Journal articles: 'Organoclay'

1

Wang, Shaohui, Zonglin Peng, Yong Zhang, and Yinxi Zhang. "Structure and Properties of BR Nanocomposites Reinforced with Organoclay." Polymers and Polymer Composites 13, no. 4 (May 2005): 371–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110501300404.

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Butadiene rubber (BR)/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by direct melt mixing of BR and clay modified with different primary and quaternary ammonium salts. BR/pristine clay composite and BR/organoclay nanocomposites were analysed by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The vulcanization characteristics and the mechanical properties of the BR/pristine clay and BR/organoclay composites were investigated. The results showed that the interlayer distance of the organoclays was expanded, which indicated that intercalated BR/organoclay nanocomposites had been prepared. Organoclay effectively accelerated the vulcanization of BR, which was attributed to the intercalatant used to modify the clay. The tensile strength, elongation at break and tear strength of BR/organoclay nanocomposites are much higher than those of gum BR vulcanizate and BR/pristine clay composites. The organoclay modified with dimethyl dihydrogenated tallow ammonium chloride (DDAC) gave the best reinforcement effect in BR of all the organoclays.

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Medeiros, Keila Machado, Taciana Regina de Gouveia Silva, Luana Rodrigues Kojuch, Edcleide Maria Araújo, and Hélio Lucena Lira. "Preparation of Organoclay for Polymeric Nanocomposites Membranes." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.899.

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Bentonites are the most used fillers in the development of nanocomposites, due to their characteristics that provide nanosized particles, contributing to a large contact area between the clay and the polymer. In general, the additions of small amounts of organoclay improve the mechanical and thermal properties of nanocomposites. Bentonite clays and organoclays were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetry (TG). The results of XRF, XRD and FTIR confirmed the presence of quaternary ammonium salt in the organoclay structure. From TG, it was observed that the organoclay showed better thermal stability when compared with bentonite clay.

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Castaño-Rivera, Patricia, Isabel Calle-Holguín, Johanna Castaño, Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas, Karen Galvez-Garrido, and Eduardo Troncoso-Ortega. "Enhancement of Chloroprene/Natural/Butadiene Rubber Nanocomposite Properties Using Organoclays and Their Combination with Carbon Black as Fillers." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071085.

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Organoclay nanoparticles (Cloisite® C10A, Cloisite® C15) and their combination with carbon black (N330) were studied as fillers in chloroprene/natural/butadiene rubber blends to prepare nanocomposites. The effect of filler type and load on the physical mechanical properties of nanocomposites was determined and correlated with its structure, compatibility and cure properties using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and rheometric analysis. Physical mechanical properties were improved by organoclays at 5–7 phr. Nanocomposites with organoclays exhibited a remarkable increase up to 46% in abrasion resistance. The improvement in properties was attributed to good organoclay dispersion in the rubber matrix and to the compatibility between them and the chloroprene rubber. Carbon black at a 40 phr load was not the optimal concentration to interact with organoclays. The present study confirmed that organoclays can be a reinforcing filler for high performance applications in rubber nanocomposites.

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Ladavos, Athanasios, Aris E. Giannakas, Panagiotis Xidas, Dimitrios J. Giliopoulos, Maria Baikousi, Dimitrios Gournis, Michael A. Karakassides, and Konstantinos S. Triantafyllidis. "Preparation and Characterization of Polystyrene Hybrid Composites Reinforced with 2D and 3D Inorganic Fillers." Micro 1, no. 1 (May 7, 2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro1010002.

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Polystyrene (PS)/silicate composites were prepared with the addition of two organoclays (orgMMT and orgZenith) and two mesoporous silicas (SBA-15 and MCF) via (i) solution casting and (ii) melt compounding methods. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis evidenced an intercalated structure for PS/organoclay nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated improvement in the thermal stability of PS-nanocomposites compared to the pristine polymer. This enhancement was more prevalent for the nanocomposites prepared with a lab-made organoclay (orgZenith). Tensile measurement results indicated that elastic modulus increment was more prevalent (up to 50%) for microcomposites prepared using mesoporous silicas as filler. Organoclay addition led to a decrease in oxygen transmission rate (OTR) values. This decrement reached up to 50% for high organoclay content films in comparison to pristine PS film. Decrement above 80% was measured for microcomposites with mesoporous silicas and 5 wt% filler content obtained via melt compounding.

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Pham, Hien Quang, Son Thanh Thanh Do, and Nieu Huu Nguyen. "STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF NATURAL RUBBER/ORGANOCLAY NANOCOMPOSITES." Science and Technology Development Journal 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2011): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v14i1.1858.

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Natural rubber (NR), 30% epoxidized natural rubber (ENR30) and organoclays (Nanomer I28E and I30E) are blended in Brabender. Dispersions of the organoclay in NR are investigated by X – ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results revealed the increase of dispersion efficiency by the addition of ENR30 as a compatibilizer. The existence of organoclay I28E reduces the vulcanization time, while torque value increases slightly and mechanical properties (abrasion resistance, modulus M100, modulus M300, tensile strength, tear strength) are improved considerably.

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Siliani, M., M. A. López-Manchado, J. L. Valentín, M. Arroyo, A. Marcos, M. Khayet, and J. P. G. Villaluenga. "Millable Polyurethane/Organoclay Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Properties." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2007): 634–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.134.

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Novel millable polyurethane (PU)/organoclay nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by conventional transformation techniques. One natural (C6A) and two organically modified (C15A and C30B) montmorillonites have been used as clays for preparing PU nanocomposites. The optimum dispersion of nanofiller at a nanometer scale in PU matrix was confirmed by X-ray diffraction patterns and transmission electron microscopy. A substantial improvement of the PU properties by addition of only a small amount of organoclay was observed. It is worthy to note that the organoclays show a different interfacial interaction with the PU matrix, which was reflected in different macroscopic properties. Thus, C30B organoclay seems to react with PU chains to form covalent bonds, while C15Aonly interacts physically with PU chains. Mechanical and barrier properties are analyzed.

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Li, Yongjin, Yuko Iwakura, and Hiroshi Shimizu. "Crystal Form and Phase Structure of Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Polyamide 11/Clay Nanocomposites by High-Shear Processing." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1714–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18235.

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Polyamide 11 (PA11)/clay, Poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/clay and PVDF/PA11/clay nanocomposites were prepared by melt processing using a high shear extruder. Two types of organoclay with different modified alkyl tails and different polarities were used for PA11 and PVDF nanocomposites. PA11 nanocomposites derived from an organoclay having one alkyl tail show a well-exfoliated morphology but no crystal form transformation, whereas those derived from an organoclay having two alkyl tails give a little worse clay dispersion with the clear α to γ crystal form transition with the addition of the clay. In contrast, the PVDF composites derived from the two organoclays result in a poor dispersion. In addition, PVDF/PA11 blend nanocomposites with a novel morphology have been fabricated using the high-shear extruder. It was found that the clay platelets were selectively dispersed in the PA11 phase with the size of larger than 200 nm, while no clay platelets were located in the PVDF phase and in the PA11 nanodomains with the size of smaller than 200 nm. Moreover, the addition of organoclay shows significant effects on the phase structure of PVDF/PA11 blends.

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Ghari, Hedayatollah Sadeghi, and Zahra Shakouri. "SYNERGISTIC REINFORCEMENT OF ORGANOCLAY AND DOUBLE NETWORKING IN NATURAL RUBBER." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 86, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct.13.88909.

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ABSTRACT Research was undertaken on natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites with organoclays. A double-network (DN) structure is formed when a partially cross-linked elastomer is further cross-linked during a state of strain. Two methods were used in the preparation of NR/organoclay nanocomposites: the ordinary method (single-network NR nanocomposite) and double-networked NR (DN-NR) nanocomposites. The single-networked NR nanocomposites were used for comparison. The effects of organoclay (5 phr) with a different extension ratio on curing characteristics, mechanical properties, hardness, swelling behavior, and morphology of single- and double-networked NR nanocomposites were studied. The results showed that double-networked NR nanocomposites exhibited higher physical and mechanical properties. The tensile strength of DN-NR nanocomposites increased up to 33 MPa (more than four times greater than that of pure NR) and then decreased with an increasing extension ratio. Modulus and hardness continuously increased with an increased extension ratio. The microstructure of the NR/organoclay systems was studied by X-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. The effects of different extension ratios on the dispersion of organoclay layers in the nanocomposites were investigated. Generally, results showed that the optimized extension ratio in DN nanocomposites was equal (or about or around) to α= 2.

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Benali, Samira, Sophie Peeterbroeck, Jérôme Larrieu, Fabrice Laffineur, Jean-Jacques Pireaux, Michaël Alexandre, and Philippe Dubois. "Study of Interlayer Spacing Collapse During Polymer/Clay Nanocomposite Melt Intercalation." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1707–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18234.

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The influence of the chemical structure of alkylammonium organo-modifying montmorillonite clays on the ability to form nanocomposites by melt blending, depending on the processing temperature and the organoclay thermal treatment, has been investigated. On one side chlorinated polyethylene/Cloisite®30B (nano)composite has been prepared by melt intercalation at 175 °C and its wide angle X-ray diffraction pattern revealed that the peak characteristic of the interlayer spacing of the organoclay was shifted to lower d-spacing, indicating a collapse of the organoclay structure. On the other side, (nano)composites based on ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer/Cloisite®30B have been prepared by melt intercalation at 140 °C. At this temperature, exfoliation was observed with the as-received organoclay while the same organo-modified clay, simply dried at 180 °C for 2 hours, induced again the formation of a composite with a collapsed structure. The effect of the Cloisite®30B thermal treatment on the morphology and mechanical properties of ethylene-vinyl acetate–based (nano)composites was investigated using wide angle X-ray diffraction and tensile tests. In order to shed some light on the origin of this clay interlayer collapse, organoclay modified with various ammonium cations bearing long alkyl chains with different amounts of unsaturations were studied using wide angle X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after thermal treatment at 180 °C for 2 hours. Isothermal thermogravimetric analysis of all organoclays was also investigated. The layers collapse effect is discussed depending upon the level of unsatured hydrocarbon present in the organic surfactant.

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Delozier, D. M., R. A. Orwoll, J. F. Cahoon, J. S. Ladislaw, J. G. Smith, and J. W. Connell. "Polyimide Nanocomposites Prepared with a Novel Aromatic Surfactant." High Performance Polymers 15, no. 3 (September 2003): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008303015003009.

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Montmorillonite clays modified with 1,5-bis(3-aminophenoxy)-3-oxapentane dihydrochloride (BAOD) were used in the preparation of polyimide/organoclay hybrid films. Organoclays with varying surface charge based upon BAOD were prepared and examined for their dispersion behavior in the polymer matrix. Initial evaluation was performed by preparing high molecular weight poly(amide acid) solutions in the presence of the organoclays at a 3 wt% loading. Films were cast and subsequently heated to 300 °C to cause imidization. The resulting nanocomposite films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction. It was found that the clay's cation exchange capacity (CEC) played a key role in determining the extent of dispersion in the polyimide matrix. Considerable dispersion was observed in nanocomposite films prepared from organoclays possessing medium and high CECs. One organoclay that dispersed well was further evaluated in nanocomposite films at weight loadings of 5 and 8%. The nanocomposite films were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and thin-film tensile testing. High levels of clay dispersion were achieved even at the higher clay loadings. Mechanical testing of these films showed that the moduli of the materials increased with increasing clay concentration, but the strength and elongation were generally adversely affected.

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Pals, Matiss, Ieva Putna-Nimane, Juris Kostjukovs, Jūlija Karasa, Solvita Kostjukova, and Ilva Nakurte. "Determination and Toxicology Studies of Quaternary Ammonium Salts in Solution after Organoclay Processing." Key Engineering Materials 762 (February 2018): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.762.368.

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Organoclays have potential to be used as additives in various facade paints and other finishing materials. Such new innovative materials must be rigorously tested for them to have no impact on environment. Focus of this study was to develop HPLC – TOF/MS method for determining quaternary ammonium salts in various material washing solutions and to determine organoclay toxicity by performing acute toxicity test on Daphnia magna. From the obtained results, it was possible to conclude that organoclays can be safely used as additives in various materials with low or no impact on environment. We determined that organoclays are significantly less toxic then some quaternary ammonium salts on its own.

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Kooli, Fethi, Souad Rakass, Yan Liu, Mostafa Abboudi, Hicham Oudghiri Hassani, Sheikh Muhammad Ibrahim, Fahd Al Wadaani, and Rawan Al-Faze. "Eosin Removal by Cetyl Trimethylammonium-Cloisites: Influence of the Surfactant Solution Type and Regeneration Properties." Molecules 24, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 3015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24163015.

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The effect of the counteranion of hexadecyltrimethylammonium salts on the physico-chemical properties of organoclays was investigated, using a selected natural clay mineral with a cation exchange capacity of 95 meq/100 g. The uptake amount of C16 cations was dependent on the hexadecyltrimethylammonium (C16) salt solution used, the organoclay prepared from C16Br salt solution exhibited a value of 1. 05 mmole/g higher than those prepared from C16Cl and C16OH salt solutions. The basal spacing of these organoclays was in the range of 1.81 nm to 2.10 nm, indicating a similar orientation of the intercalated surfactants, and could indicated that the excess amount of surfactants, above the cation exchange capacity of 0.95 meq/g could be adsorbed on the external surface of the clay mineral sheets. These organoclays were found to be stable in neutral, acidic, and basic media. The thermal stability of these organoclays was carried out using thermogravimetric analysis and in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The decomposition of the surfactant occurred at a maximum temperature of 240 °C, accompanied with a decrease of the basal spacing value close to 1.42 nm. The application of these organoclays was investigated to remove an acidic dye, eosin. The removal amount was related to the initial used concentrations, the amount of the surfactants contents, and to the preheated temperatures of the organoclays. The removal was found to be endothermic process with a maximum amount of 55 mg of eosin/g of organoclay. The value decreased to 25 mg/g, when the intercalated surfactants were decomposed. The reuse of these organoclays was limited to four regeneration recycles with a reduction of 20 to 30%. However, noticeable reduction between 35% to 50% of the initial efficiency, was achieved after the fifth cycle, depending of the used organoclays.

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Vianna, Marilda M. G. Ramos, Francisco Rolando Valenzuela-Díaz, Valquiria F. J. Kozievitch, Jo Dweck, and Pedro M. Büchler. "Synthesis and Characterization of Modified Clays as Sorbents of Toluene and Xylene." Materials Science Forum 498-499 (November 2005): 691–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.498-499.691.

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Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and the xylenes (BTEX) are the major water-soluble constituents of gasoline that may contaminate soils and natural waters, which can be sorbed by organoclays. This study investigates the sorption of toluene and xylene by organoclays produced from Brazilian bentonite (SVC) and from Wyoming bentonite (SSA) with hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA), as well as by a commercial organoclay (SCo). The organoclays were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, Differential Thermal Analysis, Thermogravimetry. Isothermal sorption were performed. The efficiencies of the organoclays on removing toluene increased in the order: SVC-HDTMA < SSA-HDTMA < SCo. The xylene sorption by SVC-HDTMA and SSA-HDTMA organoclays was about two times higher than by the SCo. These organoclays may be used as permeable reactive barriers or in ceramic filters for petroleum waste-water treatment systems.

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Valizadeh, M., M. Rezaei, and A. Eyvazzadeh. "Effect of Nanoclay on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Rigid Polyurethane/Organoclay Nanocomposite Foams Blown with Cyclo and Normal Pentane Mixture." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 584–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.584.

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Polyurethane (PU)/Clay nanocomposite rigid foams were synthesized with modified layered silicate clay (organoclays, Cloisite 30B). PU foams were prepared by a batch reaction injection molding process. Organoclay was dispersed first in the isocyanate component using an ultrasonic homogenizer and then mixed with polyol and physical blowing agent mixture to produce nanocomposite PU foams. To study the reaction possibility between cloisite 30B and isocyanate as well as the effect of sonication on the reaction, Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) analysis was conducted. The dispersion of organoclay in the rigid PU/clay nanocomposite foams was analyzed by wide angle X-ray diffraction (XRD). The microstructure of the foams was studied by an optical microscope and image analysis software. It was concluded that with increasing of nanoclay content the cell size is decreased and the cell size distribution is narrowed. The mechanical properties of pure and nanocomposite foams were examined by compression test. The data obtained from the compressive stress-strain curves reveals that the strength and modulus of polyurethane foam increase by addition of organoclay up to 1wt% and then decrease. Thermal conductivity coefficient (k-factor) of rigid PU nanocomposite and neat foams was measured by a simple transient method. The thermal conductivity results demonstrated that the polyurethane foam k-factor continuously decrease by addition of organoclay. It can be attributed to the reduced cell size as well as narrow cell size distribution in of nanocomposite foams.

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Karaca, Semra, Ahmet Gürses, and Mehtap Ejder Korucu. "Investigation of the Orientation of Ions in the Interlayer of CTAB Pillared Montmorillonite." Journal of Chemistry 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/274838.

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The orientation of CTA+in the interlayer of organic pillared montmorillonite prepared by adding different amounts of surfactant corresponding to the CEC of the pristine clay mineral has been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra. Morphology of the samples was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results are supported by the measurements of zeta potentials and contact angles of pristine clay and organoclay samples. From the XRD results, a series of arrangement models of CTA+in the interlayer of montmorillonite have been proposed as lateral-bilayer, pseudotrilayer, paraffin-type-monolayer and pseudotrilayer, paraffin-type-bilayer and pseudotrilayer for 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2.0 CEC, respectively. FTIR spectrum and contact angle measurements of pristine montmorillonite and organoclays indicated the incorporation of surfactant and the changing of hydrophility in the different OMts. This study demonstrates that not only the arrangement model of surfactant, but also the morphology of organoclay strongly depends on the surfactant packing density within the montmorillonite interlayer space. In addition, it can be also proposed that, the magnitude of surface charge or its distribution on clay mineral might be an important factor for expansion characteristics of organoclay.

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Luecha, Wasuthep, and Rathanawan Magaraphan. "Nanoclay Gel for Poly(lactic Acid)/Clay Nanocomposite." Advanced Materials Research 747 (August 2013): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.63.

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Nanoclay gel was prepared using organoclay swollen and dispersed in agar which is the hydrocolloid. Bentonite clay was used for preparation of organoclay with quaternary ammonium salt by cationic exchange method. The organoclays loadings in nanoclay gel were 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 wt%. Results on X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed exfoliation structure and well dispersing developed. Moreover, the application of nanoclay gel as reinforcing filler in polylactic acid (PLA) prepared with melt extrusion process at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 wt%, respectively. The tensile properties and morphologies were observed. The tensile strength and the elongation at break increased with increasing the clay content up to 3 wt% and then slightly decreased at higher clay content. The modulus increased with increasing clay loading. The high degree of dispersion PLA/clay nanocomposites were observed with SEM micrographs.

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Rostami, Amir, Mehdi Vahdati, Mohsen Nowrouzi, Mohammadreza Karimpour, and Amir Babaei. "Morphology and physico-mechanical properties of poly (methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene/polypropylene ternary polymer blend and its nanocomposites with organoclay: The effect of nature of organoclay and method of preparation." Polymers and Polymer Composites 30 (January 2022): 096739112211078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09673911221107811.

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This work presents the role of organoclay type (hydrophilic C30B vs hydrophobic C15A) and feeding mode (sequential vs. simultaneous) on a model ternary blend system poly (methyl methacrylate)/polystyrene/polypropylene (PMMA/PS/PP, 80/05/15). The rheological and thermal properties of these nanocomposites are linked to their morphology, which is mainly controlled by the preparation method and the nature of the organoclays. Using oscillatory shear rheology and dynamic mechanical analyses, both organoclays were shown to be mainly localized in the PMMA matrix. However, the more polar C30B showed a greater affinity toward the matrix. Studying the morphology using electron microscopy revealed that at 1 wt% of the organoclays, the original core-shell morphology of the blend was retained regardless of the feeding sequence. At 3 wt% of the organoclays, however, the core-shell morphology was only retained in the case of C30B-based nanocomposites prepared using sequential feeding mode. In the other cases, the increased solid-like behavior of the PS phase prevented the formation of a shell. Overall, it was shown that the feeding sequence and the affinity of organoclays towards different blend components determined their localization and therefore the eventual morphology of the nanocomposite.

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Dong, Y., Debes Bhattacharyya, and P. J. Hunter. "Characterisation and Object-Oriented Finite Element Modelling of Polypropylene/ Organoclay Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 841–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.841.

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Although much research work has been conducted on the production and characterisation of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites, the effects of nanoscale fillers with respect to actual morphology through numerical modelling have been rarely addressed. This paper describes a unique development from fabrication and experimental characterisation to the numerical modelling of polypropylene/organoclay nanocomposites based on the real mapping of nano/microstructures. Twin screw extrusion is used with a two-step masterbatch compounding method to prepare such nanocomposites with organoclays (ranging between 1wt% and 10wt%) and maleated polypropylene (1:1 weight ratio). The material characterisation using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMTA) are conducted and mechanical properties are determined by tensile, flexural and impact tests. Finally, computational models are established by using an innovative object-oriented finite element analysis code (OOF) to predict the overall mechanical properties of nanocomposites.

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Mota, Mariaugusta Ferreira, Aline Cadigena Lima Patrício, Marcílio Máximo da Silva, and Meiry Glaúcia Freire Rodrigues. "Preparation and Characterization of Clay Chocolate "A" Organoclay Using Stearyldimethyl Ammonium Chloride as a Surfactant." Materials Science Forum 805 (September 2014): 667–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.805.667.

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Clays modified with quaternary ammonium salts, organoclays, have an affinity for organic compounds undergoing expansion. In this study, the smectite clay Chocolate" A" was subjected to the process of organophilization with quaternary ammoniumchloride, stearyl dimethyl ammonium chloride (Praepagen WB) to improve its hydrophobic properties and thus increase the affinity for organic compounds. The samples were characterized by X ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy and tests of expansion by swelling of Foster. The results showed appropriate conditions organophilization process. Through XRD confirmed the increase in basal spacing for the clay modified with respect to the clay in natural, 15.46Å to 19.99Å after treatment with the quaternary ammonium salt. Bands of the CH3 and CH2 were detected by infrared spectroscopy analysis of the sample and the organoclay according to the tests of expansion was possible to observe the affinity of the organoclay with organic compounds: gasoline, kerosene and diesel.

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Bate, B., and S. E. Burns. "Complex dielectric permittivity of organically modified bentonite suspensions (0.2–1.3 GHz)." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51, no. 7 (July 2014): 782–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2013-0286.

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To quantify the impact of organic carbon on the complex dielectric permittivity of organoclays, nine organically modified clays were synthesized with controlled organic carbon structure and density of loading. Resonance polarization responses were observed for six of the organoclays at resonant frequencies from 0.74 to 1.37 GHz; however, organoclays synthesized with the smallest organic cations did not exhibit resonant frequency. A structural model of water molecules near the surface of organoclay and in the diffuse layer was proposed, which consists of a surface-bound water layer, an organic cation-interactive zone, and bulk water. The Cole–Cole equation was used to fit the resonance response. Increasing the density of loading (30% to 100% of the cation exchange capacity of the base clay) on the clay surface led to a reduction in the resonance time of the clay, while increasing the size of the organic cation led to a longer dielectric resonance time for the clay, which indicates that altering the structure and density of the organic carbon phase changed the degree of constraint of water molecules within the clay’s interlayer. However, the impact of organic carbon content on real permittivity was not significant. Water content had no obvious effect on the resonant frequency of the organoclays at high water content (porosity ranging from 0.7 to 1.0) in this study. In addition, it was shown that a linear approximation was sufficient in relating real permittivity of organoclay suspensions to porosity, and the effective conductivity decreased linearly proportional to porosity. That is, the real permittivity and effective conductivity were dominated by that of the aqueous phase until the inception of resonance polarization.

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Yadav, Sumit Manohar, and Kamal Bin Yusoh. "Sub-surface mechanical properties and sub-surface creep behavior of wood-plastic composites reinforced by organoclay." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 26, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2016-0291.

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AbstractWood-plastic composites (WPC) were manufactured from polypropylene, wood flour, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and organoclay. The sub-surface mechanical properties and the sub-surface creep behavior of the organoclay-based WPC were examined by the nanoindentation technique. The results showed that the hardness, elastic modulus and creep resistance of the WPC enhanced with the loading of C20 organoclay. This enhancement was subject to the organoclay content and the dispersion of organoclay in the polymer matrix. The hardness, elastic modulus and creep resistance of WPC with 1 wt% organoclay content enhanced by approximately 36%, 41% and 17%, respectively, in contrast with WPC without organoclay. To study the impact of organoclay content on the creep performance of WPC, a viscoelastic model was actualized. The results demonstrated that the model was in good agreement with the experimental information. Reinforcement of organoclay prompts expansion in elastic deformation and instigates a higher initial displacement at the early stage of creep.

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Faturrohman, Muhammad Irfan, Bambang Soegijono, Emil Budianto, and Koji Yoneda. "SIFAT DINAMIK MEKANIKAL VULKANISAT KARET ALAM-ORGANOCLAY." Jurnal Penelitian Karet 31, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22302/jpk.v31i1.132.

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Sifat dinamik dan swelling vulkanisat karet alam (NR) yang mengandung bahan pengisi organoclay dengan basal spasi yang berbeda telah dipelajari. Vulkanisat NR/organoclay dibuat dengan menggunakan metode pelelehan kompon di dalam gilingan terbuka. Sifat dinamik diukur dengan menggunakan Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan organoclay dengan basal spasi lebih besar (15A) menghasilkan struktur interkalasi/eksfoliasi di dalam matrik karet alam sehingga sifat dinamik mekanikal dan swelling menjadi lebih baik. Storage modulus di bawah Tg dan di atas Tg meningkat dengan peningkatan basal spasi organoclay. Adanya organoclay juga menyebabkan penurunan tan d dan Tg vulkanisat, terutama organoclay 15A. Organoclay 15A di dalam vulkanisat karet alam dapat menurunkan nilai swelling dan koefisien difusi, sorptivitas serta permeabilitas. Derajat ikatan silang dari NR/organoclay 15A sedikit lebih besar dan memperbaiki sifat elastis vulkanisat. Diterima : 7 Januari 2013; Disetujui : 24 April 2013How to Cite : Faturrohman, M., Soegijono, B., Budianto, E., & Yoneda, K. (2013). Sifat Dinamik Mekanikal Vulkanisat Karet Alam-Organoclay. Jurnal Penelitian Karet, 31(1), 45-53. Retrieved from http://ejournal.puslitkaret.co.id/index.php/jpk/article/view/132

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Nafees, Muhammad, Amir Waseem, and Abdur Rehman Khan. "Comparative Study of Laterite and Bentonite Based Organoclays: Implications of Hydrophobic Compounds Remediation from Aqueous Solutions." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/681769.

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Four cost effective organoclays were synthesized, characterized, and studied for the sorption of hydrophobic compounds (edible oil/grease and hydrocarbon oil) from aqueous solutions. Organoclays were prepared by cation exchange reaction of lattice ions (present onto the surface of laterite and bentonite clay minerals) with two surfactants, hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (HDTMA-Cl) and tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (TDTMA-Br). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used for the characterization of synthesized organoclays. It was found that the amount of surfactant loading and the nature of the surfactant molecules used in the syntheses of organoclay strongly affect the sorption capacity of the clay mineral. Further, it was found that both the laterite and bentonite based organoclays efficiently removed the edible and hydrocarbon oil content from lab prepared emulsions; however, the adsorption capacity of clay mineral was greatly influenced by the nature of hydrophobic compounds as well.

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Wang, Kun Yan, and Feng Cao. "Effect of Organoclay on Thermal Degradation and Crystalline Morphology Properties of Biodegradable PHBV." Advanced Materials Research 791-793 (September 2013): 256–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.791-793.256.

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Poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)/organoclay blends were prepared by solution blend method. The effect of organoclay on the thermal degradation and crystalline morphology properties were studied by thermogravimetry (TG)X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) analyses. TG results indicates better processability of the blends with 5wt% organoclay than that of pure PHBV. XRD results show that the organoclay does not modify the crystal structure in the blends but only increase the intensity of diffraction peak. PHBV and PHBV/organoclay revealed integrated Maltese crossed spherulitic morphologies. While small-sized PHBV spherulites were formed when organoclay added to PHBV.

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Wang, Kun Yan, Pei Song Tang, and Feng Cao. "Morphological Properties of Poly(Trimethylene Terephthalate)/Maleated Styrene-Butylene-Co-Ethylene-Styrene/Organoclay Ternary Nanocomposite." Advanced Materials Research 150-151 (October 2010): 108–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.150-151.108.

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PTT/SEBS-g-MA/organoclay ternary nanocomposites were successfully prepared using melt blending. The effect of organoclay platelets on morphologies properties of PTT/SEBS-g-MA/organoclay ternary nanocomposites had been studied by XRD and SEM. The nanocomposite forms an exfoliated structure, which can be observed by XRD. The dispersed domain size (D) of SEBS-g-MA is affected by organoclay. The high aspect ratio of the organoclay platelets induced the average size of the dispersed domain to become smaller.

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Lazorenko, Georgy, Anton Kasprzhitskii, and Victor Yavna. "Comparative Study of the Hydrophobicity of Organo-Montmorillonite Modified with Cationic, Amphoteric and Nonionic Surfactants." Minerals 10, no. 9 (August 19, 2020): 732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10090732.

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In this work, a series of comparative studies for the effect of the nine commercially available cationic, amphoteric and nonionic surfactants on the structure and wettability of the montmorillonite based organoclays were performed. The pristine and modified clays were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and water contact angle (CA) measurements. It has been observed that the maximum basal spacing and the hydrophobicity of the organoclays increased with the alkyl chain length and chain number of the surfactant. It was found out that this effect is most pronounced when using cationic surfactants. The maximum value of contact angle corresponded to the organoclay obtained using di(hydrogenated tallow) ammonium chloride (DDA). The outcomes of this study are important and relevant to the preparation of effective organoclays for geotechnical, petroleum and polymer nanocomposite applications.

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Wacharawichanant, Sirirat, Attachai Sriwattana, Kulaya Yaisoon, and Manop Phankokkruad. "Morphology and Properties of Poly(Lactic Acid)/Ethylene-Octene Copolymer Blends with Different Organoclay Types." Key Engineering Materials 837 (April 2020): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.837.174.

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This work studied the morphology, mechanical and thermal properties of poly (lactic acid) (PLA)/ethylene-octene copolymer (EOC) (80/20) blends with different organoclay types. Herein, EOC was introduced to toughening PLA by melt blending and organoclay was used to improve compatibility and tensile properties of the blends. The two organoclay types were nanoclay surface modified with aminopropyltriethoxysilane 0.5-5 wt% and octadecylamine 15-35% (Clay-ASO) and nanoclay surface modified with dimethyl dialkyl (C14-C18) amine 35-45 wt% (Clay-DDA). The organoclay contents were 3, 5 and 7 phr. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation results revealed PLA/EOC blends demonstrated a two-phase separation of dispersed EOC phase and PLA matrix phase. The addition of organoclay significantly improved the compatibility between PLA and EOC phases due to EOC droplet size decreased dominantly in PLA matrix, so organoclay could act as an effective compatibilizer. The incorporation of organoclay increased significantly tensile strength of PLA/EOC/organoclay composites while Young’s modulus increased with 5 phr of organoclay. The thermal stability of PLA/EOC blends did not change when compared with neat PLA, and when added Clay-ASO in the blends could improve the thermal stability of the PLA/EOC blends.

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Schampera, B., R. Solc, S. K. Woche, R. Mikutta, S. Dultz, G. Guggenberger, and D. Tunega. "Surface structure of organoclays as examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulations." Clay Minerals 50, no. 3 (August 2015): 353–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2015.050.3.08.

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AbstractOrganoclays are sorbent materials prepared from clays by exchanging inorganic with organic cations. Their properties depend on the loading and conformational structure of the organic cations, but little information is available about the surface structures of organoclays. In this work, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are combined to characterize the external interface of an organoclay prepared from hexadecylpyridinium (HDPy+) and bentonite. The XPS survey spectra show well the varying elemental composition of the surface with increasing amount of surfactant, showing a decreasing contribution of clay-derived elements with increasing organic coverage. The high-resolution C 1s XPS spectra depict sensitively the surface arrangement of the surfactant. In combination with MD simulations, the results implied a monolayer coating for low surfactant coverage and a disordered bilayer arrangement at high surfactant uptakes. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that for very high cation uptake a quasi-paraffin-like configuration is also possible. The combination of experimental and modelling methods yielded congruent information on the molecular-scale arrangement of organic cations at the organoclay surfaces and the controlling mechanisms.

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Tsai, Jia Lin, and Ming Dao Wu. "Organoclay Effect on Transverse Tensile Strength and In-Plane Shear Strength of Unidirectional Glass/Epoxy Nanocomposites." Key Engineering Materials 334-335 (March 2007): 773–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.334-335.773.

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This research focuses on the fabrication of glass fiber/epoxy organoclay nanocomposites as well as on the investigation of organoclay effect on transverse tensile strength and in-plane shear strength of the nanocomposites. To demonstrate the organoclay effect, three different loadings of organoclay were dispersed respectively in the epoxy resin using a mechanical mixer followed by sonication. The corresponding glass/epoxy nanocomposites were produced by impregnating dry glass fiber with organoclay epoxy compound via a vacuum hand lay-up procedure. For evaluating transverse tensile strengths, the unidirectional coupon specimens were prepared and tested in the transverse direction. Results indicate that with the increment of organoclay loadings, the glass/epoxy nanocomposites demonstrate higher transverse tensile strength. On the other hand, the in-plane shear strengths were measured from [± 45]s laminates. It is revealed that when the organoclay loadings increase, the in-plane shear strength of glass/epoxy nanocomposites also increases appropriately. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) observations on the failure surfaces indicate that the increasing characteristics in transverse and in-plane failure stresses may be ascribed to the enhanced fiber/matrix bonding modified by the organoclay.

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Rohmah, Nurhayati, and Irwan Nugraha. "Kajian Kinerja Organoclay Bentonit Terinterkalasi Poli-DADMAC sebagai Flokulasn Limbah Cair Tahu." Jurnal Kimia VALENSI 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i2.4322.

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Abstrak Telah dilakukan kajian kinerja organoclay bentonit terinterkalasi polyi-DADMAC sebagai flokulan limbah cair tahu. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji efektifitas organoclay bentonit terinterkalasi poly-DADMAC sebagai flokulan limbah cair tahu. Organoclay bentonit terinterkalasi poly-DADMAC disintesis dengan mereaksikan 10 g bentonit dengan 100 mL poly-DADMAC 4%. Pergeseran yang terjadi pada spektra hasil analisis XRD dan FTIR menunjukan keberhasilan proses interkalasi bentonit dengan poly-DADMAC. Koagulasi flokulasi dilakukan dengan metode jar test pada kecepatan pengadukan cepat 120 rpm selama 1 menit dan pengadukan lambat 20 rpm. Kajian kinerja flokulan organoclay meliputi variasi jenis flokulan, massa flokulan, lama waktu kontak flokulasi dan variasi jenis pengenceran. Nilai efektifitas penurunan COD maksimum pada 35.7 % terjadi pada penambahan jenis flokulan organoclay dengan massa 0.05 g dan waktu kontak flokulasi 40 menit. Proses koagulasi-flokulasi limbah cair tahu menggunakan flokulan organoclay mampu menghasilkan penurunan nilai COD limbah dari 1145.76 mg/L menjadi 833.28 mg/L. Akan tetapi., koagulasi-flokulasi limbah cair tahu pada penelitian ini tidak menurunkan pH limbah secara ekstrim, rentang penurunan pH adalah dari 3.836 menjadi 3.448. Kata kunci : Flokulan, organoclay, bentonit-polyDADMAC, limbah cair tahu Abstract Studies of Bentonite intercalated organoclay performance polyi-DADMAC as flocculants wastewater of tahu has been done. The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of Bentonite intercalated organoclay poly-DADMAC as flocculants wastewater of Tahu. Bentonite intercalated organoclay poly-DADMAC are synthesized by reacting 10 g of bentonite with 100 mL of poly-DADMAC 4%. The shift in spectral analysis of XRD and FTIR results showed the success of the process of intercalation of bentonite with poly-DADMAC. Coagulation-flocculation using Jar test with the rapid stirring speed of 120 rpm for 1 minute and 20 rpm slow stirring. Organoclay flocculant performance review includes a variation type of flocculant, flocculant mass, contact time flocculation and variations in the type of dilution. Rated maximum effectiveness of COD reduction occurs at 35.7% in the type of flocculant addition of organoclay with a mass of 0.05 g and a contact time of 40 minutes flocculation. Coagulation-flocculation process of wastewater of Tahu using flocculants organoclay decrease COD from 1145.76 mg / L to 833.28 mg / L. However, coagulation-flocculation of wastewater of Tahu did not lower the pH of the waste significantly, decreasing pH occurs from 3.836 to 3.448.Keywords: Flocculant, organoclay, bentonite-polyDADMAC, wastewater of TahuDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v0i0.4322

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Cardoso, Mirtys Allamana Ferreira, Heber Sivini Ferreira, Isabelle Albuquerque da Silva, Heber Carlos Ferreira, and Gelmires Araújo Neves. "Development of Organoclays for Use in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1557–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1557.

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The organoclays are derived from bentonite clays treated in aqueous solution with surfactants, which are incorporated into the interlayer surface of clays, covering them with an organic layer; so, the naturally hydrophilic clay becomes hydrophobic. This paper proposes a study to find the dispersant media (diesel, paraffin or ester) which is more suitable for use in fluids, using the bentonite clay Cloisite Na +, treated with ionic surfactants Praepagen HY and Praepagen WB. The organoclay obtained was characterized by X-ray diffraction, and we measured the apparent viscosity and plastic dispersions. We observed the importance of the type of surfactant and dispersant amid to obtain organoclays for non-aqueous drilling fluids with the dispersants that meet existing specifications for drilling oil wells.

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Zhou, Li Kuo, and Chao Qun Li. "The Preparation and Properties of TPV/Organoclay Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 473 (December 2013): 137–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.473.137.

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Dynamic vulcanized thermoplastic olefin/ organoclay composites were prepared in this paper. The morphology of the composites is studied with WAXD, which suggest organoclay shows good dispersion in TPV. The prepared TPV/organoclay composites improved mechanical properties significantly, the thermal property were also changed when organoclay is added. Besides, the content of curing agent and the addition of oil on the influence of properties were discussed.

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Khui, Perry Law Nyuk, Md Rezaur Rahman, Hafizah binti Abdul Halim Yun, Durul Huda, Sinin Hamdan, Muhammad Khusairy Bin Bakri, Mohammad Mahbubul Matin, et al. "Characterization and optimization of organoclay- poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde)-methylated solution impregnated pulai (Alstonia spp.) wood using response surface methodology." BioResources 17, no. 2 (March 29, 2022): 2780–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.2780-2809.

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Significant effects of organoclay and poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde)-methylated (PMFM) impregnation on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal characteristics of raw pulai wood were investigated in this work. The material’s modulus of elasticity (MOE) as well as the maximum compression force (MCF) of the impregnated organoclay/PMFM pulai wood samples were optimized using a designed experiment. The MOE and MCF models had R2 values of 0.9228 and 0.8340, respectively. After the impregnation of organoclay/PMFM pulai wood samples, the MOE and MCF increased considerably, indicating that the pulai wood’s mechanical characteristics had improved. The compositional analysis verified the polymerization and dispersion of organoclay and PMFM. Using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, reduction in the hydroxyl groups was detected. The impregnated organoclay/PMFM pulai wood samples had successfully filled the pores and cell cavities, as seen by scanning electron microscopy. The thermal stability of the impregnated organoclay/PMFM pulai wood samples was better than that of the raw pulai wood, with a higher glass transition temperature as determined by differential scanning calorimetry. The thermogravimetric study revealed that the impregnated organoclay/PMFM pulai wood samples had higher decomposition temperatures than the raw pulai wood sample.

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da Silva, Carla Dantas, Rosa do Carmo de Oliveira Lima, Julliana Marques Rocha Costa, Gelmires Araújo Neves, and Heber Carlos Ferreira. "Influence of Organophilization Process Variables in Bentonite Clays from Cubati-PB." Materials Science Forum 727-728 (August 2012): 1467–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.727-728.1467.

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This work aims at the development of organoclay from two varieties of bentonite for use in organic media using ionic surfactants, studying the influence of process variables in the organophilization process. We used the following materials: natural bentonite clay from Cubati-PB District, and the ionic quaternary ammonium salt: Praepagen WB® with 45% active matter. The clays were benefited and then turned into sodium form and subsequently into organoclays. The bentonites were characterized by laser diffraction (GA) X-ray fluorescence chemical composition (EDX), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermogravimetry (DTA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The organoclays were characterized by (XRD) thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermogravimetry (DTA). The results showed that the clay has potential for application in the organophilization process and that there is influence of process variables.

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Perelomov, Leonid, Saglara Mandzhieva, Tatiana Minkina, Yury Atroshchenko, Irina Perelomova, Tatiana Bauer, David Pinsky, and Anatoly Barakhov. "The Synthesis of Organoclays Based on Clay Minerals with Different Structural Expansion Capacities." Minerals 11, no. 7 (June 30, 2021): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070707.

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An important goal in environmental research for industrial activity and sites is the investigation and development of effective adsorbents for chemical pollutants that are widespread, inexpensive, unharmful to the environment, and have the required adsorption selectivity. Organoclays are adsorption materials that can be obtained by modifying clays and clay minerals with various organic compounds through intercalation and surface grafting. Organoclays have important practical applications as adsorbents of a wide range of organic pollutants and some inorganic contaminants. The traditional raw materials for the synthesis of organoclays are phyllosilicates with the expanding structural cell of the smectite group, such as montmorillonite. Moreover, other phyllosilicates and inosilicates are used to synthesize organoclay to a limited extent. The purpose of this review was to analyze the possibility of using minerals of other groups with different abilities to expand the structure and structural charge for the adsorption of chemical environmental pollutants. The structural characteristics of various groups of phyllosilicates and chain minerals that affect their ability to modify organic surfactants and the adsorption properties of prepared organoclays were reviewed.

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Ha Thuc, C. N., H. T. Cao, D. M. Nguyen, M. A. Tran, Laurent Duclaux, A. C. Grillet, and H. Ha Thuc. "Preparation and Characterization of Polyurethane Nanocomposites Using Vietnamese Montmorillonite Modified by Polyol Surfactants." Journal of Nanomaterials 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/302735.

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This study focuses on the preparation of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposite using Vietnamese montmorillonite (MMT) as the reinforced phase. The MMT was previously modified by intercalating polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) molecules between the clay layers. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results of organoclays revealed that galleries of MMT were increased to 18.2 Å and 27 Å after their intercalation with PEO and PVA, respectively. Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) nanocomposites composed of 1, 3, 5, and 7%wt organoclays were synthesized. The result of XRD and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses implied that the PEO modified MMT was well dispersed, at 3%wt, in polyurethane matrix. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic (FTIR) has confirmed this result by showing the hydrogenous interaction between the urethane linkage and OH group on the surface of silicate layer. Thermogravimetric (TG) showed that the organoclay samples also presented improved thermal stabilities. In addition, the effects of the organoclays on mechanical performance and water absorption of the PU nanocomposite were also investigated.

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Gerasin, Viktor A., and Viktor V. Kurenkov. "JOINT TREATMENT OF BENTONITES WITH INORGANIC POLYELECTROLYTES AND CATIONIC SURFACTANTS IN ORDER TO PROMOTE ORGANOCLAY EXFOLIATION." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 5 (May 21, 2019): 71–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196205.5746.

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A new approach to production of organomodified bentonites is offered. Bentonites are consecutively treated with inorganic polyelectrolyte (sodium silicate solution) and quaternary ammonium salts, as a result exfoliated organoclays are obtained. An ejector set up has been used for treatment of natural bentonites. Samples of activated bentonites treated in the ejector set up with sodium silicate solution (up to 21 g of sodium silicate per 100 g of bentonite) were prepared. Structure of the obtained bentonite and organoclay samples was established by X-ray diffraction analysis. It has been shown that treatment of the activated bentonite with sodium silicate does not influence the structure of the non-modified bentonite particles, but facilitates exfoliation of clay after organomodification. Polymer composites based on EVA containing 5% wt. of bentonites were prepared by extrusion mixing. In case of non-modified bentonites microcomposites are formed. In case of organomodified bentonites, not treated with sodium silicate, intercalated nanocomposites are formed. Treatment of bentonite with sodium silicate solution and subsequent organomodification ensures the production of exfoliated nanocomposite. Mechanical properties of obtained polymer composites were determined. Incorporation of 5% wt. clays or organoclays into the polymer material leads to increase in Young modulus (up to 50%), tensile strength (up to 20%); elongation at break decreases by 10% or less. In order to ensure the more significant reinforcing effect in EVA composites optimization of the organomodified bentonite composition (selection of surfactant and its content in the organoclay) has to be carried out with account for the polymer properties.

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Cavalcante, Manoella Silva, Simone Patrícia Aranha Paz, Rômulo Simões Angélica, Edson Noryuki Ito, and Roberto Freitas Neves. "Organophilization of a Brazilian Mg-montmorillonite without prior sodium activation." Clay Minerals 51, no. 1 (March 2016): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2016.051.1.04.

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AbstractThe use of Mg-montmorillonite in the production of organoclay without sodium activation was investigated. For this purpose, organophilization experiments were carried out by varying the concentration of two surfactants: hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA+) and dodecyltrimethylammonium (DTMA+) ions. These surfactantswere used at concentrations 0.7, 1.0 and 1.5 times that of the cation exchange capacity (62.6 meq/100 g) of the clay, with a reaction time of 8 h at temperatures of 25 and 80°C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results confirmed the intercalation for bothin naturaand activated samples. The Fourier-transforminfrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and XRD results showed that the ratio ofgauche/transconformers decreased with increased basal spacing. The results of thermodifferential and thermogravimetric analysis (DTA/DTG) confirmed the thermal stability of the organoclay up to 200°C, permitting the use of suchmaterial in the synthesis of polymer/clay nanocomposites obtained by the melt blending. Thus, Mg-montmorillonite can be intercalated with alkylammonium ions without prior Na-activation to form organoclays. The possibility of using natural (non-activated) Mg-montmorillonite represents a significant difference in terms of processing cost in comparison with existing Ca-montmorillonite in Brazil or even with imported bentonites that require Na-activation during beneficiation.

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Wang, Yang, Boming Zhang, and Jinrui Ye. "Organoclay-reinforced polyethersulfone-modified epoxy-based hybrid nanocomposites." High Performance Polymers 23, no. 7 (November 2011): 526–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954008311418385.

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Hybrid nanocomposites were successfully prepared by the incorporation of polyethersulfone (PES) and organoclay into epoxy resin. They had higher fracture toughness than the prepared PES/epoxy blend and organoclay/epoxy nanocomposites. The microstructures of the hybrid nanocomposites were studied. They were comprised of homogeneous PES/epoxy semi-interpenetrating network (semi-IPN) matrices and organoclay micro-agglomerates made up of tactoid-like regions composed of ordered exfoliated organoclay with various orientations. The former was confirmed with dynamic mechanical analysis, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while the latter was successfully observed with X-ray diffraction measurements, optical microscope, scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope. The improvement of their fracture toughness was due to the synergistic toughening effect of the PES and the organoclay and related to their microstructures.

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Tsai, Jia Lin, Jui Ching Kuo, and Shin Ming Hsu. "Fabrication and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber/Epoxy Nanocomposites." Materials Science Forum 505-507 (January 2006): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.505-507.37.

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This research is aimed to fabricate glass fiber/epoxy nanocomposites containing organoclay as well as to understand the organoclay effect on the in-plane shear strength of the nanocomposites. To demonstrate the organoclay effect, three different loadings of organoclay, were dispersed in the epoxy resin using mechanical mixer followed by sonication. The corresponding glass/epoxy nanocomposites were prepared by impregnating the organoclay epoxy mixture into the dry glass fiber through a vacuum hand lay-up process. Off-axis block glass/epoxy nanocomposites were tested in compression to produce in-plane shear failure. It is noted only the specimens showing in-plane shear failure mode were concerned in this study. Through coordinate transformation law, the uniaxial failure stresses were then converted to a plot of shear stress versus transverse normal stress from which the in-plane shear strength was obtained. Experimental results showed that the fiber/epoxy nanocomposite exhibit higher in-plane shear strength than the conventional composites. This increased property could be ascribed to the enhanced fiber/matrix adhesion promoted by the organoclay.

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Ferreira, Kaline Rosário Morais, D. L. A. C. S. Andrade, E. L. Canedo, C. M. O. Raposo, and Suédina Maria L. Silva. "PP/EPDM Blends Compatibilized by Organically Modified Clays." Materials Science Forum 820 (June 2015): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.820.355.

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In this study, the influence of type and amount of organoclay in the morphology of the polymer blend PP/EPDM is evaluated. Pure and filled mixtures were prepared by melt intercalation in an internal mixer. The morphology of the hybrids was evaluated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the incorporation of the organophyllic clay to the PP/EPDM blend resulted in new interfacial interactions between components, which contributed to a decrease in the size of the dispersed phase and the compatibility of the blends. Therefore, organoclays may be employed to compatibilize polymeric blends, replacing conventional compatibilizers.

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42

Sookyung, Uraiwan, Woothichai Thaijaroen, Norbert Vennemann, and Charoen Nakason. "Influence of the Type of Alkylamine Organic Modifiers on Thermal Mechanical Behavior and other Related Properties of Natural Rubber/Clay Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 844 (November 2013): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.844.217.

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Sodium-montmorillonite (Na-MMT) nanoclay was modified with different types of alkylamine organic modifier including primary and quaternary alkylamines. Influence types of alkylamine on properties of natural rubber/clay nanocomposites was investigated. It was found that organoclays caused improvement of mechanical properties of natural rubber, and accelerated vulcanization reaction with higher degree of crosslinking. In addition, organoclay modified with quaternary alkylamine showed significance cure reversion phenomenon which caused reduction of thermal stability. On the other hand, primary alkylamine modified nanoclay caused improvement of thermal stability of natural rubber. Moreover, stress relaxation was observed at the melting temperature of the modifying agent.

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Karasa, J., J. Kostjukovs, A. Palaša, and A. Actiņš. "Advanced Research of the Triassic Clay from the Baltic Region." Latvian Journal of Chemistry 51, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 376–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10161-012-0023-x.

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A procedure of smectite containing clay enrichment has been optimized, and the process of sedimentation has been studied. The new enrichment based method for quantitative determination of clay fraction in smectite containing sediment was developed. A new method for obtaining organoclays from enriched smectite clays has been investigated. The method is based on solid-state reaction between smectite and organic compounds, where organic molecules can be intercalated in dried clay mineral (montmorillonite) by solid-state reactions, without or with use of solvents. The enriched clay and the obtained organoclay samples were characterized with X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD).

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Ye, Ying, Kun Yan Wang, Ge Chang, and Qian Ying Jiang. "Thermal Stability and Crystallization Behavior of PP/Organoclay Phase Change Composites." Advanced Materials Research 785-786 (September 2013): 123–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.785-786.123.

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Polypropylene/organoclay modified by dodecanol phase change material were prepared by melt blending method. The thermal stability and crystallization behavior was studied by thermogravimetry (TG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). TG results indicated the window of processing of PP could be improved by adding small amount organoclay modified by dodecanol to the blend. DSC showed the organoclay modified by dodecanol affected the crystallization behavior of PP as heterogeneous nucleation agent. XRD results show that the organoclay modified by dodecanol does not change the crystal structure in the blends but only decrease the intensity of the diffraction peak.

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Feyzi, Akram, and Khalil Faghihi. "Synthesis and Characterization of New Poly(amide-imide)/organoclay Nanocomposites Derived from N,N′-(4,4′-diphtaloyl)-bis-L-α-aminophenyl Acetic Diacid and 1,2-Bis(4-aminophenoxy)ethane." High Temperature Materials and Processes 33, no. 1 (February 1, 2014): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp-2013-0016.

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AbstractIn this study, a series of polymer/clay nanocomposites (PCNs) materials consisting of organic poly(amide-imide) (PAI) and organo-modified clay content varying from 0 to 10 mass%, were successfully prepared by solution dispersion technique. At first, the reactive organoclay was prepared by using protonated L-phenylalanine amino acid as a swelling agent for silicate layers of montmorillonite/Na+ (MMT/Na+) via ion-exchange reaction. Then, poly(amide-imide) used as a matrix of nanocomposite was prepared through the polymerization reaction of N,N′-(4,4′-diphtaloyl)-bis-L-α-aminophenyl acetic diacid and 1,2-bis(4-aminophenoxy)ethane in a medium of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) / triphenyl phosphite (TPP) / calcium chloride (CaCl2) / pyridine (py). This polymer was end-capped with amine end groups near the completion of the reaction to interact chemically with organoclay. Finally, PAI/organoclay nanocomposite films containing 1%, 3%, 5% and 10% of organoclay were prepared via solution intercalation method through blending of organoclay with the PAI solution. The resulting nanocomposite films were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). XRD and TEM results revealed the formation of exfoliated and intercalated organoclay platelets in the PAI matrix. TGA results indicated that the addition of organoclay into the PAI matrix increases in the thermal decomposition temperatures of the resulted nanocomposites.

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Kalpokaitė-Dičkuvienė, Regina, Irena Lukošiūtė, Jūratė Čėsnienė, Kristina Brinkienė, and Arūnas Baltušnikas. "Cement substitution by organoclay – The role of organoclay type." Cement and Concrete Composites 62 (September 2015): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.04.021.

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Lo, Irene M. C., and Raymond K. M. Mak. "Transport of phenolic compounds through a compacted organoclay liner." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 2 (July 1, 1998): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0125.

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The transport of phenolic compounds through a compacted liner improved with organically modified bentonite (organoclay BB-40) was studied. Organoclay BB-40 is one of the manufactured products of Biomin International, Inc. and is modified with 40 lb of dicetyldimethylammonium per 100 lb of clay. The adsorption of phenolic compounds onto organoclay BB-40 is found to be significant, which could be attributed to the formation of hydrophobic bonding. The hydraulic conductivities of organoclay BB-40 are 1.98 × 10−7, 2.28 × 10−7 and 5.49 × 10−7 cm/sec for the phenol cell, 2-chlorophenol cell and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol cell, respectively. The experimental results of adsorption tests and hydraulic conductivity tests were input into the computer program “Pollute v9” to simulate the transport of phenolic compounds through a compacted organoclay liner material. The simulation result was then compared with phenol transport through the conventional soil liner (90% silty sand and 10% natural clay mineral). It indicates that the retardation of the transport of phenolic compounds using organoclay as a liner material is more significant than using the conventional soil liner, particularly for higher hydrophobic organics.

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Sand Chee, Siew, and Mohammad Jawaid. "The Effect of Bi-Functionalized MMT on Morphology, Thermal Stability, Dynamic Mechanical, and Tensile Properties of Epoxy/Organoclay Nanocomposites." Polymers 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2019): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11122012.

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In this work, the optimum filler loading to prepare epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites by the in-situ polymerization method was studied. Bi-functionalized montmorillonite at different filler loading (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 wt %) was dispersed in epoxy resin by using a high shear speed homogenizer. The effect on morphology, thermal, dynamic mechanical, and tensile properties of the epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites were studied in this work. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) and field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) studies revealed that possible intercalated structures were obtained in epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) shows that epoxy/organoclay nanocomposites exhibit higher thermal stability at the maximum and final decomposition temperature, as well as higher char content, compared to pristine epoxy. The dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) indicate that storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), cross-link density and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the nanocomposites were improved with organoclay loading up to 1 wt %. Beyond this loading limit, the deterioration of properties was observed. A similar trend was also observed on tensile strength and modulus. We concluded from this study that organoclay loading up to 1 wt % is suitable for further study to fabricate hybrid nanocomposites for various applications.

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Guesmi, Rim, Nasreddine Benbettaieb, Mohamed Ramzi Ben Romdhane, Thouraya Barhoumi-Slimi, and Ali Assifaoui. "In Situ Polymerization of Linseed Oil-Based Composite Film: Enhancement of Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties by the Incorporation of Cinnamaldehyde and Organoclay." Molecules 27, no. 22 (November 21, 2022): 8089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27228089.

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Linseed oil-based composite films were prepared with cinnamaldehyde (Cin) using a modified clay (organoclay) through in situ polymerization, which is the result of the interaction between Cin and organoclay. The incorporation of organoclay reduces the polymer chain’s mobility and, therefore, increases the thermal stability of the composite films. In some experimental conditions, the clay is located both inside and on the surface of the film, thus, affecting the mechanical and thermal properties as well as the surface properties of the composite films. The incorporation of organoclay decreases the water contact angle of the composite film by more than 15%, whatever the amount of cinnamaldehyde. However, the incorporation of cinnamaldehyde has the opposite effect on film surface properties. Indeed, for the water vapor permeability (WVP), the effect of cinnamaldehyde on the film barrier properties is much higher in the presence of organoclay. The incorporation of hydrophobic compounds into the polymer films reduces the water content, which acts as a plasticizer and, therefore, decreases the WVP by more than 17%. Linseed oil has a natural antioxidant activity (~97%) due to the higher content of unsaturated fatty acids, and this activity increased with the amount of organoclay and cinnamaldehyde.

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Lin, Guang Yi, Ben Fa Gao, and Chuan Sheng Wang. "Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Rubber/Organoclay Nanocomposites." Advanced Materials Research 221 (March 2011): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.221.200.

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The NR/SBR/oranoclay nancomposites were prepared by mechanical mixing method. The dispersion of the oranoclay in the rubber matrix was characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. And the effects of different filler and contents on the mechanical properties were investigated. The results showed that the particles of organoclay can be dispersed homogeneously in the rubber matrix. Compbination of carbon black and organoclay shows the synergistic effect which lead to high tensile strength. In addition, organoclay can decrease the Mooney viscosity which is useful for processing. The method is simple, which can be used industrially for use of organoclay in elastomer.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Organoclay'

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