Academic literature on the topic 'Original copies'

This article discusses copies within the field of art museums by way of mapping strategies for copy practices. This mapping leans heavily towards parts of the wri-tings of Jacques Derrida (1930–2004). Against the backdrop of this theoretical premise, the article distinguishes five main strategies. Firstly, the copies which of-ten are considered to be typical museum copies, characterize the strategy for the disseminating relation between original and copy, that is, reproductions, magnets, etc. This strategy implies how copy practices are closely integrated into museum practices in general. Secondly, the supplementing relation between original and copy will be introduced. This strategy frames, for example, artists’ citations of other works and forgeries. Both show that copy practices often lead to new originals, in principle, ad infinitum. Thirdly, this leads to the strategy for the displacing relation between original and copy which encompasses, for example, artistic reworkings of other artists’ originals and conservatorial restorations. This approach partly ex-cludes the copy and partly displaces the original, while still, unavoidably, referring to the latter. In general, this strategy signifies the latent instability of the origi-nal. Fourthly, the strategy for the informational relation between original and copy will be discussed as it has a vital function in terms of talking about museum originals and copies. This is the strategy which grants the original artifacts their status as museum objects. An informational copy is just as unique as an original object of art, and at the same time, it defines the original and is itself defined by this opposition. Lastly, the strategy for the imagined relation between original and copy follows. This strategy is dependent upon several of the previous approaches, and, in addition, handles signs that exist without explicit originals, as the strategy covers copies referring to originals which have disappeared, been destroyed, not seen yet, etc.; that is, this strategy produces images of originals not least by way of the disseminating relation between original and copy from the first strategy.

Copies are defined by their relation to an original. The understanding and evaluation of this relationship has been changing over time. A main argument of this article is that originals and copies are phenomena with no "natural" or essential meaning outside of their specific historical settings. The idea to be explored is how changing historicity regimes have transformed notions of originals and copies over time and how these differences also are reflected in the intrinsically temporal relation between the two concepts. The discussion will be framed by two theory sets. The first is Alexander Nagel and Christopher Woods investigation of two kinds of temporality that vied for dominance in works of art in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The second is Walter Benjamins discussion of artwork in the "age of mechanical reproduction", i.e. the twentieth century. The second half of the article seeks to add to the historical complexity described by both theory sets by introducing a concept of tradition and discussing the early modern ideals of exemplarity, emulation and copiousness.

This paper considers the problem of inferring an original sequence from a number of erroneous copies. The problem arises in DNA sequencing, particularly in the context of emerging technologies that provide high throughput or other advantages at the cost of an increased number of errors. We describe and compare two approaches that have recently been developed by the authors. The first approach searches for a sequence known as a Steiner string; the second searches for the most probable original sequence with respect to a simple Bayesian model of sequencing errors. We present the results of extensive tests in which erroneous copies of real DNA sequences were simulated and the algorithms were used to infer the original sequences. The results are used to compare the two approaches to each other and to a third, more conventional, approach based on multiple sequence alignment. We find that the Bayesian approach is superior to the Steiner approach, which in turn is superior to the alignment approach. The two new algorithms can also be used to construct multiple sequence alignments. We show that the two methods produce alignments of approximately equal quality, and conclude that the Steiner approach is better for this purpose because it is faster. Both methods produce better alignments than a well-known multiple sequence alignment package, for the cases tested.

The article is devoted to the history of the existence and technique of the original, copies and imitations of the Madonna with the Raphael Madonna del velo, one of the most popular objects of copying in the European pictorial culture of the 16th – 17th centuries. The history of the original Raphael is closely connected with the medieval icon of Madonna del Popolo, revered as the hand-made work of the apostle Luke and the lifetime portrait of the Mother of God. The glory of the medieval original in the eyes of contemporaries was projected onto the picture of Raphael, giving it the status of an actual interpretation of the ancient shrine. This explains the special interest in its copying. During the 16th century, the original Raphael, now stored in the Conde Museum in Chantilly, France, was updated, radically changing the plot of the work. In the XVII century, imitations of Raphael's paintings were often distributed, often created by large masters. The article deals with the methods of copying, typical for artistic practice of the 16th century. As a rule, the painting, which came out of the walls of the workshops of famous artists, was the product of the collective work of the master – the owner of the workshop, apprentices and pupils. The finished composite composition created by the master was previously performed in the form of a cardboard-priporokh, the so-called spolvero, with which it was transferred to a picturesque base. The cardboards were carefully preserved, donated and handed down by inheritance. Traces of spolvero are found in the original Madonna del velo. Currently in the scientific literature there are references to more than one hundred copies of the Madonna with a veil. Some of them are considered works of the 16th century. The most famous copies are kept in the Louvre, the Center of P. Getty, the collection of D.P. Morgan and Del Drago. The Louvre copy of the painting is considered the closest to the original. In all of these works, the drawing of the part of the composition related to the initial version of the original is relatively accurately reproduced. The figure of Josef, which appeared later, is reproduced in different versions with significant variation in the position and proportions of the head and hand drawing. It can be assumed that the compositions of early copies were created either directly from Rafael’s cardboard. Or usеd copies from it. The figure of Josef may have been directly copied from the original or created from cardboard, in which the drowing was of simplified schematic nature. Two-figured copy of the painting, displaced from panel to canvas by one of the Russian school of restoration A.F. Mitrokhin in 1827, kept in the Urals in the Art Museum of Yeraterinburg.

This thesis aims to investigate copying in architecture in relation to context. Is it possible to copy a building?With the advances of 3D-scanning and digital fabrication, the possibilities for copying form and material are constantly increasing. However, more so than the artistic object, architecture is always contextual - a building exists on a specific site. Therefore, when investigating copies in architecture, context becomes crucial. How does context change the specifics of the building?While studying the copy in relation to context and the adaptations, the relation between the original and the copy is highlighted. At what point does the copy detach itself from the original? Is there a copy or just multiple originals?In relation to these questions, there are several issues that surface, that might be defined by studying the subject. What is architecture? What is a building? What makes a building a piece of architecture? Who has authorship over a piece of architecture? And most importantly: where in a building lies the originality?

Cette thèse de doctorat propose une réflexion sur les phénomènes de copies en matière d’estampe à travers la production d’éditeurs-graveurs allemands de la seconde moitié du XVIIe siècle et de la première moitié du siècle suivant. Parmi les principaux acteurs du monde de la gravure en Allemagne après la fin de la guerre de Trente ans, certains, à commencer par la famille des Küsel à Augsbourg, se sont largement investis dans la réalisation et l’édition de copies gravées. Parmi les modèles utilisés par ces graveurs, l’estampe française du XVIIe siècle tient une place centrale. Remises dans leur contexte historique, technique et artistique, ces copies permettent d’aborder un rapport à la reproduction et diffusion des images différent d’aujourd’hui. Trois niveaux de transferts sont dans ce cadre interrogés. Le premier se réfère à la pratique même du copiste, qui transfère son modèle sur une plaque à graver. Le deuxième niveau de transfert concerne plus spécifiquement les translations qui s’opèrent d’un pays à un autre. Enfin, le troisième interroge la manière dont le désir de s’approprier l’original se reporte sur la copie. Il s’agit ainsi de replacer ces phénomènes de copies dans leurs contextes de production respectifs mais aussi d’étudier ce qu’implique cette pratique, tout en tenant compte pour cela du rôle joué par son public
This doctoral thesis presents a study of the phenomenon of print copying, study based on the production of German publishers and engravers in the second half of the seventeenth century and the first half of the following century. Some of the main producers of engravings in Germany after the end of the Thirty Years War, starting with the Küsel family in Augsburg, were very much involved in creating and publishing engraved copies. The French seventeenth century printing was a central element in the models used by these engravers. When these copies are placed in their historical, technical and artistic background, they enable us to address a different way of looking at the copying and publishing of pictures, compared withtoday. We shall, therefore, analyze three levels of transfers. The first one relates to the actual technique of the copyist who transfers the model onto an engraving plate. The second one focuses more specifically on the exchanges generated from one country to another. Finally, the third one raises the issue of how the desire to appropriate the original is transferred onto the copy. We shall thus place these phenomena of print copies in their respective backgrounds but also analyze what is implied by this practice, taking into account the role played by its audience

This thesis examines case studies and historical accounts taken from different periods of the history of recording technology, and addresses questions concerning the impact of mediatization, manipulation, and mediation on listeners' and performers' approaches to music. The project considers the development of the idea of "copies without originals," and of the ideological frameworks that have been used to describe and classify recorded sound. The first case study covers the early days of the phonograph and its development in Victorian society, then contrasts the values and motivations of those early years with modern-day rock performance and its own value systems. Moving into the mid-twentieth century, a chapter of this thesis is devoted to the work of Glenn Gould, and the possibilities for tape manipulation that the Canadian pianist explored during the period of his career that was focused on the recording studio. Lastly, this project examines the innovative, user-driven methods of music-making that are gaining momentum today, including Bjork's "Biophilia" app album, and the emergence of a new genre of popular music in Asia that uses vocal synthesizers in place of live performers. By exploring these case studies alongside the works of scholars in musicology, media studies, sound theory, film and television, and popular music studies, this thesis demonstrates how cultural need, individual innovation, and social involvement interact to direct the development and application of emerging media technologies.

Ce manuscrit porte sur l'étude de la chimie de coordination et de nouvelles réactivités de complexes du cuivre et de l'or. Plus particulièrement, le travail ici présenté avait pour objectif d'approfondir nos connaissances de deux procédés clés de la chimie organométallique rarement observées dans le cas du cuivre et de l'or : (i) l'activation de liaisons s et (ii) l'insertion migratoire. La première partie de ce manuscrit est dédiée à l'étude de la coordination de liaisons s-SiH sur le cuivre. En tirant profit de la stratégie de l'assistance chélate, nous avons synthétisé des complexes de cuivre avec des ligands diphosphino-hydrosilane (R2P(o-C6H4))2Si(R')H. Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence grâce à des moyens expérimentaux (RMN, IR, diffraction RX) et théoriques (optimisation de géométrie, analyse NBO) une coordination ?2-SiH faible sur le cuivre. Cette coordination est essentiellement dominée par une donation de densité électronique de la liaison SiH vers le cuivre sans rétrodonation significative. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons étudié la réactivité des complexes silyles d'or vis-à-vis des substrats organiques insaturés. Nous avons montré que des alcynes et des allènes réagissent avec des complexes silyles d'or(I) pour former des complexes bêta-silyle vinyle d'or par un processus original d'insertion migratoire syn dans la liaison AuSi. Un mécanisme du type coordination-insertion pour cette transformation unique dans la chimie de de l'or est proposé sur la base des études cinétiques et théoriques. Dans la troisième partie, l'addition oxydante intermoléculaire de liaisons s-SiSi, s-CC et s-CX (X=halogène) à des complexes moléculaires d'or(I) a été étudié. Nous avons pu montrer que ce processus, considéré comme impossible avec l'or, était en fait très favorable avec un ligand judicieusement choisi. Certains complexes monophosphines d'or cationiques sont actifs vis-à-vis de l'addition oxydante de certains disilanes, mais les complexes bis(silyle) d'or(III) ainsi générés se sont avérés très instables. En revanche, l'utilisation de complexes bis(phosphine) d'or(I) possédant un angle de morsure faible permettent pour la première fois l'addition oxydante spontanée de liaisons s-CC et s-CX ainsi que la stabilisation des complexes d'or(III) correspondants. Ces derniers ont pu être caractérisés spectroscopiquement et structuralement. Ces résultats montrent une réactivité inattendue pour des complexes d'or et semblent d'être prometteurs pour des nouvelles réactions catalysées à l'or
The present work is a study concerning the coordination chemistry and reactivity of copper and gold complexes. Of particular interest was the elucidation of (i) the metal-mediated activation of s-bonds and (ii) the migratory insertion reaction. Both processes are of considerable importance in organometallic chemistry, but elusive for copper and gold. The first part of this manuscript is dedicated to the study of the coordination of s-SiH bonds to copper. By means of a chelate assistance approach, we synthesized copper complexes employing diphosphino-hydrosilane ligands (R2P(o-C6H4))2Si(R')H. This study allowed for the identification of a weak ?2-SiH coordination to copper that has been evidenced by experimental (NMR, IR, XRD) and computational (geometry optimization, NBO analysis) means. The s-SiH coordination is essentially dominated by donation of electron density from the hydrosilane moiety to copper, without significant backdonation. In the second part, we investigated the reactivity of silylgold(I) complexes towards unsaturated organic molecules. We showed that these complexes react with alkynes and allenes to yield (Beta-silyl)vinylgold complexes via migratory syn insertion into the gold-silicon bond. A mechanistic proposal consisting of a 2-step coordination insertion process was established for this transformation by means of a kinetic and computational study. In the third part, the intermolecular oxidative addition of s-SiSi, s-CC and s-CX (X=halogen) bonds with molecular gold(I) complexes was studied in detail. We showed that this reaction, usually considered to be impossible for gold, is actually highly favored, provided an adequate ligand is employed. Disilanes add to cationic monophosphine gold(I) complexes. However, the corresponding bis(silyl)gold(III) products are highly unstable. The use of bis(phosphine) gold(I) complexes, featuring a bidentate ligand with a small bite-angle, allowed for the first time for the oxidative addition of s-CC and s-CX bonds at gold(I) and proved key for the stabilization of the corresponding gold(III) products that were characterized by spectroscopic and structural means. These results shed light on an unexpected reactivity pattern of gold complexes and may be an entry point to 2-electron redox transformations mediated by this metal, opening up new perspectives in gold catalysis

Le mariage égyptien est resté le même, dans son ensemble, depuis le temps pharaonique, à travers l'ancien, le moyen, le nouvel empires et la basse époque, aussi à travers la periode perse, ptolémaique, romaine et arabe. . . Jusqu'a nos jours chez les coptes - descendants des pharaons - sur la base de l'unicité de ce peuple "un". Il est une union sacrée de l'âme et du corps, entre un homme et une femme conclue par devant le saint des saints par écrit et par le ministère d'un notaire, qui est un prêtre, en vue de la formation d'une famille et en présence des témoins et des proches
The egyptian marriage, is still the same, since the pharaonic times, through the ancient, the middle, the new kingdoms and the late period, also through the persian, ptolmaic, roman and arabic periode. . . Till nowadays, between the copts descendants of pharaos, upon the base of "unity of that people". This marriage was and still a sacred union for the spirit and corpus, between a man and a woman held in front of the holy of holies, by writing and by the hand of a notary priest for forming a family in the presence of witnesses and relatives

Thesis (B. Sc.(Hons))--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Geology and Geophysics, 1992.
Two charts in pocket. National grid reference: Maitland sheet 1-53/12 (1:253 440). Includes bibliographical references.

The Hekou Group in the Kangdian region, SW Yangtze Block is a metavolcanic-metasedimentary succession hosting the giant Lala Fe-Cu-(Mo, REE) deposit. Mafic volcanic rocks of the Hekou Group and nearby gabbroic intrusions have identical zircon U-Pb ages of ~1700 Ma. The sedimentary and mafic rocks are suggested to have formed in an intra-continental rift, similar to those of the North Australian Craton. Such a similarity suggests that the Yangtze Block was likely linked with the North Australian Craton in the Columbia supercontinent during late Paleoproterozoic. Overlying the Hekou Group is a thick sedimentary sequence of the Julin Group containing basaltic layers with zircon U-Pb ages of ~1050 Ma. The basalts and other coeval igneous rocks in the region have geochemical affinity of within-plate rocks, representing a ~1.05-1.1 Ga rifting event. Occurrence of the within-plate rocks does not support existence of a Grenvillian orogenic belt in the region, and thus agrues against previous hypothesis that proposed the Yangtze Block to be located in the interior of the Rodinia supercontinent on the basis of the so-called Grenvillian orogenic belt. The Lala deposit contains 200 Mt of ores with an average grade of 13 wt.% Fe, 0.92 wt.% Cu, 0.018 wt.% Mo, 0.022 wt.% Co, 0.25 wt.% REE2O3 and 0.16 ppm Au, and is one of the largest IOCG deposits in the region. The ores are hosted mostly in meta-vocalnic rocks (albitite) and schists, and are characterized by abundant low-Ti magnetite with subordinate chalcopyrite, pyrite, molybdenite and REE minerals. The paragenetic sequence includes Stage I of Na-alteration, Stage II of Fe mineralization, Stage III of Cu-Mo-REE mineralization, Stage IV of chalcopyrite-pyrite-calcite veins and Stage V of hematite-calcite-quartz veins. Molybdenite of Stage III has a Re-Os isotopic age of 1086 ± 8 Ma, similar to U-Pb ages of the primary allanite as 1067 ± 41 Ma, suggesting that mineralization of the Lala deposit is coeval with the ~1.05-1.1 Ga within-plate magmatism in the region. The secondary allanite has U-Pb ages of 880-850 Ma, comparable to Ar-Ar and Pb-Pb ages of undeformed Stage IV and V veins, representing a younger hydrothermal event. C-O-S isotopes suggest that the Fe and Cu mineralization stages (II and III) at Lala have formed from high temperature magmatic-hydrothermal fluids (385-430ºC). However, compositions of fluid inclusions and minerals demonstrate that the Fe and Cu mineralizing fluids have different compositions. Strontium isotopic compositions of apatite and calcite suggest that the Fe mineralizing fluid has formed from magmatic fluids interacted with late Paleoproterozoic host rocks, whereas the Cu mineralizing fluid with much higher 87Sr/86Sr ratios has possibly involved magmatic fluids that have interacted with older basement beneath. Close association of monazite-bearing apatite, Cu-sulfides and REE-minerals at Lala suggests that REE mobilization and mineralization is genetically related to the Cu mineralizing fluid. This study suggests that the Cu mineralizing fluid contains Cl-, K, CO2, F-, PO43- and CO32- with low Na activity, and is thus responsible for mobilization, transportation and deposition of LREEs in the Lala deposit.
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Earth Sciences
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

Giovan Girolamo Carli, a Sienese scholar (1719-1786), focused on the language of the Letters, usually considered a secondary aspect compared to their historical and theological value. Probably pushed by an anonimous client, Carli was planning to publish the first critical edition of the Letters, strictly philological, supported by insights on the life of the Blessed and a dictionary. His manuscript drafts, even incomplete, are however a precious source for reconstructing the original documents tradition, since he directly consulted and compared different and authoritative copies. Carli's purpose was to celebrate a fellow citizen, but also to prove the Sienese linguistic primacy instead of the Florentine one – as in art historiography –, and propose an authentic style against the contemporary mediocrity.

The paper studies the editorial practice of Boccaccio in his copies of Dante’s Vita Nuova, through a textual comparison between the two preserved transcriptions and the ones that are only hypothetically referable to his work, thanks to an examination of the varia lectio. What emerged for Vita Nuova from a new comprehensive collatio of the most important witnesses of Boccaccio’s manuscript tradition, put together with what is known about the other Dante’s works copied by Boccaccio himself (lyrics and Commedia), seem to converge in the hypothesis, already suggested by Michele Barbi, that around the interpositus b3 it is quite recognizable a third “authorial edition”, originally conceived like the other two, and perhaps currently surviving in the manuscript Riccardiano 1035.

The report is devoted to a comparative analysis of two manuscripts of commemorative books of the 16th century from the monastery of St. John the Baptist in Macedonia: manuscript CMNL 1015 in Sofia and manuscript ONSL 1/116 in Odessa. Both manuscripts are supposed to presumably represent one monument of ancient writing made in two copies. Over time, the original variant and the copy were chaotically mixed up and ended up in different museum collections of the two countries — Bulgaria and Ukraine.

В статье прослеживается история развития тех методов копирования наскальных рисунков, которые позволяют получить трехмерное воспроизведение оригинальной скальной поверхности с изображениями. К ним относятся изготовленные из разных материалов и разными способами оттиски и сделанные в них как в формах отливки. Первые оттиски делались из увлажненной бумаги (эстампажи) сейчас современные материалы и технологии позволяют получать высокой точности матрицы из силиконовых смол и отливать в них факсимильные копии из различных имитирующих камень материалов. Автор приводит примеры из опыта использования этих методов отечественными специалистами анализирует преимущества и недостатки рассматривает возможности использования факсимильных копий в сфере изучения, сохранения и популяризации наскального искусства. The paper traces the history of development of those methods of copying rock art which enable one to obtain a three-dimensional reproduction of the original decorated rock surface. These include imprints made of various materials and in various ways, and also casts. The first imprints were made with moistened paper (squeezes, estampages), and now modern materials and technologies make it possible to obtain high-precision silicone moulds and to cast facsimile copies in them with various rock-imitating materials. The author gives a number of examples from direct experience of using theose methods, mainly in Russia analyzes their advantages and disadvantages and considers the possibilities of using facsimile copies in the study, preservation and popularization of rock art.

The nuclear industry is heavily procedure driven, where almost everything has a step-by-step instruction that is expected to be followed in detail. Historically, these procedures were printed on paper copies. Recently, the industry transitioned towards electronic copies (i.e., PDFs on tablets). One major drive for this transition is the introduction of human error and loss of situation awareness when using paper copies. However, electronic copies of documents inherently have the same error traps as their paper cousins. Therefore, there is an increased interest in a way to utilize the information in the step-by-step guidance, but to present it in a dynamic manner that guides the user and adapts to any encountered conditions. Researchers at Idaho National Laboratory propose a flexible, automated method based on document parsing and augmented by natural language processing (NLP) techniques, to address these shortcomings and capitalize on these recent advancements in machine learning. The proposed method provides a cost-effective solution for computer-assisted procedure parsing of hand-written control room procedures, originally authored in Word or PDF formats, into instructions that can be displayed as computer-based procedures (CBP) in a modern graphical user interface. The researchers devised, implemented and demonstrated the Operating Procedure Extender for Novel Systems (OPENS) method in 2020. The key to OPENS is to map the original procedure text into a context-free grammar, tying content to equipment, locations, and other steps, actions, etc. This formal grammar is then used to isolate and define keywords and actions verbs, such as “measure” or “evaluate” and tie them to specific equipment referenced within that step or located in other steps, substeps, actions, subactions and tables throughout the procedure. OPENS generates an abstract syntax tree from the document which it uses to store a copy of this information in the open-standard, machine-readable and human-readable file formats XML and JSON. The XML is useful to preserve the relational aspects of the procedure for referencing tables and branching information so the user can be directed to the next appropriate active step based on the values entered for that step and previous steps. The JSON is useful for storing and exchanging data objects used to track responses to previous steps and state changes in simulated environments. In future iterations, these formats can also be used for storing more detailed information about input during plant operation or simulation. The techniques the researcher developed could further be improved by integration of recent advancements in machine learning. NLP methods could standardize documents, correct for grammatical error, and provide automated semantic validation. The researcher expects that self-supervised techniques applied to collections of natural language instructions could strengthen the model with broader context. All these methods together give us a practical way to automatically extract protocols from documents and user interactions, empowering researchers, procedure writers and nuclear operators while moving the industry forward.

The principal objective of this research was to determine the merit of transom lift devices on high-performance sailing craft. Transom lift devices modify running trim and also produce several other less-obvious hydrodynamic effects, all of which alter total resistance, thereby affecting the maximum speed achievable under sail. Transom lift devices, in the form of trim tabs, planing wedges, and interceptors, have been used with considerable and quantifiable success for many years on powered craft in both the planing and displacement regimes. This undergraduate thesis extends that research to a round bilged sailing yacht, the Open 60 Imagine—an older Open 60 hull-form by Kaufmann Designs. The effect of transom lift devices was tested on the one-tenth scale model of Imagine in the Robinson Model Basin at Webb Institute. Heel angles of 0, 5, and 10 degrees were investigated at a range of speeds from 1.087 to 13.89 feet per second, model-scale, corresponding to full-scale speeds from 2 to 26 knots. A simplified testing matrix was chosen that did not investigate model yaw, side force, or leeway. Resistance, trim, and sinkage were measured. The study found that transom lift devices, particularly interceptors, greatly affect the trim of the yacht. The devices decrease resistance in the hump region, although on Imagine these decreases were small in magnitude. Importantly, it was shown that the benefits of transom lift devices seem likely to continue even when the yacht is heeled. Outside the hump-region, at both high and low speeds, resistance increased considerably in all configurations. This is thought to be due to increased bow-wetted surface and loss of lift due to excessively decreased trim at the higher speeds. However, it is believed that this study shows that there is considerable merit to the further investigation of transom lift devices on sailing yachts such as Open 60s, particularly more recent hull forms. This paper summarizes work completed for an undergraduate thesis at Webb Institute. Elements of the paper have been designed to meet the original thesis project requirements. Full copies of the original thesis can be obtained from the author or accessed through Webb Institute.

Background: First described 20 years ago by Notomi et al. (1999), the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay is robust, rapid and straightforward, yet retains high sensitivity and specificity. These features have seen the LAMP assay and the inclusion of a reverse transcriptase (RT-LAMP) implemented for a broad range of molecular diagnostic applications extending from infectious diseases, including detection of the original SARS-CoV-1 virus. The advantages of RTLAMP include using different reagents than RT-qPCR, the potential for direct processing of samples without the need for prior RNA extraction and an extremely rapid turn-around time. Several groups have now described different RT-LAMP assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Therefore, the aim of this study is to assess the feasibility, sensitivity and effectiveness of LAMP technique in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in different type of samples. Method: New England Biolabs (NEB) LAMP master mixes were used. Six set of primers specific to SARS-CoV-2 were obtained from IDT. The reaction mix consisting of LAMP master mix, primer working solution and a sample was incubated at 65⁰C and results were collected after 30 mins. Results: In just 30 mins, we were able to detect the virus without any prior sample processing. Our primers were able to detect up to 100 copies of the viruses, which is comparable to the RT-PCR that we currently use in our lab. The primers were tested against all other coronavirus and they have shown 100% specificity to the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus. Both the florescent and calorimetric master mixes were able to detect the virus in all tested samples: clinical, animal and environmental. Conclusion: LAMP is a fast reliable technique that could be used as a quick screening method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different settings and using different collection medium.

Newly formed metal surface is often unstable and becomes stable when it is terminated with another molecule, but the original color and properties may be diminished when it is covered with oxygen or gasses in atmosphere. Anti-copper-corrosion additives adsorb onto the surface of copper and it is used in order to prevent this phenomena and save copper’s color and properties [1]. There are few molecule findings about anti-copper-corrosion additive, however, and the mechanism of adsorbtion onto the surface of cupper and prevent corrosion. Recently, real-time instrumentation technique using Otto-SPR was proposed, and it is becoming possible to observe how additives adsorb onto the surface in molecular level [2].

This article presents significant experimental data about the coaxial dual-pipe heat pipe which is new developed for applications of the heat pipe cooler in our CCT laboratory. It’s well known that heat pipe integrated with cooling plates has changed the heat transfer property of the heat pipe to be similar to copper pipe, where the heat transfer property of the bare heat pipe is discrete and the copper pipe is continuous. The integrated cooling plates cause the original heat transfer property of the heat pipe to be destroyed. For recovery of the original heat transfer property of the heat pipe in a heat pipe cooler, the coaxial dual-pipe heat pipe built a coaxial pipe inside the heat pipe in the thermal insulating section to avoid the heat of vapor being earlier taken away in the thermal insulating section. Experimental study in this work first built a home-made square coaxial dual-pipe heat pipe integrated with outside isothermal cycling cooling water. The home-made square coaxial dual-pipe heat pipe has an observation window and is convenient to observe the change of two-phase flow inside the heat pipe influenced by the outside cooling water. The results show that the new developed dual-pipe heat pipe cooler has kept the original heat transfer property of the bare heat pipe and therefore increases its cooling efficiency clearly.

Mining companies have mirrored other large multinational companies in setting up global value chains (GVCs), sourcing their inputs and services from an ever-larger number of highly capable suppliers in developing countries, such as those in resource-rich Latin America. However, recent empirical studies on the mining GVC in that region suggest that even innovative local suppliers find it difficult to exploit their innovations in local and foreign markets. Using a conceptual framework that combines literature on innovation and GVCs, this study analyzed how global/regional- and firm-level factors interact to explain the acquisition of local suppliers capabilities within Brazils mining industry. The study explored these issues using original data gathered in 2019 and secondary sources from Brazil. The main findings are related to (i) strategies used by domestic suppliers to develop innovative solutions for leading mining companies, (ii) how health and safety concerns spurred innovation after the disasters in Mariana and Brumadinho, (iii) new-to-the-world innovation capabilities among Brazilian suppliers to the mining industry, and (iv) the main barriers to developing innovative practices among domestic suppliers. The authors propose public policies to support major mining companies in acquiring innovations from domestic suppliers to the mining industry. Opportunities such as a Copper Rush in Brazil that could foster further innovations in mining are discussed.

The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and live performance led to the following hypothesis: Appropriate comprehensive incubation treatments that include significant temperature management changes will promote angiogenesis and will improve acquisition of thermotolerance and carcass quality of heavy broilers through epigenetic adaptation. It was based on the following questions: 1. Can TM during embryogenesis of broilers induce a longer-lasting thermoregulatory memory (up to marketing age of 10 wk) that will improve acquisition of thermotolerance as well as increased breast meat yield in heavy broilers? 2. The improved sensible heat loss (SHL) suggests an improved peripheral vasodilation process. Does elevated temperature during incubation affect vasculogenesis and angiogenesis processes in the chick embryo? Will such create subsequent advantages for heavy broilers coping with adverse hot conditions? 3. What are the changes that occur in the PO/AH that induce the changes in the threshold response for heat production/heat loss based on the concept of epigenetic temperature adaptation? The original objectives of this study were as follow: a. to assess the improvement of thermotolerance efficiency and carcass quality of heavy broilers (~4 kg); b. toimproveperipheral vascularization and angiogenesis that improve sensible heat loss (SHL); c. to study the changes in the PO/AH thermoregulatory response for heat production/losscaused by modulating incubation temperature. To reach the goals: a. the effect of TM on performance and thermotolerance of broilers reared to 10 wk of age was studied. b. the effect of preincubation heating with an elevated temperature during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation in the presence of modified fresh air flow coupled with changes in turning frequency was elucidated; c.the effect of elevated temperature on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis was determined using in ovo and whole embryo chick culture as well as HIF-1α VEGF-α2 VEGF-R, FGF-2, and Gelatinase A (MMP2) gene expression. The effects on peripheral blood system of post-hatch chicks was determined with an infrared thermal imaging technique; c. the expression of BDNF was determined during the development of the thermal control set-point in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH). Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” Recently, Piestunet al. (2008) demonstrated for the first time that TM (an elevated incubation temperature of 39.5°C for 12 h/d from E7 to E16) during the development/maturation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroid axis (thermoregulation) and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis (stress) significantly improved the thermotolerance and performance of broilers at 35 d of age. These phenomena raised two questions that were addressed in this project: 1. was it possible to detect changes leading to the determination of the “set point”; 2. Did TM have a similar long lasting effect (up to 70 d of age)? 3. Did other TM combinations (pre-heating and heating during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation) coupled with changes in turning frequency have any performance effect? The improved thermotolerance resulted mainly from an efficient capacity to reduce heat production and the level of stress that coincided with an increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2008; 2009). The increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2009) suggested an additional positive effect of TM on vasculogenesis and angiogensis. 4. In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of the chorioallantoic membrane development was thought to increase vasculogenesis and angiogenesis providing better vasodilatation and by that SHL post-hatch.

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.

Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.Cette étude porte sur une des innovations contemporaines liées à l’économie de la publication scientifique : les accords dits transformants, un objet relativement circonscrit au sein des relations entre consortiums de bibliothèques et éditeurs scientifiques, et temporellement situé entre 2015 et 2020. Ce type d’accords a pour objectif affiché d’organiser la transition du modèle traditionnel de l’abonnement à des revues (souvent proposées par regroupements thématiques ou collections) vers celui de l’accès ouvert en opérant une réaffectation des budgets qui y sont consacrés. Notre travail d’analyse sociologique constitue une première étude systématique de cet objet, fondée sur la recension de 197 accords. Le corpus ainsi constitué inclut des accords caractérisés par la coprésence d’une composante d’abonnement et d’une composante de publication en accès ouvert, même minimale (« jetons » de publication offerts, réduction sur les APC...). En conséquence, ont été exclus de l’analyse les accords portant uniquement sur du financement centralisé de publication en accès ouvert, que ce soit avec des éditeurs ne proposant que des revues avec paiement par l’auteur (PLOS, Frontiers, MDPI...) ou des éditeurs dont une partie du catalogue est constitué de revues en accès ouvert. L’accord le plus ancien de notre corpus a été signé en 2010, les plus récents en 2020 – les accords ne commençant qu’en 2021, même annoncés au cours de l’étude, n’ont pas été retenus. Plusieurs résultats se dégagent de notre analyse. Tout d’abord, on note une grande diversité des acteurs impliqués avec 22 pays et 39 éditeurs, même si certains consortiums (Pays-Bas, Suède, Autriche, Allemagne) et éditeurs (CUP, Elsevier, RSC, Springer) en ont signé beaucoup plus que d’autres. Ensuite, la durée des accords, comprise entre une et six années, révèle une distribution très inégalitaire, avec plus de la moitié des accords (103) signés pour 3 ans, ainsi qu’une faible proportion pour 4 ans ou plus (22 accords). Enfin, en dépit d’appels répétés à la transparence, moins de la moitié des accords (96) ont un texte accessible au moment de cette étude, sans qu’on puisse observer une tendance récente à une plus grande disponibilité. L’analyse montre également des degrés d’ouverture très variables, allant d’une simple information sur le répertoire ESAC en passant par la mise à disposition d’un format annotable jusqu’à l’attribution d’un DOI et d’une licence de réutilisation (CC-BY), en incluant le détail des sommes monétaires. Parmi les 96 accords disponibles, dont 47 signés en 2020, 62 ont fait l’objet d’une analyse en profondeur. C’est à notre connaissance la première analyse à cette échelle, sur un type de matériel non seulement inédit, mais qui était auparavant soumis à des clauses de confidentialité. Fondée sur une lecture minutieuse, l’étude décrit de manière fine leurs propriétés, depuis la matérialité du document jusqu’aux formules financières, en passant par leur morphologie et l’ensemble des droits et devoirs des parties. Les contenus des accords sont donc analysés comme une collection dont nous cherchons à déterminer les points communs et les variations, à travers des codages explicites sur certaines de leurs caractéristiques. L’étude pointe également des incertitudes, et notamment leur caractère « transitionnel », qui demeure fortement discuté. D’un point de vue morphologique, les accords montrent une grande diversité en matière de taille (de 7 à 488 pages) et de structure. Néanmoins, par définition, ils articulent tous deux objets essentiels : d’une part, les conditions de réalisation d’une lecture d’articles de revues, sous forme d’abonnement, mêlant des préoccupations d’accès et de sécurité ; d’autre part, les modalités de publication en accès ouvert, articulant la gestion d’un nouveau type de workflow à toute une série d’options possibles. Parmi ces options, mentionnons notamment le périmètre des revues considérées (hybrides et/ou accès ouvert), les licences disponibles, le degré d’obligation de cette publication, les auteurs éligibles ou le volume d’articles publiables. L’un des résultats les plus importants de cette analyse approfondie est la mise au jour d’un découplage presque complet, au sein même des accords, entre l’objet abonnement et l’objet publication. Bien entendu, l’abonnement est systématiquement configuré dans un monde fermé, soumis à paiement qui déclenche des séries d’identification des circulations légitimes tant du contenu informationnel que des usagers. Il insiste notamment sur les interdictions de réutilisation ou même de copie des articles scientifiques. À l’opposé, la publication en accès ouvert est attachée à un monde régi par l’accès gratuit au contenu, ce qui induit des préoccupations de gestion du workflow et des modalités d’accessibilité. De plus, les différents éléments constitutifs de ces objets contractuels ne sont pas couplés : d’un côté, les lecteurs sont constitués de l’ensemble des membres des institutions abonnées, de l’autre, seuls les auteurs correspondants (« corresponding authors ») sont concernés ; les listes de revues accessibles à la lecture et celles réservées à la publication en accès ouvert sont le plus souvent distinctes ; les workflows ont des objectifs et des organisations matérielles totalement différentes, etc. L’articulation entre les deux objets contractuels relève uniquement d’une formule de distribution financière qui, outre des combinaisons particulières entre l’un et l’autre, permet d’attribuer des étiquettes distinctes aux accords (offset agreement, publish & read, read & publish, read & free articles, read & discount). Au-delà de cette distribution, l’étude des arrangements financiers montre une gamme de dispositions allant d’une prévisibilité budgétaire totale, donc identique aux accords d’abonnement antérieurs, à une incertitude sur le volume de publication ou sur le montant définitif des sommes échangées. Les modalités concrètes de calcul des montants associés à la publication en accès ouvert sont relativement variées. S’il existe effectivement des formules récurrentes (volume d’articles multiplié par un prix individuel, reprise de la moyenne des sommes totales d’APC des années précédentes...), le calcul des sommes en jeu est toujours le résultat d’une négociation singulière entre un consortium et un éditeur scientifique, et aboutit parfois à des formules originales et complexes. À ce titre, l’espace des possibles en matière de formules financières n’est jamais totalement clos. Par ailleurs, la volonté des consortiums d’opérer une « transformation » de leurs accords vers la publication à coût constant renvoie à des définitions diversifiées du « coût » (inclusion ou non des dépenses d’APC préexistantes) et de la constance (admission ou pas d’une « inflation » à 2 ou 3%). De plus, nous n’avons observé aucune disposition contractuelle permettant d’anticiper les sommes en jeu au-delà de l’horizon temporel de l’accord courant. La grande diversité des accords provient d’une part des conditions initiales des relations entre consortiums et éditeurs scientifiques – les sommes dépensées en abonnement étant le point de départ des nouveaux accords –, d’autre part des objectifs de chaque partie. Même si cette étude excluait volontairement les négociations, les accords portent des traces de ces objectifs. Ainsi, de nombreux accords sont de nature explicitement expérimentale, quand certains visent un contrôle budgétaire strict, ou d’autres ambitionnent, dans la période plus récente, la publication du plus grand nombre possible d’articles en accès ouvert. C’est dans ce dernier cas qu’on touche à l’ambiguïté des attentes générales sur les accords transformants. En effet, pour les consortiums, la dimension « transformante » consiste essentiellement à transférer les sommes traditionnellement allouées à l’abonnement vers la publication en accès ouvert. Mais l’objectif n’est jamais de transformer le modèle économique des revues, c'est-à-dire de faire basculer des revues sous abonnement ou hybrides en revues entièrement en accès ouvert. D’ailleurs, aucune clause ne vise une telle fin – à l’exception du modèle d’accord proposé par l’éditeur ACM. Du côté des éditeurs, et notamment de Springer, le caractère cumulatif des accords nationaux passés vise à projeter un monde de la publication où l’accès ouvert devient de fait quantitativement très dominant, sans pour autant modifier de manière pérenne le modèle économique de leurs revues. Notre étude montre que les accords transformants actuels ne permettent pas d’assurer de manière durable une transition de l’économie de la publication vers l’accès ouvert, dans la mesure où ils n’offrent pas de garantie sur le contrôle des dépenses ni sur la pérennité de l’ouverture des contenus. L’avenir des relations entre consortium et éditeur demeure largement indéterminé.

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