Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Orientation du fuseau mitotique'
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Segalen, Marion. "Orientation des divisions symétriques et asymétriques en aval de la voie Frizzled." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066553.
Full textPeyre, Elise. "Mécanisme et importance développementale de l'orientation du fuseau mitotique des progéniteurs neuraux chez les vertébrés : rôle du complexe Gαi\LGN\NUMA." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22079.
Full textTo maintain tissue architecture, epithelial cells divide in a planar fashion, perpendicular to their main polarity axis. As the centrosome resumes an apical localization in interphase, planar spindle orientation is reset at each cell cycle. We used three-dimensional live imaging of GFP-labeled centrosomes to investigate the dynamics of spindle orientation in chick neuroepithelial cells. The mitotic spindle displays stereotypic movements during metaphase, with an active phase of planar orientation and a subsequent phase of planar maintenance before anaphase. We describe the localization of the NuMA and LGN proteins in a belt at the lateral cell cortex during spindle orientation. Finally, we show that the complex formed of LGN, NuMA, and of cortically located Gái subunits is necessary for spindle movements and regulates the dynamics of spindle orientation. The restricted localization of LGN and NuMA in the lateral belt is instructive for the planar alignment of the mitotic spindle, and required for its planar maintenance
Di, Pietro Maria Florencia. "Systematic assessment of the role of Dynein regulators in oriented cell divisions by live RNAi screen in a novel vertebrate model of spindle orientation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066405.pdf.
Full textMitotic spindle orientation is involved in cell fate decisions, tissue homeostasis and morphogenesis. In many contexts, spindle orientation is controlled by the LGN molecular complex, whose subcortical localization determines the site of recruitment of the dynein motor which exerts forces on astral microtubules orienting the spindle. In vertebrates, there is missing information about the molecules regulating the formation of the complex and those working downstream of it. This prompted us to screen for new regulators of vertebrate spindle orientation. For this, I developed a novel model of spindle orientation specifically controlled by the LGN complex. Using this model, I performed a live siRNA screen testing 110 candidates including molecular motors for their function in spindle orientation. Remarkably, this screen revealed that specific dynein regulators contribute differentially to spindle orientation. Moreover, I found that an uncharacterized member of the dynactin complex, the actin capping protein CAPZ-B, is a strong regulator of spindle orientation. Analyses of CAPZ-B function in cultured cells showed that CAPZ-B regulates spindle orientation independently of its classical role in modulating actin dynamics. Instead, CAPZ-B controls spindle orientation by modulating the localization/activity of the dynein/dynactin complexes and the dynamics of spindle microtubules. Finally, we demonstrated that CAPZ-B regulates planar spindle orientation in vivo in the chick embryonic neuroepithelium. I expect that my work will contribute to the understanding of dynein function during vertebrate spindle orientation and will open the path for new investigations in the field
Di, Pietro Maria Florencia. "Systematic assessment of the role of Dynein regulators in oriented cell divisions by live RNAi screen in a novel vertebrate model of spindle orientation." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066405/document.
Full textMitotic spindle orientation is involved in cell fate decisions, tissue homeostasis and morphogenesis. In many contexts, spindle orientation is controlled by the LGN molecular complex, whose subcortical localization determines the site of recruitment of the dynein motor which exerts forces on astral microtubules orienting the spindle. In vertebrates, there is missing information about the molecules regulating the formation of the complex and those working downstream of it. This prompted us to screen for new regulators of vertebrate spindle orientation. For this, I developed a novel model of spindle orientation specifically controlled by the LGN complex. Using this model, I performed a live siRNA screen testing 110 candidates including molecular motors for their function in spindle orientation. Remarkably, this screen revealed that specific dynein regulators contribute differentially to spindle orientation. Moreover, I found that an uncharacterized member of the dynactin complex, the actin capping protein CAPZ-B, is a strong regulator of spindle orientation. Analyses of CAPZ-B function in cultured cells showed that CAPZ-B regulates spindle orientation independently of its classical role in modulating actin dynamics. Instead, CAPZ-B controls spindle orientation by modulating the localization/activity of the dynein/dynactin complexes and the dynamics of spindle microtubules. Finally, we demonstrated that CAPZ-B regulates planar spindle orientation in vivo in the chick embryonic neuroepithelium. I expect that my work will contribute to the understanding of dynein function during vertebrate spindle orientation and will open the path for new investigations in the field
Penisson, Maxime. "Mécanismes de LIS1 dans les progéniteurs neuraux contribuant aux malformations de développement du cortex." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS415.
Full textHuman cortical malformations are associated with progenitor proliferation and neuronal migration abnormalities. Basal radial glia (bRGs), a type of progenitor cells, are limited in lissencephalic species (e.g. the mouse) but abundant in gyrencephalic brains. The LIS1 gene coding for a dynein regulator, is mutated in human lissencephaly, associated also in some cases with microcephaly. LIS1 was shown to be important during cell division and neuronal migration. Here, we generated bRG-like cells in the mouse embryonic brain, investigating the role of Lis1 in their formation. This was achieved by in utero electroporation of a hominoid-specific gene TBC1D3 at mouse embryonic day (E) 14.5. We first confirmed that TBC1D3 overexpression in WT brain generates numerous Pax6+ bRG-like cells that are basally localized. Second, we assessed the formation of these cells in heterozygote Lis1 mutant brains. Our novel results show that Lis1 depletion in the forebrain from E9.5 prevented subsequent TBC1D3-induced bRG-like cell amplification. Lis1 depletion changed mitotic spindle orientations at the ventricular surface, increased the proportion of abventricular mitoses, and altered N-Cadherin expression, altering TBC1D3 function. We conclude that perturbation of Lis1/LIS1 dosage is likely to be detrimental for appropriate progenitor number and position, contributing to lissencephaly pathogenesis
Arbeille, Elise. "Rôle de la Sémaphorine 3B dans la neurogenèse de la moelle épinière." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO10026.
Full textIn pluricellular organisms, the orientation of cell division has a major impact on tissue morphogenesis architecture and renewal, as well as on cell fate choices. During the development of the central nervous system in vertebrates, the growth of the neural tube and the generation of neuronal cells and glial cells result from the proliferation of neural progenitors organized in a neuroepithelium closed around a central canal. The orientation of progenitor mitotic spindle with respect to the apical plan is important for the conservation of the integrity of the neuroepithelium and influences the fate of daughter cells. Previous studies mainly focused on intracellular mechanisms controlling the mitotic spindle orientation, but whether extracellular signaling contributes to this process remains unknown. In the developing spinal cord, the lumen is a source of major extracellular signals like morphogens. For most neural progenitors, the mitosis takes place at the apical pole in tight vicinity of the central lumen. We hypothesized that canal-derived extracellular signals could regulate the orientation of neural progenitor divisions. My PhD work aimed at testing this hypothesis and identifying such factors. We show that dorsally open neural tubes from E10.5 mice, maintained in short term culture display a strong increase in the percentage of oblique divisions compared to un-open ones. The genetic disruption of the lumen fluid diffusion between the ventral and dorsal parts of the lumen leads to similar defects. Lumen-derived signals are thus required for neural progenitors to achieve planar divisions in the mouse spinal neuroepithelium at the onset of neurogenesis. By in situ hybridization, immunostaining and a knock-in mouse line, we detected Sema3B mRNA and proteins in floor plate cells at E10.5 and E11.5, which suggests that it could be secreted in the lumen of the spinal cord. The invalidation of Sema3B results in a decrease in the percentage of planar divisions in E10.5 spinal progenitors without alteration of progenitor number or polarity. Furthermore, a short term exposure of open neural tubes to exogenous Sema3B restores planar divisions in a large population of spinal progenitors. We observed that Sema3B knock out subsequently altered proliferation and neurogenesis steps. These results thus reveal that beyond its role as morphogen-releasing organizer, the floor plate also provides an extracellular signal which controls the orientation of neural progenitor division. This work also suggests that Sema signaling known as an instructive chemotropic cue in the guidance of migrating cells and axons also serves for neuroepithelial cells as an extrinsic cue to control the orientation of their division
DOGTEROM, ALETTA-MARIA. "Aspects physiques de l'assemblage des microtubules et du fuseau mitotique." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112323.
Full textCARAZO, SALAS RAFAEL EDGARDO. "Roles de la chromatine dans la morphogenese du fuseau mitotique." Paris 7, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA077014.
Full textVerones, Valérie. "Conception, synthèse et évaluations pharmacologiques de nouveaux perturbateurs du fuseau mitotique." Phd thesis, Université du Droit et de la Santé - Lille II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00658236.
Full textMercat, Benjamin. "Analyse temps-fréquence en mécanique cellulaire et adaptabilité du fuseau mitotique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S124/document.
Full textThe mitotic spindle ensures the correct segregation of the sister chromatids to maintain ploidy in daughter cells. The spindle comprises dynamical microtubules (alternating polymerizing and depolymerizing), a variety of molecular motors, crosslinker and the regulators. Although the molecular grounds of spindle structure is well known, the link to its functions remain elusive, calling for including the dynamics of its components and their interactions. These questions were mostly investigated by in silico or in vitro approaches. But a detailed characterizing of spindle mechanics, in physiological conditions, is missing. We propose an image processing based, non invasive, method combined to an heuristic model to measure mechanical parameters of the mitotic spindle along time. We tracked fluorescently labeled spindle pole at high temporal and spatial resolution and measured the variations of spindle length, in vivo. We computed their power density spectrum using short time Fourier transform (sliding window) — a blueprint of spindle mechanics. Such a spectrum is then fitted with a Kelvin —Voigt model with inertia (a spring, a damper, an inertial element in parallel). We validated this method by recovering the mechanical parameters over time from simulated data and calibrated it uses laser and genetically induced spinlde cut. We characterized the mitotic spindle of the one-cell embryo of nematode C. elegans. Metaphase appeared dominated by damping element, consistent with the slow spindle elongation observed. But in contrast with the common thought that a mechanism maintains the spindle length during metaphase. At anaphase onset, all three parameters collapsed, before increasing about 50s later to reach a regime where damping dominated again, suggesting the overlapping spinlde microtubules may play a minor role in early anaphase spinlde elongation. In perspective of understanding how spindle mechanics emerge of molecular players interactions, we depleted one gene per splindle sub-structure — overlapped microtubules, kinetochore microtubules, central spindle and astral microtubules. We succefully recovered some known behavior but with the augmented insight offered by our method. This method paves the way not only towards understanding the fundamentals of spindle mechanics, superseding the degenerated modeling based on the sole spindle length but also towards acounting for spindle functional robustness towards defect as polyor aneuploidy
Sousa, Da Costa Maria Judite. "Csi2 modulates microtubule dynamics and helps organize the bipolar spindle for proper chromosome segregation in fission yeast." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066626.
Full textLa ségrégation correcte des chromosomes est processus fondamental pour maintenir la stabilité génomique. Des défauts de ségrégation sont souvent à l’origine de l’apparition de cellules aneuploïdes, caractéristique fréquemment observée dans les cellules cancéreuses. Dans les cellules eucaryotes, la ségrégation correcte des chromosomes est assurée par le fuseau mitotique. Des mécanismes de contrôle, tels que le point de contrôle mitotique et le bon attachement des centromères, sont mis en œuvre pour assurer la bonne ségrégation des chromosomes. Dans cette étude, nous avons pu établir chez le levure fissipare, que la protéine csi2, localisée aux pôles du fuseau mitotique, joue un rôle sur la dynamique des MTs mitotiques, dans la formation d’un fuseau mitotique intègre et par conséquent dans la ségrégation correcte des chromosomes. Les MTs composants le fuseau mitotique bipolaire sont dynamiques et de petite taille ~1µm ce qui représente un défis technique pour les imager, en effet, la résolution optique d’un microscope ~λ/2 est en général de 300nm. Nous avons développé une nouvelle approche pour imager les MTs mitotiques basée sur l’utilisation du mutant réversible thermosensible kinesin-5 cut7. 24ts, pour obtenir des cellules ayant des fuseaux monopolaires. Ainsi, nous avons pu mettre en évidence que la délétion de la protéine csi2 chez la levure S. Pombe était à l’origine d’un allongement de la longueur des microtubules mitotiques, d’une augmentation du nombre de cellules présentant un fuseau monopolaire et d’une augmentation des défauts de ségrégation des chromosomes. L’étude de l’implication de la protéine csi2 dans ces différents mécanismes nous a permis de mettre en évidence la contribution de chacun de ces mécanismes dans la bonne ségrégation des chromosomes. Nous proposons dans cette étude que le facteur déterminant à l’origine d’une ségrégation incorrecte des chromosomes serait majoritairement imputable à des défauts de régulation de la dynamique des microtubules
Machicoane, Michaël. "The role of ERM proteins in cell division." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066285.
Full textThe control of cell division axis is crucial for embryogenesis, cell differentiation and adult tissue homeostasis, and relies on the cortical localization of protein complexes able to pull on the mitotic apparatus. One of these force generators is the evolutionary conserved Gαi / LGN / NuMA module, which recruits Dynein motors at the cortex. On top of this, intrinsic and extrinsic cues can then modulate the activity and localization of this complex. Particularly, the F-actin cortex has recently been involved in the dialogue between astral microtubules and force generators. Identifying the proteins involved in F-actin organization at the cortex is thus a major challenge. During my thesis work, I focused my attention on the proteins of the ERM (Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin) family. I investigated the role of these membrane-actin linkers in the orientation of the mitotic spindle during oriented cell division. Our work demonstrated that ERM are strongly and directly activated by the SLK kinase at mitotic entry in mammalian cells. Using micro-fabricated adhesive substrates to control the axis of cell division, we found that the activation of ERM plays a key role in guiding the orientation of the mitotic spindle. Accordingly, impairing ERM activation in apical progenitors of the mouse embryonic neocortex severely disturbed spindle orientation in vivo. At the molecular level, ERM activation promotes the polarized association at the mitotic cortex of NuMA. We propose that F-actin and activated ERM at the mitotic cortex are critical for the correct localization of force generator complexes and hence for proper spindle orientation
Pieuchot, Laurent. "Caractérisation d'une nouvelle famille de protéines impliquées dans l'assemblage du fuseau mitotique des plantes supérieures." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/PIEUCHOT_Laurent_2009.pdf.
Full textHigher plant cells are characterized by dispersed microtubule organizing centers. During interphase, they were identified at the nuclear surface, close to the cortex and along pre-existing microtubules. However, the mechanisms of spindle microtubule assembly remain largely unknown. In acentrosomal animal cells like Xenopus oocytes, the Targeting Protein for Xklp2 (TPX2) was characterized as an essential player in perichromosomal spindle assembly, suggesting that it may be a central regulator of spindle formation without centrosomes. The aim of this work was first to identify and then to functionally characterize the Arabidopsis orthologue of TPX2. The best candidate corresponded to a single gene refered as AT1G03780. Stable transformants of Arabidopsis plants and tobacco BY-2 cells expressing GFP-AtTPX2 fusions were obtained. The fusion protein was targeted within the nucleus in interphase and actively exported shortly before nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB), probably participating in prospindle formation around the prophase nucleus. This behaviour differs from animal cells in which TPX2 nucleates microtubules only after NEB. In prometaphase, AtTPX2 colocalizes with spindle fibers and is rapidly degraded in telophase, like in vertebrates, suggesting that the protein is involved in early steps of mitosis. We characterized two nuclear localization signals, one nuclear export signal and two microtubule binding domains specific for the Arabidopsis protein, arguing in favor of its intracellular targeting and dynamics we followed. Furthermore, AtTPX2 was shown to rescue microtubule nucleation in a TPX2-depleted Xenopus extract, indicating that this function is conserved in the plant protein. In addition, the injection of anti-TPX2 antibodies in Tradescantia stamen hair cells inhibited cell division just before NEB. We identified by BLAST analysis several other proteins sharing similarities with AtTPX2 domains. Subcellular analysis has shown that these AtTPX2 like proteins have the property to bind microtubules and to shuttle between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm. All together, our data provide new insights into plant cell division, suggesting that throughout evolution, TPX2 has conserved essential functions in spindle assembly. Furthermore, this work revealed that a large number of AtTPX2 paralog does exist, suggesting a wide plant specific evolutionary radiation
Caudron, Maïwen. "Coordination of mitotic spindle assembly by chromosome-generated molecular interaction gradients." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13056.
Full textOnce in every cell cycle, living cells distribute evenly their chromosomes to the two daughter cells. The cellular machine that achieves chromosome segregation is the mitotic spindle, which is made of oriented protein nanotubes arranged into a bipolar system that surround the chromosomes to which the tubes are attached through specialized regions, the kinetochores. At the onset of cell division, microtubules that were long and stable suddenly become shorter and highly dynamic. This is due to a general change in the state of the cytoplasmic environment. Surprisingly, the mitotic cytoplasm does support the assembly of the bipolar spindle in the absence of chromosomes, raising questions about the mechanism of spindle assembly and the role of chromosomes in this process. This was interesting since this could represent an example of the coordination of the assembly of a machine by the very substrate on which it is acting. It appeared that chromosomes actually play a central role in spindle assembly by modifying locally the nature of the cytoplasm in their vicinity, thereby promoting the nucleation and stabilization of microtubules that finally self-organize into a bipolar array thanks to the action of various molecular motors. In this thesis, I show both theoretically and experimentally that chromosomes generate gradients of molecular interactions that provide spatial cues required for the coordination of microtubule nucleation and plus end stabilization two essential events in the pathway that leads to the self-organization of the mitotic spindle. A small molecule called Ran can be present in two forms. A high-energy state that contains GTP and a low energy state that is loaded with GDP. On the chromosomes, there is an exchange factor that loads Ran with GTP and in the cytoplasm there is a GTPase “activating factor” that forces Ran to change the bound GTP into GDP. Previous work had shown that the local production of Ran GTP around chromosomes leads to its interaction with molecular complexes present in cells. These complexes are called Importin- [Nuclear-Localization-Signal-containing proteins] (NLS-proteins). Upon binding of Ran GTP to importins, NLS-proteins are released around chromosomes. It turns out that among these NLS-proteins, there are molecules that trigger microtubule nucleation and stabilize microtubule plus ends when they are released from importins. In my thesis, I have shown that such a local effect on microtubule nucleation and stabilization is important for the proper formation of a mitotic spindle. Then, I showed that reaction-diffusion equations allow calculating the shape and extent of the gradients of various molecular species like free Ran GTP, Ran GTP-importin complexes and free NLS-proteins. Finally, I have used Fluorescence Life time Imaging (FLIM) technology to visualize the shape of the Ran GTP-importin gradient and demonstrated that this gradient was read differently by the microtubule system so that microtubule nucleation would occur close to chromosomes while stabilization effects would be sensed much further away. In summary, I have shown that a reaction-diffusion process occurring around chromosomes governs important aspects of the self-organization of microtubules into a bipolar spindle
Loncar, Ana. "Comparaison de la dynamique du fuseau mitotique et méiotique chez la levure à fission." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03174872.
Full textCell division is a universal process in all living beings where duplicated chromosomes are separated to the opposite cell poles. Mitosis is a cell division type that serves for proliferation of cells, while meiosis produces sex cells, which are used in the sexual reproduction of an organism. In both cases, a microtubule-based machine called a spindle flawlessly separates the chromosomes. Precise chromosome separation is paramount, as any errors in chromosome segregation can result in aneuploidy that may cause congenital defects, cancer or cell death.Mitosis and meiosis have been the focus of research for many decades, and a plethora of key players has been identified and studied. However, no study has been done on comparison of mitotic and meiotic spindle dynamics in the same organism. In this study, mitotic and meiotic spindle dynamics have been characterized and compared simultaneously in fission yeast. Spindle dynamics comparison ascertained that there are three distinct spindle types – mitotic, meiotic I and meiotic II spindles, with distinguishing features. A fission yeast mutant deficient for kinesin-5 Cut7 and kinesin-14 Pkl1 was used as a tool to identify the source of the differences in mitotic and meiotic spindle dynamics. Although cut7Δpkl1Δ mitotic spindles are bipolar and capable of segregating the chromosomes, we show that meiosis I spindles fail to establish bipolarity and separate the chromosomes, resulting in zygotes forming less than typical four spores. Next, we reveal Pkl1 concentration is reduced in meiotic I compared to mitotic spindles, and identify kinesin-14 Klp2 as the molecule that co-operates with Pkl1 in antagonizing Cut7 in meiosis I. Furthermore, we found that suppressing microtubule dynamics in cut7Δpkl1Δ zygotes restores spindle bipolarity, arguing that microtubules are more dynamic in meiosis I spindles than in mitotic spindles.In summary, this work shows mitotic and meiotic spindles are inherently different, and their differences stem from kinesin-14s and microtubule dynamics regulation
Romao, Maryse. "Rôle des kinétochores dans l'organisation du fuseau de mitose chez S. Cerevisiae." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MNHN0032.
Full textIn mitosis, a variety of regulation processes are involved to ensure high fidelity in chromosome segregation. Kinetochores are main actors in these functions. Yeast and its numerous mutants are used to study how the mitotic apparatus is assembled and regulated. Moreover yeast cells, with their small size, are well suited to detailed EM investigations. The kinetochore Ndc10 protein is part of the essential CBF3 complex which plays a fundamental role in the hierachical kinetochore complex assembly. The focus of this thesis work is the study of the mutant ndc10-1 which displays chromosome missegregation. We used an original approach combining EM visualisation of cryofixed cells and 3D modelisations to analyse morphological aberrations observed in ndc10-1. The data presented here showed that Ndc10p is involved both in the assembly of a symmetrical spindle as well as in the formation of the new SPB. Ndc10p also, as a spindle protein, could interfere in the control of spindle microtubules stability. Finally, Ndc10p is required for the maintenance of interpolar microtubules during spindle elongation
Riche, Soizic. "Etude comparative du positionnement du fuseau mitotique dans les espèces de C.elegans et C. briggsae." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1053/document.
Full textAsymmetric cell division is a fundamental mechanism essential in all organisms to assure cell diversity, stem cell renewal and cellular identity maintenance. It is relying on proper mitotic spindle positioning because it dictates the cell division plan. In C. elegans one-cell embryos, the first division is asymmetric and gives rise to two daughter cells of unequal size and fate. It occurs in two steps: pronuclei centration during prophase and spindle posterior displacement during anaphase. During anaphase, the mitotic spindle undergoes transverse oscillations that are more pronounced for the posterior than the anterior pole. These movements are controlled by pulling forces acting on astral microtubules. The force generators are identified and are evolutionary conserved. A complex made of Gα proteins, linked to GPR (a GoLoco containing protein, the LGN/Pins homologues), LIN-5 (a coiled-coil protein, the NuMA/Mud homologues) and dynein is thought to be anchored at the cortex and activated at the onset of mitosis to pull on the spindle. We identified variations in spindle trajectories by analyzing the outwardly similar one-cell stage embryo of a close relative of C. elegans, C. briggsae. Compared to C. elegans, C. briggsae embryos exhibit an anterior shifting of nuclei in prophase and reduced anaphase spindle oscillations. By combining physical perturbations and mutant analysis in both species, we show that differences can be explained by inter-species changes in the regulation of the cortical Gα/GPR/LIN-5 complex. However, we uncover that in both species 1) a conserved positional switch controls the onset of spindle oscillations, 2) GPR posterior localization may set this positional switch, and 3) the maximum amplitude of spindle oscillations is determined in part by the time spent in the oscillating phase. Interestingly, GPR is poorly conserved at the amino acid level between these species. We use these variants to correlate phenotypes, GPR localization and sequence divergence to identify GPR regulatory elements. To this end, we performed protein replacement between species, as well as analysis of protein chimeras. Finally we tried to use optogenetics in order to control GPR localisation temporally and analyze the consequences on pronuclei and spindle movements during the first division. By investigating microevolution of a subcellular process, we identified new mechanisms that are instrumental to decipher spindle positioning
Nahaboo, Wallis. "Élongation du fuseau mitotique dans l'Embryon de C. elegans : caractérisation d'une Nouvelle Force de propulsion." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN003.
Full textIn mitosis, different mechanical forces are involved in chromosome segregation. In C. elegans one-cell embryos, preliminary data suggest that an unknown mechanism, coming from inside the mitotic spindle, could influence chromosome separation. In those cells, it has been showed that kinetochore microtubule activity is absent. Thanks to external pulling forces, centrosome separation drives chromosome segregation. By using microsurgery inside the one-cell C. elegans embryos, we have shown that destroying one or two centrosomes did not prevent chromosome separation, revealing the existence of an outward pushing force (Nahaboo et al., 2015). By combining gene inactivation and centrosome destruction, we showed that the kinesin-5 and the crosslinker SPD-1 act as a brake on this pushing force, whereas they enhance chromosome segregation in other species. Moreover, we identified a novel role for the two microtubule-growth and nucleation agents, RanGTP and CLASP, in the establishment of the centrosome-independent force during anaphase. Their involvement raises the interesting possibility that microtubule polymerization of midzone microtubules is required to sustain chromosome segregation during mitosis. Then, we aim to reversibility affect microtubule dynamics in the central spindle. Because of the lack of adequate tools, we have collaborated with biochemists from Dr. D. Trauner lab, in Munich, Germany, who are specialized in photoactivable drugs. They have synthetized a photoswitable drug, Photostatin (PST), which can depolymerize microtubules in few seconds in an on/off manner (Borowiak et al., 2015). Under blue light (390 - 430 nm), PST is activated leading to microtubule depolymerization, whereas under green light (500 - 530 nm), PST is activated which does not affect microtubule dynamics. I measured that microtubule growing is absent in presence of activated PST in Hela cells. I also showed that cell cycle can be stopped thank to activated PST in multiple cell C. elegans embryos. We have shown that PST can control microtubule dynamics thanks to visible light in vitro, in cellulo and in vivo, as an on/off switch, in a non-invasive, local and reversible manner
Nahaboo, Wallis. "Elongation du fuseau mitotique dans l'embryon de C. elegans: caractérisation d'une nouvelle force de propulsion." Doctoral thesis, ENS Lyon, Lyon, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/282179.
Full textJaouen, Florence. "Rôle du complexe Gαi/LGN/NuMA dans la régulation de l'orientation du fuseau mitotique au cours de la neurogenèse chez les vertébrés." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2009AIX22003.pdf.
Full textAll neurons and glial cells that are produced during the development of the vertebrate nervous system derive from an initial reservoir of progenitors which constitute the monolayered, pseudostratified neuroepithelium (NE). The mode of division of these progenitors to be precisely controlled in order to regulate the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Several studies performed mostly in developing cerebral cortex lead to propose different models that link modes of neural progenitor divisions and mitotic spindle orientation. During my thesis, I studied the molecular regulation of mitotic spindle orientation in vertebrate neural progenitors and its developmental implication. To do so, we have used the neural tube of the chick embryo as a model ystem. We have shown that LGN, and its interactors Gαi and NuMA, are expressed by neural progenitors during development; in these dividing rogenitors, Gαi, located uniformly at the plasma membrane, recruits LGN at cell cortex, and in return, LGN recruits NuMA in a ring around the lateral cell cortex. Deregulation of these proteins by gain- or loss-of-function leads to perturbation in mitotic spindle orientation, during proliferative symmetric divisions of neural progenitors. This perturbation leads to one daughter cell exiting the NE prematurely and proliferating aberrantly in the mantle zone. Hence, these results in the early chick spinal cord are opposed to the cortical model, that links plane of division and cell fate. Thus, this study reveals that the key role of the Gαi/LGN/NuMA complex in the regulation of mitotic spindle orientation is to maintain the progeny of proliferative symmetric divisions in the NE
Blanca, Giuseppina. "RAD51 et la tubuline-gamma : corrélation entre réparation par recombinaison homologue et établissement du fuseau mitotique." Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/314/.
Full textThe objective of my work of thesis was to analyze the conditions of recruitment of the Rad51 protein and the g-tubulin in the same nuclear complex and to try to understand the functional role and the regulation of this association, which can contribute to the complete realization of the repair of the DNA damages. The mechanism of Homologous Recombinaison Repair was studied in cells of mammals, without g-tubulin. I showed that the g-tubulin presents in this nuclear complex can be modified and that the two forms interact with gH2AX. The role of the g-tubulin in the DNA repair is specific since it is located on the site of the double-strand break of the DNA but its recruitment is independent of the presence of Rad51. Through its association with proteins of repair, the g-tubulin could coordinate the efficiency of DNA repair with the segregation of the chromosomes during the cellular division
Putey, Aurélien. "Synthèses d'analogues indoliques de la famille des aldisines." Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10286.
Full textThe family of aldisines, isolated from marine sponges, presents a great interest not only for the synthetic pathways but also for biological aspects. To complete this work, various syntheses of indolic analogues and derivatives of this family were developed. A bibliographic study showing the most known compounds of the aldisines’ family and their syntheses will be reported in a first part. Then, in a second part, a general and efficicent synthesis of structural analogues of latonduine A was carried out via a palladium-catalysed intramolecular reaction of arylation. Several of these final compounds show a sub-micromolar antiproliferative activity on various tumoral human cell lines. The third part of this work reports the preparation of new 4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro[1,4]diazepino[1,2-a]indol-1-ones (derivated from the aldisine) from alkyl indole-2-carboxylates. These compounds show a significant activity on Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) which is one of the main therapeutic targets for the cancer treatment since the last decade. Finally, a non-classical route to 2,3-diiodoindoles from indole-2-carboxylic acids is described in a fourth part
Fache, Vincent. "Etude fonctionnelle d'une protéine associée aux microtubules du fuseau mitotique chez la plante Arabidopsis thaliana : atMAP65-4." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00588242.
Full textRosfelter, Anne. "Le positionnement du fuseau mitotique chez le zygote d'ascidie et son rôle dans la répartition des organelles." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS063.
Full textAfter oocyte fertilization, a microtubule aster forms around the male DNA. The sperm aster brings the female pro-nucleus to the male pro-nucleus so they can fuse, but it also moves the fused nuclei to the cell center to ensure an equitable cell division. Numerous studies performed in vitro, by modeling or experimentally in species such as C. elegans, P. lividus, and M. musculus, addressed the aster and spindle centration mechanisms. Three main mechanisms emerged; pushing, cortical pulling, and cytoplasmic pulling. By studying aster centration in the zygote of the ascidian P. mammillata, I discovered a system that combines these three mechanisms based on the cell cycle stages. In meiosis, the aster uses the polymerization of its microtubules to push against the actin cortex and move away from it (pushing). Once in interphase, the aster returns to the cortex by a pull exerted by the membrane on the microtubules (cortical pulling). At mitosis entry, cortical pulling stops, and releases the mitotic spindle's asters. In consequence, the asters give in to the forces exerted by the transport of organelles to the aster center (cytoplasmic pulling), that appeared constant during the cell cycle. Cytoplasmic pulling hence participate in centering the spindle While the aster forms and moves, the intracellular compartments reorganize. To understand how intracellular organization can be disrupted by aster formation, I studied the case of yolk. The yolk, in the form of vesicles (called granules or platelets), is initially abundant and homogeneous in the unfertilized oocyte. However, as soon as the aster appears, its distribution changes and the yolk platelets are excluded from the region containing the aster. This exclusion generated by the aster formation in the zygote is maintained during development. I observed that yolk exclusion is mainly due to the accumulation at the aster of other organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum. The transport function of the aster microtubules is therefore sufficient to completely reorganize the cell by excluding some organelles and accumulating others. The movements of the aster and the spindle, their regulation by cell cycle, and the intracellular reorganization, identified here in the ascidian zygote, rely on basic elements of a cell, namely: the microtubules, the actin cortex, the endoplasmic reticulum, the proteins of the cell cycle, etc. Thus, the discoveries presented here cover a broad scope, and seem adaptable to the specificities of different cell types
Tournebize, Régis. "Mécanismes d'assemblage du fuseau mitotique et sa régulation par les phosphatases dans les extraits d'oeufs de Xenopus laevis." Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON1T016.
Full textCOME, MARIE-GEORGE. "Resistance multifactorielle de cellules leucemiques envers les inhibiteurs de la topoisomerase ii et des poisons du fuseau mitotique." Toulouse 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU30201.
Full textCahu, Julie. "Rôle de la régulation d'Eg5 et de ses propriétés motrices lors de la formation du fuseau mitotique dans l'extrait d'oeuf de Xenopus laevis." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811552.
Full textTaste, Corinne. "Fonctions et régulation de la protéine suppresseur de tumeurs BRCA1 dans la réponse cellulaire aux poisons du fuseau mitotique." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30065.
Full textInherited mutations of the tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 confer an increase risk for breast and ovarian cancer. BRCA1 has been recently implicated in the response to anti-mitotic agents. In the present report, we studied BRCA1 functions ans regulation in this response. In a first part, we demonstrated that BRCA1 is involved in the regulation of the mitotic checkpoint activated by microtubules damage. Then, we have analyzed its regulation in this conditions and we have showed that Chk2 phsophorylates BRCA1 on serine 988 after mitotic spindle disruption and thus, regulates microtubule nucleation activity of BRCA1. Further data also suggest that BRCA1 is a potential target of the mitotic kinase Plk-1 after paclitaxel treatment. Our findings show that BRCA1 is involved in the cellular response to agent that disrupt tje mitotic spindle and suggest that Chk2 and Plk1 regulate functions of BRCA1 in this response
Herin, d' Pierre. "Etude de HsEg5 moteur microtubulaire apparenté à la famille des kinésines." Paris, EPHE, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000EPHE3036.
Full textGuimiot, Fabien. "Etude fonctionnelle de deux immunophilines, Fkbp25 et Fkbp36 dans le développement neuronal." Paris 7, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA077217.
Full textRomé, Pierre. "Identification de nouveaux partenaires de la protéine kinase aurora A au cours de la mitose chez Drosophila melanogaster." Rennes 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REN1S105.
Full textMitosis is a key step of the cell cycle by which the mother cell transmits equally its owngenetic material to the daughter cells. To do so, the cell nucleates microtubules, whichorganise a complex bipolar structure called the mitotic spindle. Mitotic spindle assembly istightly regulated by several proteins included the serine-threonine kinase Aurora A. Aurora Aassures different roles during mitotis an its deregulation leads to many defect in spindleassembly. In this context, the goal of my thesis was to identify new partners of Aurora A during mitosisin Drosophila in order to better understand the mitotic role of this kinase. We first characterised the physical and functional interaction between Aurora A and p150glued,a subunit of the dynein-dynactin complex (DDC). DDC is a motor complex required duringspindle assembly. We showed that phosphoregulation of DDC by Aurora A was required tolimit the accumulation of this complex on the spindle, an important regulation during spindleassembly. Secondly, we identified the kinesin NCD as a new partner of Aurora A. NCD is also regulatedby Aurora A which seems to limit the accumulation of the kinesin on the mitotic spindle. Our study reveals a new mitotic function for Aurora A kinase in the limitation of molecularmotors recruitment, an event which appear required during mitotic spindle assembly. Key Words: cell division, centrosome, microtubules, mitotic spindle, protein kinase,microtubules associated protein, kinesin, dynein
Venoux, Magali. "ASAP, une nouvelle protèine du fuseau mitotique : étude d'un partenaire, la kinase Aurora-A et implication durant le cycle cellulaire." Montpellier 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON13507.
Full textVargas, Hurtado Diana. "Étude des mécanismes d’assemblage du fuseau et de la fidélité mitotique dans les cellules souches neuronales du cerveau en développement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03054330.
Full textThe mammalian brain holds a peculiar vulnerability to centrosome or mitotic spindle dysfunction. Mutations in centrosome or spindle encoding genes are the leading cause of Human Primary Recessive Microcephaly (MCPH), a neurodevelopment growth disorder were the brain is drastically reduced in size yet body size is not affected. Loss of neural progenitor cells or apical Radial Glial cells (aRGCs) during brain development causes microcephaly. The lab has previously shown that the presence of supernumerary centrosomes leads to mitotic errors and consequent apoptosis of aRGCs. They also noticed a higher susceptibility to mitotic errors and cell death at early stages of neurodevelopment as compared to late stages. The underlying mechanisms that render aRGCs vulnerable are still unknown. To identify the mechanisms behind aRGC vulnerability, I characterized during my PhD mitotic spindle assembly during normal mouse brain development. Surprisingly, I found that aRGC spindle morphology changes between early and late stages of neurogenesis. At early stages, spindles are prone to interact with the cell cortex through astral MTs which comes at the expense of MT density within the spindle. In contrast, at late stages, spindles decrease astral MT numbers while reinforcing MT inner cell density. Furthermore, I identified the microtubule stabilizing and bundling factor TPX2 as one key determinant of spindle robustness and mitotic accuracy after drug treatments in aRGCs from late neurogenic stages. Indeed, by decreasing TPX2 loading on spindle MTs, which was sufficient to switch spindle morphology to an early-like architecture, I observed an increased frequency of chromosome alignment and segregation errors. The data obtained reveal unexpected modifications in the pathways used by aRGCs to build a bipolar spindle during the course of neurogenesis, which are translated into different chromosome segregation capacity. I thus propose that during mammalian neurogenesis not all aRGCs are equally competent to segregate chromosomes correctly. My work therefore provides mechanistic insights by which mutations in genes encoding centrosome or spindle components might affect specifically brain size during embryonic development
Fink, Jenny. "Mechanotransduction in mitotic spindle positioning : Role of external forces and mechanical cortex properties." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112117.
Full textIn mitosis, positioning of the microtubule spindle represents a key process that is conserved from yeast to animal cells. It is essential for cell fate, development and tissue organization and perturbations of this process can have as dramatic effects as uncontrolled cell dissemination and death of the whole organism. In animal cells, external stimuli are thought to polarize the actin cortex, and this polarization is subsequently transduced to the microtubule spindle leading to its positioning. During my thesis, I studied the influence of extracellular pulling forces on mitotic spindle orientation in cultured cells. We demonstrated that these extracellular forces that were transmitted to the mitotic cell body via retraction fibres could direct spindle positioning. We thus identified a novel function for mechanotransduction, i. E. The conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical signals that finally induce a cellular response, in the context of mitotic spindle positioning. These findings additionally demonstrate that biochemical cues -predominantly investigated by previous studies - are not the only important signals regulating spindle positioning. We could furthermore show that the actin cortex is mechanically polarized during mitosis: one cortex quadrant was often up to twice stiffer than the remaining three quadrants. The mitotic spindle appeared to be aligned with this stiffness gradient, one pole facing the stiffest quadrant. Simulations of spindle dynamics, performed in the group of François Nedelec, could predict this observed behaviour when using our measured parameters for cortical rigidity and microtubule dynamics
Gallaud, Emmanuel. "Caractérisation du rôle d'Ensconsine / MAP7 dans la dynamique des microtubules et des centrosomes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S004/document.
Full textMitosis is a key step of the cell cycle that allows the mother cell to segregate its replicated genome equally into the two daughter cells. To do so, the cell assembles a highly dynamic structure composed of microtubules called the mitotic spindle. Additionally to its role in the faithful segregation of chromosomes, the mitotic spindle defines the axis of cell division. This phenomenon is particularly important for the asymmetric cell division in which cell fate determinants have to be unequally distributed between the two daughter cells. Spindle assembly and dynamics are subtly regulated by numerous microtubules-associated proteins. During my PhD, we identified using mass spectrometry, 855 proteins establishing the Drosophila embryo microtubule interactome. An RNAi screen was performed in the larval central nervous system for 96 poorly described genes, in order to identify new mitotic regulators. Based on microtubule interaction and mitotic phenotype, among 18 candidates we focused on Ensconsin/MAP7. We have shown that Ensconsin is associated with spindle microtubules and promotes their polymerization. Neuroblasts from mutant larvae display shorter spindles and a longer mitosis duration. This mitotic delay is a consequence of an extended activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, which is essential for the proper chromosome segregation in the absence of Ensconsin. This study also showed that, in association with its interphase partner Kinesin-1, Ensconsin is involved in centrosome separation during interphase. As a result, mother and daughter centrosomes are randomly distributed between the daughter cells. In conclusion, we highlighted two news functions of Ensconsin : first, this protein promotes microtubule polymerization and is involved in spindle assembly ; second, Ensconsin and its partner Kinesin-1 regulate centrosome dynamics
Rozier, Lorène. "Cassures induites par les stress : rôle dans l'instabilité génomique et dans la progression tumorale." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077047.
Full textFoussard, Hélène. "Les protéines LRCH : premières études chez la Drosophile." Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1096/.
Full textComparative genomics has revealed an unexpected level of conservation for gene products across the evolution of animal species. However, the molecular function of only a few proteins has been investigated experimentally, and the role of many animal proteins still remains unknown. Here we report the characterization of a novel family of evolutionary conserved proteins, which display specific features of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins, referred to as LRCHs. Taking advantage of the existence of a single lrch gene in flies, dlrch, we explored its function in cultured cells, and show that dLRCH act to stabilize the cell cortex during cell division. DLRCH depletion leads to ectopic cortical blebs and alters positioning of the mitotic spindle. We further examined the consequences of dLRCH deletion throughout development and adult life. Although dlrch is not essential for cell division in vivo, flies lacking dlrch display a reduced fertility and fitness, particularly when raised at extreme temperatures. These results support the idea that some cytoskeletal regulators are important to buffer environmental variations and ensure the proper execution of basic cellular processes, such as the control of cell shape, under environmental variations
Roca, Marianne. "The spindle assembly checkpoint in Phallusia mammillata embryos." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS500.
Full textDuring mitosis, progression through anaphase must take place only when all chromosomes are correctly attached to spindle microtubules to avoid chromosome mis-segregation and the generation of aneuploid cells (i.e. with an abnormal chromosome number). Embryos containing aneuploid cells can exhibit developmental defects and lethality. Furthermore, cancer cells are often aneuploid. To prevent such deleterious aneuploidy, a control mechanism, the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), delays metaphase-anaphase transition until all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle microtubules. However, the SAC is not efficient during early development in some species. During my thesis, I analyzed the activity of the SAC during the development of the marine chordate P. mammillata. I showed that in P. mammillata embryos, the SAC becomes efficient at the 8th cell cycle and its efficiency increases progressively in the following cell cycles. Although, I demonstrated that patterning of the embryo along the anteroposterior axis influences SAC efficiency, my experiments suggest that additional parameters modulate SAC efficiency. I searched the molecular mechanisms, which control SAC efficiency during development. I collected evidence showing that SAC components are present in oocytes and all post-fertilization stages. I found that SAC proteins localize at kinetochores during meiosis and at later stages when there is an efficient SAC while they do not accumulate on unattached kinetochores in early SAC deficient embryos. My thesis work establishes P. mammillata as a valuable experimental organism to study SAC regulation during embryogenesis
Nehlig, Anne. "La protéine ATIP3 et ses partenaires d’interaction : de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques contre le cancer du sein." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS461.
Full textBreast cancer is a leading cause of death by malignancy in women worldwide. The identification of new molecular markers for personalized treatment of poor prognosis breast tumors, such as those of the triple negative subtype, is urgently needed. Our team is leader in the study of ATIP3 protein, encoded by candidate tumor suppressor gene MTUS1. ATIP3 is down-regulated in 85% of triple negative breast tumors, and low levels of ATIP3 are associated with poor survival of the patients. We have shown that ATIP3 reduces proliferation and migration in vitro, and tumor growth and metastasis formation in vivo. ATIP3 localizes along the microtubule (MT) in interphase and on the mitotic spindle and spindle poles during mitosis. My PhD project aimed at identifying ATIP3 partners involved in its anti-tumoral effects. In the first part, I will present data showing that ATIP3 interacts with EB1, a major regulator of MT dynamics. ATIP3-EB1 interaction prevents EB1 accumulation at MT growing ends. I proposed a novel mechanism by which ATIP3-EB1 indirectly reduces EB1 turnover at its binding site at MT plus end, which consequently reduces MT dynamics. In the second part of my thesis, I showed that ATIP3 silencing induces reduced spindle length. In parallel, I identified the MT-depolymerizing kinesin Kif2A as an ATIP3 partner by proteomic analysis. ATIP3 forms a complex with Kif2A and Dda3 in an AurKA-dependent manner. I showed that ATIP3 maintains mitotic spindle size by inhibiting Kif2A and Dda3 recruitment at the spindle pole. My study also revealed a recriprocal regulation between ATIP3 and AurKA. Thus, ATIP3 negatively regulates its binding partners. Finally, in a third part, clinical relevance of ATIP3-EB1 in breast cancer has been evaluated and I showed that combinatorial expression of ATIP3 and EB1 is associated with tumor agressiveness and reduced patient survival. Altogether, this work highlighted new therapeutic targets to propose personalized treatments
Pommier, Roxane. "Identification des fonctions oncosuppressives de TIF1γ (Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1 γ)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10356/document.
Full textTIF1γ / TRIM33 (Transcriptional Intermediary Factor 1γ / TRIpartite Motif-containing 33) is a 1,127 amino acids nuclear protein with two biochemical activities: an E3-ubiquitin ligase activity and transcriptional regulatory functions. TIF1γ is ubiquitously expressed in many organisms and exerts its functions mainly in the processes of embryonic development and cell differentiation, particularly through its involvement in the TGFβ signaling pathway. The oncosuppressive functions of TIF1γ have been demonstrated in several mouse models and its expression is reduced in many human tumors of various tissue origins. Nevertheless, the molecular and cellular mechanisms driving TIF1γ anti-tumoral activities are unknown. In this work, we highlight its inhibitory role on TGFβ-mediated EMT (Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition) in vivo, thus limiting the aggressive properties of tumor cells. In addition, we describe TIF1γ involvement in mitotic progression and the Spindle Assembly Checkpoint (SAC): TIF1γ deleted cells display many nuclear abnormalities, aneuploidy and resistance to spindle microtubule-disrupting agents, which are drugs classically used in chemotherapeutic treatments. Finally, we correlated the low expression level of TIF1γ to an increased rate of chromosomal instability in different human tumors. Thus, our work has highlighted the tumor suppressor role of TIF1γ: its deletion in tumor cells induce chromosomal instability, resistance to chemotherapeutic treatments and acquisition of invasive properties
Goupil, Alix. "Genome instability : from genome content variations to gene expression plasticity." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPSLS053.
Full textMost animal cells are diploid, containing two copies of each chromosome. Establishment of proper bipolar mitotic spindle containing two centrosomes, one at each pole contributes to accurate chromosome segregation. This is essential for the maintenance of genome stability, tissue and organism homeostasis. However, numerical deviations to the diploid set are observed in healthy tissues. Polyploidy is the doubling of the whole chromosome set and aneuploidy concerns the gain or loss of whole chromosomes. Importantly, whole genome duplications and aneuploidy have also been associated to pathological conditions. For example, variations to genome content are associated with chromosome instability and cancer development, however their exact contribution to cancer genome remains poorly understood.In the first part of my PhD project, I investigated the consequences of polyploidy during cell division. I found that the presence of extra DNA and extra centrosomes generated invariably multipolar spindles. Then I identified contributors to the multipolar status using in vivo approaches in Drosophila neural stem cells and in vitro culture of cancer cells. Further I combined DNA and spindle perturbations with computer modelling and found that in polyploid cells, the presence of excessive DNA acts as a physical barrier blocking spindle pole coalescence and bipolarity. Indeed, laser ablation to disrupt and increase in microtubule stability and length to bypass the DNA-barrier could rescue bipolar spindle formation. This discovery challenges the current view that suggested extra-centrosomes as only contributor to spindle multipolarity and provides a rational to understand chromosome instability typical of polyploid cells.The aim of the second part of my PhD project was to generate a novel tool to quantitively probe chromosome loss in vivo in Drosophila tissues. Aneuploidy has been observed in various physiological tissues, however the frequency of this error remained highly debatable. In addition, tools developed so far to assess aneuploidy lack a temporal dimension. To circumvent this, I used the expression of a GFP report gene driven by the GAL4/UAS system and its inhibition by GAL80. In principle, the random loss of the chromosome carrying the GAL80 sequence leads to GFP appearance in aneuploid cells that can therefore be followed in live tissues. I found that chromosome loss was extremely infrequent in most tissues of the wild type fly. This tool combined with fluorescent marker and/or tested in various genetic background, might help understanding mechanisms behind aneuploidy genesis and outcome in vivo.While developing this tool, I discovered that in the larval brain, GFP cells where not a by-product of chromosome loss but rather an unexpected mis-regulation in the expression of the GAL80 gene. These results have strong implications for the Drosophila community as it can result in false positive in clonal experiments. Further, I discovered a mosaicism and plasticity of the Drosophila brain in neural stem cells for gene expression which differs from other organs and that is influenced by environmental stimuli. This possibly reflects a certain level of plasticity in the brain necessary for neuronal diversity, adaptation and survival
Bizzotto, Sara. "Eml1 in radial glial progenitors during cortical development : the neurodevelopmental role of a protein mutated in subcortical heterotopia in mouse and human." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066118.
Full textThe cerebral cortex develops through genetically regulated processes of cellular proliferation, neurogenesis, migration and differentiation. Cortical malformations represent a spectrum of heterogeneous disorders due to abnormalities in these steps, and associated with epilepsy and intellectual disability. We studied the HeCo (heterotopic cortex) mutant mouse, which exhibits bilateral subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), characterized by many aberrantly positioned neurons in the white matter. We found that Eml1 (Echinoderm Microtubule-associated protein-Like 1) is mutated in these mice. Screening of EML1 in heterotopia patients identified mutations giving rise to a severe and rare form of atypical heterotopia. In HeCo embryonic brains, progenitors were identified outside the normal proliferative ventricular zone (VZ), representing a novel cause of this disorder. We studied Eml1 function in radial glial progenitors (RGCs), which are important during corticogenesis generating other subtypes of progenitors and post-mitotic neurons, and serving as guides for migrating neurons. We showed that Eml1 localizes to the mitotic spindle where it might regulate microtubule dynamics. My data suggest a role in the establishment of the steady state metaphase spindle length. Indeed, HeCo RGCs in the VZ showed a perturbed spindle length during corticogenesis, and this may represent one of the primary mechanisms leading to abnormal progenitor behavior. I also analyzed cell number and metaphase cell size at the apical side of the VZ, where mitosis occurs. I thus propose new mechanisms governing normal and pathological VZ progenitor organization and function during cortical development
Roszko, Isabelle. "Morphogenèse du système nerveux central : analyse par imagerie confocale et identification du rôle clé joué par la GTPase RhoA dans les divisions des progéniteurs neuraux chez le poulet." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066316.
Full textCourtheoux, Thibault. "Analyse et modélisation de la dynamique des chromosomes au cours de la ségrégation mitotique dans la levure à fission." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU30004.
Full textThe correct segregation of chromosomes is an essential element in the control of genomic stability in eukaryotes. Segregation defects lead to the appearance of aneuploid daughter cells (ie : incorrect number of chromosomes) and this process may well be the cause of spontaneous abortions or genetic disorders such as trisomy 21. Aneuploidy is frequently observed in human tumours and plays a key role in the development and / or progression of cancer. Recent studies suggest that defects in chromosome attachment are the major cause of aneuploidy. Kinetochores (Kt), multiprotein complexes located on each replicated chromosome, interact with microtubules (MTs) from opposite poles, which allow their separation in anaphase. When all chromosomes are bi-oriented, proteins of the mitotic checkpoint (Mad2, Bub1, Mad1 etc. . ) leave the kinetochore, degradation of cohesin takes place, and chromosomes separate. If a chromosome is not properly attached, the checkpoint proteins persist on Kt, preventing the degradation of cohesin. Very recently, it was shown that it is the tension applied by the Kt-MTs, which is responsible for the removal of the mitotic checkpoint proteins. The actors involved in the establishment of this tension are unknown. Dynein has been implicated in the checkpoint inhibition in higher eukaryotes. In fission yeast, we showed that dynein participates to chromosome dynamics, genetic stability and that dynein deletion causes activation of the mitotic checkpoint without preventing its inactivation (Section 1). Preliminary results also suggest that dynein is involved in correcting merotelic attachments (when a kinetochore is attached to both poles). Merotelic attachment plays a key role in the development of chromosomal instability. To go further in studying the role of dynein, we characterized the precise impact of merotely on mitotic progression (Article 2). We were able to establish that merotelic attachment is corrected by a tension-dependent mechanism in anaphase B. To better understand the mechanisms of tension applied on kinetochores during mitosis, we investigated the role of the Dam1 complex. We demonstrated that Dam1 plays a key role in controlling microtubule dynamics in interphase and that it also controls kinetochore poleward movement in anaphase A (Section 3). This work illustrates the complexity of the mechanisms leading to the correct attachment of chromosomes to microtubules, a process that is fundamental to maintain genomic stability
Darnat, Pénélope. "Cycline A, un nouveau lien entre cycle et popularité cellulaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS293.
Full textDuring an asymmetric cell division (ACD), the cell cycle and cell proliferation are coordinated to serve cell fate diversity. In the case of an ACD occurring in epithelia, the Planar Cell Polarity, lead by Frizzled (Fz) and Dishevelled (Dsh) orients the mother cell and the mitotic spindle to induce a polarity upon which the cell fate determinants are asymmetrically divided between the daughter cells. In this context, my thesis subject relies on the study of the links between cell cycle and cell polarity in the model of the lineage of mecanosensory organs of Drosophila, from which four distinct cell fates rise. At each division, the Notch pathway is asymmetrically activated and the PCP regulates the stereotyped orientations of the divisions along the epithelial plan. During the ACD of the pI cell, I have shown that one of these links was the major actor the cell cycle Cyclin A. Indeed, I have shown that a pool of Cyclin A localises asymmetrically the apical posterior cortex of the pi cell during prophase. This portion of Cyclin A is degraded at the same time of the cytoplasmic pool. Then, I have shown that Cyclin A co-localised with the PCP factor Fz and Dsh, as they anchors CycA to the cortex: a fz or dsh loss of function (LOF) abolishes the cortical recruitment of Cyclin A and the delocalisation of Frizzled drags Cyclin A. More importantly, I have shown that Cyclin A also regulates the orientation of the division as PCP factors, as its LOF or ectopic cortical localisation deviated the orientation. Altogether this data suggest that Cyclin A is part of complex regulating the spindle orientation formed by Fz and Dsh. In order to do so, Cyclin A is required for the apical posterior recruitment of the Mud protein (NuMA/LIN-5). This work opens the door on the roles, poorly described, of the cells cycle factors in other biological processes
Stonyte, Morin Violeta. "Phosphorégulation de l'activité de la kinase Mps1." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20099.
Full textMps1 is a dual-specificity protein kinase involved in the spindle assembly checkpoint and chromosome alignment. Mps1 phosphorylation state and activity increase in mitosis. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying these observations are unknown. We therefore sought to identify Mps1 phosphorylation sites and to study their contribution to Mps1 regulation. By mass spectrometry we identified up to 27 phosphorylation sites on Mps1. We chose 11 sites that were conserved between Xenopus and human Mps1, and constructed 11 non-phosphorylatable single point mutants. We show that three phosphorylation sites (S283, T697 and T707) are essential for the kinase activity and the checkpoint signalling function of Mps1. Two of these sites (T697 and T707) are located in the activation loop of Mps1 kinase domain and are autophosphorylation sites. Phosphorylation on the third site (S283) results from the activity of an upstream kinase. S283 is located in the less characterized non-catalytic domain that is responsible for the kinetochore localization of Mps1. By immunofuorescence we show that the absence of the phosphate at S283 does not significantly perturb the kinetochore recruitment of the spindle assembly checkpoint component Mad2. Finally, using inhibitors and our developed phosphospecific antibody we demonstrate that Mps1 is phosphorylated at S283 in mitosis by cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk), suggesting that mitosis specific functions of Mps1 kinase are regulated by Cdk-dependent phosphorylation
Li, Tong. "Analyse quantitative et multi-paramétrique de la mitose afin de comprendre la ségrégation des chromosomes." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30265.
Full textMitosis is a robust cellular process, yet, the mechanisms controlling mitotic fidelity remain an interesting question in Biology. The precise understanding of mitotic processes will undoubtedly highlight the molecular mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis, Down's syndrome or other genetic diseases. How chromosome segregation remains so faithful is poorly understood but it seems to rely on the cooperation of a large number of proteins throughout the cell cycle. Therefore, the use of state-of-the-art quantitative approaches appears necessary to decipher the processes controlling mitotic robustness. In this thesis, I developed an expert system, called mitosis analysis and recording system (MAARS), to perform an unbiased and multiparametric analysis of mitosis, focusing on the mitotic apparatus dynamics, the movement of the chromosomes and the presence of attachment defects. By using an improved version of MAARS, MAARS 2.0, based on machine learning, hundreds of mitotic cells in 14 different fission yeast strains previously described to be involved in mitosis, were acquired and analyzed. More than 70 mitotic features were extracted from each of them making high-content temporal data of mitosis available for the first time. The data I obtained led to several interesting observations, including potential new functions for the spindle assembly checkpoint protein Mad2p. MAARS 2.0 is a modular, mitosis-focused expert system that bridges cell biology with computer science to perform reproducible, unbiased, high-content analysis. Considering MAARS's capacity to tackle rare phenotypes out of thousand of cells, it will become a tool of choice for the future understanding and development of system biology in fission yeast
Clemenson, Céline. "Etude du rôle de la protéine phosphatase de type 1 Glc7 dans l'inactivation des mécanismes de surveillance de l'ADN et analyse des interrégulations entre le mécanisme de surveillance de l'ADN et celui du fuseau mitotique chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00361210.
Full textL'activation des checkpoints de l'ADN est, à ce jour, assez bien appréhendée et met en jeu de nombreux événements de phosphorylation. La reprise du cycle concomitante à la désactivation de ces checkpoints est moins bien comprise alors qu'elle constitue une étape tout aussi essentielle à la survie cellulaire. Nous avons montré que la surexpression de la protéine phosphatase de type 1 Glc7 facilitait l'inactivation des checkpoints de l'ADN en cas de cassures double-brin de l'ADN chez un eucaryote modèle, la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Les checkpoints de l'ADN et du fuseau étaient considérés comme des voies indépendantes, mais nos travaux ont montré qu'il existe des interconnections entre les deux. Nous avons observé que, d'une part, l'activité du checkpoint du fuseau et ses composants influencent la réponse au stress génotoxique, et que, d'autre part, l'état de phosphorylation de deux composants centraux des checkpoints de l'ADN, Rad53 et Rad9, était modifié en cas d'activation du checkpoint du fuseau. Nous présentons ici la caractérisation de ces modifications post-traductionnelles ainsi que la recherche de leurs significations physiologiques.
Mirabelle, Stéphanie. "Conséquences de la perturbation des éléments du cytosquelette dans le déroulement de la phase M et la prolifération cellulaire." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00351834.
Full textDans cette étude, nous avons mis en évidence l'existence d'une réponse cellulaire survenant dans la phase G1 qui suit une mitose anormale. Nous avons étudié des cellules primaires de mammifères traitées avec de faibles concentrations d'inhibiteurs des microtubules, la vinblastine et le nocodazole. Les cellules ainsi traitées présentent des défauts de ségrégation pendant la mitose et deviennent aneuploïdes. Les cellules résultant de ces mitoses anormales s'arrêtent dans la phase G1 qui suit la division et deviennent sénescentes. Nous avons trouvé que les cellules de mammifères transformées par l'antigène grand T de SV40 n'observent pas d'arrêt après une mitose anormale.
Mirabelle, Stéphanie. "Conséquences de la perturbation des éléments du cytosquelette dans le déroulement de la phase M et la prolifération cellulaire." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10180.
Full textEukaryotic cells reproduce following a highly regulated sequence of events called the cell cycle. The cell cycle allow an accurate duplication of the genome and its subsequent separation into two identical daughter cells. Along this process, numerous checkpoint mechanisms operate to maintain the genome’s integrity. Mitosis is the phase of the cell cycle where the DNA is segregated and splitted into two daughter cells. The mitotic checkpoint , or spindle assembly checkpoint, ensures the fidelity of chromosome segregation. The mitotic checkpoint delays the metaphase/anaphase transition until all the conditions for proper chromosomes segregation are set. Despite this control mecanism, cells can missegregate their chromosome and become aneuploid. This is particulary frequent in cancer cells. In this study, we found that normal cells that undergo abnormal mitosis with chromosome missegregation arrest in the G1 phase subsequent to the abnormal mitosis and become senescent. When primary mammalians cells were treated with low doses of microtubule poisons, the spindle what partially disrupted and the rate of chromosome missalignement increased. The cells treated with low drugs became aneuploid and arrested in G1 after the abnormal mitosis. The arrest was followed by senescence. We found that cells transformed with SV40 T antigen were unable to arrest after the abnormal mitosis