Journal articles: 'Organochlorine compounds'

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Liu, Junyuan. "Detection, Treatment and Remediation for Organochlorines." MATEC Web of Conferences 386 (2023): 03016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202338603016.

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Organochlorine pollutants are a class of compounds formed by combining chlorine atoms with carbon atoms, and common organochlorine pollutants include chloroform and hexachlorocyclohexane. These compounds are persistent and difficult to degrade, so they exist in the environment for a long time. Organochlorine pollutants pose serious hazards to both humans and the environment. As a result, reducing the release of organochlorine pollutants and strengthening monitoring are important measures to protect the environment and human health. Treatment methods for organochlorine pollutants include physical methods such as adsorption and membrane separation, chemical methods such as oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis, and biological treatment methods such as microbial degradation and biosorption. Treatment of organochlorine pollution has great benefits. Treatment of organochlorine pollution can reduce the harm caused by these pollutants to the environment, improve the quality of water and air, and reduce the hazards of human health. This paper will first discuss what organochlorines are, the types of organochlorines, and the hazards of organochlorines, then discuss how to detect organochlorine residues in water, soil, and air, and finally propose specific methods for dealing with organochlorines and remediation programs for organochlorine pollution in water and soil.

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Kolpakova, E. S., and A. V. Velyamidova. "Organochlorine compounds in subarctic small lakes." Arctic and Antarctic Research 66, no. 2 (July 10, 2020): 180–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30758/0555-2648-2020-66-2-180-197.

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The article presents the results of studies of the environmental properties of organochlorines which differ in properties and origin, in the lake ecosystems of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra (Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia). The purpose of this study was to evaluate and assess the levels, distribution characteristics and composition of organochlorines in the bottom sediments of small lakes located in the Adzva river basin in Pymvashor natural boundary (the northernmost location of the exit of thermal-mineral springs of the continental Europe) and in the adjacent area, outside this unique subarctic hydrothermal zone.In order to meet this goal, multi-method (hydrochemical, geochemical, etc.) research was carried out using standard generally approved laboratory practices with their adaptation to the study goals. The quantitative content and composition of the target individual organochlorines were determined by gas chromatographic method with electron-capture detection.The presence of chlorophenol compounds and polychlorinated benzenes (including persistent organic pollutants) was shown in the lakes sediments. The influence of specific microclimatic conditions of subarctic hydrothermal system on the composition and distribution of chlorophenol compounds in lake sediments was considered. In the small lake sediment core in Pymvashor natural boundary a reducing trend in the levels of organochlorines with depth has been recorded (conditioned among other things by the lithological features of bottom sediments). The chlorophenol compounds were found at highest concentrations (619.3–765.5 ng/g) in the sediment upper layers, rich in organic matter; chlorophenol composition was represented mainly by chlorinated phenols, most likely of biotic origin. A lower concentration (185.0 ng/g) of chlorophenol compounds of predominantly abiogenic origin was determined in the lake sediments outside hydrothermal system. The presence and levels of persistent organochlorine pollutants (pentachlorophenol 0.1–2.4 ng/g; hexa- and pentachlorobenzenes 0.4–3.6 ng/g) in the lake sediments were associated with long-range atmospheric transport from various origin sources in nearby regions and low-latitude territories.

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Pereira, J. C. V., M. P. Serbent, and E. Skoronski. "Application of immobilized mycelium-based pellets for the removal of organochlorine compounds: a review." Water Science and Technology 83, no. 8 (March 10, 2021): 1781–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.093.

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Abstract Organochlorines have diverse structures and applications and are included in the list of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to their toxicity and environmental persistence. The reduced capacity of conventional wastewater treatment plants to remove these compounds encourages the development of cost-effective and efficient remediation approaches. Fungal biotechnology can contribute to the development of these technologies through their enzymatic machinery but faces several drawbacks related to the use of dispersed mycelium. In this sense, investigations concerning the degradation of organochlorines using immobilized fungi demonstrated an increase in contaminant removal efficiency compared with degradation by free cells. Despite this interest, the mechanisms of immobilized fungi have not been comprehensively reviewed. In this paper, recent advances of laboratory and field studies in organochlorine compounds removal by fungi are reviewed, focusing on the role of immobilization techniques. Firstly, the mechanisms of organochlorines bioconversion by fungi and the factors affecting enzyme activity are elucidated and discussed in detail. Then, the main targeted compounds, fungi, technics, and materials used for immobilization are discussed, as well as their advantages and limitations. Furthermore, critical points for future studies of fungi immobilization for organochlorine removal are proposed.

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Donat-Vargas, Carolina, Tessa Schillemans, Hannu Kiviranta, Panu Rantakokko, Ulf de Faire, Juan Pedro Arrebola, Alicja Wolk, Karin Leander, and Agneta Åkesson. "Blood Levels of Organochlorine Contaminants Mixtures and Cardiovascular Disease." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 9 (September 12, 2023): e2333347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33347.

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ImportanceCardiovascular toxic effects derived from high exposures to individual organochlorine compounds are well documented. However, there is no evidence on low but continuous exposure to combined organochlorine compounds in the general population.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of combined exposure to several organochlorine compounds, including organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls, with incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the general population.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis prospective nested case–control study included data from 2 cohorts: the Swedish Mammography Cohort-Clinical (SMC-C) and the Cohort of 60-Year-Olds (60YO), with matched case-control pairs based on age, sex, and sample date. Baseline blood sampling occurred from November 2003 to September 2009 (SMC-C) and from August 1997 to March 1999 (60YO), with follow-up through December 2017 (SMC-C) and December 2014 (60YO). Participants with myocardial infarction or ischemic stroke were matched with controls for composite CVD evaluation. Data were analyzed from September 2020 to May 2023.ExposuresA total of 25 organochlorine compounds were measured in blood at baseline by gas chromatography–triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. For 7 compounds, more than 75% of the samples were lower than the limit of detection and not included.Main Outcomes and MeasuresIncident cases of primary myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke were ascertained via linkage to the National Patient Register (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision codes I21 and I63). The quantile-based g-computation method was used to estimate the association between the combined exposure to several organochlorine compounds and composite CVD.ResultsOf 1528 included participants, 1024 (67.0%) were female, and the mean (SD) age was 72 (7.0) years in the SMC-C and 61 (0.1) years in the 60YO. The odds ratio of composite CVD was 1.71 (95% CI, 1.11-2.64) per 1-quartile increment of total organochlorine compounds mixture. Organochlorinated pesticides were the largest contributors, and β-hexachlorocyclohexane and transnonachlor had the highest impact. Most of the outcome was not explained by disturbances in the main cardiometabolic risk factors, ie, high body mass index, hypertension, lipid alteration, or diabetes.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this prospective nested case-control study, participants with higher exposures to organochlorines had an increased probability of experiencing a cardiovascular event, the major cause of death worldwide. Measures may be required to reduce these exposures.

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Taylor, W. D., J. H. Carey, D. R. S. Lean, and D. J. McQueen. "Organochlorine Concentrations in the Plankton of Lakes in Southern Ontario and Their Relationship to Plankton Biomass." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48, no. 10 (October 1, 1991): 1960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f91-233.

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Hydrophobic organochlorine contaminants were surveyed in net plankton from 33 lakes in southern Ontario. Organochlorines were detected in all lakes. The relative concentrations of 12 common organochlorines were generally similar, suggesting that they derive from a common source, probably atmospheric transport. Variability in relative abundances of these contaminants increased with contaminant concentration, while contaminant concentration was related to plankton biomass, total phosphorus, and conductivity. Lakes with low plankton biomass had high organochlorine concentrations in that biomass, indicating that a large portion of the variation among lakes in the concentration of contaminants in plankton can be ascribed to variable planktonic biomass. This negative relationship with plankton biomass, or biomass dilution effect, was strongest for the more hydrophobic and refractory compounds.

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Brink, Nico W. Van Den, and Elze M. De Ruiter-Dijkman. "Trans-nonachlor, octachlorostyrene, mirex and photomirex in Antarctic seabirds." Antarctic Science 9, no. 4 (December 1997): 414–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102097000539.

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Octachlorostyrene (OCS) and trans-nonachlor (TNC) were detected in cape petrels (Daption capense) of King George Island, which tallies with their presence in samples of gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua) of the Falkland Islands. The detection of TNC in a sample of the Antarctic southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides) implies that the Antarctic region has been contaminated by this compound. Mirex and photomirex were also detected in samples of the cape petrels and southern fulmar, as well as in Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) from Hop Island. The ratios of the mirex and photomirex concentrations in the truly Antarctic species from different locations are similar, which suggests that these compounds are diffusely distributed over the continent. The detection of organochlorine pollutants in Antarctic seabirds is an indication that these compounds have a global distribution. Screening of subcutaneous fat of Antarctic seabirds for organochlorines provides an excellent indication of the occurrence of organochlorine pollutants in Antarctica, and as such an ‘early warning’ for the global dispersion of these compounds.

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Newsome, W. Harvey, and Paul Andrews. "Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Commercial Fish from the Great Lakes." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 4 (July 1, 1993): 707–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.4.707.

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Abstract Fillets from 11 species of commercial fish from the Great Lakes were analyzed for residues of 39 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners and 24 other organochlorine compounds. Eel and trout contained the highest amount of PCB (753 and 633 ppb wet weight, respectively) and other organochlorines (607 and 1404 ppb, respectively); perch and carp contained the lowest residues. The pentaand hexachlorinated PCBs were the major congeners in all species except whitefish, in which the tetrachlorinated congeners predominated. Toxaphene was the most abundant organochlorine pesticide in trout; p,p′ -DDE was the major component of this class in eel. Residue concentrations in commercial carp were compared with residues present in carp from a fishery closed to commercial operation. Although both PCB and organochlorine pesticide levels in carp were among the lowest for all commercial fish samples, levels from the contaminated area were among the highest.

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8

Abelson, P. "Chlorine and organochlorine compounds." Science 265, no. 5176 (August 26, 1994): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7802780.

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9

Neilsen, A. "Biodegradation of organochlorine compounds." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 37, no. 1-2 (January 1996): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0964-8305(96)84331-9.

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Solomon, K. R. "Chlorine in the Bleaching of Pulp and Paper." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, no. 9 (September 30, 1996): 1721–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668091721.

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The pulp and paper industry in Canada contributes significant effluent discharges to surface and marine waters. Chlorine and chlorine compounds are used in the bleaching of pulp. A large number of organochlorine chemicals of widely differing properties are, or have been, produced from this bleaching. These range from the highly hydrophobic, persistent and bioaccumulative toxic substances, such as 2,3,7,8-TCDD, to the higher molecular weight, non-hydrophobic material usually characterized by absorbable organic halogen. Chlorine dioxide and chlorine react with lignin by different chemical processes and produce different organochlorine products. Use of molecular chlorine as a bleaching agent results in the formation and release of chlorinated organic compounds, sometimes at concentrations that present an unacceptable risk to the receiving environment and the food chain. Alternatives to the use of molecular chlorine, such as chlorine dioxide, result in reductions in the quantities of organochlorines produced, and the degree of chlorine substitution in the organochlorines formed. This, in turn, leads to reduced persistence, reduced potential for bioaccumulation and food chain transfer, reduced toxicity and reductions in adverse ecological effects. However, sufficient evidence exists from responses observed at non-bleached mills to show that other (probably non-halogenated) compounds are released or formed during the production of pulp and cause responses such as induction of MFOs, changes in hormone levels, and reproductive effects.

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Wong, Siu-Kay, and Wai-On Lee. "Survey of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Milk in Hong Kong (1993–1995)." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 80, no. 6 (November 1, 1997): 1332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/80.6.1332.

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Abstract A survey was conducted from 1993 through 1995 to monitor organochlorine pesticides and their metabolite residues in milk available in local Hong Kong markets. Of 252 samples analyzed, including pasteurized milk, fresh milk, and raw milk, 42 contained organochloride pesticide residues at levels exceeding the Extraneous Maximum Residue Limits of the Codex Committee on Pesticide Residues. DDE and HCH isomer levels were substantially higher than those found in a 1984–1987 survey, probably because the source of cow’s milk has shifted from local dairy industries to mainland China over the past decade. Although organochlorine pesticides such as DDT and HCH have been banned in China since 1983, residues of such compounds may still persist in the environment and cause contamination through the food chain.

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Kožul, Darija, and SnjeŽana Romanić. "Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Pine Needles." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 58, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 461–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10004-007-0039-x.

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Analysis of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organochlorine Pesticides in Pine NeedlesThis paper presents a review of methods for the analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in pine needles. These compounds are lipophilic, they accumulate in the biotic and abiotic part of the environment in which they are persistent, and their use is forbidden or restricted due to harmful effects on human and animal health. Pine needles are convenient for monitoring the levels of organochlorine compounds in the air because they accumulate them in wax with which they are covered. However, the presence of many other compounds makes them complex for analysis. Analytical methods for determining organochlorine compounds in pine needles include sample collection, extraction of compounds with a suitable solvent, extract clean-up from unwanted compounds and qualitative and quantitative analysis. PCBs and OCPs are present in pine needles in traces, and every part of the analytical procedure has to be as efficient and selective as possible.

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Sboev, A. S., and Christina V. Romanenko. "Analysis of the impact of organochlorine compounds contained in the water network of the domestic water supply on the health of population in cities of the Perm Krai." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 1 (October 28, 2019): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-1-14-17.

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The article presents the analysis of the impact of drinking water organochlorine compounds on the population health (Perm region). Results of the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risk assessment for population of the city of Perm and the Perm region under the chronic oral exposure of organochlorine compounds in drinking water are presented. Real concentrations of organochlorine compounds in drinking water were determined to be potent of emerging an unacceptable risk of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, hormone system, excretory system, central nervous system and the blood system. According to the results of epidemiological studies there was established the statistically significant relation between the consumption of water containing organochlorine compounds and the development of diseases of the digestive system, endocrine system, central nervous system, and excretory system.

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Martin, Dan B., and William A. Hartman. "Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sediment and Fish from Wetlands in the North Central United States." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 4 (July 1, 1985): 712–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.4.712.

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Abstract Sediment samples collected in 1980-1982 from riverine and pothole wetlands at 17 locations in the north central United States were analyzed for organochlorine pesticides, certain of their metabolites, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Concentrations were above minimum detection levels (5 ng/g of organochlorines and 20 ng/g of PCBs) in less than 4% of the samples taken. Fish samples taken at 9 of these 17 locations, and analyzed for the same compounds, showed a higher frequency of detectable contaminants. The most common compound found in fish was DDE, which was found in 51% of the samples at levels up to 512 ng/g. a-BHC was present at concentrations of 5 to 27 ng/g in 36% of the fish samples, and DDD was found at levels of 5 to 60 ng/g in 14%. Four other compounds, DDT, dieldrin, PCB, and Ira/ts-nonachlor, were detected in fish at relatively low concentrations in less than 10% of the samples. This survey, thus, indicated little contamination by organochlorine pesticides or PCBs in the wetland habitats of this region.

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Paasivirta, Jaakko. "Organochlorine Compounds in the Environment." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 2 (February 1, 1988): 119–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0052.

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Recent pollution by organochlorine compounds (OCs) has been found to cause ecological damage, initially by causing declining populations. Poisoning of animals having high OC levels was often found to be similar to poisoning of man and animals in dioxin accidents. Dioxin toxicity has been shown to occur from structural binding of the toxin to a cytosolic receptor, and this action has been extended to many planar and coplanar aromatic OCs which are released into the environment from pesticide uses, dumping of chlorophenol wastes, chlorobleaching of pulp, chlorodisinfection of water, and combustion of OCs or chloride-containing materials. More efficient combustion has been developed to restrict OC emissions. Recent analyses of wildlife samples have shown that certain planar or coplanar aromatic chlorohydrocarbons and ethers, instead of the notorious polychlorinated dibenzo dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), could be the most important receptor-specific environmental toxins. Despite the fact that the pollution of the aquatic ecosystem by the forest industry in many areas is decreasing due to improved processes and treatment plants, organochlorine bleaching products still appear to have importance due to harmful discharges, especially since they still cause taste problems in seafood due to the bioaccumulation of chloroanisoles and chloroveratroles.

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Corrigan, FM, M. French, and L. Murray. "Organochlorine compounds in human brain." Human & Experimental Toxicology 15, no. 3 (March 1996): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719601500314.

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Having observed polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in brain tissue obtained post mortem from two men we have carried out a study of organochlorine compounds in frontal cortex from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and from controls. No PCBs were found in any of those samples. There was no difference in the concentra tion of the DDT metabolite pp'-DDE in the PD brain samples. Dieldrin (HEOD) was significantly decreased in PD brain when analysed by lipid weight. While these findings would not support the hypothesis that PCBs may contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease in humans it remains possible that they may cause damage to the basal ganglia before being displaced from brain tissue.

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Lapushkin, Maxim, Natalia Lukyanova, and Galina Vasilyeva. "Phytoremediation as a method of recultivation of lands contaminated with organochlorine compounds." Melioration and Water Management 2021, no. 4 (January 28, 2022): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32962/0235-2524-2021-4-35-41.

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Land contamination by organochlorine pollutants is widespread on the territory of the Russian Federation. In many cases, such pollution is of a historical nature, resulting from past human activities. This is the pollution of agricultural land with organochlorine pesticides, as well as the pollution of industrial lands and settlements with polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins as well as organochlorine solvents. For reclamation of those lands, appropriate methods and technologies are required. This article is devoted to a review of phytoremediation methods for lands contaminated with organochlorine pollutants. The article describes the main mechanisms of phytoremediation and gives examples of using these methods for the reclamation of those lands.

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Scanes, Peter R. "Uptake and depuration of organochlorine compounds in Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea commercialis)." Marine and Freshwater Research 48, no. 1 (1997): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf96043.

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Field experiments were done to determine the rates of uptake and depuration of chlordane, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide, PCBs, DDT, DDD and DDE in Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea commercialis). Oysters from a clean source were placed in a contaminated location and concentrations of organochlorines determined in samples collected at a number of times during the deployment. After 209 days (which was long enough for equilibrium to have been reached), the oysters were moved to an uncontaminated location and concentrations of the compounds were determined at various times. Mean weight of the oysters changed during the study, but not in any consistent manner. Mean content of lipids did not change significantly during the study. Detectable concentrations of all organochlorines were present after 3 days. Times to equilibrium and biological half-lives were calculated using kinetic models. Generally, rates of depuration were of the same order, but slower, than rates of uptake. There was a strong correlation between percentage lipid and organochlorine concentration, but little difference in times to equilibrium and biological half-lives derived from concentrations per wet weight and those per weight of lipid. The experiments show that times to equilibrium for each compound differ and that this should be taken into account when designing a programme to monitor these compounds.

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Ballschmiter, K. "Persistent, Ecotoxic and Bioaccumulative Compounds and their Possible Environmental Effects." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, no. 9 (September 30, 1996): 1771–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668091771.

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The relationship between physicochemical properties, environmental distribution and effects of organochlorine compounds as a major class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are discussed. The environmental fate of a compound includes its transport and dispersion in the environment as well as its accumulation and transformation in defined environmental compartments. Accumulation and transformation as the result of environmental distribution may have long-term consequences; this is indicated by the ultimate accumulation and long-term bioactivity of several widely spread organochlorines, and is clearly evident in the decomposition of chlorofluorocarbons in the stratosphere.Depending on the order of trophic levelsbiomagnifiaction factors of 10,000 up to 100,000 are encountered for persistentsemivolatile organochlorines such as 4,4'-DDE, PCB congeners or some Toxapheneconstituents. Mammals show intra-species pollutant transfer during thelactation period. While the mother animal is partly depleting its bodyburden, the calve accumulates in a critical period of its life via themilk a concentrated input of persistent organochlorines. A similar depletionphenomenon is also found for fish and crustacean which enrich in the eggsa substantial part of the accumulated body burden of the female.The air skimming of semivolatiles by plantsurfaces leads to surprisingly high levels of pollutants in the uppersoil layers of forests that otherwise would be considered pristine interms of human activities.

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Pavlycheva, M. N., and E. V. Zhmaeva. "Application of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry to Determine the Organochlorine Compounds Content in Chemical Reagents." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 636, no. 2 (2023): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2023-636-2-38-43.

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The possibilities of gas chromatography mass spectrometry for determining of organochlorine compounds content in chemical reagents are shown . The optimal operating conditions of the chromato mass spectrometer and the optimal solvent for extraction- isooctane were selected using the example of organochlorine compounds ( model mixture analysis. Calibration curves were constructed for each individual organochlorine compound at selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Different approaches to sample preparation based on dilution and/or extraction are proposed depending on the physico-chemical characteristics of chemical reagents. For the analysis of chemical reagents having a strong hydrocarbon background in the full ion current scanning mode, the identification of organochlorine compounds and subsequent quantitative determination were carried out by using mass fragmentograms. To estimate the efficiency of the technique, the completeness of extraction was assessed by adding a so-called "marker" to the working sample and evaluating the results by the value of the extraction degree.

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Sergeyev, Oleg, Jane S. Burns, Paige L. Williams, Susan A. Korrick, Mary M. Lee, Boris Revich, and Russ Hauser. "The association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorine chemicals and blood lead with growth and pubertal development in a longitudinal cohort of boys: a review of published results from the Russian Children’s Study." Reviews on Environmental Health 32, no. 1-2 (March 1, 2017): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2016-0052.

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Abstract Organochlorine chemicals and lead are environmental exposures that have endocrine disrupting properties (EDCs) which interfere with many aspects of hormone action. Childhood and adolescence are windows of susceptibility for adverse health effects of EDCs. Our ongoing study, the Russian Children’s Study (RCS), is one of the few longitudinal studies investigating the impact of EDCs on growth and puberty in boys. It is conducted in the historically contaminated city of Chapaevsk, in the Samara region. The study focuses on evaluating the associations of persistent organochlorine chemicals and lead with growth and pubertal timing. At enrollment in 2003–2005, we collected blood from 516 boys at ages 8–9 years to measure dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorinated pesticides and lead. At enrollment and at annual visits through the ages of 18–19 years, a physician performed physical examinations that included pubertal staging and testicular volume measurements. We review the history of Chapaevsk as a research site and summarize published RCS data on the association of peripubertal serum concentrations of organochlorines and blood lead levels with growth, pubertal onset and sexual maturity. Overall, we found that persistent organochlorines and lead negatively affected growth during puberty. Our results also suggest that total toxic equivalents (TEQs), dioxin-like compounds, organochlorine pesticides and lead may delay, while nondioxin-like-PCBs may advance, the timing of male puberty. These findings promoted remediation programs in Chapaevsk, with improvement in health indicators, resulting in Chapaevsk being designated a member of the World Health Organization (WHO) network “Healthy Cities” in 2015.

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Swain, S. K., N. Kaur, B. D. Banerjee, K. Thamineni, and T. Sharma. "Organochlorine Pesticides Exposure as a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer in Young Women: A Case Control Study." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 7s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.76300.

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Background: Young women (< 40 years) constitutes about 10%–25% of total breast cancer cases in south-Asian women and an increase in incidence rates have been noted in the recent past. It is higher compared with their western counterparts, where rates of 5%–10% are reported. Younger women usually present with more aggressive tumor and poorer prognosis, suggesting that breast cancer in young women represents a distinct entity. Exposure to environmental estrogens such as organochlorine compounds in pesticides and industrial chemical has been proposed to be a risk factor for breast cancer. There is rampant use of pesticides in farming in south-Asian countries. However the associations between organochlorine compounds and breast cancer risk, reported in different studies has been inconsistent. Hence this study was planned with the objectives to assess the serum levels of organochlorine compound and the presence of other risk factors in north Indian population of young women diagnosed with breast cancer. Aim: To assess the serum level of organochlorine compounds and the other risk factors in north-Indian population of young women diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods: This case control study was conducted at UCMS & GTB Hospital, Delhi, India in 42 patients of breast cancer ≤ 40 years age and 42 age-matched-controls. The study subjects were evaluated for various known risk factors such as family history of breast or ovarian cancer, age of menarche, number of pregnancies and abortions, duration of breast feeding, oral contraceptive intake, obesity, benign breast disease & biopsy, etc. Study subjects were also evaluated for exposure to environmental pollutants by performing of assays of twelve different organochloride pesticides in their blood samples. Genetic analysis also done to look for polymorphisms of genes: BRCA1 at Q365R, BRCA2 at 6174delT and p53 at 216 location. Results: Significant association was seen between serum level of β- HCH, heptachlor, dieldrin, p,p'-DDE and risk of breast cancer in young women in our patient population. Significant association was also found between early age of menarche, obesity, BRCA 2 and p53 gene polymorphism as risk factors for breast cancer. Conclusion: Exposure to organochlorine pesticides could be an important modifiable risk factor, responsible for an increase in the rates of breast cancer in younger women. Polymorphism of p53 at 216 location & BRCA2 at 6174delT could be independent susceptibility marker in younger women with breast cancer. Larger studies are required to validate these results.

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Miller, Michael A. "Maternal Transfer of Organochlorine Compounds in Salmonines to Their Eggs." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50, no. 7 (July 1, 1993): 1405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f93-161.

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To investigate relationships between the concentrations of lipophilic organochlorine compounds in salmonine fish and their eggs and the role of lipids in maternal transfer of these compounds, muscle tissue and fertilized eggs from chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) were analyzed using gas chromatography. The concentrations of organochlorine compounds in the muscle tissue of the gravid fish were significantly correlated with the concentration of these compounds in the eggs (P < 0.01). Egg lipid concentrations were species specific, poorly correlated with muscle tissue lipid concentration, and did not appear to influence organochlorine compound transfer to the eggs. Total concentrations of PCBs and p,p′-DDE concentrations in chinook salmon eggs and total concentrations of PCBs, p,p′-DDE, and dieldrin in lake trout eggs were significantly correlated with the concentrations of these compounds in the muscle tissue of the gravid fish. Consequently, spatial differences or temporal changes in the concentrations of lipophilic compounds in chinook salmon or lake trout may significantly influence the concentrations of these compounds in their eggs.

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Tatsukawa, Ryo. "Organochlorine compounds in the marine environment." Japan journal of water pollution research 11, no. 3 (1988): 148–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jswe1978.11.148.

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Simonich, S., and R. Hites. "Global distribution of persistent organochlorine compounds." Science 269, no. 5232 (September 29, 1995): 1851–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.7569923.

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Mendez, M. A., and Lenore Arab. "Organochlorine compounds and breast cancer risk." Pure and Applied Chemistry 75, no. 11-12 (January 1, 2003): 1973–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200375111973.

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A number of epidemiologic studies on organochlorines (OCs) and breast cancer risk have been published. The majority (n = 18) measured OCs in adipose tissue, primarily from mammary biopsies in cancer cases and controls with benign breast disease, and studied incident disease. Seven of these studies each included fewer than 50 cases and controls and had limited capacity for covariate adjustment. Eleven studies used serum samples collected from 6 months to 25 years prior to diagnosis. An additional 13 studies (2 with some overlap) used serum collected at or after diagnosis. Regardless of the medium used to measure OC levels, studies conducted to date do not provide consistent evidence that any of the OCs examined thus far play a role in the initial breast cancer risk. This paper provides a compound specific review with discussion of how the lack of evidence for adverse effects might be explained by factors related to study design, or by variation in risk across subgroups. The sum of the evidence does not implicate any OC compound as significantly related to risk of occurrence of breast cancer. The evidence base is greatest for dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE). Limited research has been done on individual polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their isomers. The studies of OC exposure reflect current exposure levels of chemicals banned as long ago as 20 years. Although the information is extremely limited and not without major design flaws, the association between OCs and disease severity and progression is interesting and worthy of further examination. More studies are needed on OCs other than DDTs in developing countries where use is more recent or continuing, especially given that most estrogenic OCs are not persistent. It is possible that other pathways may be involved, including activity related to cytochrome P450 (CYP) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST); there is limited research to date on this hypothesis. In developed countries, a body mass index (BMI)/weight loss model may warrant further analysis, perhaps using existing data. OC exposures cannot reliably be related to trends in breast cancer incidence, as other known risk factors for breast cancer, such as childbearing and lactation, have changed along with OC residues during this timeframe. Changes in screening and treatment over time also complicate making such links. Ecologic data relating high-exposure countries to high breast cancer mortality rates do not suggest a strong link. Breast cancer rates are not generally higher in parts of the world with high DDE levels. Countries with relatively similar levels of PCBs, such as Great Britain and Japan, have very different breast cancer rates. As OCs are present in the environment as mixtures of correlated isomers and metabolites, it may be difficult to distinguish possible causal links from associations in which measured compounds are merely markers of other underlying exposures. For highly correlated compounds, traditional adjustment strategies may not be feasible. More complex analytical strategies may help to isolate potentially relevant isomers.

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Haimi, Jari, Janne Salminen, Veikko Huhta, Juha Knuutinen, and Helena Palm. "Bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in earthworms." Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24, no. 12 (December 1992): 1699–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-0717(92)90172-t.

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Gladen, Beth C., Zoreslava A. Shkiryak-Nyzhnyk, Nataliya Chyslovska, Tamara D. Zadorozhnaja, and Ruth E. Little. "Persistent Organochlorine Compounds and Birth Weight." Annals of Epidemiology 13, no. 3 (March 2003): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1047-2797(02)00268-5.

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Bentabol, Antonio, and Manuela Jodral. "Determination of Organochlorine Pesticides in Cheese." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1995): 94–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/78.1.94.

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Abstract A multiresidue technique was developed for the analysis of 17 organochlorine compounds in cheese: α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, chlordane, o,p′-…(o,p′-DDT), p,p′-DDT, o,p′-…(o,p’-DDD), p,p′-DDD, o,p’-… (o,p′-DDE), p,p′-DDE, and the fungicide hexachlo-robenzene. In this technique, the fat, previously extracted from the cheeses, was subjected to 2 cleanup and extraction methods: with H2SO4, for acid-resistant organochlorine pesticides, and with KOH-ethanol. The behavior of the compounds in both treatments enabled us to identify the organochlorine pesticides in cheese. The precision (repeatability and reproducibility) and accuracy of the technique were validated.

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Sharma, Khushi, Curi Singh, Himanshu Yadav, Ravi Kumar, and Suneet Verma. "Organochlorine pesticides application, xenobiotic metabolizing gene polymorphism and incidences of cancers in India: a review." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 11, no. 4 (March 29, 2023): 1392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20230899.

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Excessive application of pesticides on crops has been noticed to gain maximum yield. It results in heavy damage to human health as well as environment. Pesticides application beyond permissible limit has detrimental effects on ecosystem. Organochlorine compounds are widely used as pest controller. These are considered as substantial environmental pollutant and carcinogens due to their extensive environmental release. There are sufficient numbers of studies that supports positive co-relation of organochlorine pesticides with cancer. To evaluate these detrimental effects on human health we have reviewed various studies and concluded the positive co-relation of organochloro compounds with cancers. In this study, the altered metabolism effects of organochlorine pesticides on cytochrome P450 enzyme have been observed.

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Gazrati, I. B., N. Z. Vansinvin, A. N. Nefedov, A. K. Akurpekova, and A. Z. Abilmagzhanov. "Study of the Rate of Corrosion of Steel 20 in the Presence of Increased Content of Organic Chlorinous Compounds in Oil." Journal of Applied Solution Chemistry and Modeling 11 (February 21, 2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-5030.2022.11.01.

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The paper presents data on the corrosion rate of steel 20 in the presence of organochlorine compounds in the oil. It is shown that with an increase in the concentration of organochlorine compounds, the corrosion rate of steel increases. It was found that with the addition of an inhibitor at CCl4 concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05%, the corrosion rate decreases, while at a CCl4 concentration of 0.03%, the corrosion rate does not change.

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Kafoumba, BAMBA, MASSAPIHANHORO Ouattara Pierre, KONE Mamadou Guy-Richard, EHOUMAN Ahissan Donatien, NGUESSAN Nobel Kouakou, and ZIAO Nahossé. "Predictive study of the Bioconcentration of Organochlorine Compounds by a QSPR Model." SDRP Journal of Computational Chemistry & Molecular Modelling 4, no. 3 (2020): 403–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25177/jccmm.4.3.ra.10615.

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Houghton, Donna L., and Leonard Ritter. "Organochlorine Residues and Risk of Breast Cancer." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 14, no. 2 (April 1995): 71–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915819509008683.

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Considerable attention has recently been focused on the possible role of estrogenic compounds as etiologic agents in the development of human breast cancer. This review summarizes data from relevant laboratory and epidemiological studies to assess the hypothesis that exposure to organochlo-rines, and specifically 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT), increases breast cancer risk. Organochlorine compounds, including pesticides such as DDT and industrial compounds such as the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), have had a long history of use. In general, these compounds are characterized by their high lipophilicity and environmental persistence. DDT was widely used in agriculture and public health programs from 1943 to 1972, when it was removed from use in the Western world. DDT is still used, however, in many developing nations. The International Agency for Research on Cancer concluded that there was adequate evidence that DDT was carcinogenic in laboratory animals, yet epidemiological evidence has not been compelling. The estrogenic activity of o, p'-DDT has been well characterized; however, the affinity of estrogen receptors for this compound is very weak and reported to be 1/2,000–1/10,000 that of 17β-estradiol. Epidemiologically, some investigators have reported elevated levels of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chloro-phenyl)ethylene, a DDT metabolite, and PCBs in breast adipose tissue and blood serum taken from breast cancer patients when compared with controls, while others have reported the absence of such an association. While the etiology of breast cancer is not fully understood, it is generally recognized that estrogenic compounds may increase the risk of disease. Contemporary human exposure to DDT and other organochlorines is very limited and would likely play an insignificant role when compared with other sources of exposure, such as estrogen replacement therapy and phytoestrogens in food.

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Renaud, Claude B., Klaus L. E. Kaiser, Michael E. Comba, and Janice L. Metcalfe-Smith. "Comparison between lamprey ammocoetes and bivalve molluscs as biomonitors of organochlorine contaminants." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, no. 2 (February 1, 1995): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-028.

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Lamprey ammocoetes were determined to be as suitable as adult bivalve molluscs for monitoring persistent organochlorine contaminants in the freshwater environment. Ammocoetes of four lamprey species and adults of three bivalve mollusc species, collected from the same seven rivers of the St. Lawrence River basin in Québec, were assayed for 21 organochlorine pesticides and for polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners. All organochlorine compounds assayed were detected in one or more of the 15 lamprey samples whereas Aldrin, β-BHC, and PCB congeners 1, 3, 12(13), 29, 54, 189, 191, and 199 were not detected in any of the nine bivalve samples. Nine pesticides (Aldrin, Dieldrin, γ-BHC, α-Chlordane, γ-Chlordane, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDT, and a-Endosulfan) had higher concentrations in the lampreys. PCB congeners 167(185) and 209 had higher concentrations in bivalves. PCBs accounted for 96.6–99.4% of the organochlorine lipid burden in bivalves, but only 33.4–76.8% in lampreys. On average, ammocoetes had 44 times more lipids per body dry weight than did bivalves. The differences observed in concentrations and types of organochlorine compounds found in the two taxa may be due to differences in the amounts (observed) and types (postulated) of body lipids they each possess.

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Miller, V. K., D. V. Marochkin, Yu G. Noskov, and G. A. Korneeva. "The Origin of Chlororganic Compounds in Crude Oil and Oil Fractions." Oil and Gas Technologies 131, no. 6 (2020): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/1815-2600-2020-131-6-3-10.

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In this review, published information on the nature and molecular compositions of organochlorine compounds (OCCs), which are found in crude oil and in its refined products, is systematized. The native and added OCCs are reviewed. The formers are concentrated predominantly in high molecular weight resinous-asphaltene substances of crude oil, the latter’s, referred to as light organochlorine compounds, are present in the gasoline fractions. The following chemicals that are used for oil production are regarded as possible sources of OCCs: inhibited hydrochloric acid, acid compounds; organic solvents of asphalt-resin-paraffin deposits, organic solvents served for oil production stimulation, and possible products of a mutual solvent chlorination with hydrochloric acid.

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van Tonder, J. J., M. Gulumian, A. D. Cromarty, and V. Steenkamp. "In vitro effect of N-acetylcysteine on hepatocyte injury caused by dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites." Human & Experimental Toxicology 33, no. 1 (April 24, 2013): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327113482954.

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The organochlorine pesticide, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), is still used to combat the spread of malaria in several developing countries despite its accumulation and known hepatotoxic effects that have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a recognized hepatoprotective agent that has been reported to reduce hepatotoxicity initiated by many different compounds. The aim of this study was to determine whether NAC could counter in vitro hepatocyte injury induced by DDT or its two major metabolites, dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. HepG2 cell cultures were used to assess the following parameters of toxicity: cellular viability, intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential and initiation of apoptosis. None of the three test compounds induced ROS generation, yet exposure to any of the three compounds produced mitochondrial hyperpolarization, which was countered by NAC pretreatment. All three test compounds also induced apoptotic cell death, which was inhibited by NAC. Despite NAC counteracting some adverse intracellular changes due to organochlorine exposure, it appeared to aggravate the cytotoxic effects of the organochlorine compounds at low test concentrations. As the same outcome may also occur in vivo, results from the present study raise concern about the use of NAC as treatment for DDT-induced hepatotoxicity.

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Karmaus, W. "Regarding “Persistent Organochlorine Compounds and Birth Weight”." Annals of Epidemiology 14, no. 2 (February 2004): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2003.08.007.

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Surov, A. V., D. I. Subbotin, V. E. Popov, S. D. Popov, A. I. Litvyikova, Gh V. Nakonechniy, E. O. Serba, and N. V. Obraztsov. "Thermal steam plasma decomposition of organochlorine compounds." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 927 (November 2017): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/927/1/012060.

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Herceg Romanić, Snježana, and Darija Klinčić. "Organochlorine Compounds in Pine Needles from Croatia." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 88, no. 6 (March 20, 2012): 838–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0575-1.

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Makoś-Chełstowska, Patrycja, Edyta Słupek, and Jacek Gębicki. "Deep eutectic solvent-based green absorbents for the effective removal of volatile organochlorine compounds from biogas." Green Chemistry 23, no. 13 (2021): 4814–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01735g.

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Parshutina, A. A., A. A. Solovyova, L. P. Satyukova, E. G. Shubina, and A. I. Grudev. "ANALYSIS OF CHLORORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN FODDER FOR BROILERCHICKENS BY THE METHOD OF GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH MASSSPECTROMETER DETECTOR." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 2 (2020): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.202002013.

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The article shows the importance of the study of feed for broiler chickens on the content of organochlorine pesticides. These substances in significant concentrations can disrupt the development of birds and cause mass poisoning. The study of formula feed for broiler chickens «prestart» and «start» by two methodswas conducted: a certified method for the determination of organochlorine pesticides in feed and formula feed (thin layer chromatography) and a method for detecting pesticides not certified for feed (gas-liquid chromatography with mass spectrometer detector). During the experiment, the presence of organochlorine pesticides in several formulafeed samples was revealed.

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Manuylov, Viktor, Nikita Teplyashin, Nikolay Korchevin, and Igor' Rozencveyg. "NEW METHOD FOR OBTAINING PYRIDAZINE FROM WASTE ORGANOCHLORINEPRODUCTIONS." Modern Technologies and Scientific and Technological Progress 2024, no. 1 (April 22, 2024): 52–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36629/2686-9896-2024-1-52-53.

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43

HernÁndez, Felix HernÁndez, Francisco J. LÓpez Benet, Julio Medina Escriche, and Juan C. BarberÁ Ubeda. "Sulfuric Acid Cleanup and KOH-Ethanol Treatment for Confirmation of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Application to Wastewater Samples." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 4 (July 1, 1987): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.2.727.

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Abstract The efficacy of sulfuric acid cleanup and KOH-ethanol hydrolysis confirmation was studied for 22 organochlorine pesticides and 2 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Mean recoveries for different treatment times are given. The method was applied to analysis of several wastewater samples by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Organochlorine compounds were extracted by using separatory funnels and 15% diethyl ether in hexane as extractant. All the compounds studied could be analyzed except trifluralin, dichloran, dieldrin, and endrin, which were destroyed after treatment with concentrated H2S04. The pesticides found most commonly in the samples analyzed were fenson, tetradifon, lindane, methoxychlor, and dicofol.

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HernÁndez, Felix HernÁndez, Francisco J. López Benet, Julio Medina Escriche, and Juan C. Barberá Ubeda. "Sulfuric Acid Cleanup and KOH-Ethanol Treatment for Confirmation of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls: Application to Wastewater Samples." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 70, no. 4 (July 1, 1987): 727–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/70.4.727.

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Abstract The efficacy of sulfuric acid cleanup and KOH-ethanol hydrolysis confirmation was studied for 22 organochlorine pesticides and 2 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Mean recoveries for different treatment times are given. The method was applied to analysis of several wastewater samples by gas chromatography with electron capture detection. Organochlorine compounds were extracted by using separatory funnels and 15% diethyl ether in hexane as extractant. All the compounds studied could be analyzed except trifluralin, dichloran, dieldrin, and endrin, which were destroyed after treatment with concentrated H2S04. The pesticides found most commonly in the samples analyzed were fenson, tetradifon, lindane, methoxychlor, and dicofol.

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Gheidarloo, Mahshid, Roya Kelishadi, Silva Hovsepian, Mojtaba Keikha, and Mahin Hashemipour. "The association between prenatal exposure to organochlorine compounds and neonatal thyroid hormone levels: a systematic review." Journal of Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism 33, no. 1 (January 28, 2020): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jpem-2019-0336.

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AbstractIn this systematic review, the association between prenatal exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and neonatal thyroid hormone levels was studied. A systematic search of scientific literature was performed from the PubMed, SCOPUS and ISI web of science electronic bibliographic databases. The search strategy for the review was [(organochlorine OR “organochlorine pesticides” OR “organochlorine pollutants” OR “organochlorine pollutant”) AND (“thyroid hormone” OR triiodothyronine OR Thyroxine OR “fetal thyroid function” OR “thyroid function” OR “Thyroid Stimulating Hormone” AND “prenatal” AND “maternal exposure”)] in English sources. In this review, 305 papers (PubMed: 30; Scopus: 29; ISI: 246) were identified through an electronic database search. Twenty-seven articles were assessed for eligibility, from which 16 qualified articles were selected for the final evaluation. The most common OCP metabolites which were evaluated in order were hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (13 studies), pp-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (pp-DDE) (13 studies), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) (10 studies) and dichlorodiphenyltrichlorethane (DDT) (eight studies). A review of the documents related to the association of prenatal exposure of OCPs with fetal or neonatal thyroid function tests provides us with heterogeneous data in this field. Factors such as differences in the studied populations and their area, ethnic and genetic background, time and rate of exposure, possible interaction of other thyroid-disrupting environmental factors and dietary intake of micronutrients such as iodine and/or selenium are considered the main limitations for making an accurate conclusion. For some OCPs including DDT, DDE, HCH and HCB, there are supporting evidences, and it is suggested that their exposure could potentially alter the fetal thyroid function and consequently impair the neurodevelopment process of the infants.

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Yuen, Pong Kau, and Cheng Man Diana Lau. "Using Buswell’s Equation to Count Quantity of Biomethane in Organochlorine Compounds." International Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 2 (October 16, 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijc.v15n2p34.

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Anaerobic digestion is a sustainable technology used in waste treatment and bioenergy production. It is chemically represented by the Buswell’s equation which is a significant model for counting theoretical quantity of biomethane. Although pure organic degradable substances or mixtures have been well studied by using Buswell’s equation, organochlorine compounds have not yet been explored. This article has three purposes. First, a new general Buswell’s equation for organochlorine compounds is deducted. Second, the impact of chlorine element in agricultural wastes on quantity of biomethane is studied. Third, the mathematical relationships among quantity of biomethane, theoretical biochemical methane potential, and biodegradability index are explored.

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García-Alonso, Susana, Luis Vicente Gómez-López, and Rosa María Pérez-Pastor. "Optimizing a simple procedure to determine organochlorine compounds in sediment samples: practical considerations." Analytical Methods 11, no. 45 (2019): 5810–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ay01389j.

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Ibrahim, A., M. S. Syawal, A. N. Ardiwinata, E. Supriyono, I. Taufik, and G. P. Yoga. "Occurrence of organochlorine residues in surface water and mussel Corbicula sumatrana from Lake Singkarak, West Sumatera." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1118, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012054. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1118/1/012054.

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Abstract Organochlorine is a synthetic pesticide that has been banned in many countries because of its high persistence in the environment and can accumulate in animals. The goal of our study was to determine the level of organochlorine residues in surface water and in the mussel Corbicula sumatrana of Lake Singkarak. Water and mussel samples were collected from 10 sampling sites of Lake Singkarak, Batu Taba, Sumpur, Guguk Malalo, Ombilin, Tikalak, Sumani, Saniang Baka, Muaro Pingai, Paninggahan, and Tanjung Mutuih, respectively in June 2021. Water and mussel samples were extracted and analyzed with gas chromatography. The result of our study revealed the occurrence of Lindan (7 μg/L) in the surface water of Tikalak, and also Aldrin (3 μg/L) in the surface water of Tikalak, Sumani, and Ombilin. Organochlorine residue compounds were also detected in mussels of five sampling sites (Tikalak, Sumani, Muaro Pingai, Paninggahan, and Tanjung Mutuih). Mussels of Tikalak contain compounds namely Dieldrin, Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), and Endosulfan with levels of 2 μg/kg, 6 μg/kg, and 3 μg/kg, respectively. Dieldrin was also detected at Sumani (2 μg/kg), Muaro Pingai (4 μg/kg), and Paninggahan (10 μg/kg). DDT was also detected at Tanjung Mutuih at a level of 3 μg/kg. Other compounds such as Heptachlor and Endrin were not detected both in surface water and in mussel from all sampling sites studied. The results indicate that organochlorine residue can still be found in the environment, with its level in mussels being higher than in surface water.

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Freguglia, Rosana M. O., Graziela C. R. Moura Andrade, and Valdemar Luiz Tornisielo. "DETERMINATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN HUMAN MILK IN PIRACICABA, SP." Eclética Química Journal 36, no. 4 (October 31, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26850/1678-4618eqj.v36.4.2011.p21-27.

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Worldwide, there is great concern with the issue of bioaccumulation of organochlorine compounds in human milk and their potential impact on health. Breastfeeding is recognized as essential for the proper development and protection of children’s health. In this study, we collected human milk samples from 40 donors in Piracicaba - SP, and analyzed to determine the levels of residues of organochlorine pesticides: hexachlorobenzene (HCB), lindane, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide, o,p’ DDE, a- endosulfan, p,p’ DDE, dieldrin, endrin, b-endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, and methoxychlor. The analysis was performed by solid phase extraction (SPE) and quantification by gas chromatography using electron capture detector (ECD). Residues of organochlorine pesticides were detected in 65% of the donors evaluated.

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Grimalt, Joan O., Pilar Fernandez, and Rosa M. Vilanova. "Trapping of Organochlorine Compounds in High Mountain Lakes." Scientific World JOURNAL 1 (2001): 609–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2001.320.

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High mountain areas have recently been observed to be polluted by organochlorine compounds (OC) despite their isolation. These persistent pollutants arrive at these remote regions through atmospheric transport. However, the mechanisms involving the accumulation of these compounds from the atmospheric pool to the lacustrine systems still need to be elucidated. These mechanisms must be related to the processes involving the transfer of these pollutant from low to high latitudes[1] as described in the global distillation effect[2].

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Journal articles on the topic 'Organochlorine compounds'

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