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Meyer, Randall John. "Catalytic dechlorination." Access restricted to users with UT Austin EID Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3034986.
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Tabellion, Gayle A. "Determination of selected organochlorine compounds in air and water from Youngstown, Ohio /." Connect to online version, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1989/3572.
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Özer, Serdar Sofuoğlu Aysun. "Measurement Of Henry's Law Constant Of Organochlorinated Pesticides/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2005. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/kimyamuh/T000344.pdf.
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Thesis (Master)--İzmir Institute of Technology, İzmir, 2005.Keywords: Organic pollutants, thermodynamic properties, Henry's law constant, Organochlorinated pesticides. Includes bibliographical references (leaves. (leaves. 49-53).
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James, Donny Lawrence. "Biochemical dechlorination of hexachloro-1,3-butadiene /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2009. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100216.212048.
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Fang, Jing. "Prenatal exposure to organochlorine pesticides and its association with birth outcomes." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2019. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/673.
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Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were extensively applied in agriculture, industry and public health programs for decades. Based on the persistence and the lipophilicity of OCPs, these chemicals are ubiquitous in the environment and can be accumulated in fatty tissues of animals through the food chain. Even being restricted for years, OCPs are still detected in human bodies. In this thesis, analytical methods for the determination of OCPs were developed and applied for the analysis of cord serum samples. The evaluation of prenatal exposure to OCPs and its effects on birth outcomes as well as the postnatal growth were investigated. Due to the toxicology and carcinogenesis, biomonitoring of the OCP exposure to human is needed. Therefore, an analytical method with high sensitivity and specificity is required to detect OCPs at trace levels in serum. We compared two data acquisition modes of mass spectrometry (MS), namely selected ion monitoring (SIM) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Higher sensitivity and selectivity were achieved by MRM because the background noise was reduced by lowering the matrix effects. Different ionization techniques, including electron ionization (EI), chemical ionization (CI) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) were evaluated. The EI source is a universal ionization technique available with the MS library for the compound identification. The negative chemical ionization (NCI) is more suitable to analyze compounds with high electronegativity. The novel ionization technique APCI was coupled to gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The APCI source was evaluated by terms of ionization and fragmentation performance. APCI was a soft ionization technique generating molecular ions with high intensity. The selectivity and sensitivity of APCI were comparable or better than the EI source. As one of the largest consumers and producers of OCPs, China has suffered severe OCP pollution. Previous monitoring studies reported detectable levels of OCPs in human bodies. However, studies concerning the prenatal exposure to OCPs in China are limited. Due to the vulnerability of fetuses, the effects of prenatal exposure to OCPs could be more severe than those of adults. We collected cord serum samples during the delivery period in Wuhan, China and measured the OCP concentrations to assess the prenatal exposure by using GC-MS/MS. Compared with other areas in China, the OCP levels in Wuhan were comparable in this population. The identified predominant OCPs were β-HCH and p,p'- DDE, with geometric means of 8.67 and 33.9 ng/g lipid, respectively. Slight positive associations were found between α-HCH and β-HCH, and between o,p′- DDT and p,p′-DDT, which indicated similar exposure source of these chemicals. The obtained results showed that HCH levels were associated with maternal age, body mass index (BMI) before pregnancy, education levels, and passive smoking. Associations between the prenatal exposure of OCPs and birth outcomes were investigated. The sex-specific relationships between the OCP exposure and birth size were indicated. Concentrations of β-HCH were inversely associated with birth weight and ponderal index for boys, while for girls these associations were not significant. Our results suggested that the prenatal exposure to OCPs exerted negative effects on the fetal growth, and precautions should be taken even though the OCP levels were relatively low.
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Jung, Grace Lorena. "Thermal rearrangement of functionalized 6-exo-(1-alkenyl)bicyclo\3.1.0]hex-2-enes application to the total synthesis of (+)-sinularene." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/25806.
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This thesis describes firstly, a study involving the thermal rearrangement of substituted 6-e̲x̲o̲-(1-alkenyl) bicyclo-[3.1.0]hexenes, and secondly, the application of this type of transformation to a total synthesis of (±)-sinularene (1̲2̲5̲).
The 6-e̲x̲o̲-(1-alkenyl)bicyclo[3.1.0]hexenes (1̲8̲7̲, 1̲8̲9̲, 1̲9̲2̲, 1̲9̲4̲, 2̲4̲0̲, 2̲7̲4̲ and 340) were prepared and thermolyzed in sealed tubes to afford the corresponding bicyclo[3.2.1]octa-2,6-dienes (1̲8̲8̲, 1̲9̲0̲, 1̲9̲3̲, 1̲9̲5̲, 2̲4̲1̲, 2̲7̲6̲ and 3̲4̲1̲) in generally excellent yields. With the exception of 1̲9̲0̲, the thermolysis products were subjected to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis to give the respective bicyclo[3.2.1]octenones. From this study, it is clear that a) the Cope rearrangement of substrates, such as 2̲7̲4̲ and 3̲4̲0̲, containing even sterically bulky substituents on the 6-alkenyl side chain presents a viable means of generating
functionalized bicyclo [ 3.2.1] octa-2 , 6-dienes, b) this methodology provides for the placement of synthetically useful functionalities on any of the carbon bridges of the bicyclo-[3.2.1]octane skeleton, and c) the transformations 2̲4̲0̲→2̲4̲1̲ and 2̲7̲4̲→2̲7̲6̲ provide strong evidence for the stereospecificity of the rearrangement process.
In the total synthesis of (±)-sinularene (1̲2̲5̲), the key step involved the thermal rearrangement of 3̲2̲2̲ to afford the bicyclo[3.2.1]octadiene 3̲2̲1̲. The compound 3̲2̲2̲̲ was readily prepared as follows. 1-Lithio-3-methyl-1-butyne was treated with methacrolein to furnish the allylic alcohol 3̲3̲1̲, which was transformed into the ester 3̲3̲2̲ v̲i̲a̲ an orthoester Claisen rearrangement (hot triethyl .orthoacetate, propionic acid). Hydrolysis of the ester 3̲3̲2̲, followed by reaction of the resultant
acid with oxalyl chloride in refluxing hexane gave the corresponding acid chloride 3̲3̲4̲. Treatment of 3̲3̲4̲ with a cold, ethereal solution of diazomethane afforded the diazo ketone 3̲3̲5̲, which in the presence of copper (II) acetoacetonate in refluxing benzene, underwent an intramolecular carbenoid cyclization
to furnish the bicyclic ketone 3̲3̲6̲. Semihydrogenation of 3̲3̲6̲ using Lindlar’s catalyst gave stereoselectively the c̲i̲s̲-alkenyl ketone 3̲3̲7̲. The enone 3̲3̲8̲ was obtained by oxidizing the trimethylsilyl enol ether of 3̲3̲7̲ using palladium (II) acetate in acetonitrile. When the enone 3̲3̲8̲ was treated with lithium divinylcuprate, the two epimeric products 3̲3̲9̲ and 3̲4̲6̲ were obtained in a ratio of 9:1, respectively, and were sus-sequently separated by column chromatography. Trapping the lithium enolate of 3̲3̲9̲ with t̲-butyldimethylsilyl chloride led to the required enol ether 3̲3̲2̲. Thermolysis (220°C, sealed tube) of 3̲3̲2̲ in benzene produced exclusively in 86% yield the desired bicyclic triene 3̲2̲1̲. Subjection of 3̲2̲1̲ to hydroboration
using disiamylborane gave, after oxidative workup, the alcohol 3̲4̲7̲, which on treatment with p̲-toluenesulfonyl chloride in the presence of 4-dimethylaminopyridine, afforded the ketone 3̲4̲9̲. Successive hydrogenation of 3̲4̲9̲ and Wittig olefination of the resultant ketone 2̲8̲0̲ completed the total synthesis of (±)-sinularene (1̲2̲5̲). [formula omitted]Science, Faculty of
Chemistry, Department of
Graduate
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Rylander, Lars. "Dietary exposure to persistent organochlorine compounds and health effects in women and their infants epidemiological studies on birthweight, cancer incidence and mortality /." Lund : Dept. of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, 1997. http://books.google.com/books?id=rgFrAAAAMAAJ.
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Sheehan, Emily Moore. "Time-weighted average solid-phase microextraction (TWA-SPME) for in-planta detection of chlorinated solvents." Diss., Rolla, Mo. : Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009. http://scholarsmine.mst.edu/thesis/pdf/Sheehan_09007dcc8067c9a4.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Missouri University of Science and Technology, 2009.Vita. The entire thesis text is included in file. Title from title screen of thesis/dissertation PDF file (viewed June 16, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-66).
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Waldemer, Rachel H. "Determination of the rate of contaminant oxidations by permanganate : implications for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) /." Full text open access at:, 2004. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,20.
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Yuan, Tao 1968. "Dechlorination of environmentally recalcitrant chlorinated aromatic compounds." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79208.
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Chlorinated aromatic compounds are an important group of compounds. Many of them have been produced in large quantities and they are indispensable to technological and societal benefits. But regulatory agencies have tightened regulations on the use and release of chlorinated aromatic compounds because of the scientific understanding of their toxicity, persistence, behavior in the environment and their potential to cause adverse effects on the ecosystem and human health.Pentachlorophenol (PCP), octachloronaphthalene and decachlorobiphenyl are all highly chlorinated aromatic compounds, of which, PCP has been used mainly as a biocide. Octachloronaphthalene and decachlorobiphenyl don't have practical use, but their congeners have been used widely as chemicals in industry. These compounds are toxic, recalcitrant and bio-accumulated within organisms. As the conventional treatment, incineration of these compounds can cause more serious problems, so that suitable alternatives need to be developed for their detoxification.
When compared with biodegradation or the thermal treatment of these compounds, chemical degradations have several merits. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Hoppe, Sabina, and Frida Thomsen. "Occurrence of organochlorine compounds in a forest bog at Stubbetorp, Kolmården : -Indication for a natural formation?" Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-3321.
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Volatile organochlorine compounds emitted from natural sources can participate in environmentally relevant processes affecting life on Earth, such as stratospheric ozone destruction and warming of the troposphere. The aim of this study was to investigate if forest bogs contribute to the environmental input of naturally produced volatile organochlorine compounds. The concentrations of four different volatile organochlorine compounds were determined in ambient air, rainwater, surface water, and sub-surface water. For chloroform, up to 10-times higher concentrations were detected in the surface water compared to the sub-surface water taken at 40 cm depth. As the concentrations of chloroform in rainwater where almost in the same range as the concentrations in the sub-surface water, a formation of chloroform is suggested in the surface water. The results of this study indicate forest bogs as a possible new natural source for the input of volatile organochlorine into the environment.
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Blévin, Pierre. "Physiological consequences of exposure to perfluoroalkyl substances, organochlorine compounds and mercury in an Arctic breeding seabird." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS023/document.
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A cause d’une anthropisation toujours plus forte des écosystèmes, de plus en plus de menaces pèsent sur la biodiversité. Parmi celles-ci, l’exposition aux contaminants est particulièrement problématique pour les organismes vivants. Emis et utilisés dans les pays industrialisés, ces contaminants hautement persistants dans l’environnement vont gagner les régions polaires puis se bio-accumuler dans les organismes vivants au cours du temps et se bio-amplifier le long du réseau trophique. Ainsi, les oiseaux marins, longévifs et situés dans les maillons supérieurs de la chaine alimentaire, sont particulièrement exposés et vulnérables à une exposition chronique à ces contaminants. A travers une perturbation endocrinienne, ces contaminants vont pouvoir impacter certains mécanismes physiologiques et traits comportementaux, entrainant in fine des conséquences à long-terme sur la fitness des individus et populations. Ma thèse s’articule autour de trois grandes familles de contaminants : i) les composés perfluoroalkylés (PFASs), encore largement utilisés dans plusieurs secteurs industriels et agricoles et en augmentation dans l’environnement ; (ii) les composés organochlorés dits « d’héritage » (OCs), interdits depuis des années mais entrainants toujours des effets délétères sur la biodiversité et (iii) le mercure (Hg), métal lourd non-essentiel ayant une origine à la fois anthropique et naturelle. Basé sur une approche corrélative in natura, je me suis intéressé aux conséquences physiologiques et comportementales d’une exposition chronique à ces trois grandes familles de contaminants présents chez la mouette tridactyle (Rissa tridactyla) de l’Arctique Norvégien (Svalbard) au cours de son cycle reproducteur (depuis l’accouplement jusqu’à l’élevage des poussins). Spécifiquement, j’ai étudié les relations entre ces contaminants et la fertilité (morphologie et motilité des spermatozoïdes), l’expression des signaux sexuels (visuel : coloration des téguments, olfactif : signature chimique), les comportements de soins parentaux (température d’incubation et rotation de l’œuf), le vieillissement cellulaire (longueur des télomères) et la dépense énergétique (métabolisme de base). Je me suis également penché sur de potentiels mécanismes sous-jacents permettant d’expliquer ces relations. Puisque ces mécanismes physiologiques et comportementaux sont fortement impliqués dans la valeur sélective des individus, les possibles conséquences à long terme de cette exposition sur la reproduction et survie des individus sont discutées. Ce travail permet de souligner la forte toxicité de certains composés organochlorés « historiques » (en particulier les chlordanes) et d’apporter de toutes nouvelles connaissances sur la toxicité très mal connue des PFASs chez la faune sauvage. Fait important, ce travail de thèse révèle que les PFASs et les OCs pourraient agir de manière contrastée sur plusieurs mécanismes physiologiques et traits comportementaux. Spécifiquement, une forte exposition à l’oxychlordane, un métabolite du chlordane, pesticide interdit depuis des décennies, est associée à des télomères plus courts, une réduction du métabolisme de base et à une moindre capacité à incuber les œufs. A l’inverse, on observe une élongation des télomères, une augmentation du métabolisme de base et une rotation des œufs accrue chez les individus les plus exposés aux PFASs. Le Hg, au moins en ce qui concerne les paramètres étudiés, ne semble pas jouer un rôle majeur. Cette étude souligne l'importance de tenir compte de plusieurs groupes de contaminants lorsqu'on étudie les conséquences de l'exposition aux contaminants environnementaux chez la faune sauvageDue to increasing human activities, a growing number of threats are challenging the fate of biodiversity. Among them, environmental contamination is particularly concerning for living organisms. Used and released in industrialized countries, these highly persistent contaminants can reach remote areas such as the Arctic ecosystem and will biomagnify though food webs and bioaccumulate in organisms. Long-lived seabirds are located in the upper levels of the food chains and thus particularly exposed and sensitive to a chronic contaminants exposure. Through endocrine disruption, these contaminants can impact physiological mechanisms and behavioural traits, inducing in fine, long-term fitness consequences on individuals and populations. My thesis focuses on three groups of contaminants: (i) poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), still broadly used in a vast array of industrial processes and increasing in the Arctic; (ii) “legacy” organochlorine contaminants (OCs, pesticides and industrial compounds), banned from use but still well present in the Arctic and (iii) mercury (Hg), a non-essential metal coming of both natural and anthropic origins. Based on a correlative approach conducted in natura, I investigated the physiological and behavioural consequences of exposure to these contaminants during the whole breeding cycle (from pre-laying to chick-rearing period) in an Arctic seabird, the black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla) from Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic. Specifically, I examined the relationships between several PFASs, OCs, Hg and fertility (sperm morphology and motility), sexual signaling (visual: integument coloration and olfactory: chemical signature), parental care behaviors (incubation temperature and egg-turning), ageing (telomere length) and energy expenditure (basal metabolic rate). In addition, some potential underlying mechanisms were also studied to better understand the way through which contaminants can be detrimental for kittiwakes. Furthermore, since physiological mechanisms and behavioral traits investigated here are tightly involved in self maintenance and reproduction, possible effects on fitness are then discussed. This PhD work underlines the major role of certain legacy chlorinated organic compounds (e.g. chlordanes) and significantly contributes at documenting the poorly known toxicological consequences of PFASs exposure in wildlife. Importantly, this PhD shows that PFASs and OCs could impact ageing, energy expenditure and some parental care behaviors in a contrasted manner. Specifically, oxychlordane, a metabolite of a banned organochlorine pesticide was associated with decreased telomere length, lowered metabolic rate and reduced ability to incubate the eggs. Conversely, elongated telomere, increased BMR and enhanced egg rotation were observed in birds bearing the highest concentrations of PFASs. Finally, at least for the considered endpoints, Hg appears as a coming minor threat for kittiwakes. This study highlights the importance of considering several groups of contaminants when investigating the consequences of environmental contaminants exposure in wildlife
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Roque, Inês Margarida Ferreira. "The barn owl (Tyto alba) as a biomonitor of environmental contamination with mercury and organochlorine compounds." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20828.
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Numerosos químicos de origem industrial e natural estão a aumentar a nível global, enquanto os seus efeitos de longo-termo permanecem desconhecidos. A coruja-da-torres é um bom bioindicador de poluição ambiental e as suas penas podem ser utilizadas como ferramentas de biomonitorização minimamente invasivas. A variação intra-individual das concentrações de mercúrio pode ser minimizada através do cálculo de uma média a partir de várias penas do indivíduo, independentemente do tipo de pena. Várias penas do mesmo ninho podem ser combinadas para obter uma melhor estimativa da contaminação no território. Penas de indivíduos atropelados são representativas da contaminação ao nível regional. Menor bioacumulação está relacionada com culturas irrigadas e paisagens agrícolas heterogéneas. O habitat parece mediar a transferências de mercúrio do solo para as presas, e da cadeia trófica até à coruja-das-torres. As penas podem ser particularmente úteis para detetar pesticidas organoclorados em desuso, que geralmente ocorrem em concentrações residuais, embora a contaminação externa deva ser avaliada; Summary:
Numerous industrial and natural chemicals are increasing worldwide, while their long-term effects on wildlife and human health remain unknown. Barn owls are good biondicators of environmental pollution and their feathers may be used as minimally invasive monitoring tools. Intra-individual variation in mercury concentrations can be minimized by calculating an average from several feathers from an individual, regardless of feather type. Several feathers from the same nest may be pooled to better represent the average mercury contamination in the territory. Feathers from road-killed barn owls are representative of contamination at a regional level. Lower bioaccumulation in the barn owl is linked with irrigated crops and heterogeneous agricultural landscapes. Habitat seems to mediate the transfer of mercury from the soil to the prey, and along the food web to the barn owl. Feathers may be particularly suitable to detect legacy organochlorine pesticides which generally occur in residual concentrations, but external contamination should be assessed.
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Tauchert, Elias [Verfasser]. "Interactions and photocatalytic reactions of organochlorine compounds at the nanoparticulate TiO2 surface : a FTIR study / Elias Tauchert." Hannover : Technische Informationsbibliothek und Universitätsbibliothek Hannover (TIB), 2012. http://d-nb.info/1022751700/34.
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Severtson, Steven J. "Sorption of 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,5-trichlorophenol by softwood fibers." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5798.
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Shirley, Matt, and n/a. "Characterisation of an 84 kb linear plasmid that encodes DDE cometabolism in Terrabacter sp. strain DDE-1." University of Otago. Department of Microbiology & Immunology, 2006. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20060804.094902.
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DDT, an extremely widely used organochlorine pesticide, was banned in most developed countries more than 30 years ago. However, DDT residues, including 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene (DDE), still persist in the environment and have been identified as priority pollutants due to their toxicity and their ability to bioaccumulate and biomagnify in the food chain. In particular, DDE was long believed to be "enon-biodegradable"e, however some microorganisms have now been isolated that are able to metabolise DDE in pure culture. Terrabacter sp. strain DDE-1 was enriched from a DDT-contaminated agricultural soil from the Canterbury plains and is able to metabolise DDE to 4-chlorobenzoic acid when induced with biphenyl. The primary objective of this study was to identify the gene(s) responsible for Terrabacter sp. strain DDE-1�s ability to metabolise DDE and, in particular, to investigate the hypothesis that DDE-1 degrades DDE cometabolically via a biphenyl degradation pathway. Catabolism of biphenyl by strain DDE-1 was demonstrated, and a biphenyl degradation (bph) gene cluster containing bphDA1A2A3A4BCST genes was identified. The bphDA1A2A3A4BC genes are predicted to encode a biphenyl degradation upper pathway for the degradation of biphenyl to benzoate and cis-2-hydroxypenta-2,4-dienoate and the bphST genes are predicted to encode a two-component signal transduction system involved in regulation of biphenyl catabolism. The bph gene cluster was found to be located on a linear plasmid, designated pBPH1. A plasmid-cured strain (MJ-2) was unable to catabolise both biphenyl and DDE, supporting the hypothesis that strain DDE-1 degrades DDE cometabolically via the biphenyl degradation pathway. Furthermore, preliminary evidence from DDE overlayer agar plate assays suggested that Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying the strain DDE-1 bphA1A2A3A4BC genes is able to catabolise DDE when grown in the presence of biphenyl.
A second objective of this study was to characterise pBPH1. The complete 84,054-bp sequence of the plasmid was determined. Annotation of the DNA sequence data revealed seventy-six ORFs predicted to encode proteins, four pseudogenes, and ten gene fragments. Putative functions were assigned to forty-two of the ORF and pseudogenes. Besides biphenyl catabolism, the major functional classes of the predicted proteins were transposition, regulation, heavy metal transport/resistance, and plasmid maintenance and replication. It was shown that pBPH1 has the terminal structural features of an actinomycete invertron, including terminal proteins and terminal inverted repeats (TIRs). This is the first report detailing the nucleotide sequence and characterisation of a (linear) plasmid from the genus Terrabacter.
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Rosengreen, Sven Albert. "13C and 37Cl characterization of PCE and application to contamination of the Harrison Landfill: Tucson, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2000. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0063_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Chiang, Sheau-Yun. "Reductive dechlorination of chlorinated phenols in methanogenic wetland sediment slurries." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21281.
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De, Blanc Phillip Charles. "Development and demonstration of a biodegradation model for non-aqueous phase liguids in groundwater /." Digital version accessible at:, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.
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Zhang, Yanling. "Hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) and algal derived organic materials (AOM) in drinking reservoirs around the Pearl River Delta Region : effects of chlorination and protecting effects of dietary antioxidants against genotoxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs)." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1403.
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Chen, Nan. "Kinetics of the hydrodechlorination reaction of chlorinated compounds on palladium catalysts." Link to electronic thesis, 2003. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0823103-161859.
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Lui, Yuen Shan. "Formation of disinfection by-products and mutagenicity upon chlorination of algal-derived organic materials." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2010. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1181.
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Burnell, Daniel K. "A groundwater flow and solute transport model of sequential biodegradation of multiple chlorinated solvents in the surficial aquifer, Palm Bay, Florida." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26809.
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Manaca, Maria Nélia Joquim. "Exposure to organochlorine compounds at the aerly stages of DDT use for indoor residual spraying in domestic environments in Manhiça, Mozambique." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/53062.
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Past and present uses of DDT and pyrethroids have led to their incorporation into humans, mainly through the food chain and sometimes by direct exposure.
The present work focuses on establishing the levels of DDT, its analogous compounds (DDE and DDD), and pyrethroids in humans and the human environment in Manhiça, a rural area where they have been used as insecticides for indoor residual spraying (IRS) and insecticide treated nets (ITN) in malaria control programs. Thatch samples from human dwellings, breast milk from pregnant women and cord blood from newborns were analyzed for assessment of the concentration levels of these compounds.
The results showed that DDT and its analogues were already present in humans and dwellings before reintroduction of this insecticide for IRS. As consequence of these applications DDT concentrations increased significantly. The higher proportion of 4,4’-DDT than 4,4’-DDE evidenced that the observed amounts were due to recent applications of this insecticide. Concerning pyrethroids, their presence has been identified in both breast milk and human dwellings showing that both agricultural applications and use for ITN may be responsible for their occurrence in humans and human environments of Manhiça.L’ús en el passat i en temps actuals del DDT i piretroides ha donat lloc a la seva incorporació en els humans, principalment mitjançant la cadena tròfica i a vegades per exposició directa. Aquest treball té com objectiu establir els nivells de DDT i els seus compostos anàlegs (DDE i DDD), i piretroides en humans i l’ambient humà a Manhiça, una àrea rural on aquests s’han utilitzat com insecticides per aplicació interna (indoor residual spraying, IRS) i tractament de xarxes de protección (insecticide treated nets, ITN) en programes de control de la malària. Per a esbrinar els nivells de concentració d’aquests compostos s’analitzaren mostres de palla de cabanes, de llet materna i de sang de cordó de nou nats. Els resultats mostraren que el DDT i els seus compostos anàlegs ja eren presents en humans i cabanes abans de la reintroducció d’aquest insecticida per IRS. L’ús del DDT en aquest programa féu augmentar considerablement les concentracions d’aquest insecticida. La major proporció de 4,4’-DDT que 4,4’-DDE posà de manifest que les quantitats observades corresponien a aplicacions recents d’aquest insecticida. Respecte als piretroides, s’han trobat en mostres de llet materna i cabanes tot mostrant que tant les aplicacions agrícoles com el seu ús en ITN poder esser la causa de la seva presència en els humans i els ambients humans de Manhiça.
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Rodrigue, Jean. "Utilisation du canard de Pékin (Anas platyrhynchos) comme bioindicateur de la contamination du milieu naturel par les substances bioaccumulables." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22796.
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Eighteen-month-old adult female Peking Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos) were placed in the Ottawa, and St. Lawrence rivers for periods varying between 14 and 72 days during the summers of 1987, 1988 and 1989. Two stations located on Lake St. Francis were selected for establishing a time-curve for the accumulation of organochlorine pesticides (OC) and PCB in the liver. The ducks rapidly lost weight during their first 20 days in the natural environment but stabilised after about 40 days. This weight loss was caused by the stress of habitat, change, the energetic costs in searching for food and moulting.There was a rapid increase in the number and concentration of contaminants detected in the livers of ducks exposed to pollutants in the natural environment. The concentrations found were low (99.9% of OC-PCB are under 1 mg/kg wet weight basis). These individuals were generally from 10 to 1000 times more contaminated than the control ducks for 40 days of exposure.
The use of domestic ducks as bioindicators has several advantages. They can be obtained readily and cheaply, and the sex and age of the individuals can be controlled. Since they are not very mobile and therefore are easy to locate, they provide information on the contamination (metals or OC-PCB) of specific sites. The use of Peking ducks has some limitations. There is a need for appropriate habitats to ensure their survival, and there is considerable stress caused by transferring the ducks from the breeding farm to the natural environment, thereby obliging them to search for food and exposing them to predators and poachers. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Mpofu, Christopher. "Assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in fish samples from the Okavango Delta, Botswana." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006707.
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This thesis presents an evaluation of the dispersive solid-phase extraction (d-SPE) method referred to as the quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method for the determination of four organochlorine pesticide residues in fish samples. The pesticides investigated in this study were o, p′-DDT, p, p′-DDE, aldrin and dieldrin. The combined use of Gas Chromatography with an Electron Capture Detector (GC-ECD) and sensitive Time of Flight (TOF) mass detector facilitated the identification of the target analytes. In the absence of certified reference material, the overall analytical procedure was validated by systematic recovery experiments on spiked samples at three levels of 2, 5 and 10 ng/g. The targeted compounds were successfully extracted and their recovery ranged from 76 to 96% with relative standard deviations of less than 13%. The optimum QuEChERS conditions were 2g of fish powder, 10 ml acetonitrile and 1 min shaking time. The optimal conditions were applied to assess the levels of chlorinated pesticides in blunt-tooth catfish (Clarias ngamensis), tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus), Oreochromis andersonii and red-breasted tilapia (Tilapia rendalli) from the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Dieldrin, p, p′-DDE and aldrin were detected in all the analysed samples with a concentration range of 0.04 – 0.29, 0.07 – 0.33, 0.04 – 0.28 and 0.03 – 0.24 ng/g per dry weight in O. andersonii, C. ngamensis, T. rendalli and H. vittatus respectively. These concentrations were below the US-EPA 0.1 μg/g allowable limit in edible fish and the Australian Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) of 50 - 1000 ng/g in fresh fish. DDT was not detected in all the fish species investigated. The mean lipid content recorded in the fish samples were 1.24, 2.16, 2.18 and 4.21% for H. vittatus, T. rendalli, O. andersonni and C. ngamensis respectively. No systematic trend was observed between fish age and pesticide levels in fish. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity assays were performed to assess the effects of organochlorine pesticides in Clarias ngamensis. The enzyme activity recorded in Clarias ngamensis from the Okavango Delta and the reference site was 12.31 μmol of acetylcholine iodide hydrolysed/min/g brain tissue. The enzyme activity remained the same indicating no enzyme inhibition. The conclusions drawn from this study are that the QuEChERS method is applicable for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues in fish matrices. The fish from the Okavango Delta are safe for human consumption.
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Brogdon, Brian N. "Effects of ethanol media on chlorine dioxide and extraction stages for kraft pulp bleaching." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7014.
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Namulanda, Gonza, Mildred Maisonet, Ethel Taylor, W. Dana Flanders, David Olsen, Andreas Sjodin, Judith R. Qualters, John Vena, Kate Northstone, and Luke Naeher. "In Utero Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides and Early Menarche in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/30.
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Introduction
Epidemiologic data supporting the role of organochlorine pesticides in pubertal development are limited.
Methods
Using a nested case-control design, serum collected during pregnancy from mothers of 218 girls who reported menarche before 11.5 years of age (cases) and 230 girls who reported menarche at or after 11.5 years of age (controls) was analyzed for 9 organochlorines and metabolites. We analyzed the association between in utero organochlorine concentrations and early menarche using multivariate logistic regression controlling for mother's age at menarche, or mother's prenatal BMI.
Results
We did not observe an association between in utero exposure to HCB, β-HCH, ϒ-HCH, p,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDE, oxychlordane or trans-nonachlor and early menarche.
Conclusions
This study is the first to examine the association between in utero exposure to HCB, β-HCH, ϒ-HCH, oxychlordane or trans-nonachlor and early menarche. In utero exposure to organochlorine pesticides does not appear to have a role in the timing of menarche in this study.
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Washo, Dawn Llewellyn. "Using membrane interface probe (MIP) to characterize chlorinated volatile organic compounds in glacial sediments." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Kong, Kai Yip. "Risk assessment of organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish collected from fish ponds in the Pearl River Delta." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2004. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/531.
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Santos, Allan Patrick dos. "Determinação de compostos organoclorados e hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos na Lagoa de Carapicuíba - SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-29082007-172436/.
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Em 2002, deu-se início na região metropolitana de São Paulo às obras de alargamento e rebaixamento da calha do rio Tietê, como um instrumento para evitar as periódicas enchentes que acontecem nesta região. O andamento da obra contou com a retirada de grande quantidade de sedimentos, rochas e lixo de dentro do rio e com o depósito deste mesmo material na lagoa de Carapicuíba que deveria ser parcialmente aterrada segundo o projeto que prevê a implantação de um parque público no local. Compostos organoclorados e hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos são classificados como micropoluentes para ecossistemas. Seus impactos sobre o meio ambiente e toxicidade aos seres humanos têm sido amplamente discutidos pela comunidade científica nas últimas décadas. Neste trabalho obtiveram-se dados ambientais referentes ao diagnóstico de organoclorados e hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos em amostras retiradas da lagoa de Carapicuíba. O método de extração dos compostos estudados (gama-BHC, Heptacloro, Aldrin, Heptacloro-epóxido; Benzo(a)pireno, Fluoreno, Naftaleno) dos sedimentos foi realizado por aparelho Soxhlet e de amostras de lixiviados e solubilizados por Extração em Fase Sólida. Uma etapa de \"clean-up\" se mostrou necessária para a remoção de interferentes. Para a identificação de organoclorados e hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos nos extratos de lixiviados e solubilizados foi utilizada a cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massas. Os extratos dos sedimentos foram injetados em um cromatógrafo a gás com detector de captura de elétrons para a identificação e quantificação de organoclorados. A metodologia para extração e quantificação se mostrou satisfatória com índices de recuperação e desvio padrão relativo aceitos internacionalmente. Os valores de concentração dos organoclorados encontrados nos extratos de lixiviados e solubilizados ficaram abaixo do limite de detecção do aparelho. Os valores de concentração de organoclorados encontrados nos extratos dos sedimentos variaram de 9 a 175 µg kg-1. Foram identificados resíduos de hidrocarbonetos poliaromáticos em poucos extratos de lixiviados e solubilizados.In 2002, started the workmanships of widening and deepening of the gutter of the river Tietê in the metropolitan area of Sao Paulo, as a tool to prevent the periodic floods that happen in this region. A large amount of sediment, rocks and garbage have been removed from the river and this same material has been deposited in the lagoa de Carapicuíba, which should be partially filled with earth according to a project that foresees the implement of a public park in the place. Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are classified as micropollutants to the ecosystems. Their impacts on the environment have been widely discussed by the scientific community in the past decades. Environmental data were obtained from the diagnosis of organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in samples of water and sediment from this lagoon. The extraction method of the studied compounds (gama-BHC, Heptachlor, Aldrin, Heptachlor epoxid, Benzo(a)Pirene, Fluorine, Naphatalene) of the sediments has been made by Soxhlet apparatus and Solid Phase Extraction method were used for the leached and solubilizated extracts. A stage of clean-up was necessary to remove substances which could modify results. Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry has been used to identify organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the leached and solubilizated extracts. The extracts of the sediment have been injected in a Gas Chromatograph apparatus with detector of eletron capture for the identification and quantification of organochlorine compounds. The methodology used in the extraction and quantification was considered satisfactory, with recovery indexes and relative standard deviation values internationally accepted. The concentration values of the organochlorines obtained in the leached and solubilizated extracts were under the chromatograph detection limits. The concentration of organoclhorine compounds found in extracts of the sediments values varied from 9 to 175 ?g kg-1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified in few leached and solubilizated extracts.
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Junqué, Martínez Eva 1988. "Vies d'exposició a compostos organoclorats i metalls en infants." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668428.
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En aquest estudi s’avaluen algunes de les vies d’exposició principals a diversos contaminants, concretament als compostos organoclorats (OCs) i metalls traça, en infants. La recerca se centra en tres poblacions localitzades al sud d’Europa: Menorca, Astúries i Tarragona. Aquestes tres cohorts han servit de model poblacional per avaluar l’exposició a través de la dieta, l’exposició ambiental i la transferència mare-nen durant l’embaràs, respectivament.
S’ha realitzat una anàlisi química en més de 600 mostres humanes, concretament en sèrum i orina, i de productes alimentaris per determinar un ampli ventall d’OCs i metalls traça, tot emprant Cromatografia de Gasos amb Detector de Captura d'Electrons (GC-ECD) i Espectrometria de Masses per Plasma d'Acoblament Inductiu (ICP-MS), respectivament.
Els resultats més destacables d’aquesta tesi es descriuen a continuació. La meitat dels peixos capturats al mar Mediterrani han sobrepassat els nivells de mercuri establerts per la Unió Europea pel consum humà. Així mateix, les ingestes estimades de mercuri en la cohort de Menorca també han sobrepassat les ingestes tolerables establertes per l’Autoritat Europea de Seguretat Alimentària (EFSA), essent el peix la principal font d’incorporació d’aquest metall (entorn el 80%). Per contra, les concentracions d’OCs en els aliments han estat molt per sota dels límits establerts. S’ha observat que el pes i el nivell tròfic dels peixos són factors clau per descriure els patrons d’acumulació d’aquests compostos, degut als processos de bioacumulació i biomagnificació.
D’altra banda, els nivells de metalls traça en la població infantil d’Astúries han estat més alts que els trobats en estudis previs, probablement com a conseqüència de l’elevada activitat industrial i minera de la zona. En aquesta cohort, també s’han relacionat les concentracions altes d’arsènic en orina amb el consum de peix, tot i que aquest arsènic està en forma química no tòxica. Tanmateix, s’ha observat una correlació inversament significativa entre els nivells de cobalt en orina i de ferritina en sang. En situacions d’alta demanda de ferro, com en l’època de creixement en la que es troben aquests nens, l’organisme augmenta l’expressió del transportador d’ions divalent DMT1, que també incorpora cobalt. També s’ha observat una concentració de cobalt molt més alta en els nens amb anèmia per dèficit de ferro.
Finalment, a la cohort de Tarragona, s’ha vist per primera vegada un augment significatiu de les concentracions dels OCs en sèrum matern entre el primer trimestre de l’embaràs i el part, probablement degut a una mobilització de les reserves de greix i a l’augment del volum de sang durant aquest període. Els nivells d’OCs mesurats en sang de cordó s’han correlacionat significativament amb les concentracions d’aquests composts en sèrum matern. Aquesta distribució resulta d'una font materna predominant que transfereix els contaminants al fetus. S’ha determinat l’edat i l’índex de massa corporal de les mares com els factors principals que determinen les concentracions d’OCs en el cos humà.
Des d’un punt de vista de salut pública i de la regulació ambiental, cal dedicar una atenció especial a aquests contaminants, per la seva persistència en el medi ambient i facilitat d’incorporar-se al cos humà, particularment mitjançant l’alimentació i la respiració. Tot i que una part dels compostos estudiats estan prohibits o regulats, aquest estudi confirma la presència d’aquests contaminants ja en les primeres etapes de la vida infantil i, per tant, posa de manifest la necessitat d’ampliar la recerca sobre els factors que en determinen la distribució ambiental i exposició humana. Això permetrà millorar la informació disponible a l’hora de millorar la salut de la població des de les accions de la política sanitària.The present research assesses some of the main routes of exposure to various pollutants, specifically organochlorine compounds (OCs) and trace metals, in infants. It focuses on three populations, located in southern Europe: Menorca, Asturias and Tarragona. These three cohorts have served as a population model to evaluate exposure through diet, environment and mother-child transfer during pregnancy, respectively. A chemical analysis has been carried out in more than 600 serum and urine human samples, along with food products to determine a wide range of OCs and trace metals. This was undertaken using Gas Chromatography with Electron Capture Detector (GC- ECD) and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. The most remarkable results of this Ph.D. are described below. Half of the fish caught in the Mediterranean Sea have exceeded the levels of mercury established by the European Union for human consumption. Likewise, the estimated ingestion of mercury in the cohort of Menorca has also exceeded tolerable intakes established by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), with being the main source of incorporation of this metal (approximately 80%). Conversely, concentrations of OCs in foods have been well below the established limits. It has been observed that weight and trophic level of fish are key factors in the accumulation patterns of these compounds, due to the bioaccumulation and biomagnification processes. On the other hand, the levels of trace metals in the population of Asturias have been higher than those found in previous studies. This is likely a result of the high industrial and mining activity in the area. In this cohort, the high concentrations of arsenic in urine with fish consumption has also been identified. This form of arsenic, though, is not toxic. An inversely significant correlation, however, between levels of urinary cobalt and ferritin in the blood has been observed. In situations of higher iron demand -as occurring during the growth stage in which these children are - the body increases the expression of the DMT1 divalent ion transporter, which also incorporates cobalt. It has also been observed that cobalt concentrations are much higher in children with iron deficiency anaemia. Finally, in the cohort of Tarragona, a significant increase in OC concentrations in maternal serum has been found for the first time between the first trimester of pregnancy and childbirth. This is likely due to a mobilization of the fat reserves and the increase in blood volume during this period. The levels of OCs measured in cord blood have been significantly correlated with the concentrations of these compounds in maternal serum. This distribution is the result of a predominantly maternal source that transfers contaminants to the foetus. The age and the body mass index of mothers have been determined as the main factors that determine the concentrations of OCs in the human body. From a point of view of public health and environmental regulation, special attention must be given to these pollutants; due to their persistence in the environment and the ease of incorporation into the human body- mostly thorough the diet and reparation. Despite most of the studied compounds currently being banned or strictly controlled, this study confirms the presence of these pollutants already in the early stages of childhood life. This highlights the need to expand research on the factors that determine the environmental distribution and human exposure. Through this, it is anticipated that there will be an improvement in the health of the population; as a result of the advances in available information.
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Tagliaferro, Aline Fernanda. "Avaliação da toxicidade aguda do inseticida endosulfan em alevinos de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), com o emprego de biomarcadores histologicos." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317910.
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Orientador: Sarah AranaDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T00:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tagliaferro_AlineFernanda_M.pdf: 13833602 bytes, checksum: 8ff9e6fc1f703f847914ff9a4284c900 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
Resumo: Dado o registro de endosulfan nas bacias do Pantanal Mato-Grossense, o risco para os organismos aquáticos que esse agrotóxico promove e a falta de informações sobre sua ação na ictiofauna dessa região, esta pesquisa objetivou verificar a sensibilidade do pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, ao endosulfan. Para a realização da intoxicação aguda (96h) em sistema estático, alevinos foram expostos às seguintes concentrações de endosulfan: 0; 0,71; 1,43; 2,14; 2,86; 3,57; 4,29 e 5µgL-1. Após 96h, os exemplares sobreviventes foram necropsiados e amostras de brânquia, fígado e rim foram colhidas para análise histopatológica, qualitativa e semi-quantitativa. A Concentração Letal Média (CL50) obtida foi de 5,66µgL-1 (24h) e 4,33µgL-1 (96h). Alterações branquiais e hepáticas foram perceptíveis à microscopia de luz (ML) e à microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET), já no rim somente alterações à MET foram detectadas. Nas brânquias, lamelas secundárias com hipertrofia do epitélio, telangectasia e destacamento epitelial foram as principais alterações. Já no fígado notaram-se degeneração hidrópica, inclusão nuclear, inclusão hialina e vacuolização citoplasmática, como as alterações mais frequentes. Entre as alterações à MET, de modo geral, as mais frequentes foram: alterações mitocondriais, presença de figura de mielina, alteração e/ou perda de microvilos e aumento do espaço intercelular. Embora, alguns exemplares apresentaram alterações celulares frequentes e severas, sugerindo sério dano induzido pelo endosulfan, a análise semi-quantitativa indicou grande variabilidade interindividual. Este último dado sugere fortemente, que a avaliação de biomarcadores histológicos de contaminação aquática deve ser acompanhada de avaliação semi-quantitativa das alterações induzidas associada à análise estatística, para uma fiel indicação do dano provocado à população de organismos-teste. Finalmente, o pacu mostrou-se um bom bioindicador de contaminação aquática por endosulfan o qual se mostrou extremamente tóxico para essa espécie. Assim, espera-se que esta pesquisa venha contribuir efetivamente para o estabelecimento de normas mais rigorosas, ou até mesmo a proibição, da utilização do endosulfan em território brasileiro à semelhança de outros países.
Abstract: The records of endosulfan in river basins of the Patanal wetlands in the state of Mato Grosso (Brazil), the risk to aquatic organisms and lack of information on the action of this pesticide on fish fauna in this region stimulated the present study, which aim was to determine the sensitivity of the pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) to endosulfan. For the acute intoxication test (96h) in a static system, fingerlings were exposed to the following concentrations of endosulfan: 0; 0.71; 1.43; 2.14; 2.86; 3.57; 4.29 and 5µgL-1. After 96h, the specimens were necropsied and samples were taken from the gill, liver and kidney for qualitative and semi-quantitative histopathological analysis. The Mean Lethal Concentration (LC50) was 5.66µgL-1 (24h) and 4.33µgL-1 (96h). Gill and liver alterations were visible through light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); alterations in the kidney were only detected through TEM. The main alterations in the gills were secondary lamellae with epithelial hypertrophy, telangiectasis and epithelial lifting. The most frequent alterations in the liver were hydropic degeneration, hyaline inclusion and cytoplasmic vacuolization. The most frequent TEM findings were mitochondrial alterations, the presence of myelin figure, alterations in and/or loss of microvilli and increase in intercellular space. Although some specimens frequently exhibited severe cell alterations suggesting serious damage induced by endosulfan, the semi-quantitative analysis revealed considerable interindividual variability. This strongly suggests that the evaluation of histological biomarkers of aquatic contamination should be accompanied by a semi-quantitative assessment of alterations associated with statistical analysis in order to obtain a faithful indication of the damage caused to the population of test organisms. The pacu proved to be a good bioindicator of aquatic contamination by endosulfan, which proved to be extremely toxic to this species. It is hoped that the present study can effectively to contribute toward the establishment of stricter norms or even the banning of the use of endosulfan in Brazil, as has occurred in other countries.
Mestrado
Histologia
Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural
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Hellström, Anna. "Uptake of airborne organic pollutants in pine needles : geographical and seasonal variations /." Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000275/.
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Thesis (doctoral)--Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2003.Thesis documentation sheet inserted. Appendix reproduces four papers and manuscripts co-authored with others. Includes bibliographical references. Also issued electronically via World Wide Web in PDF format; online version lacks appendix.
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Jelena, Tričković. "Primena sorpcionih parametara odabranih hidrofobnih organskih polutanata na organskoj materiji sedimenata za procenu njihove dostupnosti u sistemima sediment-voda." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Prirodno-matematički fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2009. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=16659&source=NDLTD&language=en.
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Prirodna organska materija zemljišta/sedimenata predstavlja glavnu oblastza sorpciju hidrofobnih organskih jedinjenja, a njene osobine utiču na stepenretencije i konsekventnu (bio)dostupnost organskih jedinjenja. Da bi se procenioekotoksikološki rizik zagađenih zemljišta/sedimenata po okolinu, dizajniralaodgovarajuća strategija remedijacije ili predvidela sudbina i transport organskihpolutanata u zagađenim zonama, neophodno je razumevanje mehanizma sorpcije idesorpcije na nivou mehanizma uspostavljenih veza. U radu je izvršeno ispitivanjesorpcije i desorpcije odabranih hidrofobnih organskih polutanata, pentahlorbenzenai lindana, na sekvencijalno ekstrahovanim huminskim kiselinama i huminima izjednog uzorka sedimenta u cilju pronalaženja veze između strukturnihkarakteristika izolovanih huminskih kiselina i humina i sorpcionih i desorpcionihparametara. Afinitet za sorpciju, nelinearnost izotermi i prividna sorpciono-desorpciona histereza korelirani su sa osobinama sorbenata dobijenim izelementarne i FTIR spektroskopske analize. Predloženo je da je mehanizamsorpcije na huminskim kiselinama rezultat odigravanja raspodele i specifičneadsorpcije, pri čemu se pri nižim koncentracijama pentahlorbenzena i lindana prvopopune sorpciona mesta u kondenzovanoj aromatičnoj oblasti, a tek potom privišim koncentracijama sorpciona mesta u amorfnim alifatičnim oblastima.Sveukupno viši koeficijenti nelinearnosti dobijeni za sorpciju pentahlorbenzena na huminskim kiselinama u odnosu na nelinearnost sorpcionih izotermi lindana, ukazuju na to da u ukupnoj sorpciji pentahlorbenzena veći značaj ima mehanizam raspodele i smeštanje molekula pentahlorbenzena u hidrofobne šupljine huminskih kiselina, u odnosu na specifičnu adsorpciju. Ovi zaključci su potvrđeni rezultatima spektroskopskih istraživanja interakcija odabranih organskih jedinjenja i N-metilformamida. Predloženi mehanizam sorpcije ne može objasniti sorpciju pentahlorbenzena i lindana na uzorcima humina, većje pretpostavljeno da nelinearna sorpcija za uzorke humina može biti rezultat ostvarivanja površinskih interakcija, a visoki afinitet za sorpciju rezultat je raspodele organskih jedinjenja u amorfnim alifatičnim oblastima koje pružaju odlično okruženje za sorpciju.U cilju daljeg proučavanja mehanizma sorpcije, izvršeno je ispitivanje kinetikedesorpcije tri odabrana hidrofobna organskajedinjenja, pentahlorbenzena, lindana ipentahloranilina, posredstvom čvrstog adsorbenta, XAD-4 makroporoznejonoizmenjivačke smole. Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih za uzorak sedimenta ifrakciju < 125 µm za dva ravnotežna vremena (15 i 90 dana) i za sva odabranaorganska jedinjenja može se zaključiti da se za procenu potencijalne (bio)dostupnefrakcije organskih jedinjenja može koristiti jednostavna desorpcija u prisustvuXAD-4 makroporozne jonoizmenjivačke smole i to na dva načina: (1) ekstrakcijomsedimenta tokom 24 časa, kada frakcija koja se desorbuje odgovara frakcijijedinjenja koja se nalazi u brzo-desorbujućem domenu organske materije, ili (2)ekstrakcijom tokom 6 časova, kada frakcija koja se desorbuje odgovara polovinione frakcije jedinjenja koja se nalazi u brzo-desorbujućem domenu organskematerije.Natural organic matter of soil/sediment make the main region for sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds, ant its properties influence the degree of retention and, consequently, (bio)availability of organic compounds. In order to assess the ecotoxicological risks of contaminated soils/sediments to the environment and design the appropriate remediation strategy or predict the fate and transport of organic pollutants in contaminated zones, it is necessary to understand the mechanisms of sorption/desorption at the level of the mechanism of established bonds. Study of the sorption and desorption of selected hydrophobic organic pollutants, pentachlorobenzene and lindane, on sequentially extracted humic acids and humins from a single sediment sample with the aim of finding the relationship between the structural characteristics of the isolated humic acids and humin and sorption and desorption parameters. Sorption affinity, nonlinearity of isotherms, and apparent sorption-desorption hysteresis were correlated to the sorbent characteristics obtained from elemental analysis and FTIR spectroscopic data. The proposed sorption mechanism on humic acids assumes that at low concentrations of pentachlorobenzene and lindane the sorption sites in the condensed aromatic region are occupied first, and then, at their higher concentrations, the sorption sites in the amorphous and aliphatic regions. Generally higher nonlinearity coefficient obtained for the sorption of pentachlorobenzene on umic acids compared with the nonlinearity of sorption isotherms for lindane, indicate that in the overall sorption of pentachlorobenzene of higher significance is the echanism of distribution and insertion of pentachlorobenzene molecule into hydrophobic dips of humic acids, compared to specific adsorption. These conclusions were confirmed with the results of spectroscopic investigation of intermolecular interaction of chosen organic compounds and N-methylformamide.Since suggested sorption mechanism could not explain sorption of pentachlorobenzene and lindane onto humin samples, it is supposed that the nonlinearity can be a result of surface interactions, while the high sorption affinity is result of distribution of organic compounds in the amorphous aliphatic regions that offer an excellent environment for sorption.With the aim of further insight into the sorption mechanism, investigation of desorption kinetics of three chosen hydrophobic organic compounds, pentachlorobenzene, lindane and pentachloroaniline, in the presence of soild adsorbent XAD-4 macroporous ion-exchange resin was performed. On the basis of the results obtained for sediment sample and fraction < 125 µm at two equilibrium times (15 and 90 days) and for all selected organic compounds, it can be concluded that the assessment of the potential (bio)avialable fraction of organic compounds may be obtained by using simple method of desorption in the presence of XAD-4 macroporous ion-exchange resin, performed in two ways: (1) by sediment extraction during 24 hours, when the desorbing fraction corresponds to the fraction of he compound that is found in the fast-desorbing domain of organic matter, or (2) by 6-hour extraction, when the desorbing fraction corresponds to one half of the fraction appearing in the fast-desorbing domain of the organic matter.
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Zhou, Hai Yun. "Evaluation of organochlorines and heavy metals in the Pearl River Delta and Hong Kong, with emphasis on bioaccumulation in freshwater fish." HKBU Institutional Repository, 1999. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/207.
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Pellegrino-Peard, Patricia L. "A review of research and literature linking breast cancer to pesticides." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1216.
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Forns, i. Guzman Joan 1981. "Social and environmental determinants of neuropsychological development from birth to preadolescence." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/96193.
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Introduction
Neuropsychological development is a genetically guided process which is continuously modified by socio-environmental factors. This thesis aimed to study the main socio-environmental determinants of neuropsychological development in different time-periods, such in the first two years of life, during preschool, and during preadolescence. This thesis also aimed to summarize the work done in environmental epidemiology on neuropsychological development in a novel conceptual framework.
Methods
This thesis is based on the data of the INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente) Project. The main objective of this project is to evaluate the impact of environmental exposures in children’s health in 7 population-based birth cohorts in different regions of Spain. The neuropsychological development of approximate total of 2,650 children was assessed at different time-periods following the same protocols.
Results
(1) Maternal cognitive capacities were positively related with child cognitive development early in life in more disadvantaged occupational social classes. (2) The levels of child cortisol were not related to child neuropsychological development during the second year of life. (3) Higher levels of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in colostrum due to prolonged periods of breastfeeding improved early neuropsychological development of children, in particular in those children exposed to maternal smoking during pregnancy. (4) Prenatal exposure to PCBs (specially for PCB congener 153) impacted negatively on psychomotor development during the second year in life and on general neuropsychological development at the age of 4 years. (5) Postnatal exposure to organochlorine compounds was associated with a delay in reaction time (speed processing) during the preadolescent period. (6) The conceptual framework proposed will improve the quality of research in this area.
Conclusions
Social and cultural determinants such as maternal intelligence, educational level or occupational social class, are configuring the proximal environment in which a child develops and determine their neuropsychological development. Current levels of some organochlorine compounds, particularly polychlorinated byphenils, measured in blood samples (from umbilical cord, mothers, or children) are impairing on neuropsychological development in the general population.Introducció El desenvolupament neuropsicològic infantil és un procés guiat genèticament, el qual és contínuament influenciat per factors socials i ambientals. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesis fou l’estudi dels principals determinants socio-ambientals del desenvolupament neuropsicològic infantil en diferents períodes de temps. Aquesta tesis també té l’objectiu de resumir en un marc conceptual els diferents components del desenvolupament neuropsicològic pel seu ús en estudis d’epidemiologia ambiental. Mètodes Aquesta tesis està basada en dades del projecte INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente). El principal objectiu d’aquest projecte és avaluar l’impacte de les exposicions ambientals en la salud infantil en 7 cohorts de població establides en diferents regions d’Espanya. Dintre del marc d’aquest projecte, s’ha avaluat el desenvolupament neuropsicològic d’aproximadament 2.650 nens en diferents moments, seguint els mateixos protocols. Resultats (1) Les capacitats cognitives maternes estan positivament relacionades amb el desenvolupament cognitiu infantil en les primeres etapes, en les classes socials ocupacionals menys afavorides. (2) Els nivells de cortisol infantil no mostren associació amb el desenvolupament neuropsicològic durant el segon any de vida. (3) Nivells elevats d’àcids grassos poliinsaturats de cadena llarga en conjunció amb períodes prolongats de lactancia materna afavoreixen el desenvolupament neuropsicològic a les primeres etapes, especialment en aquells nens de mares fumadores durant l’embaràs. (4) L’exposició prenatal a PCBs (espcialment, al congener 153) impacta negativament en el desenvolupament psicomotor infantil durant el segon any de vida i en el desenvolupament neuropsicològic general als 4 anys d’edat. (5) L’exposició postnatal a compostos organocloroats està associada a una capacitat de reacció (velocitat de processament) més alentida en etapes preadolescents. (6) L’ús del marc conceptual propossat tesis afavorirà la qualitat de l’investigació en aquesta àrea. Conclussions Els determinants socials, com l’intel•ligència materna, el nivell educatiu o la classe social basada en l’ocupació, configuren l’entorn més proper del nen i determinen el seu desenvolupament neuropsicològic. Els nivells actuals de certs compostos organoclorats, especialment els bifenils policlorinats, mesurats en mostres de sang (de cordó umbilical, mares o nens) mostren efectes negatius sobre el desenvolupament neuropsicològic en la població general.
Introducción El desarrollo neuropsicológico infantil es un proceso guiado genéticamente, el cual está contínuamente influenciado por factores sociales y ambientales. El objetivo de esta tesis fue estudiar los principales determinantes socio-ambientales del desarrollo neuropsicológico infantil en diferentes periodos de tiempo. Esta tesis también tenía como objetivo resumir en un marco conceptual el trabajo hecho en epidemiología ambiental en el estudio del desarrollo neuropsicológico infantil. Métodos Esta tesis está basada en datos del proyecto INMA (Infancia y Medio Ambiente). El principal objetivo de esto proyecto es evaluar el impacto de las exposiciones ambientales en la salud infantil en 7 cohortes de población establecidas en diferentes regiones de España. El desarrollo neuropsicológico de aproximadamente 2.650 niños ha sido evaluado en diferentes momentos siguiendo los mismos protocolos. Resultados (1) Las capacidades cognitivas maternas están positivamente relacionadas con el desarrollo cognitivo infantil en edades tempranas en las clases sociales ocupacionales menos aventajadas. (2) Los niveles de cortisol en el niño no se asocian con el desarrollo neuropsicológico durante el segundo año de vida. (3) Niveles altos de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga debido a periodos largos de lactancia materna mejoraron el desarrollo neuropsicológico a edades tempranas, especialmente en esos niños cuyas madres fumaron durante el embarazo. (4) La exposición prenatal a PCBs (espcialmente para el congener 153) impacta negativamente en el desarrollo psicomotor durante el segundo año de vida y en desarrollo neuropsicológico general a la edad de 4 años. (5) La exposición postnatal a compuestos organoclorados está asociado con una peor capacidad de tiempo de reacción (velocidad de procesamiento) durante la preadolescencia. (6) El marco conceptual propuesto mejorará la calidad de la investigación en esta área. Conclusiones Los determinantes sociales tales como inteligencia maternal, nivel educativo o clase social basada en la ocupación, configuran el entorno más cercano en el cual el niño se desarrolla y determinan su desarrollo neuropsicológico. Los niveles actuales de ciertos compuestos organoclorados, especialmente los bifeniles policlorinados, medidos en sangre (de cordón umbilical, madre, o niño) tienen efectos negativos sobre el desarrollo neuropsicológico de la población general.
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Souza, Neyliane Costa de. "DeterminaÃÃo de Micropoluentes Emergentes em Esgoto SanitÃrio, Hospitalar e Ãguas Superficiais." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7099.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoNo Brasil, estudos de avaliaÃÃo de micropoluentes emergentes em matrizes ambientais como esgotos sanitÃrios e hospitalares, e corpos de Ãgua, ainda sÃo bastante incipientes, assim como a remoÃÃo desses compostos em EstaÃÃes de Tratamento de Esgotos (ETEs) de baixo custo como lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, assim como em sistemas de lodos ativados e sistemas anaerÃbio-aerÃbio compactos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral investigar a presenÃa de micropoluentes em matrizes ambientais como esgotos sanitÃrios e hospitalares, e Ãgua superficial, avaliar a remoÃÃo destes compostos em ETEs de baixo custo e aplicar o processo de oxidaÃÃo avanÃada (POA) UV/H2O2 como opÃÃo de pÃs-tratamento. Os principais micropoluentes emergentes estudados foram: 2,4,6-triclorofenol, pentaclorofenol, cafeÃna (CAF), dipirona (DIP), diclofenaco de sÃdio (DCF), bis (2-etil-hexil) ftalato (DEHP), estrona (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), β-estradiol 17-acetato (EA2), 17α-etinilestradiol (EE2) e colesterol (COL). As amostras foram coletadas em ETEs localizadas em Fortaleza e em sua regiÃo metropolitana. Os corpos receptores investigados foram o Rio Maranguapinho e o Riacho Paupina. Para a prÃ-concentraÃÃo dos micropoluentes utilizou-se extraÃÃo em fase sÃlida (SPE) com cartuchos C-18 e extraÃÃo lÃquido-lÃquido (ELL). A SPE foi a tÃcnica mais eficiente na concentraÃÃo da maioria dos micropoluentes emergentes, e a ELL se mostrou a melhor tÃcnica para compostos organoclorados. Foram realizados estudos de otimizaÃÃo das condiÃÃes de detecÃÃo dos compostos pelo uso de tÃcnicas de cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC/MS). Foram identificados compostos farmacÃuticos e desreguladores endÃcrinos em todas as amostras de esgotos com as seguintes faixas de concentraÃÃes efluentes: CAF (3,0-15,8 μg/L), DIP (0,3 μg/L), DCF (1,9 μg/L), DEHP (0,01-8,5μg/L), E1 (0,04-1,7 μg/L), E2 (0,03-4,0 μg/L), EA2 (0,14-9,3 μg/L), EE2 (1,0 μg/L) e COL (0,01-6,2 μg/L). Nos dois corpos receptores estudados (Rio Maranguapinho e Riacho Paupina) foram identificados desreguladores endÃcrinos. Os tratamentos realizados pelas ETEs nÃo foram suficientes para remoÃÃo total de todos os micropoluentes estudados, no entanto, a eficiÃncia para a maioria dos compostos foi acima de 50%. Em se tratando da avaliaÃÃo em sistemas de lagoas de estabilizaÃÃo, o estudo revelou boas eficiÃncias de remoÃÃo em sistemas constituÃdos de lagoa anaerÃbia seguida de facultativa e de maturaÃÃo, sendo os menores valores de remoÃÃo alcanÃados quando uma Ãnica lagoa facultativa primÃria estava presente. A avaliaÃÃo do uso do POA por meio do planejamento fatorial multivariado revelou que as melhores condiÃÃes para remoÃÃo de micropoluentes emergentes foram pH Ãcido (pH 3), concentraÃÃo de perÃxido de hidrogÃnio acima de 400 mg/L e tempos de detenÃÃo hidrÃulica no reator acima de 50min.
In Brazil, studies evaluating emerging micropollutants in environmental matrices such as sewage and hospital wastewater, as well as surface waters, are still quite incipient as well as the removal of these compounds in low cost Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) such as stabilization ponds, as well as in activated sludge systems or anaerobic/aerobic compact systems. This work aimed to investigate the presence of micropollutants in environmental matrices such as sewage and hospital wastewaters, and in surface waters. Additionally, this study evaluated the removal of these compounds in low-cost WWTPs and studied the advanced oxidation process (AOP) â UV/H2O2 â as a post-treatment option. The main emerging micropollutants studied were: 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, pentachlorophenol, caffeine (CAF), dipyrone (DIP), sodium diclofenac (DCF), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), estradiol acetate (EA2), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2) and cholesterol (CHO). The samples were collected from WWTPs located in Fortaleza and its metropolitan region. The receiving surface waters investigated were: Maranguapinho River and Paupina Creek. For the pre-concentration studies of micropollutants, solid phase extraction (SPE) with C-18 cartridges was used, as well as the liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method. The SPE technique was the most efficient method in concentrating the majority of emerging micropollutants, and the LLE proved to be the best technique for organochlorine compounds. Optimization studies were performed to detect the ideal conditions to determine the compounds by using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) techniques. In all wastewater samples pharmaceuticals and endocrine disrupting compounds were identified, and the range of effluent concentrations were: CAF (3.0-15.8 μg/L), DIP (0.3 μg/L), DCF (1.9 μg/L), DEHP (0.01-8.5μg/L), E1 (0.04-1.7 μg/L), E2 (0.03-4.0 μg/L), EA2 (0.14-9.3 μg/L), EE2 (1.0 μg/L) and CHO (0.01-6.2 μg/L). Endocrine disrupting compounds were identified in the Maranguapinho River and Paupina Creek. The wastewater treatment in the WWTPs was not enough for the complete removal of all micropollutants studied; however, the efficiency level for most of compounds was above 50%. Regarding the evaluation in stabilization ponds systems, the study revealed good removal of micropollutants in systems composed of anaerobic pond followed by facultative and maturation ponds, in which the lowest efficiency levels were verified when a single facultative pond was present. The evaluation of the AOP as a post-treatment option by multivariate factorial design showed that the optimal conditions for the removal of emerging micropollutants were acidic pH (pH 3), hydrogen peroxide concentration above 400 mg/L and hydraulic retention times in the reactor above 50 minutes.
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Tominaga, Maria Yumiko. "Caracterização de valores de referência de qualidade de sedimentos para compostos orgânicos no sistema estuarino da baixada santista, São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-06062016-141332/.
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Em regiões altamente contaminadas como a região da Baixada Santista, é importante estabelecer metas para a recuperação do ambiente. Apesar da ausência da contaminação ser a meta ideal, as implicações e os custos associados a esse objetivo, demanda o estabelecimento de metas de recuperação realistas em relação aos contaminantes presentes na região. Com o objetivo de caracterizar valores de referência de qualidade de sedimentos para compostos orgânicos na região da Baixada Santista, o Canal de Bertioga foi escolhido como local de referência por ser uma região sem fontes industrais ou outras fontes pontuais relativas aos compostos analisados. Amostras de água, sedimento e ostras foram coletadas e os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (PAHs), bifenilos policlorados (PCBs) e pesticidas organoclorados (OCPs) foram determinados por técnicas cromatográficas. A avaliação dos resultados de análises de PAHs, permite afirmar com alguma segurança, que os valores da somatória de PAHs das amostras sedimentos são, na sua grande maioria, inferiores a 1.000 µg/kg, não superando 1.600 µg/kg, concentrações abaixo dos limites estabelecidos na Resolução CONAMA 344/04 e abaixo dos valores que possam causar algum efeito adverso à biota, conforme valores descritos na literatura. Resultados de análise de PCBs, OCPs, compostos fenólicos e compostos orgânicos voláteis (VOCs) em amostras de sedimento, indicaram concentrações destes compostos abaixo dos limites de quantificação, exceto DDE (5,30 g/kg) e HCB (2,34 g/kg), que foram detectados em apenas um ii sítio de amostragem. Não houve evidências de possíveis fontes de emissão próximas à região de referência para PCBs, OCPs, compostos fenólicos e VOCs. Finalizando, espera-se que os resultados obtidos neste estudo possam fornecer subsídios para futuramente estabelecer uma área de referência para qualidade de sedimento na região da Baixada Santista, ou ainda serem utilizados em conjunto com as avaliações de contaminantes inorgânicos, testes ecotoxicológicos e indicadores biológicos, como ferramenta para avaliação da qualidade de sedimento e/ou para a classificação de material a ser dragado na região da Baixada Santista.In highly contaminated places like Baixada Santista region, it is important to establish goals for cleaning the environment. Although the absence of contamination would be the ideal goal, the implications and costs related to this goal, demand the establishment of realistic recovery goals for the contaminants presents in the region. Aiming to characterize sediment quality reference values for organic compounds in Baixada Santista region, Bertioga´s Channel was chosen as reference site because there is no direct industrial sources related to the compounds of interest in that region. Water, sediment and oister samples were collected and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) were determined by chromatographic techniques. From the PAHs results evaluation, is possible to conclude with some degree of confidence, that the sum of PAHs of sediment samples are in the majority lower than 1,000 µg/kg and not higher than 1,600 µg/kg, and these values are below the regulated value (CONAMA 344/04) and lower than those values that may cause any adverse effects for the biota as indicated in the literature. Results of PCBs, OCPs, phenols and VOCs analysis in sediment samples, were below the quantitation limits of the specific methods, except for DDE (5.30 µg/kg) and HCB (2.34 µg/kg) each, detected only in one sampling site. There was no evidence of possible emission source near the reference site for PCBs, OCPs, phenolic compounds and VOCs. Finally, the results obtained in this study may be used as subsidy for the establishment of a reference area for sediment quality in the Baixada Santista region, or still be used together with inorganic contamints, ecotoxicological and biological indicators evaluations as tool for the sediment quality evaluation and/or for dredged material classification in the Baixada Santista region. For the compounds not detected, the suggestion is to use the quantitation limits as the reference value.
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Carreiro, Lorena Mendes. "RISCO DE CONTAMINAÇÃO DE SOLOS E ÁGUAS SUBTERRÂNEAS NO ESTADO DO MARANHÃO POR ORGANOCLORADOS: SUSCETIBILIDADE DE ÁREAS DE PRESERVAÇÃO." Universidade Federal do Maranhão, 2016. http://tedebc.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/529.
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Test of risk of contamination of soil and groundwater in Maranhão by organochlorines. Analysis of the susceptibility of ecological interest areas of the state.
Trabalho sobre o risco de contaminação de solos e águas subterrâneas no Maranhão por substâncias organocloradas. Análise da suscetibilidade de áreas de relevante interesse ecológico do Estado.
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Cal, Rodríguez Agustina de la. "Análisis, biodisponibilidad y vigilancia de contaminantes orgánicos hidrofóbicos en el medio acuático." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/379545.
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En un periodo de tiempo determinado, solamente una fracción de la cantidad total de una sustancia química presente en la columna de agua o en el sedimento está en forma bioaccesible o biodisponible. Por otra parte, aun cuando la fracción disuelta de un contaminante puede ser muy baja y a veces indetectable, una exposición muy larga puede dar lugar a su acumulación por parte de los organismos. Esta cuestión es especialmente relevante para los contaminantes hidrofóbicos, que tienden a persistir en el ambiente uniéndose a las partículas de sedimento y a ser acumulados por la biota. Una determinación precisa del riesgo asociado a la presencia de estos contaminantes en el medio acuático debe partir de medidas que tengan en cuenta su disponibilidad espacial y temporal para los seres vivos en cada circunstancia.
La tesis se enmarca en este contexto y se centra en dos grupos de contaminantes haloaromáticos: el histórico pesticida diclorodifeniltricloroetano (DDT) y sus productos de transformación (DDX, en conjunto) y los retardantes de llama difeniléteres polibromados (PBDE), incluidos más recientemente en la legislación. El objetivo general era el desarrollo y aplicación de métodos analíticos con los que medir sus concentraciones en las distintas fases o compartimentos del medio acuático que fuesen representativas exposición real de los organismos vivos.
En la primera parte de la tesis, se empleó una técnica moderna para la extracción cuantitativa en sedimento y en peces, adecuada a los requisitos normativos actuales de exhaustividad para la vigilancia de contaminantes. Para ello, se optimizó un método analítico mediante extracción selectiva con líquidos presurizados (SPLE) acoplada a cromatografía de gases y espectrometría de masas (GC-MS) que permitió realizar una extracción y purificación simultánea de las muestras con una reducción importante del tiempo de análisis, la manipulación de la muestra y el uso de disolventes frente a métodos tradicionales. Los métodos optimizados fueron aplicados para el análisis de PBDE y DDX en muestras de sedimentos y peces procedentes de distintos puntos de la costa peninsular y en la cuenca del río Ebro. La metodología desarrollada permitió, además, la detección en estas muestras de hexabromociclododecano (HBCD), un retardante de llama que comenzaba a utilizarse como sustituto de los PBDE y cuya presencia en el medioambiente apenas había sido descrita en ese momento. El análisis de las muestras demostró las diferencias relativas con que los peces acumulan cada uno de los analitos respecto a sus cantidades en el sedimento.
Posteriormente, se evaluaron dos tipos de técnicas biomiméticas que utilizan una fase sustituta para cuantificar el contaminante bioaccesible y bioacumulable en el medio. En primer lugar, la extracción exhaustiva de los contaminantes presentes en los sedimentos realizada mediante el método de SPLE fue comparada con la extracción acuosa con Tenax®, lo que permitió cuantificar la fracción susceptible de pasar a la fase disuelta en periodos concretos de tiempo o fracción bioaccesible. La existencia de fracciones residuales de contaminante que mantienen asociados a la fase particulada de manera casi irreversible, diferentes según los analitos, es una de las causas que contribuyen a la formación de los patrones diferenciales entre biota y sedimento.
Por último, dentro de la línea de trabajo de técnicas biomiméticas, se evaluó la aplicabilidad de distintas versiones de un dispositivo de muestreo pasivo en fase experimental, el Chemcatcher®, capaz de acumular los PBDE y DDX disueltos en el medio y proporcionar una medida promediada en el tiempo. Los límites de detección obtenidos indican que este sistema podría ser apto para el monitoreo de estos contaminantes en cuerpos de agua muy contaminados como efluentes de depuradoras, pero no para determinar las concentraciones en que se suelen encontrar en aguas superficiales.In a given period of time, only a fraction of the total amount of a chemical present in the water column or in the sediment is bioaccesible or bioavailable. In turn, even though the dissolved fraction of a contaminant may be very low, sometimes undetectable, a long exposure can lead to accumulation by the organisms. This issue is especially relevant for hydrophobic contaminants, as they tend to persist in the environment bound to sediment particles and to be accumulated by biota. The thesis is focused on two groups of pollutants haloaromatics: the historical pesticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its transformation products, and the flame retardants polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), most recently included in legislation. The overall objective was the development and application of analytical methods by which to measure their concentrations in different phases or compartments in the aquatic environment that take into account the spatial and temporal availability for living beings. In the first part of the thesis, a modern technique for quantitative extraction from sediment and fish, adapted to current regulatory requirements of exhaustiveness for monitoring of pollutants, was used. In order to do so, an analytical method by selective extraction with pressurized liquids (SPLE) coupled to gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was optimized. Optimized methods were applied for the analysis of sediment and fish samples from different parts of the mainland coast and the Ebro river basin. The developed methodology also allowed detection of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), a flame retardant that was just beginning to be used as a substitute for PBDEs and whose presence in the environment had just been described in that time. Afterwards, two types of biomimetic techniques using a surrogate phase for measuring the bioavailable and bioaccumulative pollutant in the medium were evaluated. First, the exhaustive extraction of contaminants in the sediment carried by SPLE method was compared with the aqueous extraction with Tenax®, allowing to quantify the fraction susceptible of passing to the dissolved phase in specific time periods or bioaccessible fraction. Finally, within the line of work of biomimetic techniques, the applicability of different versions of an experimental passive sampling device, the Chemcatcher®, able to accumulate PBDEs and DDX dissolved in the medium and provide a time-averaged measure was assessed.
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Cunha, Alaine Santos da. "Aplicação de técnicas químicas de remediação em áreas contaminadas por compostos organoclorados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/44/44138/tde-08012011-183046/.
Full textAbstract:
Grande parte das áreas contaminadas conhecidas atualmente advém de práticas passadas onde os cuidados com a proteção à saúde humana e ao meio ambiente eram desconhecidos ou ignorados. O uso indiscriminado de produtos solventes clorados fez com que tais compostos se tornassem uma das principais fontes de contaminação no setor industrial. Por serem compostos de alta toxicidade, quando presentes na água subterrânea, mesmo em baixas concentrações, a tornam imprópria para o consumo. Técnicas de remediação como atenuação natural, ou que envolvam bombeamento e tratamento de água subterrânea contaminada por solventes clorados, vêm sendo substituídas por metodologias químicas destrutivas, por apresentarem resultados satisfatórios em um período de tempo inferior às técnicas utilizadas anteriormente. Este trabalho objetiva apresentar os resultados obtidos em duas áreas industriais onde foram aplicadas técnicas de remediação, envolvendo a redução química in situ, através da injeção de polisulfeto de cálcio e a oxidação química in situ, com a injeção de permanganato de potássio. Em ambas as áreas, os contaminantes organoclorados são os principais compostos de interesse presentes na água subterrânea. A redução química in situ é uma metodologia que utiliza um agente químico para reduzir óxidos de ferro III, presentes naturalmente no aquífero sedimentar, e transformá-los em ferro II que, por sua vez reduzirá contaminantes organoclorados. A principal característica desta metodologia é a eliminação contígua de dois átomos de cloro das moléculas dos contaminantes, o que tende e diminuir ou eliminar o acúmulo de subprodutos tóxicos como cloreto de vinila. Na oxidação química in situ, o agente promove a transferência de elétrons, onde os íons Cl- das moléculas dos contaminantes são substituídos por H+. Devido à baixa reatividade entre o permanganato de potássio e a matriz do aquífero durante as reações de oxidação química, este oxidante pode ser transportado pelos processos advectivo e dispersivo juntamente com o fluxo da água subterrânea e persistir por um período maior de tempo, reagindo com os contaminantes orgânicos. Ensaios de bancada com solo saturado contaminado de uma das áreas de estudo mostraram excelentes resultados na utilização do polisulfeto de cálcio, mas o mesmo não foi observado no teste piloto realizado em campo. Embora tenha sido observada dispersão do produto nas proximidades de pelo menos um dos pontos onde a solução foi injetada, notou-se que não houve redução significativa dos contaminantes, evidenciando que o ferro II não foi eficaz no processo de degradação. Isto pode ter sido ocasionado por uma série fatores, como possíveis reações, características hidráulicas, ou geológicas do meio. Portanto, o prosseguimento desta metodologia como alternativa de remediação para toda a área impactada foi descontinuado, tornando necessário novos estudos para avaliar a melhor técnica aplicável na área. Quanto à área onde foi aplicada a oxidação química, a remediação foi considerada eficiente. Ao longo do período de vinte e dois meses, quando foram realizadas atividades de monitoramento da água subterrânea, observou-se a presença do permanganato de potássio nas áreas mais impactadas das plumas de contaminação, fato que permitiu o processo de transferência de elétrons e consequentemente a oxidação dos contaminantes. Vinte e dois meses após as atividades de injeção, o principal contaminante identificado na área, o 1,-1-dicloroeteno, foi detectado em apenas um ponto com concentração superior a meta de remediação obtida anteriormente à injeção. Considerando que durante a sequência das atividades relacionadas à remediação, este contaminante sofreu alterações em seus valores toxicológicos estabelecidos pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos, e passou a ser considerado um composto não carcinogênico, todos os poços apresentaram-se com concentrações inferiores a nova meta de remediação calculada. Como efeito colateral, foi observado o aumento das concentrações de metais dissolvidos, como: alumínio, bário, cromo e ferro. Tal mobilização de metais para a água subterrânea pode ser considerada temporária. Após o total consumo do permanganato de potássio pelos contaminantes ainda presentes no meio, as características físico-químicas do aquífero retornarão à situação identificada naturalmente, permitindo a precipitação dos metais.Most of the currently known contaminated areas are the result of past practices, where precautions regarding protection of human health and the environment were either unknown or ignored. The indiscriminate use of chlorinated solvents is the driving factor that has led to such compounds becoming one of the main sources of contamination in the industrial sector. Chlorinated solvents are highly toxic and, when present at even low concentrations in groundwater, they make this resource unfit for human consumption. Such remediation techniques as natural attenuation, or that involve pumping and treatment of groundwater contaminated by chlorinated solvents, are currently being replaced by destructive chemical methods, as they show satisfactory results in a shorter period of time than previously used techniques. This study has the objective of showing the results obtained at two industrial sites where remediation techniques have been used involving in-situ chemical reduction, through injection of calcium polysulfide, and in-situ chemical oxidation, with injection of potassium permanganate. At both sites, organochlorine contaminants are the main compounds of concern present in groundwater. In-situ chemical reduction is a methodology that uses a chemical agent in order to reduce iron III oxides, naturally present in the sedimentary aquifer, and transform them into iron II which, in turn, reduces the organochlorine contaminants. The principal characteristic of this methodology is that of contiguous elimination of two chlorine atoms from contaminant molecules, which tends to reduce or eliminate accumulation of such toxic byproducts as vinyl chloride. In in-situ chemical oxidation, the chemical agent brings about a transfer of electrons, where the Cl- ions of contaminant molecules are replaced by H+ ions. Due to the low degree of reactivity between potassium permanganate and the aquifer matrix during chemical oxidation reactions, this oxidizing agent can be transported via groundwater flow, by advective and dispersive processes, and persist for a longer period of time, reacting with organic contaminants. Bench tests performed with contaminated saturated soil from one of the sites under study showed excellent results through the use of calcium polysulfide; however, the same results were not observed during a pilot test performed in the field. Although product dispersion was observed in the vicinity of at least one of the points where the solution had been injected, it was found that there was no significant reduction of contaminants, showing that iron II was not effective in enhancing the degradation process. This could have been the result of a series of factors, for example, possible reactions or the hydraulic or geological characteristics of the medium. Therefore, it was decided not to continue with use of this methodology as a remediation alternative for the whole impacted area, making it necessary for further studies in order to assess the best technique applicable at the site. With respect to the site where a chemical oxidation approach was adopted, remediation was considered to be effective. Over a period of twenty-two months, during which groundwater monitoring activities were performed, the presence of potassium permanganate was observed in the most impacted areas of the contamination plumes, a fact that allowed for the electron transfer process and, consequently, contaminant oxidation. Twenty-two months after initiation of injection activities, the main contaminant identified at the site (1,1-dichloroethene) was only detected at one point at a concentration exceeding the post-remediation target value established prior to commencing these activities. Considering that, during the sequence of activities related to the remediation process, this contaminant underwent changes in its toxicological values established by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, and came to be considered a non-carcinogenic compound, all wells showed concentrations below the new calculated post-remediation target. As a collateral effect, there was found to be an increase in concentrations of such dissolved metals as aluminum, barium, chromium and iron. Such mobilization of metals to groundwater can be considered a temporary effect. Following complete consumption of potassium permanganate by contaminants still present in the medium, the physical-chemical characteristics of the aquifer will return to the situation occurring naturally, allowing for the precipitation of these metals.
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Thybaud, Eric. "Recherches sur l'impact ecotoxicologique du lindane et de la deltamethrine sur divers niveaux d'organisation des ecosystemes limniques." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077040.
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Vereskuns, Gastons. "Chlorinated fatty acids in freshwater fish and some biological effects of dichlorostearic acid /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5717-3.pdf.
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Ribas, Fitó Núria. "Exposició a compostos organoclorats i efectes sobre la salut infantil durant el primer any de vida." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7070.
Full textAbstract:
L'hexaclorobenzè (HCB) és un compost organoclorat àmpliament distribuït per tot el planeta, altament lipofílic que s'acumula als sistemes biològics. Els nounats s'exposen a aquests compostos organoclorats (OCs) a través de la placenta i de la lactància materna. Tot i que l'HCB és un dels OCs més comuns, la seva transferència a través de la placenta de la mare al fetus durant la gestació i a través de l'alletament matern està poc documentada. El coneixement sobre els seus possibles efectes sobre la salut infantil és també bastant limitat. A Flix, un poble de la Ribera d'Ebre, es van detectar nivells molt elevats d'HCB a l'atmosfera degut a la seva proximitat a una empresa electroquímica. Els objectius del present treball són els d'avaluar l'exposició a OCs a través de la placenta i de la lactància materna i els seus efectes sobre la salut infantil durant el primer any de vida en el conjunt de nounats d'aquesta població.Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) is an organochlorine compound widely spread in the environment, highly lipophyilic which accumulates in all biological systems. Newborns are exposed to organochlorine compounds (OCs) through placenta and via breastfeeding. Although HCB is one of the most common OCs, its transference from the mother to the child through placenta and via breastfeeding is poorly documented. The knowledgement of the possible adverse effects on infant's health is also limited. In Flix, a small village in the Ribera d'Ebre area, high levels of HCB were detected in the atmosphere of the village due to the vicinity of an electrochemical factory. The objectives of the present study are to evaluate OCS exposition through placenta and breastfeeding and its effects on infant's health during the first year of life.
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Fernandes, Diego Luiz de Sousa. "Estudo da formação de sub-produtos da degradação de clorobenzeno e 1,2-dicloroetano a partir da reação com reagente de Fenton em solução aquosa utilizando diferentes fontes de ferro." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2015. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9347.
Full textAbstract:
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorPoluições da água e do solo são duas das cinco categorias básicas de poluição ambiental. As outras três são do ar, ruído e luz. Poluição ocorre quando um material/produto químico é adicionado ao meio ambiente afetando-o adversamente. Uma vez que a poluição existe, retornar a matriz impactada para o seu estado anteriormente não poluído torna-se muito difícil ou até mesmo impossível em alguns casos. Os compostos organoclorados (OC) representam um importante grupo de poluentes orgânicos persistentes (POP), devido à sua toxicidade e elevada persistência no ambiente. Diferentes técnicas de remediação de solo e água subterrânea têm sido desenvolvidas com o objetivo de reparar as áreas contaminadas em menor tempo e custo possíveis e, assim, a oxidação química in situ tem se mostrado uma técnica cada vez mais atraente devido sua simplicidade e baixo custo. A degradação de dois compostos organoclorados via oxidação química por reagente de Fenton em solução aquosa é o objeto do presente trabalho. Para tanto, foram selecionados dois compostos, sendo um alifático e outro aromático. Assim, foram avaliadas as condições de degradação dos compostos organoclorados em relação às concentrações do oxidante em diferentes tempos reacionais, diferentes fontes de catalisador e, de forma qualitativa, quais foram os principais subprodutos formados. Os ensaios oxidativos foram realizados em meio aquoso com temperatura controlada a 25 C e em 3 configurações de [Fe2+] e [H2O2]. A extração dos compostos de interesse para a fase orgânica também foi estudada. A análise dos extratos revelou que o acetato de etila foi o solvente que melhor extraiu os compostos de interesse da fase aquosa. Além destes ensaios, foram avaliadas outras duas fontes de Fe(II), sendo 11 óxidos de manganês dopados com ferro e a classe de solo predominante no território nacional, que é caracterizada pela sua alta concentração de ferro endógeno (latossolo). O ensaio entre as fontes de ferro revelou que tanto o óxido de Mn quanto o latossolo produziram menos subprodutos em relação à reação com a solução de sulfato Fe(II). Entretanto, em termos quantitativos, a redução na concentração de clorobenzeno foi mais efetiva na reação com a solução de Fe(II) (cerca de 63%). A identificação dos sobprodutos foi realizada a partir da análise em cromatógrafo a gás acoplado a espectrômetro de massas e em análise comparativa dos espectros com a biblioteca NIST. Os ensaios oxidativos revelaram que em baixas concentrações de oxidante, há a possibilidade de geração de subprodutos mais tóxicos que os reagentes, sendo produzido bifenilas policloradas e hexaclorociclohexano nas reações com clorobenzeno e 1,2-dicloroetano, respectivamente
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Holmstrand, Henry. "Compound-specific stable chlorine isotope analysis : a versatile tool for investigating biochemical and geochemical processes of organochlorine substances /." Stockholm : Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-937.
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Garí, de Barbarà Mercè 1982. "Patterns of accumulation of persistent organic pollutants in human populations." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/132809.
Full textAbstract:
The present research explores the levels and patterns of accumulation of a wide range of persistent
organic pollutants (POPs) in the human population. It assesses two major families of POPs, namely
organochlorine compounds (OCs) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and focuses on the
population of Catalonia, a Mediterranean country in South-West Europe with active agricultural and
industrial sectors. The research described in this study is based on a public health survey conducted
by the Government of Catalonia in 2002, which included a health exam and a blood testing for 919
individuals. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry techniques have been used to determine the
concentrations of these pollutants in the serum samples.
This research has customised a methodology to better detect organochlorine compounds in human
serum samples. It has also contrasted the POP concentrations with a set of socio-demographic factors,
with a special focus on age, sex and body mass index (BMI). And nally, it provides complementary
assessments on POPs in other locations of Catalonia, including the Flix township that hosts a chemical
factory; and on mercury, which is a non-organic persistent pollutant, in the infant population of the
Menorca island. In essence, this research navigates in a diversity of pollutants, research methodologies
and geographic conditions to explore the linkages between environmental pollution and human health.Aquest estudi avalua els nivells i els patrons d'acumulació d'un ampli ventall de contaminants orgànics persistents (COPs) en la població humana. Comprèn dues classes de COPs, específicament els compos- tos organoclorats (OCs) i els polibromodifenil eters (PBDEs), i se centra en la població de Catalunya, un país mediterrani del sud-oest d'Europa amb uns sectors agrícola i industrial actius. La recerca descrita en aquest estudi es basa en una enquesta de salut pública duta a terme per la Generalitat de Catalunya el 2002, que va incloure en examen de salut i l'extracció d'una mostra de sang per a 919 persones. Les concentracions d'aquests contaminants en les mostres de s erum es van determinat mitjan cant t ecniques de cromatogra a de gasos i espectrometria de masses. En aquesta recerca s'ha dissenyat una metodologia específica per tal de millorar la detecció dels compostos organoclorats en mostres de sèrum humà. A més, les concentracions de COPs s'han contrastat amb una sèrie de factors sòcio-demogràfics, amb una especial atenció al sexe, l'edat i l' índex de massa corporal (IMC). Finalment, l'estudi proporciona avaluacions complementàries sobre els COPs en altres llocs de Catalunya, incloent el municipi de Flix, que acull una fàabrica de productes químics; i sobre el mercuri, un contaminant persistent inorgànic, a la població infantil de l'illa de Menorca. En resum, aquesta recerca combina una diversitat de contaminants, mètodes analítics i àrees geogrà ques per tal d'explorar l'associació entre la contaminació medioambiental i la salut humana.
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Miguel, Celso Viana. "Determinação experimental de dados de equilibrio liquido-vapor de misturas de solventes e compostos organo-clorados." [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/267558.
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Orientador: Maria Alvina KrahenbuhlDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-28T00:23:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Miguel_CelsoViana_M.pdf: 2172997 bytes, checksum: 9075fe56f90ad4240387bf05662c1c5f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001
Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta uma contribuição ao estudo do equilíbrio líquido-vapor de substâncias poluentes, em especial aos solventes e pesticidas. Foi estudado o equilíbrio líquido-vapor dos sistemas isobáricos nas pressões de 250 e 650mmHg. Os sistemas foram formados pelas combinações das misturas binárias dos compostos 1,2-Dicloroetano, Tric1oroetileno e l-Butanol. Os dados foram determinados em ebuliômetro de recirculação das fases líquida e vapor, apropriado para regiões de baixas e médias pressões. A qualidade dos dados medidos P-T-x-y foi verificada pela aplicação do teste de consistência termodinâmica de Van Ness-Fredenslund. A equação virial foi utilizada para representação dos desvios da idealidade da fase vapor. Parâmetros de interação binária para modelos de coeficiente de atividade da fase líquida, representados pelos modelos de Wilson, NRTL e UNIQUAC, foram ajustados para todos os sistemas nas condições estabelecidas pelo método da máxima verossimilhança. Foram determinadas as curvas de pressão de vapor dos compostos puros formadores dos sistemas cobrindo toda a faixa de pressão entre 250 e 650mmHg
Abstract: This work is a contribution to the study of vapor-liquid equilibrium of pollutant substances, mainly solvents and pesticides. It was studied the vapor-liquid equilibrium of isobaric systems at the pressures of 250 and 650mmHg. The systems were formed by the combination of the binary mixtures of 1,2-Dichloroethane, Trichloroethylene and l-Butanol. The data were obtained in a ebulliometer with liquid and vapor phase recirculation, appropriate to low and middle pressures zones. The quality of the measured P-T-x-y data was verified by applying the thermodynamic consistency test of Van Ness Fredenslund. The virial equation was used for representation of the deviations of vapor phase. The binary interaction parameters for the liquid phase activity coefficients models of Wilson, NRTL and UNIQUAC have been adjusted for all the systems by maximum likelihood principIe. The vapor pressure curves of the pure compounds of the systems were determined over the pressure zone between 250 and 650mmHg
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestre em Engenharia Química