Academic literature on the topic 'Oriental mustard'

AAC Oriental 200 is a doubled-haploid line. It was produced via microspore culture from the F1 hybrid plants resulting from a cross between the oriental mustard cultivars Cutlass and Forge. AAC Oriental 200 has a higher (7%) yield than the check cultivar Cutlass and similar levels of blackleg and white rust resistance. AAC Oriental 200 is well adapted to all mustard growing areas of western Canada.

Cutlass oriental mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss), licenced in 1985, is a pure-yellow-seeded cultivar which combines a high glucosinolate level with high seed yield, reduced oil content and early maturity. It is adapted to all areas of western Canada where B. juncea is grown.Key words: Mustard (oriental), Cutlass cultivar

Mustard is a drought-tolerant crop well adapted to the Brown and Dark Brown soils of the Prairies; however, lack of broad-leaved weed control limits production. Two field studies were conducted at Indian Head, Saskatchewan and Lethbridge, Alberta to determine the response of brown and oriental mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Coss), and yellow mustard (B. hirta Moench) to clopyralid. Clopyralid was applied at 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30, 0.60 kg a.i. ha−1 at the 4- or 10-leaf stage in one experiment. The other was a factorial experiment of clopyralid at 0.10, 0.20, and 0.30 kg a.i. ha−1 with ethametsulfuron at 0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 kg a.i. ha−1. Clopyralid applied at 0.15 kg a.i. ha−1, the lowest rate at which it is registered for weed control in canola, resulted in brown mustard yield reductions of 21%, oriental mustard yield reductions of 23% and yellow mustard yield reductions of 9% over 5 site years. This rate of clopyralid applied with ethametsulfuron reduced brown, oriental and yellow mustard yield by 30, 33 and 8%, respectively. Oil content was also reduced by clopyralid. Clopyralid cannot be used for weed control in mustards. Key words: Crop tolerance, growth stage, clopyralid, ethametsulfuron, seed yield, oil content

AC Vulcan oriental condiment mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] was developed from landraces of oriental mustard grown at Lethbridge, AB, in the 1960s. Lethbridge 22A registered in 1974 was the first true yellow breeding oriental mustard cultivar, followed by Domo in 1977, from which Cutlass was selected. AC Vulcan is a single plant selection from Cutlass. Data on the cultivar Forge (not a check cultivar) are provided for comparison because Forge was the predominant cultivar of oriental mustard in western Canada at the time when Cutlass and AC Vulcan were developed. Forge was developed by Mr. John Hemingway of Colman's Food, Norwich, UK. AC Vulcan yielded 3.0% less grain than the check cultivar Cutlass, on average, over 81 station years in 9 yr of condiment Co-op tests 1999–2007, and was well adapted to the mustard-growing areas of the Canadian prairies. AC Vulcan was one day later in maturity than Cutlass and one day earlier than Forge. It was similar in height to Cutlass. It had 0.5% lower fixed oil than Cutlass and 0.3% greater protein content. Forge had very low fixed oil content at 38.9%. AC Vulcan had increased seed weight (2.82 g per 1000 seed) compared with Cutlass (2.73 g per 1000 seed). Forge had low seed weight (2.49 g) per 1000 seed. AC Vulcan had 12.04 mg g seed-1 of allyl glucosinolate; 0.96 mg g seed-1 greater than Cutlass. Green seed counts varied from 0.65% for Forge to 0.84% for AC Vulcan, statistically not different from each other; this was reflected in seed chlorophyll contents. AC Vulcan and Cutlass were resistant to white rust [Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze] race 2a, but highly susceptible to race 2v. Forge was highly susceptible to both white rust races. All three oriental mustard cultivars were highly resistant to blackleg disease [Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces. et de Not.]. Major goals in oriental mustard breeding are further reductions in fixed oil content and increases in grain yield. Key words: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., cultivar descriptions, grain yield, seed quality

Competitive crops or cultivars can be an important component of integrated weed management systems. A study was conducted from 2003 to 2006 at four sites across semiarid prairie ecoregions in Saskatchewan and Alberta to investigate the productivity and quality of canola (Brassica napusL.) and mustard cultivars under weed competition. Four open-pollinated canola cultivars, four hybrid canola cultivars, two canola-quality mustard and two oriental mustard cultivars [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. & Coss.], and two yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.) cultivars were grown under weedy and weed-free conditions. When combined across site-years, crop aboveground biomass at maturity and seed yield were reduced by weed interference, except for yellow and oriental mustard. However, seed oil and protein content of cultivars were not affected by weed competition. Among crop types, yellow and oriental mustard were best able to maintain biomass and seed yield under weed interference, followed in decreasing order of competitiveness by hybrid and open-pollinated canola, then canola-quality mustard. Key words: Brassica napus, Brassica juncea, Sinapis alba, weed competition

Amigo, brown condiment mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.] had, on average over 30 locations, the same grain yield as Common Brown in Co-op mustard tests 2004-2006 and was well adapted to the mustard-growing areas of the Canadian prairies. Amigo had the same maturity and plant height as Common Brown. Amigo had 3.3% lower fixed oil content and 2.0% greater seed protein content, highly significant improvements in a brown mustard cultivar. Seed weight of Amigo was similar to that of Common Brown. Amigo had very high allyl isothiocyanate content of 13.15 mg g-1 seed compared with Common Brown at 9.35 mg g-1 seed, levels of allyl isothiocyanate typically found in oriental mustard. The allyl isothiocyanate content of AC Vulcan oriental mustard was 12.96 mg g-1 seed in Co-op Mustard Tests at the same locations and years, not statistically different from Amigo. The high allyl isothiocyanate content was incorporated from AC Vulcan into Amigo, through cross breeding and pedigree selection as was the resistance to white rust race 2a. The strategy to transfer disease resistance and seed quality from oriental mustard to brown mustard was successful.Key words: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., cultivar description, disease resistance, seed quality

Blackshaw, R. E., Johnson, E. N., Gan, Y., May, W. E., McAndrew, D. W., Barthet, V., McDonald, T. and Wispinski, D. 2011. Alternative oilseed crops for biodiesel feedstock on the Canadian prairies. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 889–896. Increased demand for biodiesel feedstock has encouraged greater napus canola (Brassica napus L.) production, but there may be a need for greater production of other oilseed crops for this purpose. A multi-site field study was conducted to determine the oil yield potential of various crops relative to that of napus canola in the semi-arid, short-season environment of the Canadian prairies. Oilseed crops evaluated included rapa canola (Brassica rapa L.), juncea canola (Brassica juncea L.), Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata L.), oriental mustard (Brassica juncea L.), yellow mustard (Sinapis alba L.), camelina (Camelina sativa L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Max.]. Crop emergence and growth were generally good for all crops, but soybean did not fully mature at some locations. The number of site-years (out of a total of 9) that crops attained similar or greater yields compared to napus canola were camelina (6), oriental mustard (5), juncea canola (3), flax (3), soybean (3), rapa canola (2), yellow mustard (2), and Ethiopian mustard (1). The ranking of seed oil concentration was napus canola=rapa canola= juncea canola=flax>camelina=oriental mustard>Ethiopian mustard>yellow mustard>soybean. Considering yield and oil concentration, the alternative oilseed crops exhibiting the most potential for biodiesel feedstock were camelina, flax, rapa canola and oriental mustard. Oils of all crops were easily converted to biodiesel and quality analyses indicated that all crops would be suitable for biodiesel feedstock with the addition of antioxidants that are routinely utilized in biodiesel fuels.

Acanto is the first zero erucic acid oriental condiment mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czern.]. It has the same grain yield, plant height, seed protein content, seed weight, allyl glucosinolate content, and seed chlorophyll content as the check cultivar Cutlass. Both cultivars are highly resistant to blackleg disease caused by Leptosphaeria maculans (Desm.) Ces et de Not., but are susceptible to white rust race 2v caused by Albugo candida (Pers.) Kuntze. Acanto is more susceptible to white rust race 2a than is Cutlass. Acanto matures 2 d later than Cutlass, has a 2.9% lower seed oil (fixed oil) content and its seed colour is a darker yellow. Acanto was well adapted to the mustard growing areas of the Canadian prairies.Key words: Brassica juncea (L.) Czern., cultivar description, zero erucic acid oil

Using an oriental mustard root length bioassay, thiencarbazone bioavailability and dissipation in five Saskatchewan soils was investigated under laboratory conditions. Thiencarbazone bioavailability was assessed at 0 to 3.9 µg ai kg−1. Thiencarbazone concentrations corresponding to 50% inhibition (I50values) obtained from dose-response curves varied from 0.56 to 1.71 µg kg−1. Multiple regression analysis indicated that organic carbon content (P = 0.018) and soil pH (P = 0.017) predicted thiencarbazone bioavailability. Thiencarbazone dissipation was examined in soils incubated at 23 C and moisture content of 85% field capacity. Thiencarbazone half-lives estimated from dissipation curves were 9 to 50 d, and organic carbon content (P = 0.002) and soil pH (P = 0.008) were significant factors affecting thiencarbazone dissipation. Thiencarbazone bioavailability decreases and dissipation rate is slower in Canadian prairie soils of high organic matter content and low soil pH. Because root length of oriental mustard plants also was reduced by ammonium, therefore ammonium-containing or -producing fertilizers can cause false positive results for thiencarbazone soil residues. Canaryseed roots had the same sensitivity to ammonium as oriental mustard roots but were not inhibited by thiencarbazone. Therefore canaryseed root length bioassay was effective in identifying inhibition caused by ammonium toxicity. Use of oriental mustard root and canaryseed root bioassays together can aid in interpreting bioassay results for detection of thiencarbazone residues.

Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb 17, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Thesis advisor: Dr. Reid Smeda. Includes bibliographical references.

In this project the factors influencing the stability and antimicrobial activity of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) against Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella or Listeria monocytogenes as well as factors that enhance sinigrin (glucosinolate in Oriental mustard) hydrolysis by these pathogens were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AITC against 5 strains of each of Salmonella or L. monocytogenes, ranged from 60-100 ppm at 37 ºC. This was reduced to 10-40 ppm at 21 ºC and a further reduction to 5-10 ppm against strains of L. monocytogenes was observed at 4 ºC. This was attributed to greater stability of AITC as temperature was decreased. C. jejuni strains were more susceptible to AITC with MICs of 0.63-1.25 ppm and 2.5-5 ppm at 37 and 42 ºC, respectively. AITC was more inhibitory at ≤ 21 ºC against Salmonella with acidic pH or against L. monocytogenes with neutral pH. C. jejuni, Salmonella and L. monocytogenes strains and mixtures had the ability to degrade sinigrin to form inhibitory concentrations of AITC, and sinigrin hydrolysis was significantly enhanced by higher incubation temperature (21 ºC > 10 ºC > 4 ºC), the presence of 10 mM ferric or ferrous irons, and the presence of < 0.25% glucose. This project also investigated the antimicrobial activity of AITC or Oriental mustard extract alone or combined with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), malic acid and acetic acid in edible antimicrobial coatings against C. jejuni and Salmonella on fresh, refrigerated, vacuum-packed chicken breasts or L. monocytogenes on refrigerated, cured roast chicken. Malic acid improved the antimicrobial activity of Oriental mustard extract against L. monocytogenes, while EDTA improved its activity against Salmonella. Incorporation of 25 to 50 µl/g AITC or 100 to 250 mg/g Oriental mustard extract in 0.5%κ-carrageenan/2%chitosan coatings, prepared using 1.5% malic or acetic acid, reduced L. monocytogenes on cooked, cured, vacuum-packed chicken slices 4.2 to > 7.0 log10 CFU/g, compared to uncoated chicken by 70 d at 4 ºC. In addition, 0.2%κ-carrageenan/2%chitosan coatings (prepared using a 1% acetic acid solution) containing 250 mg/g mustard extract or 50 µl/g AITC reduced Salmonella numbers on vacuum-packed chicken breasts 3.0 log10 CFU/g by 21 d at 4 ºC. Further, 0.2%κ-carrageenan/2%chitosan coatings containing 50 or 100 µl/g AITC reduced numbers of C. jejuni on fresh, vacuum-packed chicken breasts > 5.0 log10 CFU/g (C. jejuni cells were not detected) after 5 d storage at 4 ºC, while coatings containing 200 to 300 mg/g Oriental mustard extract or 25 µl/g AITC reduced C. jejuni numbers by 3.6 to 4.6 log10 CFU/g. Numbers of lactic acid and aerobic bacteria on poultry meat products were significantly reduced by the coatings. It is clear that κ-carrageenan/chitosan coatings containing either AITC, mustard extract alone or combined with EDTA, malic or acetic acid significantly reduced C. jejuni and Salmonella on fresh, refrigerated, vacuum-packed chicken breasts and L. monocytogenes on refrigerated, cured roast chicken, and consequently enhanced their safety.

Pattern matching is a well-established concept in the functional programming community. It provides the means for concisely identifying and destructuring values of interest. This enables a clean separation of data structures and respective functionality, as well as dispatching functionality based on more than a single value. Unfortunately, expressive pattern matching facilities are seldomly incorporated in present object-oriented programming languages. We present a seamless integration of pattern matching facilities in an object-oriented and dynamically typed programming language: Newspeak. We describe language extensions to improve the practicability and integrate our additions with the existing programming environment for Newspeak. This report is based on the first author’s master’s thesis.

Après la première guerre mondiale, la France se vit confier par la S. D. N. Des mandats sur les provinces détachées des empires vaincus. Parmi elles, le levant, zone d'influence économique et culturelle traditionnelle de la France. Celle-ci occupa provisoirement, en attendant l'attribution définitive du mandat, la Syrie mais aussi la Cilicie. Dans cette région, ainsi que dans les confins militaires ciliciens, les troupes françaises se heurtèrent à la guérilla kémaliste et à l'héritage complexe du passé tourmenté de la Cilicie. Haines et rancœurs locales envenimèrent la situation déjà difficile de la France. Préférant se retirer, le gouvernement français négocia un traité de paix avec Mustapha Kemal en octobre 1921, entrainant l'évacuation de ses troupes de la Cilicie et de ses confins militaires.

Oriental mustard (Sisymbrium orientale L.), called Indian hedge mustard in Australia, is an important broadleaf weed of southern Australia. It has become more difficult to control in field crops due to the evolution of herbicide resistance. This study investigated the extent of resistance to four different herbicide modes of action, used to control oriental mustard in Australia. Herbicide resistance status was determined in 75 populations collected in southern Australia from 2010 to 2016 with resistance confirmed to herbicides inhibiting acetolactate synthase, photosystem II, phytoene desaturase (PDS) and auxinic herbicides. Populations resistant to PS-II, PDS-inhibitors and auxinic herbicides and two known susceptible populations (S1 and S2) were used to investigate the level of resistance, its mechanism, inheritance and fitness cost associated with resistance. Populations P17 and P18 were 311 and 315-fold, respectively, more resistant to atrazine than the susceptible populations as determined by the comparisons of their LD50 values. However, there was no resistance detected in these populations to diuron. Sequencing of the chloroplastic psbA gene identified a missense mutation of serine 264 to glycine in both herbicide-resistant populations, known to confer high-level of atrazine resistance in other species. P2 and P13 populations were 81 and 67-fold more resistant to 2,4-D at the LD50 level compared to the susceptible populations, respectively. No predicted amino acid modification was detected in sequences of potential target-site genes [Auxin binding protein (ABP), Transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR 1) and Auxin F-box protein 5 (AFB5)]. Further studies showed resistant populations had reduced 2,4-D translocation compared to the susceptible populations. At 72 h after herbicide treatment, 77% of [14C]2,4-D was retained in the treated leaf in the resistant population compared to 32% of [14C]2,4-D retention in the susceptible populations. Studies on inheritance of resistance to PDS-inhibitors confirmed that resistance to diflufenican in P3 population is inherited as a single dominant gene trait. Likewise, resistance to diflufenican and picolinafen in population P40 is also due to a single dominant gene. Resistance to 2,4-D in populations P2 and P13 is inherited as a single partially dominant gene. Populations P3 and P40 were 140 and 237-fold more resistant to the PDS inhibitor diflufenican, respectively, than the susceptible populations. Both populations contained a Leu498-Val substitution in the PDS gene. An additional mutation, Glu-425-Asp, was only detected in P40, where cross-resistance to picolinafen was identified. These results suggest that Leu498 mutation alone can confer a high level of resistance to diflufenican; however, the presence of both Leu498 and Glu425 mutations increased the level of resistance to diflufenican and also conferred resistance to picolinafen. Fitness studies conducted under competition with wheat in the absence of herbicides in pots revealed that the mutant PDS genes in populations P3 and P40 did not impose any fitness costs. This means once a resistant trait occurs in the field, it will persist in the absence of herbicides.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2018

This thesis is an investigation of the potential of Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) derived from oriental mustard meal (Brassica juncea meal) as a natural preservative suppression moulds growth on bread. Currently, clean labels and natural antimicrobial agents are interests of alternative preservatives. In this study, an antimicrobial sachet/patch containing B. juncea meal was developed to produce AITC vapour in situ; the efficacy of gaseous AITC/B. juncea meal on suppression of Penicillium spp. and other mould growth was investigated. The growth was completely inhibited for 28 days at 23˚C in the presence of 0.7-1.3 ppm AITC in the headspace (released from 50-100 mg B. juncea meal). Fifty mg mustard meal showed fungistatic activity, and ≥100 mg were fungicidal. The shelf life of sliced white bread (600 g) was prolonged for 14 days using 3g of B. juncea meal at 23˚C thereby illustrating the potential of AITC as an alternative to chemical preservatives.
Developing Innovation Agricultural Products (DIAP) program of AAFC and Mustard 21 (RBPI 2109)

Canola meal (Brassica napus L.) and oriental mustard bran (Brassica juncea) were subjected to alkali and acid pretreatment to expose pentosan, for enhancing further enzymatic hydrolysis by endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Trichoderma longibrachiatum for the production of oligosaccharides. Pretreatment especially with alkali, effectively increased the relative content of pentosan to about ~ 41% and ~ 72%. Alkali pretreated canola meal and mustard bran resulted in a pentose content of 2.28 ± 0.15 g and 3.20 ± 0.11 g per 100 g substrates at 18 h and 24 h of reaction respectively, which corresponded to ~ 26% and ~ 28% conversion of original pentosan in substrates. UPLC-MS data showed xyloglucuronic acid (XGlcA) as the major oligosaccharide in the hydrolyzates. Reversed-phase HPLC-DAD indicated the principal phenolic compound in the hydrolyzates was sinapine. DPPH radical scavenging assay showed that endoxylananse hydrolyzates of acid pretreated substrates had strong antioxidant activities in comparison to alkali pretreated samples.

Yellow and oriental mustards deodorized by a laboratory autoclave method have been shown to reduce the number of E. coli O157:H7 greater than the mandatory 5 log CFU/g during sausage manufacture. However, E. coli O157:H7 was inconsistently controlled by different deodorized mustards. The antimicrobial action of mustard results from the conversion of naturally present glucosinolates into inhibitory isothiocyanates by plant myrosinase in untreated hot mustard and by bacterial myrosinase-like activity when present in thermally-treated (deodorized) mustard. Variable results with deodorized mustards suggested that plant myrosinase might not have been completely inactivated during laboratory thermal treatment using the autoclave. Results obtained showed that when a 2 cm thick layer of mustard was used during autoclave treatment, plant myrosinase activity periodically remained. However, the completely deodorized mustard failed to reduce bacterial viability as effectively as yellow mustard containing residual or slight amount of myrosinase. As a result, a small amount of myrosinase activity was highly likely contribute to the overall antimicrobial activity of deodorized mustard against E. coli O157:H7 in dry sausage.

La construcción de la identidad y la de los intereses nacionales de todo Estado constituyen procesos interdependientes y complementarios que se llevan a cabo de manera intersubjetiva al interior de sus sociedades en una línea de tiempo de largo aliento. En tal sentido, las identidades nacionales son proyectadas en el plano internacional por los líderes de los respectivos Estados, quienes a través de sus ideas, cosmovisiones y decisiones, desempeñan roles internacionales específicos que son percibidos por sus pares en el escenario internacional. De esta manera, la identidad nacional es relacional por la idea y el conocimiento compartido que los tomadores de decisión tienen de su nación, a fin de que pueda ser percibida y comprendida por los líderes de los demás Estados, es decir, se trata una relación entre alter y ego. En esencia, las identidades nacionales son estructuras cognitivas colectivas que los Estados comparten socialmente en el ámbito internacional. En este orden de ideas, tal como se desarrollará en el marco teórico de esta obra, los intereses de los Estados son construidos por las identidades nacionales. Adicionalmente, la identidad nacional y los intereses nacionales son factores fundamentales que influyen sustancialmente en la formulación e implementación de la política exterior de todo Estado. Así las cosas, se pueden identificar factores endógenos (cultura nacional, factores ideacionales y materiales) y exógenos (cultura de la anarquía, patrones de cooperación, competencia o conflicto, distribución de poder, lugar que ocupa un Estado en la jerarquía de poder internacional) que influencian la construcción y proyección de identidad y la definición de los intereses nacionales. Ahora bien, para comprender e interpretar la identidad y los intereses nacionales de un Estado como Colombia se requiere de procesos investigativos y de un diálogo sistemático, interdisciplinar y plural entre académicos y tomadores de decisión. En este caso particular, hemos enfocado el análisis en problemáticas relacionadas con la identidad nacional, la defensa, la seguridad y los intereses estratégicos del Estado colombiano desde una perspectiva multidimensional. Por tanto, la obra es producto de un proceso de investigación y conjunto entre oficiales, activos y de la reserva activa de las FF. MM. de Colombia y de académicos de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Los autores realizaron sus investigaciones y la producción de sus textos en el marco del Curso de Altos Estudios Militares (CAEM) y el Curso Integral de Defensa Nacional (CIDENAL) de la Escuela Superior de Guerra (ESDEGUE). El proyecto fue auspiciado por la Fundación Konrad Adenauer de Colombia como concreción de la cooperación interinstitucional que ha venido llevando a cabo desde hace tres años con la Escuela Superior de Guerra, de modo que esta obra es el resultado del compromiso entre ambas entidades y el Centro de Altos Estudios Militares. El libro que aquí presentamos tiene tres secciones: la primera, denominada Marco teórico, incluye un capítulo en el que se desarrollan conceptos y categorías esenciales para el análisis y la comprensión de las nociones de identidad nacional, interés nacional, tipología de intereses nacionales, poder, tipologías de poder, estrategia nacional, objetivos nacionales, etcétera; la segunda sección tiene como título Perspectivas sobre identidad e intereses nacionales de Colombia y sus capítulos aportan las visiones sobre lo que ha sido el estudio y la formulación de dicha problemática durante los ejercicios académicos en distintas promociones del CAEM y el CIDENAL; la tercera y última sección, Intereses específicos de Colombia, recoge los trabajos sobre el análisis de dichos intereses del país, desde distintos enfoques, con las recomendaciones pertinentes para mejorar su gestión y defensa. De esta forma, confluyen dos visiones o perspectivas de gran trascendencia para promover un conocimiento complejo, sólido, riguroso y complementario sobre cada objeto de estudio determinado por los ejes y capítulos de la obra. Por lo tanto, el primer capítulo es presentado por los profesores Eduardo Pastrana Buelvas y Diego Vera Piñeros, quienes elaboraron un marco teórico desde el constructivismo que pretende entregar herramientas históricas, conceptuales y referentes contextuales, con el propósito de acercarse de una forma más idónea a la comprensión e interpretación de los elementos constitutivos y de las características de los intereses y de la identidad de las naciones. Para ello, parten de un ejercicio genealógico interpretando y rastreando los principales antecedentes del nacimiento del concepto o categoría de intereses e identidad. Igualmente, incorporan las distintas tipologías sobre la identidad y los intereses nacionales, en cuyo desarrollo resaltan la importancia de la relación estrecha que existe entre la concepción del rol nacional y la identidad. Por último, enuncian las concepciones del rol nacional que Colombia ha desempeñado y a través de las cuales ha sido percibida en su devenir histórico. Seguidamente, el segundo eje del libro está compuesto por seis capítulos. El primero de ellos es desarrollado por el mayor general Helder Fernán Giraldo Bonilla y el brigadier general (RA) Fabricio Cabrera Ortiz, autores que trabajaron la proyección nacional de Colombia desde los intereses nacionales. En esa línea, abordan analíticamente cómo la estrategia y el concepto de seguridad nacional en Colombia impactan la proyección del Estado y de las FF. MM. de cara a los desafíos y retos contemporáneos. Por su parte, el segundo capítulo del eje es presentado por el brigadier general de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana Eliot Benavides González, el brigadier general del Ejército Nacional Erik Rodríguez Aparicio y el contralmirante de la Armada Nacional Óscar Darío Tascón Muñoz, quienes contribuyen con un análisis que parte del estudio y la comprensión de los puntos estructurales de la Apreciación Política Estratégica Nacional (APEN) y de la geopolítica contextual colombiana, en aras de identificar y determinar las amenazas, los problemas y las preocupaciones presentes en el entorno geoestratégico que tiene injerencia en la defensa y la seguridad multidimensional de Colombia. El tercer capítulo del eje es de autoría del profesor Eduardo Velosa Porras y consta de un análisis reflexivo sobre la concepción de nación, la percepción y la contestación del rol nacional en los ámbitos regionales y globales. Para esto, el autor parte de una interpretación sobre los principales roles que ha desempeñado Colombia en los últimos años, además, aborda de forma reflexiva y con relación a los elementos conceptuales y teóricos del rol, a qué identidades responden los roles que el país ha asumido en el marco de los intereses proyectados. Posteriormente, el cuarto capítulo del eje es elaborado por el profesor y estudiante del CIDENAL (2019) Francisco Alfonso Camargo Salas, quien desarrolla una definición y una clasificación de los intereses nacionales. A partir de ello, reflexiona sobre la identidad de Colombia, cómo esta se ha proyectado y, en consecuencia, cómo ha sido percibida en el escenario internacional. Para cerrar el capítulo, el autor presenta una relación analítica sobre el vínculo entre intereses y objetivos nacionales. El quinto capítulo del eje es trabajado por el mayor general (RA) Jorge Alberto Segura Manonegra, quien aborda la construcción del concepto de objetivos nacionales y cómo este impacta la estrategia de seguridad nacional. Para ello, hace una distinción conceptual y teórica sobre los intereses y los objetivos nacionales, y analiza la relación estructural entre objetivos, fines, modo y medios del Estado para la formulación y el alcance de los objetivos nacionales instituidos. El sexto y último capítulo del segundo eje es desarrollado por los coroneles de la Fuerza Aérea Colombiana Pedro Arnulfo Sánchez Suárez y del Ejército de Colombia Óscar Leonel Murillo Díaz, quienes presentan un análisis sobre la identidad nacional en relación con el patriotismo y el nacionalismo. Asimismo, reflexionan sobre las principales funciones de la identidad nacional y proponen un instrumento piloto orientado a interpretar y medir la percepción de la identidad nacional. El tercer eje del libro que versa sobre los intereses específicos de Colombia se compone de ocho capítulos. El primero de ellos es presentado por el brigadier general Óscar Zuluaga Castaño, el coronel Héctor Fabio Aristizábal Mustafá y el coronel Kerly Sánchez Pesca, cuya contribución es un análisis sobre el acceso al espacio exterior como un interés nacional vital de Colombia. Para el efecto, parten de una reflexión sobre la importancia del espacio ultraterrestre de Colombia para el desarrollo del comercio internacional y para la seguridad nacional. En este capítulo, los autores privilegian un enfoque desde el realismo clásico para interpretar y comprender la relevancia del espacio exterior como interés vital de Colombia. A continuación, el segundo capítulo del eje, elaborado por Óscar Cabrera Izquierdo, expresidente ejecutivo del BBVA en Colombia y estudiante del CIDENAL (2019), y por la economista Juana Téllez Corredor, consta de un análisis sobre los principales desafíos y retos de la economía colombiana ante las nuevas tendencias globales. En esa línea, los autores parten de la identificación de patrones y de datos macro y microeconómicos de los últimos años para el país. Con ello, a manera de reflexión prospectiva, se proponen proyectar las alternativas y los escenarios sobre la forma como la economía colombiana podría crecer y fortalecerse de cara a los desafíos globales. El tercer capítulo del eje es desarrollado por la profesora Louise Anne Lowe, quien aborda la protección ambiental como parte del interés nacional de Colombia y plantea un análisis sobre el complejo proceso teórico-práctico de la incorporación de los problemas ambientales en las agendas de los Estados. El cuarto capítulo del eje, cuyo autor es el brigadier general Raúl Flórez Cuervo, presenta una reflexión analítica sobre los intereses nacionales en juego en la Amazorinoquia. Para ello, inicia con un excurso argumentativo sobre la comprensión del valor vital de esta macrorregión para Colombia como Estado-nación y finaliza esbozando la identificación del complejo panorama de los factores que allí generan inestabilidad y tienen impacto en el país. A su vez, el quinto capítulo del eje es presentado por el coronel de Infantería de Marina de la Armada Colombiana Adolfo Enrique Hernández Ruiz y por el profesor Héctor Andrés Macías Tolosa, quienes trabajan los intereses marítimos y fluviales de Colombia. Así entonces, parten de una diferenciación conceptual entre el interés marítimo y el interés fluvial y después abordan de forma reflexiva la importancia que tienen los mares y ríos para la supervivencia del desarrollo de la nación. Para todo ello, los autores privilegian una mirada desde el realismo clásico y el neorrealismo. El sexto capítulo del eje es desarrollado por el profesor Carlos Álvarez Calderón y por la profesional en relaciones internacionales y estudios políticos de la Universidad Militar María Johana Alarcón Moreno, autores que presentan, a manera de reflexión, la identidad de Colombia como un asunto de interés nacional. En ese sentido, argumentan la necesidad de que los símbolos, los héroes, los rituales y los valores ameriten mayor relevancia para los estudios de seguridad y defensa, por lo que referencian que tales factores se constituyen como elementos fundamentales y determinantes de los intereses nacionales colombianos. Posteriormente, el séptimo capítulo del eje es el trabajo de los profesores Andrés Mauricio Valdivieso Collazos y Ricardo García Briceño, junto con la profesional en relaciones internacionales y estudios políticos de la Universidad Militar Sofía Correa Merchán, quienes interpretan cuáles han sido los intereses que los gobiernos de Colombia han priorizado de cara al cumplimiento de los estándares internacionales de derechos humanos. Para el cierre del capítulo, los autores proyectan la relación entre el interés nacional de los últimos dos gobiernos con relación a los procesos de construcción de paz en Colombia. El octavo y último capítulo del eje y del libro es presentado por el profesor Diego Vera Piñeros, la politóloga Paula Prieto y la internacionalista y comunicadora de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana Daniela Garzón, quienes trabajaron la ciberseguridad, la ciberdefensa, la identidad y los intereses nacionales y de las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia. Para ello, inician con una caracterización de la denominada “cuarta revolución” con el propósito de determinar los procesos de producción que están a la vanguardia en materia de desarrollo, adquisición y uso de tecnologías digitales, físicas y biológicas, orientados a potenciar el crecimiento económico. Cierran el análisis abordando y articulando el interés de integrar los avances de la cuarta revolución a los campos de seguridad y defensa nacional, en aras de mejorar las capacidades institucionales y estatales frente a los desafíos y problemas contemporáneos. Así pues, este libro es una propuesta de reflexión, de análisis, de evaluación y de discusión sobre la o las identidades, el interés o los intereses de Colombia y el rol de las FF. MM. de cara a la construcción y configuración tanto de las identidades como de los intereses nacionales. Por lo tanto, desde una perspectiva interdisciplinaria y multidisciplinaria los autores presentan sus análisis con el principal objetivo de contribuir de forma prospectiva al entendimiento de los posibles escenarios en el marco de los complejos procesos y tendencias globales y regionales. Para los editores y para las instituciones auspiciadoras es muy satisfactorio lograr integrar dos perspectivas o dos visiones desde distintos roles (académicos y oficiales de las FF. MM. activos y de la reserva activa) sobre las diferentes aristas y complejidades de las identidades y los intereses del país. Finalmente, es menester decir que resulta gratificante para los editores poder contar con la participación y la contribución de cada uno de los autores, a quienes extendemos un gran agradecimiento por aceptar el desafío de proponer análisis y reflexiones para estos complicados y difíciles temas que demarcan la agenda política colombiana.

This chapter discusses modern Arabic literature as seen in the late nineteenth century by focusing on Jurji Ibrahim Murqus's contribution to Vseobshchaya Istoriya literatury (Universal History of Literature), edited by V. F. Korsh and A. I. Kirpichnikov. Murqus was a Syrian academic migrant who left Damascus in 1860. He studied at the Faculty of Oriental Languages of the University of St Petersburg and taught Arabic at the Lazarev Institute of Oriental Languages in Moscow. This chapter presents a slightly abridged rendering of Murqus's text, which concentrates on the evolution of the Arabic language, on prose writers and on translators. It also considers Murqus's position where prose genres are concerned, with particular emphasis on his recognition of the significance of travel writing, as well as his views on translation. Finally, it suggests that Mustafa Badawi would have disputed some of Murqus's statements on sound scholarly grounds.

This chapter discusses the position of those who opposed Snouck's authority, seeing his “ethical” policies for the modernization of the Muslim Indies as a part of a longer-term project of Christianization. In his role as unofficial mufti of the undeniably Muslim Netherlands Indies, Snouck was perceived as servant to state and Islam alike. Such services would irritate the missionaries who had originally provided the scholar with his ethnographic data and a warm welcome. They also angered those Muslims who were not the direct beneficiaries of his policies, most especially those with an interest in connecting with the Ottoman Empire and its periodicals. To that end, it is ironic that their globally oriented attacks on the Dutchman were framed in terms of policing the boundaries of Sufi practice supposedly transgressed by Hasan Mustafa. Moreover, while the missionaries thought Snouck was Islamizing Java, some Arabs feared that his projects were geared to easing a path for Christianity.

In teacher education, the students’ (school) experience in dealing with heterogeneity collides with the resource-oriented perspective focused in university courses. Regarding this discrepancy, how can a change in thinking be stimulated and how can sustainable development in classroom-acting be achieved? The article presents a seminar concept in which students design, implement and reflect app-based learning environments. Confronted with the unfamiliar digital setting, they face the limits of their familiar (experiential) patterns, are challenged to change their perspective, and to act differently in dealing with heterogeneity. In der universitären Lehrkräfteausbildung prallen die langjährigen (Schul )Erfahrungen der Studierenden im Umgang mit Heterogenität auf die im Studium fokussierte ressourcenorientierte Perspektive. Wie kann vor dem Hintergrund dieser Diskrepanz ein Umdenken so nachhaltig angeregt werden, dass es in (dauerhaft) verändertem Unterrichtshandeln resultiert? Im Beitrag wird ein empirisch erprobtes Seminarkonzept vorgestellt, in welchem die Studierenden appbasierte Lernumgebungen konzipieren, durchführen und reflektieren. Konfrontiert mit dem ungewohnten digitalen Setting stoßen sie an die Grenzen ihrer vertrauten (Erfahrungs-)Muster, werden zum Perspektivwechsel angeregt und zu verändertem Handeln im Umgang mit Heterogenität herausgefordert.

Mustard seeds have a substantial agronomic value due to their high protein, oil, and phenolic content. The seeds are a rich source of phenolic compounds compared to many other oilseeds, especially canolol. These bioactive compounds in mustard seeds resulted in their utilization by the food and pharmaceutical industries, for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and chemoprotective properties. By modifying the pretreatment extraction conditions, a significant improvement in the quantity and quality of these crucial compounds were obtained. Based on the electrostatic interaction between the solvent and the extractants, a green extraction method was conducted on Oriental, Black, and Yellow mustard seeds. Preliminary results showed an interesting trend in which pH affected the antioxidant activity of the extractants. Different antioxidant assays, together with the measurement of total phenolics and flavonoids were carried out using different pretreatment combinations of time and pH. Except for metal ion chelation, antioxidant activity increased (p< 0.05) with pretreatment time at all three-pH levels. The total phenolic content significantly increased (p< 0.05) when treated at more acidic pH levels. However, for total flavonoid content at neutral pH, there was no significant difference among the different pretreatment time conditions.

Modern Türkiye’nin kurucusu Atatürk hakkında yapılan çalışmalar devam etmektedir. Bu, onun hakkında yeni bilgi ve belgelerin ortaya çıkmaya devam ettiği anlamına da gelmektedir. Söz konusu çalışmalarda yabancı araştırmacıların da büyük katkısı olmaktadır. Bildirimizde Atatürk’ün şimdiye kadar ortaya çıkarılamamış, bilinmeyen bir röportajını inceliyoruz. Röportaj, İtalyan kökenli G. Filippucci Giustiniani tarafından yapılmıştır. Biz bu mülakata, adı geçen gazetecinin Türkiye ve Yakın Doğu ülkelerine yaptığı seyahatlere ait hatıralarının bulunduğu 1924’te yayınlanan Dieci anni di viaggi politici in Oriente, Dieci anni di viaggi politici in Oriente, Turchia-GreciaEgitto-Palestina-Siria (1914-1924) başlıklı kitabında rastladık. Yazar, Atatürk ile mülakatı 1923’te yaptığını yazmış ve mülakatın sonunda da Corriere Italiano notunu düşmüştür. Corriere Italiano gazetesi, 9 Ağustos 1922-28 Temmuz 1923 tarihleri arasında yayınlanan Il Giornaledi Roma gazetesinin yerine 11 Ağustos 1923’te yayınlanmaya başladı. Mülakatın sonundaki nottan hareketle Il Giornale di Roma ve Corriere Italiano’nun gazetelerinin 1923 ve 1924 yıllarına ait kolleksiyonlarını taradığımız halde bu mülakata rastlayamadık. Giustiniani’nin bu dönemde Türkiye hakkındaki çeşitli yazılarına İtalyan gazetelerinde rastladık. Tahminimiz, bu mülakatın yayınlanmak üzere Corriere Italiano gazetesine gönderildiği fakat yayınlanmadığı yönündedir. Mülakatın ne zaman yapıldığı hakkında kesin bir bilgiye sahip değiliz. Kitabın ilk sayfasında yer alan resimden, görüşmede Atatürk’ün Giustiniani’ye imzalı bir fotoğrafını verdiğini anlıyoruz. Fotoğrafın ay kısmında 7 rakamı olduğu okunuyor. Yazar, görüşmenin İzmir’de Göztepe’de yapıldığını not etmiştir. Buradan hareketle, Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın 1923 yılının 27 Temmuz-2 Ağustos günleri arasında Göztepe’de kaldığını bildiğimizden, görüşmenin 27-31 Temmuz 1923’te yapıldığını düşünüyoruz. Mülakatta Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın zaferden sonrasına dönük planları, kurduğu Halk Partisi, demokrasi, yabancılar ve yabancı sermaye hakkındaki düşünceleri ve özellikle kadınlarla ilgili düşüncelerini öğrenmek mümkündür. Yazar Giustiniani, Atatürk ve eşi Latife Hanım hakkında son derce gerçekçi gözlem ve tespitlerde bulunmuştur.

Diferentes autores mantienen que el sistema de precio de suelo y vivienda existente es un factor que perpetúa la segregación residencial y la desigualdad, situación que se agrava cuando se refiere a algunos grupos de inmigrantes que terminan alojándose en espacios degradados con características por debajo de las mínimas legales de habitabilidad (CORTÉS, 2000; MUSTERD, 2003). Se parte de la hipótesis que la población inmigrante del municipio de Barcelona, se ubica principalmente en esas zonas de menor calidad de vivienda y, que estas zonas de concentración de inmigrantes y menor calidad coinciden con las viviendas de menor precio. Se construyó el Índice de Calidad (iQviv) y el Índice de Características (iCviv) de viviendas. Observando su relación con el Índice de Concentración de Inmigrantes y la evolución del valor de la vivienda 2004-2010 en Barcelona se constató que no siempre las zonas con menor índice de calidad de vivienda y donde se concentran los inmigrantes coincide con las que presentan los precios inmobiliarios más bajos. El mercado inmobiliario es un factor determinante de la estructura socio-espacial de la ciudad, a través del cual se puede modificar el modelo de ciudad que se desea alcanzar respecto a la concentración de colectivos y segregación social. La estrategia residencial gubernamental (localización, régimen de tenencias, diversidad de usos) debe orientar las ciudades hacia la mixtura socio-espacial, la convivencia y el desarrollo social. Y tener mayor incidencia sobre el mercado residencial a fin de evitar una sobrevaloración de la vivienda y especulación de la misma aprovechándose de la necesidad y posibilidades de acceso a la vivienda reducidas de la población más desfavorecida. Different authors have linked the existing land and housing price system as a factor that perpetuates residential segregation and inequality, this situation is exacerbated when it comes to some immigrant groups that end in degraded areas with characteristics below the minimum legal for habitability (CORTÉS, 2000; MUSTERD, 2003). The hypothesis is that immigrant population of Barcelona city is located primarily in those areas of lower quality housing and that this immigrants concentration areas with lower quality housing index matches with the lower housing prices. On this research it was made the Housing Quality Index (iQviv), and the Housing Characteristics Index (iCviv), and it was observed their correlation with the Immigrant Concentration Index (ICI) and the evolution of the Housing Value from 2004-2010, in Barcelona. Observing that the areas with lower housing quality index and where immigrants are concentrated not always matches with the areas that have the lower real estate prices. The housing market is a determinant factor of the social-spatial structure of the city, through which it can be changed the city model to be achieved related with concentration of groups and social segregation. The government residential strategy (in terms of location, tenure arrangements, diversity of uses) should guide the city towards socio-spatial mix, coexistence, and social development of the population. Also it should have a greater impact on the residential market in order to avoid housing speculation and overvaluation, instead of taking advantage of the immigrant population needs, and therefore reducing their possibilities of housing access to.