleic methyl ester (C18:1) and methyl linoleate (C18:2) were found as the major monounsaturated FA and PUFA FAMEs, respectively, in the body wall of the species. Taken together, the extraction and characterization of different categories of metabolically and biologically active compounds in various organ extracts of H. leucospilota suggest that the species is potentially a rich source of cholesterol-lowering, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agents. These substances are known to benefit human health and assist in disease prevention. These findings justify the use of sea cucumbers in traditional folklore medication and the current interest and attention focused on the species to mine for bioactives in new drugs research.
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Belsky, Daniel. "TESTING HEALTH DISPARITIES IN COGNITIVE AND BIOLOGICAL AGING IN OLDER ADULTS IN THE UNITED STATES." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.1595.
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Abstract We conducted analysis to test if health disparities in cognitive aging were parallel to or different from health disparities in patterns of aging in other systems in the body, and if race/ethnicity-related disparities could be accounted for by differences in socioeconomic circumstances across the life-course. We analyzed data from more than 10,000 adults participating in the US NHANES and US Health and Retirement Study. We measured cognitive aging using neuropsychological tests of processing speed and memory. We measured aging in other systems using composite indices of biological aging based on organ-system function tests and blood chemistries. We conducted analysis to (i) quantify and compare health disparities in cognitive aging and biological aging; (ii) test if individuals exhibiting accelerated cognitive aging were also exhibiting accelerated biological aging; and (iii) test if race/ethnic disparities in cognitive and biological aging could be explained by measured socioeconomic resource differences in childhood and later life.
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Yu, Haitao, Yasuo Nagafuchi, and Keishi Fujio. "Clinical and Immunological Biomarkers for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus." Biomolecules 11, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11070928.
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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by immune system dysfunction and is clinically heterogeneous, exhibiting renal, dermatological, neuropsychiatric, and cardiovascular symptoms. Clinical and physiological assessment is usually inadequate for diagnosing and assessing pathophysiological processes in SLE. Clinical and immunological biomarkers could play a critical role in improving diagnosis, assessment, and ultimately, control of SLE. This article reviews clinical and immunological biomarkers that could diagnose and monitor disease activity in SLE, with and without organ-specific injury. In addition, novel SLE biomarkers that have been discovered through “omics” research are also reviewed.
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Haque, Shahara, Tarannum Morshed, Hasina Begum, Shahidul Islam, Kaniz Fatema, Afroza Begum, and Muhammad Shoyab. "Tuberous Sclerosis Complex : A Case Report." Chattagram Maa-O-Shishu Hospital Medical College Journal 13, no. 3 (November 30, 2014): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i3.21044.
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The aim of this report is to present various clinical and radiological features of a young female patient with tuberous sclerosis who exhibited multiple hamartomas of various organ system. Tuberous sclerosis is a rare neurocuteneous syndrome exhibiting multiple hamartomatous proliferations that may involve multiple organ system such as brain, kidney, heart, lungs, eyes and skin. An 18 year old female patient presented with abdominal pain and swelling. Clinical examination of the patient revealed presence of facial angiofibromas and huge left flank mass. She also gave history of twin pregnancy with IUD. USG of abdomen showed bilateral gross angiomyolipoma with necrosis and haemorrhage in left kidney. CT and MRI of brain showed presence of multiple cortical tubers and calcified subependymal nodules. This case report is a good example of complex nature of tuberous sclerosis. The diagnosis and management of these patients depend on the presentation of the disease.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cmoshmcj.v13i3.21044
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Camiolo, Giuseppina, Daniele Tibullo, Cesarina Giallongo, Alessandra Romano, Nunziatina Parrinello, Giuseppe Musumeci, Michelino Di Rosa, et al. "α-Lipoic Acid Reduces Iron-induced Toxicity and Oxidative Stress in a Model of Iron Overload." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 3 (January 31, 2019): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20030609.
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Iron toxicity is associated with organ injury and has been reported in various clinical conditions, such as hemochromatosis, thalassemia major, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Therefore, iron chelation therapy represents a pivotal therapy for these patients during their lifetime. The aim of the present study was to assess the iron chelating properties of α-lipoic acid (ALA) and how such an effect impacts on iron overload mediated toxicity. Human mesenchymal stem cells (HS-5) and animals (zebrafish, n = 10 for each group) were treated for 24 h with ferric ammonium citrate (FAC, 120 µg/mL) in the presence or absence of ALA (20 µg/mL). Oxidative stress was evaluated by reduced glutathione content, reactive oxygen species formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and gene expression of heme oxygenase-1b and mitochondrial superoxide dismutase; organ injury, iron accumulation, and autophagy were measured by microscopical, cytofluorimetric analyses, and inductively coupled plasma‒optical mission Spectrometer (ICP-OES). Our results showed that FAC results in a significant increase of tissue iron accumulation, oxidative stress, and autophagy and such detrimental effects were reversed by ALA treatment. In conclusion, ALA possesses excellent iron chelating properties that may be exploited in a clinical setting for organ preservation, as well as exhibiting a good safety profile and low cost for the national health system.
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Zhang, Lian-Dong, He-Cheng Li, Tie Chong, Ming Gao, Jian Yin, De-Lai Fu, Qian Deng, and Zi-Ming Wang. "Prepubertal Exposure to Genistein Alleviates Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Induced Testicular Oxidative Stress in Adult Rats." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/598630.
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Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most widely used plastizer in the world and can suppress testosterone production via activation of oxidative stress. Genistein (GEN) is one of the isoflavones ingredients exhibiting weak estrogenic and potentially antioxidative effects. However, study on reproductive effects following prepubertal multiple endocrine disrupters exposure has been lacking. In this study, DEHP and GEN were administrated to prepubertal male Sprague-Dawley rats by gavage from postnatal day 22 (PND22) to PND35 with vehicle control, GEN at 50 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day (G), DEHP at 50, 150, 450 mg/kg bw/day (D50, D150, D450) and their mixture (G + D50, G + D150, G + D450). On PND90, general morphometry (body weight, AGD, organ weight, and organ coefficient), testicular redox state, and testicular histology were studied. Our results indicated that DEHP could significantly decrease sex organs weight, organ coefficient, and testicular antioxidative ability, which largely depended on the dose of DEHP. However, coadministration of GEN could partially alleviate DEHP-induced reproductive injuries via enhancement of testicular antioxidative enzymes activities, which indicates that GEN has protective effects on DEHP-induced male reproductive system damage after prepubertal exposure and GEN may have promising future in its curative antioxidative role for reproductive disorders caused by other environmental endocrine disruptors.
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Kolenda, Karolina. "The Grass is Greener: Władysław Hasior in an Ecocritical Perspective." Ikonotheka, no. 30 (May 28, 2021): 155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31338/2657-6015ik.30.8.
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The text offers an analysis of selected works by Władysław Hasior from an ecocritical perspective. The focus is placed on Hasior’s best-known work, The Organ, as well as on several parts of his Photo Notebook. The analysis seeks to demonstrate that an application of an ecocritical perspective to the reading of Hasior’s work may help fill in the blanks in the environmental history of art in Poland. Several recent publications and exhibitions that concern the relationship between art and nature focus on uncovering the “prehistory” of ecological art in Poland or the local tradition of Land Art. The text is meant as a preliminary study of possible research perspectives that the proposed reading may open up, as well as a consideration of whether ecocriticism could serve as an opportunity to bring the tenets of horizontal art history into the practice of rereading the work of Polish artists and their relationship with the landscape.
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O'Connell, Joe. "Role of Fas–FasL in inflammatory diseases." Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine 3, no. 31 (December 10, 2001): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1462399401003969.
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Fas ligand (FasL) induces programmed cell death, or ‘apoptosis’, in cells expressing its cognate receptor, Fas (CD95/APO-1). There is evidence that FasL precludes inflammatory reactions from sites of ‘immune privilege’ by triggering Fas-mediated apoptosis of infiltrating pro-inflammatory cells. The ability of FasL to impair immune responses is being pursued as a possible means of protecting tissue transplants from immunological rejection, and therapeutic promise has been reported in some experiments. However, FasL is becoming an enigmatic molecule, exhibiting pro-inflammatory activity independently of its ability to mediate immune downregulation. FasL can recruit and activate neutrophils and macrophages in some experimental situations. Triggering of Fas in some cell types has been shown to upregulate expression of certain pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, providing an unexpected link between apoptosis and inflammation. FasL appears to contribute to the destruction of Fas-sensitive end-organ cells during inflammation. This appears to occur in two ways: (1) direct killing by cytotoxic immune effector cells expressing FasL; or (2) autocrine cell suicide of end-organ cells that upregulate their own FasL in the inflammatory context. Depending on the condition, or the site of inflammation, either or both mechanisms may occur. Prevention of Fas-mediated end-organ apoptosis and enhancement of Fas-mediated apoptosis of inflammatory cells are emerging as potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic goals.
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Yack, J. E., L. D. Otero, J. W. Dawson, A. Surlykke, and J. H. Fullard. "Sound production and hearing in the blue cracker butterfly Hamadryas feronia (Lepidoptera, nymphalidae) from Venezuela." Journal of Experimental Biology 203, no. 24 (December 15, 2000): 3689–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.203.24.3689.
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Certain species of Hamadryas butterflies are known to use sounds during interactions with conspecifics. We have observed the behaviour associated with sound production and report on the acoustic characteristics of these sounds and on the anatomy and physiology of the hearing organ in one species, Hamadryas feronia, from Venezuela. Our observations confirm previous reports that males of this species will take flight from their tree perch when they detect a passing conspecific (male or female) and, during the chase, produce clicking sounds. Our analyses of both hand-held males and those flying in the field show that the sounds are short (approximately 0.5 s) trains of intense (approximately 80–100 dB SPL at 10 cm) and brief (2–3 ms) double-component clicks, exhibiting a broad frequency spectrum with a peak energy around 13–15 kHz. Our preliminary results on the mechanism of sound production showed that males can produce clicks using only one wing, thus contradicting a previous hypothesis that it is a percussive mechanism. The organ of hearing is believed to be Vogel's organ, which is located at the base of the forewing subcostal and cubital veins. Vogel's organ consists of a thinned region of exoskeleton (the tympanum) bordered by a rigid chitinous ring; associated with its inner surface are three chordotonal sensory organs and enlarged tracheae. The largest chordotonal organ attaches to a sclerite positioned near the center of the eardrum and possesses more than 110 scolopidial units. The two smaller organs attach to the perimeter of the membrane. Extracellular recordings from the nerve branch innervating the largest chordotonal organ confirm auditory sensitivity with a threshold of 68 dB SPL at the best frequency of 1.75 kHz. Hence, the clicks with peak energy around 14 kHz are acoustically mismatched to the best frequencies of the ear. However, the clicks are broad-banded and even at 1–2 kHz, far from the peak frequency, the energy is sufficient such that the butterflies can easily hear each other at the close distances at which they interact (less than 30 cm). In H. feronia, Vogel's organ meets the anatomical and functional criteria for being recognized as a typical insect tympanal ear.
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Matsumura, Yoko, and Takuya Kubo. "Eversion and withdrawal of an intromittent organ before sexual maturation prepares male beetles for copulation." Royal Society Open Science 4, no. 8 (August 2017): 161029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.161029.
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Some species of criocerine beetles have a hyper-elongated part of the intromittent organ called a flagellum. In resting position, the flagellum is stored in a specialized internal sac in the intromittent organ. This specialized state of the flagellum and internal sac is indispensable during copulation for flagellar insertion into the female spermathecal duct for sperm transfer. However, the morphogenesis of the flagellum does not generate the active state of the flagellum; rather, the flagellum is generated in an inactive and completely coiled state. After eclosion, males of Lema coronata evert and withdraw the internal sac multiple times before sexual maturation, without mounting a female. This behaviour serves to uncoil the flagellum and guide it into the active state with the aid of surface structures on the internal sac. A closely related species, Lema dilecta , also has a long flagellum and undergoes the same behaviour to place the flagellum in the active position. However, some other species of criocerine beetles with much shorter flagella can attain the active state without exhibiting this behaviour. Based on a previously proposed phylogenetic tree, we discuss the evolutionary history of the hyper-elongation of the flagellum and associated behaviour.
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Stewart, Shannon, Tong-Wey Koh, Arpan C. Ghosh, and John R. Carlson. "Candidate ionotropic taste receptors in the Drosophila larva." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 14 (March 30, 2015): 4195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1503292112.
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We examine in Drosophila a group of ∼35 ionotropic receptors (IRs), the IR20a clade, about which remarkably little is known. Of 28 genes analyzed, GAL4 drivers representing 11 showed expression in the larva. Eight drivers labeled neurons of the pharynx, a taste organ, and three labeled neurons of the body wall that may be chemosensory. Expression was not observed in neurons of one taste organ, the terminal organ, although these neurons express many drivers of the Gr (Gustatory receptor) family. For most drivers of the IR20a clade, we observed expression in a single pair of cells in the animal, with limited coexpression, and only a fraction of pharyngeal neurons are labeled. The organization of IR20a clade expression thus appears different from the organization of the Gr family or the Odor receptor (Or) family in the larva. A remarkable feature of the larval pharynx is that some of its organs are incorporated into the adult pharynx, and several drivers of this clade are expressed in the pharynx of both larvae and adults. Different IR drivers show different developmental dynamics across the larval stages, either increasing or decreasing. Among neurons expressing drivers in the pharynx, two projection patterns can be distinguished in the CNS. Neurons exhibiting these two kinds of projection patterns may activate different circuits, possibly signaling the presence of cues with different valence. Taken together, the simplest interpretation of our results is that the IR20a clade encodes a class of larval taste receptors.
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Papadakis, Antonios E., and John Damilakis. "Evaluation of an organ-based tube current modulation tool in pediatric CT examinations." European Radiology 30, no. 10 (May 20, 2020): 5728–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00330-020-06888-5.
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Abstract Objectives To investigate the effect of an organ-based tube current modulation (OTCM) technique on organ absorbed dose and assess image quality in pediatric CT examinations. Methods Four physical anthropomorphic phantoms that represent the average individual as neonate, 1-year-old, 5-year-old, and 10-year-old were used. Standard head and thorax acquisitions were performed with automatic tube current modulation (ATCM) and ATCM+OTCM. Dose calculations were performed by means of Monte Carlo simulations. Radiation dose was measured for superficial and centrally located radiosensitive organs. The angular range of the OTCM exposure window was determined for different tube rotation times (t) by means of a solid-state detector. Image noise was measured as the standard deviation of the Hounsfield unit value in regions of interest drawn at selected anatomical sites. Results ATCM+OTCM resulted in a reduction of radiation dose to all radiosensitive organs. In head, eye lens dose was reduced by up to 13% in ATCM+OTCM compared with ATCM. In thorax, the corresponding reduction for breast dose was up to 10%. The angular range of the OTCM exposure window decreased with t. For t = 0.4 s, the angular range was limited to 74° in head and 135° for thorax. Image noise was significantly increased in ATCM+OTCM acquisitions across most examined phantoms (p < 0.05). Conclusions OTCM reduces radiation dose to exposed radiosensitive organs with the eye lens and breast buds exhibiting the highest dose reduction. The OTCM exposure window is narrowed at short t. An increase in noise is inevitable in images located within the OTCM-activated imaged volume. Key Points • In pediatric CT, organ-based tube current modulation reduces radiation dose to all major primarily exposed radiosensitive organs. • Image noise increases within the organ-based tube current modulation enabled imaged volume. • The angular range of the organ-based tube current modulation low exposure window is reduced with tube rotation time.
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AGUIAR, Julio Cesar Cenci de, Glauco Baptista Franco BUENO, Sonia Maria Cursino dos SANTOS, and Edson Aparecido ADRIANO. "Supplementary taxonomic description of Demidospermus pinirampi (Monogenoidea, Dactylogyridae), with a new host record and an expansion of its distribution range." Acta Amazonica 47, no. 4 (December 2017): 355–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4392201700112.
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ABSTRACT During a survey conducted in the Lajeado Reservoir of the Tocantins River, in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, dactylogyrids were recovered from the gills of Pimelodina flavipinnis. Initial morphological analysis showed these dactylogyrids shared aspects of character with species of Demidospermus, with affinity to Demidospermus pinirampi, despite exhibiting differences with the original description by Kritsky et al. (1987) regarding the vagina, the base of the male copulatory organ and the shape and length of the bars. The analysis of the holotypes of D. pinirampi and its most morphologically close species, Demidospermus luckyi, revealed that these dactylogyrids were indeed D. pinirampi. This study therefore reports a new host and locality of occurrence, and reviews some measurements of the original description, supplementing and enhancing the morphological diagnosis of D. pinirampi.
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Koklesova, Lenka, Marek Samec, Alena Liskova, Kevin Zhai, Dietrich Büsselberg, Frank A. Giordano, Peter Kubatka, and Olga Golunitschaja. "Mitochondrial impairments in aetiopathology of multifactorial diseases: common origin but individual outcomes in context of 3P medicine." EPMA Journal 12, no. 1 (March 2021): 27–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13167-021-00237-2.
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AbstractMitochondrial injury plays a key role in the aetiopathology of multifactorial diseases exhibiting a “vicious circle” characteristic for pathomechanisms of the mitochondrial and multi-organ damage frequently developed in a reciprocal manner. Although the origin of the damage is common (uncontrolled ROS release, diminished energy production and extensive oxidative stress to life-important biomolecules such as mtDNA and chrDNA), individual outcomes differ significantly representing a spectrum of associated pathologies including but not restricted to neurodegeneration, cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Contextually, the role of predictive, preventive and personalised (PPPM/3P) medicine is to introduce predictive analytical approaches which allow for distinguishing between individual outcomes under circumstance of mitochondrial impairments followed by cost-effective targeted prevention and personalisation of medical services. Current article considers innovative concepts and analytical instruments to advance management of mitochondriopathies and associated pathologies.
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Jiang, Wei, Haiying Mei, and Shuyan Zhao. "Applications of 3D Bio-Printing in Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine." Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology 17, no. 6 (June 1, 2021): 989–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jbn.2021.3078.
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In recent years, 3D bio-printing technology has developed rapidly and become an advanced bio-manufacturing technology. At present, 3D bio-printing technology has been explored in the fields of tissue engineering, drug testing and screening, regenerative medicine and clinical disease research and has achieved many research results. Among them, the application of 3D bio-printing technology in tissue engineering has been widely concerned by researchers, and it contributing many breakthroughs in the preparation of tissue engineering scaffolds. In the future, it is possible to print fully functional tissues or organs by using 3D bio-printing technology which exhibiting great potential development prospects in th applications of organ transplantation and human body implants. It is expected to solve thebiomedical problems of organ shortage and repair of damaged tissues and organs. Besides,3Dbio-printing technology will benefit human beings in more fields. Therefore, this paper reviews the current applications, research progresses and limitations of 3D bio-printing technology in biomedical and life sciences, and discusses the main printing strategies of 3D bio-printing technology. And, the research emphases, possible development trends and suggestions of the application of 3D bio-printing are summarized to provide references for the application research of 3D bio-printing.
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Holicky, Eileen L., Elizabeth M. Hadac, Xi-Qin Ding, and Laurence J. Miller. "Molecular characterization and organ distribution of type A and B cholecystokinin receptors in cynomolgus monkey." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 281, no. 2 (August 1, 2001): G507—G514. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.2.g507.
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Differences in the molecular structure or organ distribution of receptors can limit the usefulness of a given species for drug studies. In this work, we have studied cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors in cynomolgus monkey, an animal model useful for preclinical testing. The type A CCK receptor cDNA was cloned and predicted to encode a 428 amino acid peptide that was 98% identical to the human receptor. Only 2 of the 10 residues that were distinct from the human receptor were not present in other cloned CCK receptor species. A Chinese hamster ovary cell line that stably expressed this receptor was developed. The cynomolgus receptor expressed in this environment was functionally indistinguishable from the human receptor, binding CCK with high affinity [inhibition constant ( K I) = 1.8 ± 0.5 nM] and exhibiting a potent intracellular calcium signaling response to this hormone (EC50 = 6.6 ± 2.1 pM). Like the human type A CCK receptor, this receptor was expressed prominently in monkey gallbladder and stomach and was expressed in low levels in brain and pancreas. The type B CCK receptor cDNA was cloned from stomach and brain (450 residue receptor that is 96% identical to the human receptor), where it was highly expressed yet was undetectable in gallbladder or pancreas. This work confirms the relevance of the cynomolgus species for preclinical testing of drugs acting on the type A CCK receptor.
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Eckersley, Alexander, Matiss Ozols, Peikai Chen, Vivian Tam, Judith A. Hoyland, Andrew Trafford, Danny Chan, and Michael J. Sherratt. "Peptide Location Fingerprinting Reveals Tissue Region-Specific Differences in Protein Structures in an Ageing Human Organ." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 19 (September 27, 2021): 10408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910408.
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In ageing tissues, long-lived extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins are susceptible to the accumulation of structural damage due to diverse mechanisms including glycation, oxidation and protease cleavage. Peptide location fingerprinting (PLF) is a new mass spectrometry (MS) analysis technique capable of identifying proteins exhibiting structural differences in complex proteomes. PLF applied to published young and aged intervertebral disc (IVD) MS datasets (posterior, lateral and anterior regions of the annulus fibrosus) identified 268 proteins with age-associated structural differences. For several ECM assemblies (collagens I, II and V and aggrecan), these differences were markedly conserved between degeneration-prone (posterior and lateral) and -resistant (anterior) regions. Significant differences in peptide yields, observed within collagen I α2, collagen II α1 and collagen V α1, were located within their triple-helical regions and/or cleaved C-terminal propeptides, indicating potential accumulation of damage and impaired maintenance. Several proteins (collagen V α1, collagen II α1 and aggrecan) also exhibited tissue region (lateral)-specific differences in structure between aged and young samples, suggesting that some ageing mechanisms may act locally within tissues. This study not only reveals possible age-associated differences in ECM protein structures which are tissue-region specific, but also highlights the ability of PLF as a proteomic tool to aid in biomarker discovery.
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De Paepe, Peter, Frans M. Belpaire, Marie T. Rosseel, Gert Van Hoey, Paul A. Boon, and Walter A. Buylaert. "Influence of Hypovolemia on the Pharmacokinetics and the Electroencephalographic Effect of Propofol in the Rat." Anesthesiology 93, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 1482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200012000-00021.
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Background Hypovolemia decreases the dose requirement for anesthetics, but no data are available for propofol. As it is impossible to study this in patients, a rat model was used in which the influence of hypovolemia on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of propofol was investigated. Methods Animals were randomly allocated to either a control (n = 9) or a hypovolemia (n = 9) group, and propofol was infused (150 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1)) until isoelectric periods of 5 s or longer were observed in the electroencephalogram. The changes observed in the electroencephalogram were quantified using aperiodic analysis and used as a surrogate measure of hypnosis. The righting reflex served as a clinical measure of hypnosis. Results The propofol dose needed to reach the electroencephalographic end point in the hypovolemic rats was reduced by 60% (P < 0.01). This could be attributed to a decrease in propofol clearance and in distribution volume. Protein binding was similar in both groups. To investigate changes in end organ sensitivity during hypovolemia, the electroencephalographic effect versus effect-site concentration relation was studied. The effect-blood concentration relation was biphasic, exhibiting profound hysteresis in both hypovolemic and control animals. Semiparametric minimization of this hysteresis revealed similar equilibration half-lives in both groups. The biphasic effect-concentration relation was characterized by descriptors showing an increased potency of propofol during hemorrhage. The effect-site concentration at the return of righting reflex was 23% (P < 0.01) lower in the hypovolemic animals, also suggesting an increased end organ sensitivity. Conclusions An increased hypnotic effect of propofol occurs during hypovolemia in the rat and can be attributed to changes in both pharmacokinetics and end organ sensitivity.
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Loughridge, Deirdre. "Haydn's Creation as an Optical Entertainment." Journal of Musicology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 9–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jm.2010.27.1.9.
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"What can aesthetics have to say," Johann Triest complained of Haydn's Creation two years after its premiere, "to a natural history, or geogony, set to music, where objects pass before us as in a magic lantern?" By contrast, Carl Friedrich Zelter praised the oratorio as a "fine shadow-play." Both agreed, however, that the work was like an optical entertainment. Triest's and Zelter's metaphors point to a hitherto unexplored context for The Creation's early reception that contributed at once to its popularity and to its dubious status. Retrieving the exhibition practices employed by itinerant magic lanternists reveals that barrel organ music had an established place in their entertainments and that certain numbers of The Creation echoed the auditory component of magic lantern shows. For Triest, the resemblance of these numbers to a magic lantern presentation suggested that tone-paintings were meaningless without verbal specification, and that in composing the oratorio Haydn was much like an organ-grinder cranking out a predetermined tune. In Zelter's counterargument to the magic lantern, the shadow-play characterized Haydn's oratorio as a species of illusionistic display demonstrating mastery over the raw materials of music. The alternative framework Zelter developed for Haydn's oratorio placed the work alongside fireworks and other philosophical entertainments that inspired awe at human accomplishment. Together, Triest's and Zelter's metaphors suggest that optical entertainments provided terms not only for describing the oratorio and the experience of listening to it, but also for elevating Haydn to the status of master over nature——-or else lowering him to the status of machine.
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Cridland, Julie M., Alex C. Majane, Hayley K. Sheehy, and David J. Begun. "Polymorphism and Divergence of Novel Gene Expression Patterns in Drosophila melanogaster." Genetics 216, no. 1 (July 31, 2020): 79–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303515.
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Transcriptomes may evolve by multiple mechanisms, including the evolution of novel genes, the evolution of transcript abundance, and the evolution of cell, tissue, or organ expression patterns. Here, we focus on the last of these mechanisms in an investigation of tissue and organ shifts in gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. In contrast to most investigations of expression evolution, we seek to provide a framework for understanding the mechanisms of novel expression patterns on a short population genetic timescale. To do so, we generated population samples of D. melanogaster transcriptomes from five tissues: accessory gland, testis, larval salivary gland, female head, and first-instar larva. We combined these data with comparable data from two outgroups to characterize gains and losses of expression, both polymorphic and fixed, in D. melanogaster. We observed a large number of gain- or loss-of-expression phenotypes, most of which were polymorphic within D. melanogaster. Several polymorphic, novel expression phenotypes were strongly influenced by segregating cis-acting variants. In support of previous literature on the evolution of novelties functioning in male reproduction, we observed many more novel expression phenotypes in the testis and accessory gland than in other tissues. Additionally, genes showing novel expression phenotypes tend to exhibit greater tissue-specific expression. Finally, in addition to qualitatively novel expression phenotypes, we identified genes exhibiting major quantitative expression divergence in the D. melanogaster lineage.
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Duchamp, C., H. Barre, J. L. Rouanet, A. Lanni, F. Cohen-Adad, G. Berne, and P. Brebion. "Nonshivering thermogenesis in king penguin chicks. II. Effect of fasting." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 261, no. 6 (December 1, 1991): R1446—R1454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1991.261.6.r1446.
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The effect of fasting on the energy metabolism of skeletal muscle and liver was investigated in cold-acclimatized short-term fasting (STF) (3 wk) and naturally long-term fasting (LTF) (4-5 mo) king penguin chicks, both groups exhibiting nonshivering thermogenesis (NST). A comparison was made with nourished cold-acclimatized controls. In these chicks, no brown adipose tissue deposits could be found on electron-microscopic observations of fat deposits. Protein content and cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity of tissue homogenates were measured in liver and pectoralis and gastrocnemius muscles, as were protein content, CO activity, and respiration rates of mitochondria isolated from these organs. Fasting-induced protein loss affected the pectoralis more than the gastrocnemius muscle, thus preserving locomotor function. In STF chicks, specific mitochondrial protein content and specific tissue CO activity were preserved but total organ CO capacity was reduced by half in pectoralis and liver following the fall in organ mass. In LTF chicks, both specific and total CO activity were drastically reduced in muscles, whereas specific CO activity was preserved in liver. In these LTF chicks, muscle mitochondria showed an energized configuration associated with an increased area of inner membrane in gastrocnemius. A reduction of respiratory control ratio (RCR) was observed in subsarcolemmal muscle mitochondria of STF chicks, whereas intermyofibrillar and liver mitochondria kept high RCR values.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Bang, A. G., V. Hartenstein, and J. W. Posakony. "Hairless is required for the development of adult sensory organ precursor cells in Drosophila." Development 111, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.111.1.89.
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Reduction of the wild-type activity of the gene Hairless (H) results in two major phenotypic effects on the mechanosensory bristles of adult Drosophila. Bristles are either ‘lost’ (i.e. the shaft and socket fail to appear) or they exhibit a ‘double socket’ phenotype, in which the shaft is apparently transformed into a second socket. Analysis of the phenotypes conferred by a series of H mutant genotypes demonstrates (1) that different sensilla exhibit different patterns of response to decreasing levels of H+ function, and (2) that the ‘bristle loss’ phenotype results from greater loss of H+ function than the ‘double socket’ phenotype. The systematic study of H allelic combinations enabled us to identify genotypes that reliably produce specific mutant defects in particular positions on the bodies of adult flies. This permitted us to investigate the cellular development of sensilla in these same positions in larvae and pupae and thereby establish the developmental basis for the mutant phenotypes. We have found that H is required for at least two steps of adult sensillum development. In positions where ‘double socket’ microchaetes appear on the notum of H mutant flies, sensillum precursor cells are present in the developing pupa and divide normally, but their progeny adopt an aberrant spatial arrangement and fail to differentiate correctly. In regions of the notum exhibiting ‘bristle loss’ in adult H mutants, we were unable at the appropriate stages of development to detect sensillum-specific cell types, the precursor cell divisions that generate them, or the primary precursor cells themselves. Thus, the H ‘bristle loss’ phenotype appears to reflect a very early defect in sensillum development, namely the failure to specify and/or execute the sensory organ precursor cell fate. This finding indicates that H is one of a small number of identified genes for which the loss-of-function phenotype is the failure of sensillum precursor cell development.
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PEREIRA GARCÍA-MELO, D., J. REGIDOR-CERRILLO, E. COLLANTES-FERNÁNDEZ, A. AGUADO-MARTÍNEZ, I. DEL POZO, E. MINGUIJÓN, M. GÓMEZ-BAUTISTA, G. ADURIZ, and L. M. ORTEGA-MORA. "Pathogenic characterization in mice of Neospora caninum isolates obtained from asymptomatic calves." Parasitology 137, no. 7 (March 17, 2010): 1057–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182009991855.
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SUMMARYIn this study, we characterized 8 new isolates obtained from healthy but congenitally infected calves using a BALB/c mouse model. Neospora caninum-infected mice survived without exhibiting any clinical signs of disease. Nevertheless, differences among isolates in parasite organ distribution, parasite burden and the severity of histopathological lesions were determined. Mice infected with the Nc-Spain 5H, Nc-Spain 7 and Nc-Spain 9 isolates showed higher parasite burdens and more severe brain lesions during the late phase of infection compared to mice infected with the Nc-Spain 2H, Nc-Spain 3H or Nc-Spain 6 isolates. Furthermore, differences in the immunoglobulin IgG1 and IgG2a isotype kinetics induced by these isolates were observed, with a more rapid IgG2a response seen in mice infected with the Nc-Spain 2H and Nc-Spain 3H isolates. These results confirm the intra-species variability of N. caninum pathogenicity.
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Cui, Songkui, Tomoya Kubota, Tomoaki Nishiyama, Juliane K. Ishida, Shuji Shigenobu, Tomoko F. Shibata, Atsushi Toyoda, Mitsuyasu Hasebe, Ken Shirasu, and Satoko Yoshida. "Ethylene signaling mediates host invasion by parasitic plants." Science Advances 6, no. 44 (October 2020): eabc2385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abc2385.
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Parasitic plants form a specialized organ, a haustorium, to invade host tissues and acquire water and nutrients. To understand the molecular mechanism of haustorium development, we performed a forward genetics screening to isolate mutants exhibiting haustorial defects in the model parasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum. We isolated two mutants that show prolonged and sometimes aberrant meristematic activity in the haustorium apex, resulting in severe defects on host invasion. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the two mutants respectively have point mutations in homologs of ETHYLENE RESPONSE 1 (ETR1) and ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 2 (EIN2), signaling components in response to the gaseous phytohormone ethylene. Application of the ethylene signaling inhibitors also caused similar haustorial defects, indicating that ethylene signaling regulates cell proliferation and differentiation of parasite cells. Genetic disruption of host ethylene production also perturbs parasite invasion. We propose that parasitic plants use ethylene as a signal to invade host roots.
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Woodrick, R., P. R. Martin, I. Birman, and F. B. Pickett. "The Arabidopsis embryonic shoot fate map." Development 127, no. 4 (February 15, 2000): 813–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.127.4.813.
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A fate map has been constructed for the shoot apical region of the embryo of the dicotyledonous plant Arabidopsis thaliana using spontaneously arising clonal albino sectors caused by the chloroplast mutator 1–2 mutation. Chimeric seedlings exhibiting albino sectors shared between the cotyledons and first true leaves revealed patterns of organ inclusion and exclusion. Frequencies of clone sharing were used to calculate developmental distances between organs based on the frequency of clonal sectors failing to extend between different organs. The resulting fate map shows asymmetry in the developmental distances between the cotyledons (embryonic leaves) which in turn predicts the location of the first post-germination leaf and the handedness of the spiral of leaf placement around the central stem axis in later development. The map suggests that embryonic leaf fate specification in the cotyledons may represent a developmental ground state necessary for the formation of the shoot apical meristem.
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Cross, Kristina, Jorge Granados, Gabriella Ten Have, John Thaden, J. Timothy Lightfoot, and Nicolaas Deutz. "Comparable Organ Protein Fractional Synthesis Rate of High and Low-Active Mice." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 1750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa066_005.
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Abstract Objectives With the rise in physical inactivity and its related diseases, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms involved in physical activity regulation. Scientists have explored physical activity regulation by investigating various physiological mechanisms involving hormones, neurotransmitters, and genetics; however, little is known about the role of metabolism on physical activity level. We hypothesize that protein turnover in specific organs like the muscle is higher in mice previously exhibiting high physical activity levels, as a mechanism to adapt to the increased demand. Therefore, we studied protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) in tissues of inherently high and low active mice. Methods In order to study protein FSR of various organs, we assessed 12-week-old male inherently low-active (LA) mice (n = 23, lean body mass: 21.0 ± 1.1 g, C3H/HeJ strain) and high active (HA) mice (n = 20, lean body mass: 22.5 ± 1.3, C57L/J strain). One day before tissue collection, a D2O bolus was administered via intraperitoneal injection, and mice were provided D2O enriched drinking water to enrich the total body water to about 5% D2O. Eleven tissues (kidney, heart, lung, muscle, fat, jejunum, ileum, liver, brain, skin, and bone) were collected and analyzed for enrichment of alanine in the intracellular and protein-bound pool (LC-MS/MS). FSR was calculated as -ln(1-enrichment) as fraction per day. Data are mean ± SE (unpaired t-test: GraphPad Prism 8.2). Results We did not find significant differences between protein FSR of HA and LA mice in any measured organ. Example: Protein FSR (fraction/day): muscle (LA: 0.0326±-0.0026, HA: 0.0331 ± 0.0018, P = 0.8673), liver (0.3568 ± 0.0219, 0.3499 ± 0.0217, P = 0.8263), brain (0.0981 ± 0.0056, 0.1041 ± 0.0063, P = 0.4758). Conclusions The observed lack of significant differences in high and low-active mice suggests that differences in specific organ tissue protein turnover may not be a mechanism regulating inherent physical activity level. Since protein turnover is representative of the ability to adapt through upregulation and downregulation of metabolic processes, these results show that high-active mice are inherently no more equipped for metabolic regulation than the low active mice. Funding Sources Sydney and J.L. Huffines Institute for Sports Medicine, Human Performance Student Research Grant and CTRAL Grant.
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Burnstock, G., and I. Novak. "Purinergic signalling in the pancreas in health and disease." Journal of Endocrinology 213, no. 2 (March 6, 2012): 123–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-11-0434.
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Pancreatic cells contain specialised stores for ATP. Purinergic receptors (P2 and P1) and ecto-nucleotidases are expressed in both endocrine and exocrine calls, as well as in stromal cells. The pancreas, especially the endocrine cells, were an early target for the actions of ATP. After the historical perspective of purinergic signalling in the pancreas, the focus of this review will be the physiological functions of purinergic signalling in the regulation of both endocrine and exocrine pancreas. Next, we will consider possible interaction between purinergic signalling and other regulatory systems and their relation to nutrient homeostasis and cell survival. The pancreas is an organ exhibiting several serious diseases – cystic fibrosis, pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer and diabetes – and some are associated with changes in life-style and are increasing in incidence. There is upcoming evidence for the role of purinergic signalling in the pathophysiology of the pancreas, and the new challenge is to understand how it is integrated with other pathological processes.
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Weil, Joachim, Thomas Eschenhagen, Gerrit Fleige, Clemens Mittmann, Ellen Orthey, and Hasso Scholz. "Localization of preproenkephalin mRNA in rat heart: selective gene expression in left ventricular myocardium." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 275, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): H378—H384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.2.h378.
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The enkephalins are derived from a common precursor protein known as preproenkephalin (ppENK). Enkephalins appear to be one of the endogenous ligands for the opiate receptors. In the rat the ventricular myocardium contains more ppENK mRNA than any other tissue. To gain further insight into the role of cardiac enkephalins, the regional and developmental distribution of ppENK mRNA was studied by Northern blotting and in situ hybridization. In the early postnatal period, ppENK mRNA is low in atrial and ventricular myocardium. With maturation, ppENK expression increases threefold in left and right ventricular tissue, but not in the atria or cardiac conductive system. Interestingly, ppENK mRNA levels are four times higher in the left than in the right chamber. Thus, to our knowledge, ppENK is the only gene exhibiting marked differences in expression between the adult right and left ventricle. Given the left-side preference of ppENK expression, the possibility is raised that the left ventricle is an endocrine organ that supplies the body with enkephalins.
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Lizardo-Thiebaud, Maria J., Eduardo Cervantes-Alvarez, Nathaly Limon-de la Rosa, Farid Tejeda-Dominguez, Mildred Palacios-Jimenez, Osvely Méndez-Guerrero, Marco Delaye-Martinez, et al. "Direct or Collateral Liver Damage in SARS-CoV-2–Infected Patients." Seminars in Liver Disease 40, no. 03 (August 2020): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715108.
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AbstractLiver injury can result from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection with more than one-third of COVID-19 patients exhibiting elevated liver enzymes. Microvesicular steatosis, inflammation, vascular congestion, and thrombosis in the liver have been described in autopsy samples from COVID-19 patients. Several factors, including direct cytopathic effect of the virus, immune-mediated collateral damage, or an exacerbation of preexisting liver disease may contribute to liver pathology in COVID-19. Due to its immunological functions, the liver is an organ likely to participate in the viral response against SARS-CoV-2 and this may predispose it to injury. A better understanding of the mechanism contributing to liver injury is needed to develop and implement early measures to prevent serious liver damage in patients suffering from COVID-19. This review summarizes current reports of SARS-CoV-2 with an emphasis on how direct infection and subsequent severe inflammatory response may contribute to liver injury in patients with and without preexisting liver disease.
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Gromova, O. A., I. Yu Torshin, V. A. Maksimov, A. G. Chuchalin, V. G. Zgoda, А. N. Gromov, and O. V. Tikhonova. "Peptides contained in the composition of Laennec that contribute to the treatment of hyperferritinemia and iron overload disorders." FARMAKOEKONOMIKA. Modern Pharmacoeconomic and Pharmacoepidemiology 13, no. 4 (February 7, 2021): 413–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17749/2070-4909/farmakoekonomika.2020.070.
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Introduction. Hemosiderosis is a pathologic condition that accompanies liver, lung, and other organ diseases. Polypeptide-containing drug Laennec contributes to the elimination of excessive iron deposits in tissues.Aim. The study was aimed to identify peptides contained in the composition of the drug that take part in the regulation of iron homeostasis and correction of hemosiderosis and hyperferritinemia.Materials and Methods. The study of the drug composition was conducted with hybrid mass-spectrometry and modern methods of analysis of Big Data based on the topological approach to recognition.Results. The preparation contains 19 peptides that are potentially important for the regulation of iron homeostasis. These peptides help to treat the disorders of iron metabolism by regulating the levels of the main hormone of iron homeostasis hepcidin by reducing the synthesis of ferritin and by exhibiting anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects.Conclusion. The identified peptides allowed the authors to describe the molecular mechanisms of the iron overload elimination that are known from experimental and clinical studies of the analyzed polypeptide drug.
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Olsen, Kenneth M., Andrew Womack, Ashley R. Garrett, Jane I. Suddith, and Michael D. Purugganan. "Contrasting Evolutionary Forces in theArabidopsis thalianaFloral Developmental Pathway." Genetics 160, no. 4 (April 1, 2002): 1641–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/160.4.1641.
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AbstractThe floral developmental pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana is composed of several interacting regulatory genes, including the inflorescence architecture gene TERMINAL FLOWER1 (TFL1), the floral meristem identity genes LEAFY (LFY), APETALA1 (AP1), and CAULIFLOWER (CAL), and the floral organ identity genes APETALA3 (AP3) and PISTILLATA (PI). Molecular population genetic analyses of these different genes indicate that the coding regions of AP3 and PI, as well as AP1 and CAL, share similar levels and patterns of nucleotide diversity. In contrast, the coding regions of TFL1 and LFY display a significant reduction in nucleotide variation, suggesting that these sequences have been subjected to a recent adaptive sweep. Moreover, the promoter of TFL1, unlike its coding region, displays high levels of diversity organized into two distinct haplogroups that appear to be maintained by selection. These results suggest that patterns of molecular evoution differ among regulatory genes in this developmental pathway, with the earlier acting genes exhibiting evidence of adaptive evolution.
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Anthes, Norman, Herbert A. Schmid, Masaaki Hashimoto, Thomas Riediger, and Eckhart Simon. "Heterogeneous actions of vasopressin on ANG II-sensitive neurons in the subfornical organ of rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 273, no. 6 (December 1, 1997): R2105—R2111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1997.273.6.r2105.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the antidiuretic hormone arginine vasopressin (AVP), which is released in vivo during dehydration and hypovolemia to prevent further water loss, on the activity of neurons in the subfornical organ (SFO). The SFO is a brain structure with an open blood-brain barrier and is critically involved in angiotensin II (ANG II)-dependent water intake. SFO neurons were recorded extracellularly in tissue slices of the rat brain and were tested for responsiveness to AVP and ANG II. About one-half of 159 neurons tested with an AVP concentration of 10−6 M in the superfusion medium were responsive, and approximately equal proportions were excited and inhibited. Neurons exhibiting the different response types did not differ from each other with respect to spontaneous discharge rate, latency, and duration of the response. Excitatory and inhibitory responses to AVP were dose dependent and reversible, and their threshold concentrations (10−8 to 10−9 M) were similar. Superfusion with a medium low in Ca2+ and high in Mg2+ showed that the excitatory effect is most likely direct, whereas the inhibitory effect largely depends on inhibitory synaptic interaction. About one-half of the SFO neurons excited by ANG II (10−7 M) were responsive to AVP (10−6 M), and equal proportions were inhibited and excited. Both excitatory and inhibitory AVP actions were blocked by the V1-receptor antagonist, Manning compound, and neurons responsive to AVP did not respond to the V2-receptor agonist [deamino-Cys1,d-Arg8]vasopressin. It is concluded that AVP, probably released from synaptic terminals, may increase or decrease the activity of neurons in the SFO, many of which are activated by ANG II. In contrast to previous experiments on ducks, in which the exclusively excitatory effect of the avian antidiuretic hormone arginine vasotocin on ANG II-sensitive SFO neurons correlates well with the dipsogenic effect of both peptides, a greater functional heterogeneity exists among AVP-responsive neurons in the rat SFO.
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McKinley, Michael J., Lesley L. Walker, Theodora Alexiou, Andrew M. Allen, Duncan J. Campbell, Robert Di Nicolantonio, Brian J. Oldfield, and Derek A. Denton. "Osmoregulatory fluid intake but not hypovolemic thirst is intact in mice lacking angiotensin." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 294, no. 5 (May 2008): R1533—R1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00848.2007.
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Water intakes in response to hypertonic, hypovolemic, and dehydrational stimuli were investigated in mice lacking angiotensin II as a result of deletion of the angiotensinogen gene (Agt−/− mice), and in C57BL6 wild-type (WT) mice. Baseline daily water intake in Agt−/− mice was approximately threefold that of WT mice because of a renal developmental disorder of the urinary concentrating mechanisms in Agt−/− mice. Intraperitoneal injection of hypertonic saline (0.4 and 0.8 mol/l NaCl) caused a similar dose-dependent increase in water intake in both Agt−/− and WT mice during the hour following injection. As well, Agt−/− mice drank appropriate volumes of water following water deprivation for 7 h. However, Agt−/− mice did not increase water or 0.3 mol/l NaCl intake in the 8 h following administration of a hypovolemic stimulus (30% polyethylene glycol sc), whereas WT mice increased intakes of both solutions during this time. Osmoregulatory regions of the brain [hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei, median preoptic nucleus, organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), and subfornical organ] showed an increased number of neurons exhibiting Fos-immunoreactivity in response to intraperitoneal hypertonic NaCl in both Agt−/− mice and WT mice. Polyethylene glycol treatment increased Fos-immunoreactivity in the subfornical organ, OVLT, and supraoptic nuclei in WT mice but only increased Fos-immunoreactivity in the supraoptic nucleus in Agt−/− mice. These data show that brain angiotensin is not essential for the adequate functioning of neural pathways mediating osmoregulatory thirst. However, angiotensin II of either peripheral or central origin is probably necessary for thirst and salt appetite that results from hypovolemia.
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Sasaki, T., T. Shimizu, C. Watanabe, and Y. Hiyoshi. "Cellular Roles in Physiological Root Resorption of Deciduous Teeth in the Cat." Journal of Dental Research 69, no. 1 (January 1990): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00220345900690011101.
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This study has attempted to assess the importance of mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts, cementoblasts, and mononuclear phagocytes (i.e., macrophages) in physiological root resorption of feline deciduous teeth. Deciduous incisors of three- to six-month-old kittens undergoing root resorption were investigated by means of electron microscopy. In an early phase of root resorption, the resorption organ consisted of many fibroblasts and relatively few macrophages and odontoclasts, the last with a wide, clear zone and narrow, immature, ruffled border. In the active phase of root resorption, the resorption organ contained many odontoclasts with a well-developed ruffled border and a reduced clear zone, cementoblasts, fibroblasts, macrophages, neutrophils, and many blood vessels. Cementoblasts were present usually on the resorbing dentin surface adjacent to odontoclasts and, in many cases, these cells communicated with each other via gap junctions. Cementoblasts frequently extended broad cell processes with secretion granules and with phagosomes containing collagen fibrils into the dentinal tubules exposed to resorption lacunae. Some macrophages exhibiting a clear zone-like structure also appeared on resorbing dentin surfaces. In the resting phase of root resorption, the dentin surface was covered mostly with cementoblasts resembling bone lining cells. There was an occasional macrophage, but no odontoclasts were observed during this phase. During removal of the periodontal ligament concomitant with root resorption, many fibroblasts phagocytosed mature collagen fibrils, as well as amorphous fluffy material. These results suggest that these mesenchymal cells, as well as odontoclasts, are essential for the cellular removal of dental hard and soft tissues during shedding of feline deciduous teeth.
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Park, Chang Ha, Ye Eun Park, Hyeon Ji Yeo, Se Won Chun, Thanislas Bastin Baskar, Soon Sung Lim, and Sang Un Park. "Chemical Compositions of the Volatile Oils and Antibacterial Screening of Solvent Extract from Downy Lavender." Foods 8, no. 4 (April 19, 2019): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8040132.
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The discovery of a new species exhibiting more effective antibacterial properties is necessary because of the demand on Lavandula species, which continues to increase in a variety of industries. Lavandula pubescens might be a good alternative, as it exhibits strong antibacterial activity. In this study, the chemical composition of the essential oils from different organs (flowers, leaves, stems, and roots) of L. pubescens was identified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the antimicrobial activities of different solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, diethyl ether, hexane, and ethyl acetate) and different organ (flower, leaf, stem, and root) extracts of L. pubescens were evaluated. Only the ethyl acetate extracts of L. pubescens exhibited antibacterial activity against all bacterial strains tested, including Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Escherichia coli (KF 918342), Aeromonas hydrophila (KCTC 12487), E. coli (ATCC 35150), Cronobacter sakazakii (ATCC 29544), and Aeromonas salmonicida (KACC 15136). In particular, the extracts exhibited significant activity against S. haemolyticus. Ethyl acetate extract of the leaf exhibited the best activity against all bacterial strains. This study provides valuable information on the chemical compositions in essential oils and antimicrobial properties of L. pubescens.
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Akiyama, Nobuko, Nobukazu Takizawa, Maki Miyauchi, Hiromi Yanai, Ryosuke Tateishi, Miho Shinzawa, Riko Yoshinaga, et al. "Identification of embryonic precursor cells that differentiate into thymic epithelial cells expressing autoimmune regulator." Journal of Experimental Medicine 213, no. 8 (July 11, 2016): 1441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20151780.
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Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) expressing autoimmune regulator (Aire) are critical for preventing the onset of autoimmunity. However, the differentiation program of Aire-expressing mTECs (Aire+ mTECs) is unclear. Here, we describe novel embryonic precursors of Aire+ mTECs. We found the candidate precursors of Aire+ mTECs (pMECs) by monitoring the expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), which is required for Aire+ mTEC differentiation. pMECs unexpectedly expressed cortical TEC molecules in addition to the mTEC markers UEA-1 ligand and RANK and differentiated into mTECs in reaggregation thymic organ culture. Introduction of pMECs in the embryonic thymus permitted long-term maintenance of Aire+ mTECs and efficiently suppressed the onset of autoimmunity induced by Aire+ mTEC deficiency. Mechanistically, pMECs differentiated into Aire+ mTECs by tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6-dependent RANK signaling. Moreover, nonclassical nuclear factor-κB activation triggered by RANK and lymphotoxin-β receptor signaling promoted pMEC induction from progenitors exhibiting lower RANK expression and higher CD24 expression. Thus, our findings identified two novel stages in the differentiation program of Aire+ mTECs.
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Mundlos, S., B. Schwahn, T. Reichert, and B. Zabel. "Distribution of osteonectin mRNA and protein during human embryonic and fetal development." Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 40, no. 2 (February 1992): 283–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/40.2.1552170.
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We investigated the temporal and spatial distribution of osteonectin during human embryonic and fetal development, using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Osteonectin gene expression was generally found in cells exhibiting high rates of matrix production/proliferation. In mineralized tissue, a strong signal was obtained in osteoblasts, odontoblasts, and chondrocytes of the upper hypertrophic and proliferative zones. Chondrocytes of the mineralized zone showed no expression throughout the different stages of development. Strong osteonectin expression was found in odontoblasts of developing teeth. In addition, osteonectin mRNA and protein were detected in several non-mineralized tissues: steroid-producing cells of the adrenal gland and the gonads, kidney (glomeruli), lung (bronchi), skin, megacaryocytes, and large vessels. Histochemistry confirmed the results and detected extracellular osteonectin in bone and in the zone of mineralized cartilage only. The localization of osteonectin in bone, cartilage, and teeth is consistent with a role in the initiation of mineralization. However, the organ-specific distribution in non-mineralized tissues suggests an important multifunction role of this protein during human development.
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Jiang, Hao, Hui-Jun Cao, Ning Ma, Wen-Dai Bao, Jing-Jing Wang, Tian-Wei Chen, Er-Bin Zhang, et al. "Chromatin remodeling factor ARID2 suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis via DNMT1-Snail axis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 9 (February 18, 2020): 4770–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1914937117.
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Recurrence and metastasis remain the major obstacles to successful treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Chromatin remodeling factor ARID2 is commonly mutated in HCC, indicating its important role in cancer development. However, its role in HCC metastasis is largely elusive. In this study, we find that ARID2 expression is significantly decreased in metastatic HCC tissues, showing negative correlation with pathological grade, organ metastasis and positive association with survival of HCC patients. ARID2 inhibits migration and invasion of HCC cells in vitro and metastasis in vivo. Moreover, ARID2 knockout promotes pulmonary metastasis in different HCC mouse models. Mechanistic study reveals that ARID2 represses epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) of HCC cells by recruiting DNMT1 to Snail promoter, which increases promoter methylation and inhibits Snail transcription. In addition, we discover that ARID2 mutants with disrupted C2H2 domain lose the metastasis suppressor function, exhibiting a positive association with HCC metastasis and poor prognosis. In conclusion, our study reveals the metastasis suppressor role as well as the underlying mechanism of ARID2 in HCC and provides a potential therapeutic target for ARID2-deficient HCC.
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Jeyamogan, Shareni, Naveed A. Khan, Kuppusamy Sagathevan, and Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui. "Sera/Organ Lysates of Selected Animals Living in Polluted Environments Exhibit Cytotoxicity against Cancer Cell Lines." Anti-Cancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry 19, no. 18 (February 7, 2020): 2251–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871520619666191011161314.
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Background: Species of crocodiles and cockroaches can withstand high radiation, reside in unsanitary conditions, thrive on germ-infested feed, and are exposed to heavy metals, yet they are not reported to develop cancer. It has been postulated that such species have mechanisms to defend themselves against developing cancer. Here, selected species have been tested for potential cytotoxicity against selected cancer cell lines. Methods: In this study, various species of vertebrates and invertebrates were procured including Columba livia, Gallus gallus domesticus, Varanus salvator, Cuora kamamora amboinensis, Reticulatus malayanus, Oreochromis mossambicus, Rattus rattus, American bullfrog, Donax sp., Polymesoda coaxans, Tenebrio molitor, Lumbricus terrestris, Blatta lateralis, Grammostola rosea, and Penaeus monodon. Species were dissected and their organ lysates/sera/haemolymph were prepared. Cytotoxicity assays were performed using Prostate Cancer cells (PC3), Henrietta Lacks cervical adenocarcinoma cells (HeLa) and human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF7) as well as human keratinized skin cells (Hacat), by measuring lactate dehydrogenase release as an indicator for cell death. Growth inhibition assays were performed to determine the effects on cancer cell proliferation. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed for molecular identification. Results: The results revealed that body lysates of Polymesoda coaxans demonstrated more than 99% growth inhibition of all cancer cell lines tested but not on normal Hacat cells. More importantly, the serum of M. reticulatus abolished growth and produced cytotoxicity. Hence these samples were subjected to Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), which detected 81 small molecules and putatively identified 20 molecules when matched against the METLIN database. Out of 1094 peptides, 21 peptides were identified, while 1074 peptides were categorized as novel peptides. Based on properties such as peptide amino acid composition, binary profile, dipeptide composition and pseudo-amino acid composition, 306 potential peptides were identified. Conclusion: To our knowledge, here for the first time, we report a comprehensive analysis of sera exhibiting cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines tested and identified several molecules using LC-MS/MS.
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Benjamin, Gabriel Ogunma, Emmanuel Ola Oshomoh, Asuelimen Osagie Steve, and Otakhor Kelly Osayi. "Reproductive potency of methanolic bi-herbal (Zingiber officinale and Chrysophyllum albidum) extract on masculine wistar rats." Journal of Phytopharmacology 9, no. 5 (November 2, 2020): 333–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2020.9508.
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The study is aimed at evaluating the fertility potential of bi-herbal methanol extract on male Wistar rats. This research finding based it fact of fertility in male Wistar rats to investigate through the phytochemicals, antioxidant assay, hormonal indexes, lipid profile, body/organ weight changes and histopathological study across the graded doses (25, 50, 100 mg/kg) of the treated groups of bi-herbal (Zingiber officinale and Chrysophyllum albidum)) methanol extract using standard procedure. Results from the phytochemical screening elicited the essential constituents (alkaloids, flavonoids phenol, tannins and saponnins). The antioxidant assay showed broad scavenging property against free radicals, which possibly is associated with one of its mechanisms of action. An increase in the level of significant (p > 0.05) in hormonal indexes (testosterone, progesterone, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) and slight increase in the level of lipid profile (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL LDL and VLDL) activities among the treatment groups when compared with the control. There absent significant change (p > 0.05) in the body and testes mass ratio. No pronounce histopathological variation on the testes state in comparative to the control. The dependent from the bi-herbal extract with extreme exhibition of fertility potential as its therapeutic effect
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AHEARN, GREGORY A., and RACHEL D. BEHNKE. "L-Proline Transport Systems of Starfish Pyloric Caeca." Journal of Experimental Biology 158, no. 1 (July 1, 1991): 477–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.158.1.477.
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Purified brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) of starfish [Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt)] pyloric caecal epithelium were prepared by magnesium precipitation in order to characterize the possible role of this organ in amino acid transport. L-[3H]proline uptake by these vesicles was Na+-dependent and greater at pH7.5 than at pH5.5. L-Pipecolate was a competitive inhibitor of L-proline influx into these BBMV, exhibiting a Ki value of 0.02 mmol l−1. The amino acid inhibitors, L-pipecolate, L-alanine and L-leucine were used as test substrates to block L-prohne influx by the IMINO, NBB and L transport systems, respectively, in order to estimate the contribution of each process to total L-prohne entry into pyloric caecal cells. The carrier-mediated transport constants for L-prohne transfer by these three systems were: Kt=0.18mmoll−1 (IMINO), 0.13mmol l−1 (NBB) and (0.21mmol l−1 (L); Jmax= 1310 pmol mg−1 protein 30 s−1 (IMINO), 360 pmol mg−1 protein 30 s−1 (NBB) and 470pmol mg−1 protein 30s−1 (L). L-Proline influxes through both the IMINO and NBB systems were sigmoidal functions of the external [Na+], while transfer by the L system was Na+-independent. Multiple sodium ions (e.g. 2 or 3 Na+/L-proline) appear to be associated with L-proline transport by both Na+-dependent transport systems, but the nature of this association (i.e. activation or energization) is unclear. Results suggest that starfish pyloric caecal epithelium possesses a similar array of L-proline transport proteins to those found in similar cell types of mammalian intestine or kidney, providing tentative support for an absorptive function for this organ.
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Patel, Manish P., Ravi R. Patel, and Jayvadan K. Patel. "Chitosan Mediated Targeted Drug Delivery System: A Review." Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences 13, no. 4 (November 16, 2010): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.18433/j3jc7c.
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Chitosan has prompted the continuous movement for the development of safe and effective drug delivery systems because of its unique physicochemical and biological characteristics. The primary hydroxyl and amine groups located on the backbone of chitosan allow for chemical modification to control its physical properties. When the hydrophobic moiety is conjugated to a chitosan molecule, the resulting amphiphile may form self-assembled nanoparticles that can encapsulate a quantity of drugs and deliver them to a specific site of action. Chemical attachment of the drug to the chitosan throughout the functional linker may produce useful prodrugs, exhibiting the appropriate biological activity at the target site. Mucoadhesive and absorption enhancement properties of chitosan increase the in vivo residence time of the dosage form in the gastrointestinal tract and improve the bioavailability of various drugs. The main objective of this review is to provide an insight into various target-specific carriers, based on chitosan and its derivatives. The first part of the review is concerned with the organ-specific delivery system using chitosan and its derivatives. The subsequent section considers the recent developments of drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy with special focus on various targeting strategies.
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Yamauchi, Takayoshi, and Toshiro Moroishi. "Hippo Pathway in Mammalian Adaptive Immune System." Cells 8, no. 5 (April 30, 2019): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8050398.
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The Hippo pathway was originally identified as an evolutionarily-conserved signaling mechanism that contributes to the control of organ size. It was then rapidly expanded as a key pathway in the regulation of tissue development, regeneration, and cancer pathogenesis. The increasing amount of evidence in recent years has also connected this pathway to the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Notably, the Hippo pathway has been revealed to play a pivotal role in adaptive immune cell lineages, as represented by the patients with T- and B-cell lymphopenia exhibiting defective expressions of the pathway component. The complex regulatory mechanisms of and by the Hippo pathway have also been evident as alternative signal transductions are employed in some immune cell types. In this review article, we summarize the current understanding of the emerging roles of the Hippo pathway in adaptive immune cell development and differentiation. We also highlight the recent findings concerning the dual functions of the Hippo pathway in autoimmunity and anti-cancer immune responses and discuss the key open questions in the interplay between the Hippo pathway and the mammalian immune system.
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Villanueva, Silvina, Wei Zhang, Felipe Zecchinati, Aldo Mottino, and Mary Vore. "ABC Transporters in Extrahepatic Tissues: Pharmacological Regulation in Heart and Intestine." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 7 (May 14, 2019): 1155–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180327092639.
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ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporters are transmembrane proteins expressed in secretory epithelia like the liver, kidneys and intestine, in the epithelia exhibiting barrier function such as the blood-brain barrier and placenta, and to a much lesser extent, in tissues like reproductive organs, lungs, heart and pancreas, among others. They regulate internal distribution of endogenous metabolites and xenobiotics including drugs of therapeutic use and also participate in their elimination from the body. We here describe the function and regulation of ABC transporters in the heart and small intestine, as examples of extrahepatic tissues, in which ABC proteins play clearly different roles. In the heart, they are involved in tissue pathogenesis as well as in protecting this organ against toxic compounds and druginduced oxidative stress. The small intestine is highly exposed to therapeutic drugs taken orally and, consequently, ABC transporters localized on its surface strongly influence drug absorption and pharmacokinetics. Examples of the ABC proteins currently described are Multidrug Resistance-associated Proteins 1 and 2 (MRP1 and 2) for heart and small intestine, respectively, and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) for both organs.
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SMITH, A. G., and G. McKERR. "Tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR) and immunocytochemical tracing of cellular fate within the asexually dividing cestode Mesocestoides vogae (syn. M. corti)." Parasitology 121, no. 1 (July 2000): 105–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182099006010.
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This report documents the presence of an active thymidine kinase (TK) system within Mesocestoides vogae tetrathyridia as quantified by tritiated thymidine ([3H]-TdR) incorporation using liquid scintillation counting. A 100-fold increase in [3H]-TdR incorporation was observed at 37 °C when compared with its incorporation at 0 °C. Thymidine's competitive analogue, BrdU, competed for sites within newly replicated DNA. Immunohistochemical trials performed here using antibodies against BrdU identified cells that have entered and passed through S-phase. Positively stained nuclei were most numerous at the anterior tip of tetrathyridia especially within the ganglia, lesser numbers of these cells occurred along the growing commissure and amongst surface tegumental cytons suggesting that stem cells do not exist in one region but are found throughout the entire body. As M. vogae has no internal organ systems the major sites for cell proliferation are those exhibiting maximal cell recruitment and undergoing tissue repair. These results show that it is possible to monitor changes in the cell recruitment pattern within this cestode. Thus use of BrdU and immunohistochemistry demonstrates how spatial arrangement and cellular reorganization can be successfully traced within M. vogae.