Journal articles: 'Orienting effects'

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Fimm, Bruno, Klaus Willmes, and Will Spijkers. "Differential Effects of Lowered Arousal on Covert and Overt Shifts of Attention." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 21, no. 7 (June 15, 2015): 545–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617715000405.

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AbstractBased on previous studies demonstrating detrimental effects of reduced alertness on attentional orienting our study seeks to examine covert and overt attentional orienting in different arousal states. We hypothesized an attentional asymmetry with increasing reaction times to stimuli presented to the left visual field in a state of maximally reduced arousal. Eleven healthy participants underwent sleep deprivation and were examined repeatedly every 4 hr over 28 hr in total with two tasks measuring covert and overt orienting of attention. Contrary to our hypothesis, a reduction of arousal did not induce any asymmetry of overt orienting. Even in participants with profound and significant attentional asymmetries in covert orienting no substantial reaction time differences between left- and right-sided targets in the overt orienting task could be observed. This result is not in agreement with assumptions of a tight coupling of covert and overt attentional processes. In conclusion, we found differential effects of lowered arousal induced by sleep deprivation on covert and overt orienting of attention. This pattern of results points to a neuronal non-overlap of brain structures subserving these functions and a differential influence of the norepinephrine system on these modes of spatial attention. (JINS, 2015,21, 545–557)

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Mahoney, Jeannette R., Joe Verghese, Kristina Dumas, Cuiling Wang, and Roee Holtzer. "Multisensory cueing and the attention network test in aging." Seeing and Perceiving 25 (2012): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187847612x646424.

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The Attention Network Test (ANT) assesses the effect of alerting and orienting cues on a visual flanker task measuring executive attention. Previous findings revealed that older adults demonstrate greater RT benefits when provided with visual orienting cues that offer both spatial and temporal information of an ensuing target. Given the overlap of neural correlates involved in multisensory processing and cueing (i.e., alerting and orienting), especially in the superior colliculus, thalamus, superior temporal and parietal regions, an investigation of multisensory cueing effects was warranted. The current study was designed to determine whether participants, both old and young, benefited from receiving multisensory alerting and orienting cues on a visual flanker task. Eighteen young (M = 19.17 yrs) and eighteen old (M = 76.44 yrs) individuals that were determined to be non-demented and without any medical or psychiatric conditions that would affect their performance were included. Results revealed main effects for the executive attention and orienting networks, but not for the alerting network. In terms of orienting, both old and young adults demonstrated significant orienting effects for auditory–somatosensory (AS), auditory–visual (AV), and visual–somatosensory (VS) cues. Benefits of multisensory compared to unisensory averaged orienting effects differed by cue type and age group; younger adults demonstrated significantly greater RT benefits for AS orienting cues whereas older adults demonstrated significantly greater RT benefits for AV orienting cues. Both groups, however, demonstrated significant RT benefits for VS orienting cues. These findings provide evidence for the facilitative effect of multisensory orienting cues, and not multisensory alerting cues, in old and young adults.

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Tovar, Mariela, and Gary Coldevin. "Effects of Orienting Activities and Instructional Control on Learning Facts and Procedures from Interactive Video." Journal of Educational Computing Research 8, no. 4 (November 1992): 507–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/n6km-0jdk-d87v-3p7b.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of orienting activities and locus of instructional control on the learning of factual and procedural knowledge via interactive video. Specifically, the interaction between three levels of instructional control (linear, mixed and learner) and two levels of orienting (orienting versus no orienting) was investigated. It was hypothesized that the provision of an orienting activity would show a greater impact on learning for the learner control condition than for the mixed control and linear control conditions. Subjects consisted of ninety-one university students majoring in either biology, chemistry or exercise science. The dependent variables were recall of facts, recall of procedures, and instructional time. The results did not support the predicted interaction between orienting activity and instructional locus of control. It was found that provision of the orienting activity significantly facilitated the recall of factual information from the lesson. Both linear and mixed control treatments were significantly superior to the learner control. No significant effects were found for the recall of procedural information. Analysis of the time variable showed that subjects provided with the orienting activity spent significantly more time with the program than those who did not have this activity.

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Correa, Ángel, and Anna C. Nobre. "Neural Modulation by Regularity and Passage of Time." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 3 (September 2008): 1649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.90656.2008.

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The current study tested whether multiple rhythms could flexibly induce temporal expectations (temporal orienting) and whether these expectations interact with temporal expectations associated with the passage of time (foreperiod effects). A visual stimulus that moved following a regular rhythm was temporarily occluded for a variable duration (occlusion foreperiod). The task involved making a speeded perceptual discrimination about the target stimulus that reappeared after the occlusion. Temporal-orienting effects were measured by comparing performance and event-related potentials on conditions in which the timing for target reappearance was predictable (valid) versus unpredictable (invalid) according to the rhythm. Foreperiod effects were measured by comparing conditions in which the target was occluded for progressively longer periods of time (short, medium, and long foreperiods) and hence were increasingly predictable. The results showed strong interactions between temporal orienting and foreperiod effects during the facilitation of behavior and neural activity associated with late perceptual and response selection processes. Temporal orienting attenuated the N2 amplitude and decreased the P3 latency only at short foreperiods. Temporal preparation related to foreperiod effects abolished temporal orienting effects at medium and long foreperiods. Likewise, foreperiod effects attenuated the N1 and N2 amplitudes and decreased the P3 latency only in the invalid orienting condition as preparation related to temporal orienting abolished foreperiod effects in the valid condition. This high degree of neural overlap between the effects of temporal orienting driven by rhythms and foreperiod effects associated with the passage of time suggests the involvement of a common mechanism for temporal preparation.

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Danziger, Shai, Alan Kingstone, and Robert D. Rafal. "Orienting to Extinguished Signals in Hemispatial Neglect." Psychological Science 9, no. 2 (March 1998): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9280.00021.

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This study tested for spatial orienting effects, without awareness, to signals presented in the neglected hemifield of 2 hemispatialneglect patients. The experiment adapted a spatial precuing paradigm for measuring the effects of visual attention. Contralesional orienting hastened subsequent target detection at the location of an extinguished precue. These findings validate a claim that orienting can occur independently of overt detection and indicate that location information is registered in the neglected field.

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Bahri, Toufik. "Covert Orienting of Attention Controls Vigilance Decrement at Low Event Rate." Perceptual and Motor Skills 79, no. 1 (August 1994): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1994.79.1.83.

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Factors controlling sustained visual orienting were investigated by combining the paradigms of covert orienting and vigilance. Analysis suggests a close relationship between orienting of attention and vigilance which is dependent on the event rare during the vigilance task. At a low event rate both facilitatory and inhibitory effects of orienting are found. Vigilance decrement is related to the accumulation of inhibition over time, supporting Posner, et al.'s 1984 theory. Invalid cues reduce the decrement. At a high event rate, however, neither facilitation nor inhibition effects are reliable, and vigilance decrement is relared to limitations of the allocation of attentional capacity, supporting Parasuraman's multifactorial theory. The results suggest that facilitation and inhibition caused by orienting are important opposing mechanisms in visual attention, allowing the nervous system to control the distribution of attention both over visual space and over time.

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Zivony, Alon, Hadas Erel, and Daniel A. Levy. "Predictivity and Manifestation Factors in Aging Effects on the Orienting of Spatial Attention." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 9 (May 25, 2019): 1863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbz064.

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Abstract Objective Prior attention research has asserted that endogenous orienting of spatial attention by willful focusing may be differently influenced by aging than exogenous orienting, the capture of attention by external cues. However, most such studies confound factors of manifestation (locational vs symbolic cues) and the predictivity of cues. We therefore investigated whether age effects on orienting are mediated by those factors. Method We measured accuracy and response times of groups of younger and older adults in a discrimination task with flanker distracters, under three spatial cueing conditions: nonpredictive locational cues, predictive symbolic cues, and a hybrid predictive locational condition. Results Age differences were found to be related to the factor of cue predictivity, but not to the factor of spatial manifestation. These differences were not modulated by flanker congruency. Discussion The results indicate that the orienting of spatial attention in healthy aging may be adversely affected by less effective perception or utilization of the predictive value of cues, but not by the requirement to voluntarily execute a shift of attention.

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Berlucchi, Giovanni, Leonardo Chelazzi, and Giancarlo Tassinari. "Volitional Covert Orienting to a Peripheral Cue Does Not Suppress Cue-induced Inhibition of Return." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 12, no. 4 (July 2000): 648–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892900562408.

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Detection reaction time (RT) at an extrafoveal location can be increased by noninformative precues presented at that location or ipsilaterally to it. This cue-induced inhibition is called inhibition of return or ipsilateral inhibition. We measured detection RT to simple light targets at extrafoveal locations that could be designated for covert orienting by local or distant cues. We found that cue-induced inhibition co-occurred in an additive fashion with the direct effects of covert orienting, i.e., it detracted from facilitation at attended locations and increased the disadvantage for unattended locations. Thus, cue-induced inhibition cannot be suppressed by a volitional covert orienting to the cued location; the cooccurrence of different facilitatory and inhibitory effects confirms the simultaneous operation of multiple independent, attentional mechanisms during covert orienting.

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Olk, Bettina, Elena Tsankova, A. Raisa Petca, and Adalbert F. X. Wilhelm. "Measuring effects of voluntary attention: A comparison among predictive arrow, colour, and number cues." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 67, no. 10 (October 2014): 2025–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2014.898670.

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The Posner cueing paradigm is one of the most widely used paradigms in attention research. Importantly, when employing it, it is critical to understand which type of orienting a cue triggers. It has been suggested that large effects elicited by predictive arrow cues reflect an interaction of involuntary and voluntary orienting. This conclusion is based on comparisons of cueing effects of predictive arrows, nonpredictive arrows (involuntary orienting), and predictive numbers (voluntary orienting). Experiment 1 investigated whether this conclusion is restricted to comparisons with number cues and showed similar results to those of previous studies, but now for comparisons to predictive colour cues, indicating that the earlier conclusion can be generalized. Experiment 2 assessed whether the size of a cueing effect is related to the ease of deriving direction information from a cue, based on the rationale that effects for arrows may be larger, because it may be easier to process direction information given by symbols such as arrows than that given by other cues. Indeed, direction information is derived faster and more accurately from arrows than from colour and number cues in a direction judgement task, and cueing effects are larger for arrows than for the other cues. Importantly though, performance in the two tasks is not correlated. Hence, the large cueing effects of arrows are not a result of the ease of information processing, but of the types of orienting that the arrows elicit.

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Cristescu, Tamara C., and Anna Christina Nobre. "Differential Modulation of Word Recognition by Semantic and Spatial Orienting of Attention." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20, no. 5 (May 2008): 787–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2008.20503.

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In the present study, we investigated the ability to orient attention to abstract associative features of complex stimuli, more specifically, to the semantic categories of visual word stimuli. We compared the behavioral and electrophysiological effects of semantic orienting with those elicited by spatial orienting to word stimuli. Two parallel, cued lexical-decision tasks, with semantic- or spatial-orienting cues, were used. Results showed that both semantic and spatial orienting facilitated behavioral performance. The event-related potential analysis revealed different and non-overlapping patterns of modulation of word processing by semantic and spatial orienting. Modulation by semantic orienting started later, affecting only the potentials linked to conceptual or semantic processing (N300 and N400). The pattern of N300/N400 modulation in the semantic-orienting condition was similar to that observed in semantic-priming tasks, and was compatible with the operation of controlled semantic processes. Spatial orienting significantly enhanced the amplitude of the early visual potential P1 as well as the language-related N400 potential. These findings showed that the similar end-result of behavioral facilitation by semantic and spatial orienting is achieved through largely distinct mechanisms acting upon separate levels of stimulus analysis.

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Langton, Stephen RH, Alex H. McIntyre, Peter JB Hancock, and Helmut Leder. "Saccades and smooth pursuit eye movements trigger equivalent gaze-cued orienting effects." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 9 (January 1, 2018): 1860–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1362703.

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Research has established that a perceived eye gaze produces a concomitant shift in a viewer’s spatial attention in the direction of that gaze. The two experiments reported here investigate the extent to which the nature of the eye movement made by the gazer contributes to this orienting effect. On each trial in these experiments, participants were asked to make a speeded response to a target that could appear in a location toward which a centrally presented face had just gazed (a cued target) or in a location that was not the recipient of a gaze (an uncued target). The gaze cues consisted of either fast saccadic eye movements or slower smooth pursuit movements. Cued targets were responded to faster than uncued targets, and this gaze-cued orienting effect was found to be equivalent for each type of gaze shift both when the gazes were un-predictive of target location (Experiment 1) and counterpredictive of target location (Experiment 2). The results offer no support for the hypothesis that motion speed modulates gaze-cued orienting. However, they do suggest that motion of the eyes per se, regardless of the type of movement, may be sufficient to trigger an orienting effect.

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Hilchey, Matthew D., Jason Rajsic, Greg Huffman, Raymond M. Klein, and Jay Pratt. "Dissociating Orienting Biases From Integration Effects With Eye Movements." Psychological Science 29, no. 3 (January 3, 2018): 328–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797617734021.

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Despite decades of research, the conditions under which shifts of attention to prior target locations are facilitated or inhibited remain unknown. This ambiguity is a product of the popular feature discrimination task, in which attentional bias is commonly inferred from the efficiency by which a stimulus feature is discriminated after its location has been repeated or changed. Problematically, these tasks lead to integration effects; effects of target-location repetition appear to depend entirely on whether the target feature or response also repeats, allowing for several possible inferences about orienting bias. To parcel out integration effects and orienting biases, we designed the present experiments to require localized eye movements and manual discrimination responses to serially presented targets with randomly repeating locations. Eye movements revealed consistent biases away from prior target locations. Manual discrimination responses revealed integration effects. These data collectively revealed inhibited reorienting and integration effects, which resolve the ambiguity and reconcile episodic integration and attentional orienting accounts.

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Thimm, M., T. Kircher, T. Kellermann, V. Markov, S. Krach, A. Jansen, K. Zerres, et al. "Effects of a CACNA1C genotype on attention networks in healthy individuals." Psychological Medicine 41, no. 7 (November 16, 2010): 1551–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291710002217.

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BackgroundRecent genetic studies found the A allele of the variant rs1006737 in the alpha 1C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (CACNA1C) gene to be over-represented in patients with psychosis, including schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. In these disorders, attention deficits are among the main cognitive symptoms and have been related to altered neural activity in cerebral attention networks. The particular effect of CACNA1C on neural function, such as attention networks, remains to be elucidated.MethodThe current event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study investigated the effect of the CACNA1C gene on brain activity in 80 subjects while performing a scanner-adapted version of the Attention Network Test (ANT). Three domains of attention were probed simultaneously: alerting, orienting and executive control of attention.ResultsRisk allele carriers showed impaired performance in alerting and orienting in addition to reduced neural activity in the right inferior parietal lobule [Brodmann area (BA) 40] during orienting and in the medial frontal gyrus (BA 8) during executive control of attention. These areas belong to networks that have been related to impaired orienting and executive control mechanisms in neuropsychiatric disorders.ConclusionsOur results suggest that CACNA1C plays a role in the development of specific attention deficits in psychiatric disorders by modulation of neural attention networks.

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Hsieh, Shulan, Wen-Juh Hwang, Jing-Jane Tsai, and Chin-Yi Tsai. "Visuospatial Orienting of Attention in Parkinson's Disease." Perceptual and Motor Skills 82, no. 3_suppl (June 1996): 1307–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1996.82.3c.1307.

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Orienting attention to visual stimuli was studied in 13 patients with Parkinson's disease whose responses were compared to those of a matched control group using a cued reaction-time task which measured cost and benefit effects of orienting of attention. Both groups were screened to exclude dementia, psychiatric disease, and other neurological abnormalities. Although Parkinson patients showed over-all slow mean reaction time, responses showed a pattern of cost and benefit effects similar to that of the control group. The results suggested that Parkinson patients are not impaired on visuospatial orienting of attention on this task.

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Ward, Lawrence M. "Involuntary Listening AIDS Hearing." Psychological Science 8, no. 2 (March 1997): 112–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1997.tb00692.x.

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In two experiments, I simultaneously measured response time, accuracy, and response bias in an auditory intensity discrimination task to look for evidence of stimulus-driven attention orienting in auditory frequency space. The results demonstrated that a cue tone caused an apparently involuntary orienting of attention to the cue's frequency region, allowing faster and more accurate processing of a subsequent target tone when it occurred at the same frequency as the cue than when it occurred at a different frequency. Relationships between response time, accuracy, and bias measures also allowed masking and other effects to be separated from attention-orienting effects in these experiments.

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GLANC, GINA A., and ROBERT L. GREENE. "Orthographic neighborhood size effects and associative recognition." American Journal of Psychology 122, no. 1 (April 1, 2009): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27784374.

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Abstract Three experiments on the role of orthographic distinctiveness (as measured by neighborhood size [N]) in associative recognition are reported. A mirror effect was obtained, with high-N words receiving more hits and fewer false alarms than low-N words. This pattern was replicated in Experiment 2, where participants carried out a relational orienting task. However, the high-N advantage in hit rates was eliminated in Experiment 3 when subjects carried out an item-processing orienting task. The high-N advantage in associative recognition contrasts with the low-N advantage found in item recognition. This reversal of mirror effects between item and associative recognition is empirically similar to patterns found in studies of normative word frequency.

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Olk, Bettina, Brendan Cameron, and Alan Kingstone. "Enhanced orienting effects: Evidence for an interaction principle." Visual Cognition 16, no. 7 (October 2008): 979–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13506280701848921.

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Correa, Ángel, Paola Cappucci, Anna C. Nobre, and Juan Lupiáñez. "The Two Sides of Temporal Orienting." Experimental Psychology 57, no. 2 (November 1, 2010): 142–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1618-3169/a000018.

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Would it be helpful to inform a driver about when a conflicting traffic situation is going to occur? We tested whether temporal orienting of attention could enhance executive control to select among conflicting stimuli and responses. Temporal orienting was induced by presenting explicit cues predicting the most probable interval for target onset, which could be short (400 ms) or long (1,300 ms). Executive control was measured both by flanker and Simon tasks involving conflict between incompatible responses and by the spatial Stroop task involving conflict between perceptual stimulus features. The results showed that temporal orienting facilitated the resolution of perceptual conflict by reducing the spatial Stroop effect, whereas it interfered with the resolution of response conflict by increasing flanker and Simon effects. Such opposite effects suggest that temporal orienting of attention modulates executive control through dissociable mechanisms, depending on whether the competition between conflicting representations is located at perceptual or response levels.

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Xu, Denghui, Tongcheng Han, Shengbiao Liu, and Li-Yun Fu. "Effects of randomly orienting penny-shaped cracks on the elastic properties of transversely isotropic rocks." GEOPHYSICS 85, no. 6 (October 21, 2020): MR325—MR340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/geo2019-0678.1.

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Fractured reservoirs, as one kind of unconventional reservoirs, have great potential for oil and gas development, and their accurate characterization requires the development of rock-physics models that better simulate real fractured rocks. However, current models focus mainly on the elastic properties of rocks with aligned cracks, while the effects of randomly orienting cracks in transversely isotropic (TI) rocks are poorly studied even though such conditions are frequently encountered in the earth. To address this problem, we have derived models for the elastic properties of rocks with a TI background permeated by 3D inclined cracks and randomly orienting cracks. Then, based on the developed models, we comprehensively study the effects of the two inclination angles (i.e., the dip angle between the cracks and the isotropic plane and the rotation angle between the cracks and the plane normal to the isotropic plane, respectively) of 3D inclined cracks on the elastic properties of TI rocks. We determine that the two angles have significant influences on the elastic coefficients and hence the elastic velocities, and that their influences on the elastic properties are varying in different directions. We further investigate the effects of crack density and aspect ratio of randomly orienting cracks on the elastic properties of the fractured rocks with a TI background. The results show that the increasing crack density and crack aspect ratio reduce the elastic coefficients and velocities for rocks with randomly orienting cracks, in which the relations between compressional-wave velocities and the crack properties (i.e., crack density and crack aspect ratio) are obtained to aid the interpretation of the acquired acoustic exploration data. The proposed new models can greatly improve the modeling capability for the elastic properties of rocks with a TI background permeated by inclined and randomly orienting cracks.

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Snyder, Janice J., and Anjan Chatterjee. "The Frontal Cortex and Exogenous Attentional Orienting." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, no. 11 (November 2006): 1913–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2006.18.11.1913.

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Normal functioning of the attentional orienting system is critical for effective behavior and is predicated on a balanced interaction between goal-directed (endogenous) processes and stimulus-driven (exogenous) processes. Although both systems have been subject to much investigation, little is known about the neural underpinnings of exogenous orienting. In the present study, we examined the early facilitatory effects and later inhibition of return effects of exogenous cues in patients with frontal and parietal lesions. Three novel findings emerged from this study. First, unilateral frontoparietal damage appears not to affect the early facilitation effects of exogenous cues. Second, dorsolateral prefrontal damage, especially lesions involving the inferior frontal gyrus, produces an exogenous disengage deficit (i.e., the sluggish withdrawal of attention from the ipsilesional to the contralesional field). Third, a subset of patients with dorsolateral prefrontal damage, with lesions involving the middle frontal gyrus, have a reorienting deficit that extends in duration well beyond established boundaries of the normal reflexive orienting system. These results suggest that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays an important role in exogenous orienting and that component processes of this system may be differentially impaired by damage to different parts of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

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Rodero, Emma. "The Spark Orientation Effect for Improving Attention and Recall." Communication Research 46, no. 7 (October 14, 2015): 965–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650215609085.

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Although some sound elements such as music or sound effects are commonly used in audiovisual messages, little research has been conducted to determine whether they guarantee better cognitive processing. The purpose of this study is to improve listeners’ cognitive processing by determining the effectiveness of several sound elements in an audio message. We analyzed the capacity and the position in radio commercials of three orienting elements—appeals to the listener, music, and sound effects—to determine if and how they enhanced the listener’s attention and recall. The findings indicated that the use of orienting elements significantly increased the level of attention and recall of the listeners, especially in the case of sound effects. Regarding the position of the orienting elements, the study showed they were used effectively when focused on the whole structure of the message, applying the so-called spark orientation effect.

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Ishigami, Yoko, and Raymond M. Klein. "Are Individual Differences in Absentmindedness Correlated with Individual Differences in Attention?" Journal of Individual Differences 30, no. 4 (January 2009): 220–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001.30.4.220.

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We administered the Cognitive Failures Questionnaire (CFQ) and one of two versions of the Attention Network Test (ANT) to 200 participants. Orthogonal subtraction scores based on performance (reaction time and error rate) from selected conditions of the ANT provided measures of the efficacy of three attention components: alerting, orienting, and executive control, while the total CFQ score provided a global measure of absentmindedness. Executive control was not associated with the CFQ in either experiment. When alertness was generated by a warning tone, greater alerting effects in reaction time were associated with higher CFQ scores (greater absentmindedness). The orienting effects in accuracy obtained from the two versions of the ANT varied with absentmindedness in opposite directions, suggesting that these two tests tap different aspects of orienting.

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Meng, Fanying, Chun Xie, Fanghui Qiu, Jiaxian Geng, and Fengrong Li. "Effects of Physical Activity Level on Attentional Networks in Young Adults." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 9 (April 28, 2022): 5374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19095374.

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Although physical activity is associated with better attentional functioning in elderly populations or in specific clinical populations, the association between physical activity level and attention has been less studied in young adult populations. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether the positive effects of physical activity on attentional networks extend to young adults. In total, 57 college students were recruited and assigned to one of three groups of physical activity levels (high, moderate, and low) based on their self-reported exercise. Each participant completed the Attention Network Test to evaluate the efficiency of three components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive control. Compared with the low physical activity group, both the high and moderate physical activity groups exhibited better executive control. In addition, the efficiency of the executive control network was positively correlated with physical activity. By contrast, no statistically significant differences were detected among these three groups for the functioning of the alerting or orienting networks. These findings suggested that physical activity had a positive effect on attention in young adults, with the benefit primarily observed for the executive control component rather than for the alerting and orienting components of attention.

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Fu, Jing, Xuanru Guo, Xiaoyu Tang, Aijun Wang, Ming Zhang, Yulin Gao, and Takeharu Seno. "The Effects of Bilateral and Ipsilateral Auditory Stimuli on the Subcomponents of Visual Attention." i-Perception 12, no. 6 (November 2021): 204166952110582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20416695211058222.

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Attention contains three functional network subcomponents of alerting, orienting, and executive control. The attention network test (ANT) is usually used to measure the efficiency of three attention subcomponents. Previous researches have focused on examining the unimodal attention with visual or auditory ANT paradigms. However, it is still unclear how an auditory stimulus influences the visual attention networks. This study investigated the effects of bilateral auditory stimuli (Experiment 1) and ipsilateral auditory stimulus (Experiment 2) on the visual attention subcomponents. We employed an ANT paradigm and manipulated the target modality types, including visual and audiovisual modalities. The participants were instructed to distinguish the direction of the central arrow surrounded by distractor arrows. In Experiment 1, we found that the simultaneous bilateral auditory stimuli reduced the efficiency of visual alerting and orienting, but had no significant effect on the efficiency of visual executive control. In Experiment 2, the ipsilateral auditory stimulus reduced the efficiency of visual executive control, but had no significant effect on the efficiency of visual alerting and orienting. We also observed a reduced relative multisensory response enhancement (rMRE) effect in cue condition relative to no cue condition (Experiment 1), and an increased rMRE effect in congruent condition compared with incongruent condition (Experiment 2). These results firstly provide evidence for the alerting, orienting and executive control effects in audiovisual condition. And the bilateral and ipsilateral auditory stimuli have different effects on the subcomponents of visual attention.

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Ortega-Mora, Ivett E., Ulises Caballero-Sánchez, Talía V. Román-López, Cintia B. Rosas-Escobar, Mónica Méndez-Díaz, Oscar E. Prospéro-García, and Alejandra E. Ruiz-Contreras. "The Alerting and Orienting Systems of Attention Are Modified by Cannabis Dependence." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 27, no. 6 (July 2021): 520–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617721000369.

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AbstractAttention allows us to select relevant information from the background. Although several studies have described that cannabis use induces deleterious effects on attention, it remains unclear if cannabis dependence affects the attention network systems differently.Objectives:To evaluate whether customary consumption of cannabis or cannabis dependence impacts the alerting, orienting, and executive control systems in young adults; to find out whether it is related to tobacco or alcohol dependence and if cannabis use characteristics are associated with the attention network systems.Method:One-hundred and fifty-four healthy adults and 102 cannabis users performed the Attention Network Test (ANT) to evaluate the alerting, orienting, and executive control systems.Results:Cannabis use enhanced the alerting system but decreased the orienting system. Moreover, those effects seem to be associated with cannabis dependence. Out of all the cannabis-using variables, only the age of onset of cannabis use significantly predicted the efficiency of the orienting and executive control systems.Conclusion:Cannabis dependence favors tonic alertness but reduces selective attention ability; earlier use of cannabis worsens the efficiency of selective attention and resolution of conflicts.

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Peled-Avron, Leehe, Hagar Gelbard Goren, Noa Brande-Eilat, Shirel Dorman-Ilan, Aviv Segev, Kfir Feffer, Hila Z. Gvirts Problovski, et al. "Methylphenidate reduces orienting bias in healthy individuals." Journal of Psychopharmacology 35, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 760–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269881121996884.

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Background: Healthy individuals show subtle orienting bias, a phenomenon known as pseudoneglect, reflected in a tendency to direct greater attention toward one hemispace. Accumulating evidence indicates that this bias is an individual trait, and attention is preferentially directed contralaterally to the hemisphere with higher dopamine signaling. Administration of methylphenidate (MPH), a dopamine transporter inhibitor, was shown to normalize aberrant spatial attention bias in psychiatric and neurological patients, suggesting that the reduced orienting bias following administration of MPH reflects an asymmetric effect of the drug, increasing extracellular dopamine in the hemisphere with lower dopamine signaling. Aim: We predicted that, similarly to its effect on patients with brain pathology, MPH will reduce the orienting bias in healthy subjects. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we examined the behavioral effects of a single dose (20 mg) of MPH on orienting bias in 36 healthy subjects (18 females) in a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, within-subject design, using the greyscales task, which has been shown to detect subtle attentional biases in both patients and healthy individuals. Results/outcomes: Results demonstrate that healthy individuals vary in both direction and magnitude of spatial orienting bias and show reduced magnitude of orienting bias following MPH administration, regardless of the initial direction of asymmetry. Conclusions/interpretations: Our findings reveal, for the first time in healthy subjects, that MPH decreases spatial orienting bias in an asymmetric manner. Given the well-documented association between orienting bias and asymmetric dopamine signaling, these findings also suggest that MPH might exert a possible asymmetric neural effect in the healthy brain.

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Jongen, Ellen M. M., and Fren T. Y. Smulders. "Sequence effects in a spatial cueing task: Endogenous orienting is sensitive to orienting in the preceding trial." Psychological Research 71, no. 5 (May 19, 2006): 516–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00426-006-0065-3.

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Bonato, Mario, Konstantinos Priftis, Roberto Marenzi, and Marco Zorzi. "Normal and Impaired Reflexive Orienting of Attention after Central Nonpredictive Cues." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 4 (April 2009): 745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn.2009.21054.

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Recent studies suggest that stimuli with directional meaning can trigger lateral shifts of visuospatial attention when centrally presented as noninformative cues. We investigated covert orienting in healthy participants and in a group of 17 right brain-damaged patients (9 with hemispatial neglect) comparing arrows, eye gaze, and digits as central nonpredictive cues in a detection task. Orienting effects elicited by arrows and eye gaze were overall consistent in healthy participants and in right brain-damaged patients, whereas digit cues were ineffective. Moreover, patients with neglect showed, at the shortest delay between cue and target, a disengage deficit for arrow cueing whose magnitude was predicted by neglect severity. We conclude that the peculiar form of attentional orienting triggered by the directional meaning of arrow cues presents some features previously thought to characterize only the stimulus-driven (exogenous) orienting to noninformative peripheral cues.

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Callejas, Alicia, Gordon L. Shulman, and Maurizio Corbetta. "Dorsal and Ventral Attention Systems Underlie Social and Symbolic Cueing." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 26, no. 1 (January 2014): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00461.

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Eye gaze is a powerful cue for orienting attention in space. Studies examining whether gaze and symbolic cues recruit the same neural mechanisms have found mixed results. We tested whether there is a specialized attentional mechanism for social cues. We separately measured BOLD activity during orienting and reorienting attention following predictive gaze and symbolic cues. Results showed that gaze and symbolic cues exerted their influence through the same neural networks but also produced some differential modulations. Dorsal frontoparietal regions in left intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and bilateral MT+/lateral occipital cortex only showed orienting effects for symbolic cues, whereas right posterior IPS showed larger validity effects following gaze cues. Both exceptions may reflect the greater automaticity of gaze cues: Symbolic orienting may require more effort, while disengaging attention during reorienting may be more difficult following gaze cues. Face-selective regions, identified with a face localizer, showed selective activations for gaze cues reflecting sensory processing but no attentional modulations. Therefore, no evidence was found linking face-selective regions to a hypothetical, specialized mechanism for orienting attention to gaze cues. However, a functional connectivity analysis showed greater connectivity between face-selective regions and right posterior IPS, posterior STS, and inferior frontal gyrus during gaze cueing, consistent with proposals that face-selective regions may send gaze signals to parts of the dorsal and ventral frontoparietal attention networks. Finally, although the default-mode network is thought to be involved in social cognition, this role does not extend to gaze orienting as these regions were more deactivated following gaze cues and showed less functional connectivity with face-selective regions during gaze cues.

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DeGrandpre, Richard J., William Buskist, and David Cush. "Effects of orienting instructions on sensitivity to scheduled contingencies." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 28, no. 4 (October 1990): 331–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03334036.

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Terrell, Dudley J., Robert H. Bennett, William Buskist, and R. Alan Williams. "Effects of orienting instructions on human fixed-interval performance." Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 24, no. 2 (August 1986): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03330517.

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Redden, Ralph S., Drake Mustafa, and Raymond M. Klein. "Task-dependent effects of volitional visuospatial orienting on perception." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 106b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.106b.

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Bertels, Julie, Régine Kolinsky, Aurélie Bernaerts, and José Morais. "Effects of emotional spoken words on exogenous attentional orienting." Journal of Cognitive Psychology 23, no. 4 (June 2011): 435–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2011.535513.

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Kanske, Philipp, Jan Plitschka, and Sonja A. Kotz. "Attentional orienting towards emotion: P2 and N400 ERP effects." Neuropsychologia 49, no. 11 (September 2011): 3121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.07.022.

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Balaban, M. "Orienting and defense responses to punishment: Effects on learning." Biological Psychology 30, no. 3 (June 1990): 203–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-0511(90)90140-r.

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Smith, Daniel T., and Soazig Casteau. "The effect of offset cues on saccade programming and covert attention." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72, no. 3 (March 1, 2018): 481–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747021818759468.

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Salient peripheral events trigger fast, “exogenous” covert orienting. The influential premotor theory of attention argues that covert orienting of attention depends upon planned but unexecuted eye-movements. One problem with this theory is that salient peripheral events, such as offsets, appear to summon attention when used to measure covert attention (e.g., the Posner cueing task) but appear not to elicit oculomotor preparation in tasks that require overt orienting (e.g., the remote distractor paradigm). Here, we examined the effects of peripheral offsets on covert attention and saccade preparation. Experiment 1 suggested that transient offsets summoned attention in a manual detection task without triggering motor preparation planning in a saccadic localisation task, although there were a high proportion of saccadic capture errors on “no-target” trials, where a cue was presented but no target appeared. In Experiment 2, “no-target” trials were removed. Here, transient offsets produced both attentional facilitation and faster saccadic responses on valid cue trials. A third experiment showed that the permanent disappearance of an object also elicited attentional facilitation and faster saccadic reaction times. These experiments demonstrate that offsets trigger both saccade programming and covert attentional orienting, consistent with the idea that exogenous, covert orienting is tightly coupled with oculomotor activation. The finding that no-go trials attenuates oculomotor priming effects offers a way to reconcile the current findings with previous claims of a dissociation between covert attention and oculomotor control in paradigms that utilise a high proportion of catch trials.

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Robin, Donald A., and Matthew Rizzo. "Orienting Attention in Audition and Between Audition and Vision." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 3 (June 1992): 701–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3503.701.

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This study examined 30 young and 10 elderly subjects to test whether orienting of attention could be measured in audition. Orienting in a mixed-modal condition in which stimuli were either auditory or visual was also tested. The dependent measure was the reaction time (RT) to lateralized targets when the locations were predicted by antecedent arrow cues that were correct (valid), were incorrect (invalid), or provided no lateralizing information (neutral). A comparison between the two groups among the different conditions showed that elderly subjects had longer RTs than the younger participants, but the pattern of results was similar in both groups. In addition, a similar RT pattern was found for each modal condition: Valid trials elicited the fastest responses and invalid trials the slowest. These findings suggest that the mechanisms involved in orienting attention operate in audition and that individuals may allocate their processing resources among multiple sensory pools. Moreover, effects seen in orienting attention in audition were similar to those found in vision and are interpretable with the same types of models. Orienting attention appears to be relatively resistant to the aging process in the sample of subjects tested in this study.

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Gardner, Mark R., Zainabb Hull, Donna Taylor, and Caroline J. Edmonds. "‘Spontaneous’ visual perspective-taking mediated by attention orienting that is voluntary and not reflexive." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 71, no. 4 (January 1, 2018): 1020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2017.1307868.

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Experiments revealing ‘spontaneous’ visual perspective-taking are conventionally interpreted as demonstrating that adults have the capacity to track simple mental states in a fast and efficient manner (‘implicit mentalising’). A rival account suggests that these experiments can be explained by the general purpose mechanisms responsible for reflexive attentional orienting. Here, we report two experiments designed to distinguish between these competing accounts. In Experiment 1, we assessed whether reflexive attention orienting was sufficient to yield findings interpreted as spontaneous perspective-taking in the ‘avatar task’ when the protocol was adapted so that participants were unaware that they were taking part in a perspective-taking experiment. Results revealed no evidence for perspective-taking. In Experiment 2, we employed a Posner paradigm to investigate the attentional orienting properties of the avatar stimuli. This revealed cue-validity effects only for longer stimulus onset asynchronies, which indicates a voluntary rather than reflexive shift in spatial attention. Taken together, these findings suggest that attentional orienting does indeed contribute to performance in the Samson et al. avatar task. However, attention orienting appears to be voluntary rather than reflexive, indicating that the perspective-taking phenomenon measured may be less spontaneous than first reported.

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FITZMAURICE, MARNIE C., VIVIAN M. CIARAMITARO, LARRY A. PALMER, and ALAN C. ROSENQUIST. "Visual detection deficits following inactivation of the superior colliculus in the cat." Visual Neuroscience 20, no. 6 (November 2003): 687–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095252380320609x.

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Lesion or inactivation of the superior colliculus (SC) of the cat results in an animal that fails to orient toward peripheral visual stimuli which normally evoke a brisk, reflexive orienting response. A failure to orient toward a visual stimulus could be the result of a sensory impairment (a failure to detect the visual stimulus) or a motor impairment (an inability to generate the orienting response). Either mechanism could explain the deficit observed during SC inactivation since neurons in the SC can carry visual sensory signals as well as motor commands involved in the generation of head and eye movements. We investigated the effects of SC inactivation in the cat in two ways. First, we tested cats in a visual detection task that required the animals to press a central, stationary foot pedal to indicate detection of a peripheral visual stimulus. Such a motor response does not involve any components of the orienting response and is unlikely to depend on SC motor commands. A deficit in this task would indicate that the SC plays an important role in the detection of visual targets even in a task that does not require visual orienting. Second, to further investigate the visual orienting deficit observed during SC inactivation and to make direct comparisons between detection and orienting performance, we tested cats in a standard perimetry paradigm. Performance in both tasks was tested following focal inactivation of the SC with microinjections of muscimol at various depths and rostral/caudal locations throughout the SC. Our results reveal a dramatic deficit in both the visual detection task and the visual orienting task following inactivation of the SC with muscimol.

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MAHONEY, JEANNETTE R., JOE VERGHESE, YELENA GOLDIN, RICHARD LIPTON, and ROEE HOLTZER. "Alerting, orienting, and executive attention in older adults." Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 16, no. 5 (July 27, 2010): 877–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617710000767.

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AbstractThe Attention Network Test (ANT) assesses alerting, orienting, and executive attention. The current study was designed to achieve three main objectives. First, we determined the reliability, effects, and interactions of attention networks in a relatively large cohort of non-demented older adults (n= 184). Second, in the context of this aged cohort, we examined the effect of chronological age on attention networks. Third, the effect of blood pressure on ANT performance was evaluated. Results revealed high-reliability for the ANT as a whole, and for specific cue and flanker types. We found significant main effects for the three attention networks as well as diminished alerting but enhanced orienting effects during conflict resolution trials. Furthermore, increased chronological age and low blood pressure were both associated with significantly worse performance on the executive attention network. These findings are consistent with executive function decline in older adults and the plausible effect of reduced blood flow to the frontal lobes on individual differences in attention demanding tasks. (JINS, 2010,16, 877–889.)

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Wang, Benchi, Chuyao Yan, Zhiguo Wang, Christian N. L. Olivers, and Jan Theeuwes. "Adverse orienting effects on visual working memory encoding and maintenance." Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 24, no. 4 (November 28, 2016): 1261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13423-016-1205-4.

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Hanson, James R., and Hamid Saberi. "Comparative orienting effects of the methanesulfonamide group in aromatic nitration." Journal of Chemical Research 2004, no. 7 (July 1, 2004): 460–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/0308234042037220.

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Collard, Philip, Martin Corley, Lucy J. MacGregor, and David I. Donaldson. "Attention orienting effects of hesitations in speech: Evidence from ERPs." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 34, no. 3 (May 2008): 696–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.34.3.696.

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Michihiro, Kazumi, Tetsuo Muranaka, and Yo Miyata. "The Effects of Cognitive Set on the Electrodermal Orienting Response." Psychophysiology 23, no. 6 (November 1986): 642–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00684.x.

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SIDDLE, DAVID A. T., OTTMAR V. LIPP, and PATRICIA J. DALL. "Effects of stimulus preexposure and intermodality change on electrodermal orienting." Psychophysiology 31, no. 5 (September 1994): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01045.x.

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Jerome, Christian J., Bob Witmer, and Mustapha Mouloua. "Attention Orienting in Augmented Reality Environments: Effects of Multimodal Cues." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 50, no. 17 (October 2006): 2114–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120605001785.

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Lawrence, B., and M. Carrasco. "Differential effects of covert and overt orienting on microsaccade rate." Journal of Vision 14, no. 10 (August 22, 2014): 641. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/14.10.641.

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Impey, D., M. Chique-Alfonzo, D. Shah, D. J. Fisher, and V. J. Knott. "Effects of nicotine on visuospatial attentional orienting in non-smokers." Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 106 (May 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.02.015.

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Castiello, U. "Effects of left parietal injury on covert orienting of attention." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 72, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.72.1.73.

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Zivony, Alon, Hadas Erel, and Daniel A. Levy. "Multifactorial effects of aging on the orienting of visual attention." Experimental Gerontology 128 (December 2019): 110757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2019.110757.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Orienting effects'

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