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1
Soewondo, Slamet Sampurno, and Kadarudin Kadarudin. "Prevention and Eradication of Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia." Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 5, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2022.v05i02.001.
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Southeast Asia has a geographical position that is very vulnerable to various forms of transnational crime. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations/ASEAN as a regional organization for countries in Southeast Asia has a role and responsibility to carry out the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to analyze the factors causing the occurrence of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia, and to analyze the forms of regional cooperation in the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia. This paper uses a normative research type, with a statutory and interpretation approach. The legal materials used are sourced from books, research reports, journals, and international legal instruments. The collected legal materials are then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that there are three main factors that cause transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia, the three factors are economic globalization, increasing heterogeneity of immigrants, and rapidly developing communication technology. ASEAN has an important role in actively participating in campaigning for the war against transnational organized crime, especially in the Southeast Asia region. Transnational crime was first discussed by ASEAN in 1997 which later gave birth to the ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime Manila, Philippines, 20 December 1997. In addition to encouraging its members to ratify the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 and the promulgation of a number of regional instruments, regional cooperation is also the main key for ASEAN and its member countries in the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia.
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SEILKHANOVA, Saida, Aigerim SHEGEBAYEVA, Azina OTARBAYEVA, and Yestay ABILEZOV. "Criminal Procedure Aspects of the International Cooperation of States in the Field of Combating Transnational Organized Crime." Journal of Advanced Research in Law and Economics 10, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.14505//jarle.v10.3(41).27.
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The research dwells on criminal and legal aspects of international cooperation in the field of combating transnational organized crime. The issues of fighting against transnational organized crime affect all states without exception.Therefore the formation of national legislation in this area should consider the international experience in combating this phenomenon and utilize international legal acts that serve as the basis for creating not only specific norms but also a national policy to counteract transnational organized crime. This article aims at studying different forms of interaction between agencies carrying out criminal procedure activities on an international scale and developing recommendations in order to introduce the most effective methods of such interaction into the procedural practice and legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The authors of the article analyze the international legal framework, regulatory documents and law enforcement practice of a number of states (mainly the US, the EU, etc.). The authors conclude that criminal procedure aspects of the international legal framework for countering transnational organized crime in the context of the legislation of Kazakhstan require further development, improvement and comprehensive research. The study results obtained by the authors can serve as the basis for further scientific discussions and new surveys, as well as be used in the development of educational and practical manuals on the study of international cooperation both in criminal proceedings and in the fight against transnational organized crime.
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Kvasha, Oksana. "Improvement of legislation in the field of countering organized forms of crime: illusions and reality." Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava”, no. 32 (2021): 394–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2021-32-394-403.
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Introduction. The state of crime in modern Ukraine is characterized by a significant spread of organized crime. Given the absence for many years of a state strategy to combat organized crime and the failure of state policy to minimize corruption, organized crime has reached such proportions that have become a threat to national security. Significant changes took place in Section IX "Criminal Offenses against Public Safety" with the entry into force of the Law "On Amendments to Certain Legislative Acts of Ukraine on Liability for Crimes Committed by the Criminal Community" № 671-IX of 04.06.2020. The aim of the article. Has the legislator's goal been achieved to strengthen the criminal law framework for combating organized crime? The purpose of this scientific article is to find an answer to this question. Finding out the answer to the question: "How will the introduced short stories affect the fight against organized crime?" is also important in terms of ensuring the unity of case law. Conclusions. Legislative novelties do not agree with other norms and current criminal law terminology, contradict the systemic structure of criminal law, do not comply with the rules of the Ukrainian language. It is not logical to make changes to the "body" of the Law of Ukraine "On Organizational and Legal Basis of Combating Organized Crime" of June 30, 1993, which requires changes in each of its articles. It is necessary and important to adopt a new Law (conditional title - "On the principles of combating organized crime in Ukraine"), which should be based on current legislation of Ukraine and take into account the current state and trends of organized crime in the world, especially its transnational nature and symbiosis with corruption, as well as the specifics of domestic organized forms of terrorism, separatism and collaborationism. Therefore, a promising area of further research on the analyzed problem is the development of scientifically sound proposals for a new law on combating organized crime in Ukraine.
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Behruz oğlu İbrahimov, İbrahim. "The role and importance of extradition in the search and judgment of transmitted criminals." SCIENTIFIC WORK 65, no. 04 (April 23, 2021): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/65/285-289.
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One of the most important forms of cooperation used by states in the fight against transnational crime is the extradition of criminals. The extradition of offenders is the restoration of social justice in society, the acquisition of a deserved punishment, regardless of the whereabouts of the perpetrator, as well as the implementation of state functions aimed at the execution of the sentence imposed on him. On the other hand, the main purpose of extradition should not result in human rights violations, nor should it restrict people's right to life, liberty, and a fair trial. These criteria are enshrined in the 2000 UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. Key words: transnational crimes, mutual legal assistance, Criminal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, state sovereignty, responsibility of legal entities, international law, international criminal law, criminal jurisdiction
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Schloenhardt, Andreas. "International Cooperation under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime." Brill Research Perspectives in Transnational Crime 3, no. 4 (December 6, 2021): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24680931-12340020.
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Abstract This article examines the international cooperation provisions under the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and their practical application in reported cases. It explores the circumstances in which States Parties have used or attempted to use the Convention as a legal basis for extradition, mutual legal assistance, transfer of sentenced persons, transfer of criminal proceedings, joint investigations, or other forms of international cooperation. The article seeks to provide a better understanding of the opportunities offered by the international cooperation provisions, and the challenges and obstacles faced by States Parties requesting cooperation or being requested to provide cooperation under the Convention.
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Vladimirovna Rednikova, Tatiana. "Criminological Characteristics of Organized Environmental Crime in the Russian Federation." Internal Security 10, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 97–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4218.
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Throughout the world, modern environmental crime is characterized by the emergence of new forms of criminal behavior, improving ways of committing crimes and steadily increasing participation of organized criminal groups and communities in their commission. Nowadays, organized environmental crime along with environmental terrorism constitute a significant security threat. The distinctive features of organized environmental crime include: longevity and stability of a criminal organization, which in most cases effectively manages a complex of criminal activities from the organizational and economic point of view, and also has the ability to minimize the risks arising in this connection, long-term planning of activities, involving individuals and commercial structures, building criminal networks. Another characteristic feature is its focus on the market (including the illegal one). The organized groups often engage in criminal activities in various areas, committing environmental and economic and other types of crimes, while the corruption component is an integral feature of them. Organized transnational environmental crime carries out its activities in such key areas as illegal trade in rare and endangered species of wild fauna and flora and their derivatives, illegal logging and trade in illegal timber, illegal turnover of waste including illegal transportation, storage, discharge and burial, transboundary movement of hazardous waste, illegal fishing. Law enforcement and law enforcement agencies of various states pooling their efforts to curb ecologically criminal behavior, neutralizing all stages of the crime: planning, illegal extraction of resources, transportation, marketing, laundering of proceeds from crime play an important role in combating organized environmental crime. Eliminating the economic basis of the activities of criminal groups, reducing their profitability, is the key to success in combating it. Improvement of international legislation for development will create an integrated system of measures to counteract organized environmental crime at the level of individual states and ensure unification of national legislative systems in terms of terminology, compositions, and sanctions applied for the commission of environmental crimes by organized groups.
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Sindhu Gautama, I. Nyoman. "Pemberatasan Kejahatan Internasional berdasarkan Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs)." Jurnal Aktual Justice 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47329/aktualjustice.v4i1.474.
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The form of cooperation between countries in the practice of customary international law can be done through Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs). This form of cooperation appears in the practice of eradicating international crimes, which are transnational or international crimes as an act of implementing other agreements, which have been carried out among the countries involved in it. Law enforcement efforts against international crimes can be carried out through extradition treaties. Apart from that, other international agreements, both bilateral and multilateral, or mutual legal assistance treaty or judicial assistance treaty between two or more countries. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) also emerged because the eradication of crime was not sufficiently enforced by extradition agreements. More and more forms of Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties (MLATs) have been agreed upon, for example the United Nations Convention Against Corruption in 2003, the United Nations Conventions Against Transnational Organized Crime in 2000. Whereas at the ASEAN Regional level, the Treaty Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters in 2004. If this is well developed, especially in the State of Indonesia, then efforts and implementation in resolving these transnational problems can be overcome.
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Nedelkovska, Martina. "CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF POLICE TRAINING." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 6 (December 10, 2018): 2109–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28062109m.
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Contemporary security challenges necessarily impose the need for changes in conventional police action, which from "power with a stick" should change police in a partner of the community that will jointly deal with global security threats, especially after the events of September 11, 2001, have important changed the perception of what kind of security threats should be handled by police services around the world. Transnational organized crime and money laundering are only part of a series of complex criminogenic forms whose dealing without an exceptionally high level of professionalism and expertise will not achieve more than mediocre results in the pre-trial procedure, which is key to the further form of criminal legal effect of the crime. Professionalism and expertise as one of the basic competencies of the police officer, to deal not only with contemporary, but also with routine police activities, have their foundations in the police training where is the start of all preconditions that form professional police officer.
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Zavydnіak, I. O. "Features of the criminalistic characteristics of economic transnational crimes committed with the use of modern computer technologies." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 3 (February 20, 2022): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.03.33.
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The article discusses the concepts and structure of the forensic characteristics of economic transnational crimes committed using modern computer technologies. It is noted that with the help of forensic characteristics in the investigation of transnational crimes, it is possible to: develop effective methods of investigation; construction of programs, versions and investigation algorithm; determination of directions and forms of interaction between the competent authorities of the interested states during the investigation; drawing up a complete and clear request for international legal assistance, taking into account all the characteristics of crimes of a certain category. The structural elements of the forensic characteristics of economic, transnational crimes include: the subject and setting of the crime, the personality (persons) of the criminal.
There are two groups of objects of criminal encroachment: the main (referred to the category of object-related economic crimes); subordinates (referred to as the subjects of crimes in the field of the use of computer technology). Therefore, the subjects of economic transnational crimes committed with the use of modern computer technologies include: computer information; documents for the transfer of funds; various means of access to bank accounts, etc. The material carriers of such items of this category of crimes are: payment order, bank check, plastic payment card of any kind, identification card.
It is noted that the peculiarities of the situation of economic transnational crimes committed with the use of modern computer technology, it is appropriate to consider the scheme: material, technical, spatial, temporal and socio-psychological circumstances of the crime.
It is stated that crimes of this category are usually committed by persons who have a high intellectual and professional level. There are three groups of people who commit economic transnational crimes using computer technology. However, in a more detailed consideration of the characteristics of persons who committed crimes of this category, it is proposed to study them according to the scheme: 1) general features of the offender who committed economic transnational crime, using computer technology and 2) crimes, taking into account the distribution of roles in an organized criminal group.
Given that the forensic characterization of transnational economic crimes committed with the use of modern computer technology is somewhat complex, it requires in-depth theoretical research in various scientific categories - legal, economic, informational and international.
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HALITI, Fidan. "The Organized Crime in Western Balkans in the Age of Globalization- Trafficking in Narcotics and Money Laundry." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v5i2.228.
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This research addresses the activity of transnational organized crime in the Westerns Balkans region, particularly the activity of trafficking in narcotics and money laundry. This problematic phenomenon is treated on the aspect of newly created circumstances in the age of globalization, where the entire world is facing the transformation in the political and economic aspect - developments that are impacting the field of security as well. In this period, these countries faced institutional fragility, lack of proper capacities in fight against new forms of organized criminality, lack of inter-state cooperation etc. this situation was used as an opportunity by the criminal organizations with their reach in the entire region, creating the so called Balkan Road which is used for trafficking of narcotics towards Western Europe countries. In this research is expressed the amount of narcotics trafficked and illicit profits from this activity, divided by regional countries for the period 2009-2012. This paper argues how transnational organized crime by exploiting the globalization era facilities has adapted to these newly created circumstances and is increasingly exceeding the capabilities of the countries of a traditional organizations and forms of security in responding appropriately. The interstate cooperation aspect and the use of an interactive approach at technical and operational levels is increasingly being considered as a tangible opportunity to deal with this phenomenon. The paper draws conclusions on how the organized crime threats have had influence on security approaches in the Western Balkans as well as pushing the countries towards an inter-state approach in addressing these threats. Security field contemporary literature as well as reports and assessments of various security agencies have been used in drawing research results.
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Zavydnyak, I. О. "Legalization «laundering» of funds obtained by criminal route as one of the types of economic transnational crimes." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 4 (April 28, 2022): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2021.04.54.
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The article considers one of the types of transnational economic crimes - legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime. Emphasis is placed on the fact that the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime is a predicate offense, because it is not characteristic of any one type of organized crime, but for a very wide range of transnational crimes, because the vast majority of them are for profit and criminally acquired assets. In this regard, the process of investigating and providing legal assistance in the investigation of such economic transnational crimes has a number of features and obstacles.
The need for an appropriate legal framework for international cooperation in the fight against money laundering (laundering) is indicated.
Three main stages of legalization (laundering) of criminal proceeds as one of the economic transnational crimes have been identified and analyzed. Thus, the first stage of such illegal actions is: placement of cash in the normal circulation of money (the process of penetration of proceeds from crime into the economic system, which aims to free the holder of a large sum of funds from cash and its placement in national or foreign currency in cash turnover, for the next stage). The second stage of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime is camouflage (hiding traces and ways of spreading) or cash circulation, which includes a number of financial transactions aimed at concealing the source of money. The third stage is defined as integration (return and legalization of «laundered» money), full entry of funds into the legal economic system, where they can be used for any purpose.
It is emphasized that in the process of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, there are certain periods (or «bottlenecks»), during which the risk of detecting such illegal activities increases significantly. Even with the large number of options, methods and forms of money laundering, such periods cannot always be avoided, which significantly increases the risk of detection of such illegal activities by financial intelligence units or other competent authorities. Such periods include: the process of receiving cash into the financial system; movement of cash flows across the state border; transfers within the financial system and at the exit from the financial system. Given this, in order to ensure the successful functioning of the entire system of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, this process is usually performed by persons who are professionally engaged in management procedures for investing legalized proceeds in legal real estate and other assets.
It is noted that effective counteraction to the process of legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime is impossible without the legal settlement of international cooperation in the investigation and collection of evidence of such economic transnational crimes.
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Obokata, Tom. "Combating Transnational Organised Crime through International Human Rights Law." International Human Rights Law Review 8, no. 1 (June 3, 2019): 1–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131035-00801003.
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This article explores the key obligations imposed upon States under international human rights law to combat transnational organised crime. It begins by highlighting a number of human rights which are affected by various forms of organised crime, such as the rights to life, liberty and security, health, property, culture, as well as the prohibition on slavery/forced labour and other inhuman or degrading treatments. The article then analyses the key obligations imposed upon States under international human rights law, with particular reference to (1) investigation, prosecution and punishment, (2) protection of victims and (3) prevention. The main conclusion reached is that international human rights law is indeed useful as it encourages States to adopt a holistic approach capable of addressing the complex and multi-faceted nature of transnational organised crime beyond simple criminal justice responses.
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Aghazadeh, Alireza, Mohammadali Ardebili, Mohammad Ashouri, and Mohammadali Mahdavisabet. "Organized Smuggling of Goods in the Criminal Law of Iran and Turkey." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 5 (October 18, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n5p24.
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Smuggling of goods, known as one of the most obvious instances of economic crimes, has done irreversible harms to the economic systems of countries through placing obstacles in the way of productive investment, undermining healthy competitions in business, and finally forming and expanding underground and hidden economies. Creating the areas of money laundering and committing transnationally organized crimes, smuggling jeopardizes the economic and political security of countries seriously. On the other hand, committing smuggling crimes in groups has led to the expansion and intensification of such actions and made it quite difficult for the criminal justice systems to identify and deal with them. Organized crimes, which are among more evolved forms of group crimes, influence different areas of society because such crimes are compulsorily accompanied by the prevalence of bureaucratic and financial corruption. In addition, such crimes have negative impacts on the cultures of societies. Based on the proportionality of crimes, punishments, and distributive justice and the theory of punishment, criminal policy makers, therefore, have considered the quality of committing smuggling crime, such as organization, in order to effectively deal with this phenomenon in different countries. They have also showed differentiating and strict reactions to this type of crime. The aim of the current study was to investigate the theoretical concepts and foundations of organized smuggling of goods in Iran and Turkey. It was also intended to study the legal approaches adopted by these countries to this type of crime along with the similarities and differences of their legal systems.
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Stevandić, Nataša. "The economics aspect of money laundering." Megatrend revija 18, no. 2 (2021): 125–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2101125s.
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The forms of threat to a country's economic system are very diverse. In modern times, perfidious systems of activity of organized crime groups are coming to light, especially in the field of organized crime. One such criminal activity is certainly money laundering, which is increasingly becoming a serious international problem. Money laundering is basically the legalization of capital acquired through criminal activity. As a criminal activity, it directly negatively affects the economics, political, legal, cultural and other significant values of a society. The most visible consequences of money laundering (most of which are economics in nature) are: undermining the integrity of financial markets, eroding control over economics policy, economic instability, loss of public revenue, deformation of savings and consumption, jeopardizing reform programs, loss of state reputation, etc. Money laundering is a complex and serious challenge for states and the entire international community. Considering that national strategies are not sufficient to combat this problem, a successful transnational approach and strategy are required.
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Kubariev, Ivan, Yevgen Barash, Valeriy Pcholkin, and Olena Pluzhnik. "Assessing the Contemporary Issues of Countering Transnational Crime." Jurnal Cita Hukum 9, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jch.v9i2.21661.
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Crimes are always considered as inevitable in every given society operating under an organized system of operation. Sometimes this crime has to cross borders constituting huge threat to country sovereignty and integrity. With all this in place, States are usually confronted in establishing possible forms and methods of combating the so called transnational crimes. Specific examples of successful experience of developed countries, such as the United States, Canada and Western European countries, are analyzed. The author's definitions of the terms "transnational crime", "method of combating transnational crime" and "form of combating transnational crime" are given. It is stated that the problem of the existence and expansion of transnational crime in the form of shadow illegal activities of criminal organizations is one of the greatest threats of our time. It is stated that in connection with the commission of illegal acts by members of transnational criminal organizations of various orientations, the definition of the essence and content of this socially dangerous phenomenon is a non-trivial matter. It is emphasized that the modern scientific community reflects the desire to clearly establish and specify the current methods of combating transnational crime and to implement their appropriate classification. It is noted that both domestic and foreign scholars in the field of law classify methods of combating transnational crime according to a set of different criteria and factors. Scholars also emphasize the importance of intensifying effective international cooperation in this area.Keywords: Form; Method; Transnational Crime; International Cooperation; Criminal Organization Menilai Isu Kontemporer Melawan Kejahatan Transnasional AbstrakKejahatan selalu dianggap sebagai sesuatu yang tak terelakkan dalam setiap masyarakat yang beroperasi di bawah sistem operasi yang terorganisir. Terkadang kejahatan ini harus melintasi batas negara yang merupakan ancaman besar bagi kedaulatan dan keutuhan negara. Dengan semua ini, Negara biasanya dihadapkan pada kemungkinan bentuk dan metode untuk memerangi apa yang disebut kejahatan transnasional. Contoh-contoh spesifik dari pengalaman sukses negara-negara maju, seperti Amerika Serikat, Kanada dan negara-negara Eropa Barat, dianalisis. Definisi penulis tentang istilah "kejahatan transnasional", "metode pemberantasan kejahatan transnasional" dan "bentuk pemberantasan kejahatan transnasional" diberikan. Disebutkan bahwa masalah keberadaan dan perluasan kejahatan transnasional berupa kegiatan ilegal bayangan organisasi kriminal merupakan salah satu ancaman terbesar di zaman kita. Disebutkan bahwa sehubungan dengan dilakukannya perbuatan melawan hukum yang dilakukan oleh anggota organisasi kriminal lintas negara dari berbagai orientasi, maka pengertian esensi dan isi dari fenomena bahaya sosial ini bukanlah hal yang sepele. Ditekankan bahwa komunitas ilmiah modern mencerminkan keinginan untuk secara jelas menetapkan dan menentukan metode terkini untuk memerangi kejahatan transnasional dan untuk menerapkan klasifikasi yang sesuai. Perlu dicatat bahwa baik sarjana dalam dan luar negeri di bidang hukum mengklasifikasikan metode memerangi kejahatan transnasional menurut seperangkat kriteria dan faktor yang berbeda. Para ahli juga menekankan pentingnya mengintensifkan kerja sama internasional yang efektif di bidang ini.Kata kunci: Bentuk; Metode; Kejahatan Lintas Negara; Kerjasama internasional; Organisasi Kriminal Оценка Современных Проблем Противодействия Транснациональной ПреступностиАннатацияПреступления всегда считаются неизбежными в каждом обществе, действующем в рамках организованной системы действий. Иногда это преступление должно пересекать границы, представляя огромную угрозу суверенитету и целостности страны. При наличии всего этого государства обычно сталкиваются с проблемой установления возможных форм и методов борьбы с так называемыми транснациональными преступлениями. Анализируются конкретные примеры успешного опыта развитых стран, таких как США, Канада и страны Западной Европы. Даны авторские определения терминов «транснациональная преступность», «метод борьбы с транснациональной преступностью» и «форма борьбы с транснациональной преступностью». Констатируется, что проблема существования и распространения транснациональной преступности в виде теневой противоправной деятельности преступных организаций является одной из самых серьезных угроз современности. В связи с совершением противоправных действий членами транснациональных преступных организаций различной направленности определение сущности и содержания этого общественно опасного явления является нетривиальным вопросом. Подчеркивается, что современное научное сообщество отражает стремление четко установить и конкретизировать существующие методы борьбы с транснациональной преступностью и внедрить их соответствующую классификацию. Отмечается, что как отечественные, так и зарубежные ученые в области права классифицируют методы борьбы с транснациональной преступностью по набору различных критериев и факторов. Ученые также подчеркивают важность активизации эффективного международного сотрудничества в этой области.Ключевые слова: форма, метод, транснациональная преступность, международное сотрудничество, преступная организация
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Paustovskaya, Natalia, and Dmitrii Popushoi. "LEGAL BASES OF SOME FORMS OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL COOPERATION IN THE SPHERE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE OF THE REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA." Social Legal Studios 10, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32518/2617-4162-2020-4-80-86.
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This article concerns on forms of international procedural cooperation of Republic of Moldova as an actual modern problem. It has been noted that scale of organized crime, terrorism, illegal drug and arms trafficking, illegal migration, human trafficking and other crimes compel different states to unify their efforts in counteracting these crossborder phenomena by creating organizational mechanisms of interaction. International legal aspects of crime counteraction, in particular the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the European Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters and Additional Protocols to it have been studied. It has been specified that foreign countries legislation uses most advanced mechanisms of mutual legal assistance for a long time, but institute of joint search groups is a relatively new form for criminal procedural legislation of Republic of Moldova. An attention to amendments to criminal procedural legislation concerning implementation of the institute of joint search groups has been devoted. It has been acknowledged that according to legislation of Republic of Moldova a request on forming of joint search group could be sent by any engaged state. Such group is to be created in any state where criminal persecution needs to be enforced. There is certain information to be included in such request: law enforcement body which requested, the request�s subject and grounds, data on persecuted person and his full name, nationality, address, if necessary � suggestions on group membership. Signing of the Police Cooperation Convention for Southeast Europe by Moldova facilitated implementation of cross-border surveillance institute which comprises procedural action to be conducted when representatives of one country�s law enforcement body are keeping under surveillance during criminal persecution in another country a person, suspected in participation of the crime which envisaged extradition, or a person who is reasonably believed to be helpful in identification or establishing whereabouts of the aforementioned person, and has the right to continue such surveillance in Republic of Moldova according to legal assistance request submitted previously. It has been substantiated that international cooperation in crime combating is based on legal assistance providing and aimed at expansion of the quantity of countries which are contracting parties of such cooperation agreements.
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Batricevic, Ana. "Environmental criminal offences - victimless crimes?" Temida 16, no. 1 (2013): 113–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tem1301113b.
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Ecological criminal offences, the most serious forms of harming and threatening of environment or its integral parts, represents a global phenomenon of great social hazard. They are often connected with organized transnational criminality, criminal offences against life and bodily integrity, corruption, tax evasion and discrimination. Disputable nature of the subject these incriminations protect imposes a question: ?Who are the victims of ecological criminal offences - individuals, social groups, entire society or environment as value per se?? Perceiving ecological criminal offences as victimless crimes diminishes their importance and the circle of subjects interested to unveil, prove, prevent, suppress and impose punishments for these offences. Therefore, the author discusses the sustainability of the traditional, anthropocentrically defined term of victim in the context of biocentrism and its growing influence on criminal law, criminology and victimology. Attempting to determine whether ecological criminal offences represent victimless crimes, the author analyzes their term, characteristics and significance. Starting from the traditional definition of victim, she analyzes the term of ?victimless crimes? and its (un)sustainability in the context of environmental crime, focusing on its most frequent victims and the necessity of their protection.
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Anugerah, Nilam Rizky, and Surya Pranata. "LAW ENFORCEMENT EFFORTS AGAINST IMMIGRATION CRIMES." Journal of Law and Border Protection 1, no. 2 (December 25, 2019): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.52617/jlbp.v1i2.175.
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the development of information technology, communication and transportation are tendency in terms of increasing relations between nations globally which drives human traffic between countries, giving rise to the complexity of the problems of human mobility between countries. Based on selective policy that upholds the value of human rights, regulated entry of foreigners into the territory of Indonesia, so also for foreigners who obtain a residence permit in the territory of Indonesia must be in accordance with the intent and purpose of being in Indonesia. Immigration crime is basically in addition to its nature as an international and transnational crime and is carried out individually or in an organized manner, it is also very detrimental and endangering to the community so that a severe criminal threat is needed in order to provide a deterrent effect for foreigners who commit violations. forms of supervision of foreigners, namely, supervision of foreigners, field supervision, immigration detention centers, and prevention and deterrence.
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Dumitran, Cristina. "The impact of crime on regional economic and social development in Romania, Pro Universitaria Press, Bucharest, 2018. Radu Tudor Petre." Sociologie Romaneasca 18, no. 2 (November 11, 2020): 234–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.33788/sr.18.2.23.
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The purpose of this review is to highlight the novelty elements of the research carried out by Mr. Radu Tudor Petre on The impact of crime on regional economic and social development in Romania. The very first work is to use and adapt to national specificities certain working methods and tools validated by other States, for which crime control and the effective spending of public money is a priority. The multifactorial crime model, the model of situational prevention through regional planning, the calculation of the regional cost of crime per capita, the application of the Granger causality test on the criminal phenomena variables and the Gini index of social inequality, resulting in the likelihood of the causal link between crime, have been tested and adapted, level of economic development and corruption index. Research has emerged as a necessity in the current socio-economic and political national and international context, which inevitably generates new forms of organized crime or the increasing level of existing crime, so that the institutional capacity of a state to anticipate trends or developments in this phenomenon and the assessment of the social and economic impact it has had lead to the adoption of viable regional, national and transnational crime prevention and reduction policies, linked to regional development programs. The quality of the paper is that, by linking social issues (social exclusion, unemployment, early school leaving, risk of victimization, disadvantaged background, etc.), crime and their economic and social impact on regional development, open up new opportunities for cross-disciplinary research.
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Isaac, Jeffrey C. "New Approaches to the Study of Violence." Perspectives on Politics 10, no. 2 (May 25, 2012): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1537592712000783.
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In his recent book The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined, Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker draws upon a wealth of data to argue that the modern world, especially since 1945, has experienced a dramatic and probably irreversible decline in organized violence. The book has received much critical attention (which will indeed be the topic of future discussion in Perspectives). It is undeniably true that recent decades have seen a decrease in the incidence of, and casualties related to, classic forms of interstate violence, and that in recent years there has been a decline in organized civil war violence as well. At the same time, it is equally true that violence—its threat, its use, its many often-unpredictable consequences—remains an ever-present part of the political landscape throughout the world. The Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development's recent report, The Global Burden of Armed Violence 2011, estimates that since 2004 “more than 526,000 people are killed each year as a result of lethal violence.” The report estimates that only around one tenth of these killings—approximately 55,000 per year—are caused by “direct armed conflict,” i.e., in organized wars, whether interstate or civil. But it also estimates that hundreds of thousands more are related to gang violence, drug trafficking, transnational organized crime, and other activities that take place in a netherworld beyond law and order, and between “war” and “peace.” And it observes that while the categories typically used by governments, multilateral agencies, and NGOs to classify violence—organized vs. interpersonal, conflict-related vs. criminal—serve certain practical purposes, “these distinctions give the misleading impression that different forms and incidents of violence fit into neat and separate categories,” whereas in fact these forms of violence are not so neatly distinguished. And beyond the sphere of lethal violence lays a much broader domain of destruction, fear, insecurity, vulnerability, and harm.
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Lord, Nicholas, and Michael Levi. "Organizing the finances for and the finances from transnational corporate bribery." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 3 (August 24, 2016): 365–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816661740.
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This article analyses the finances for and the finances from corporate bribery in international business transactions and how they are organized. Transnational corporate bribery involves non-criminal commercial enterprises that operate in licit markets but that use corrupt means to win or maintain business contracts in foreign jurisdictions. This article first considers what needs to be financed, how much finance is needed, and how the bribes can be generated and distributed. Second, the article considers the different forms of proceeds that emerge out of the bribery, how offenders must conceal the derivation of funds from these crimes while also retaining control over them, and how they must overcome particular obstacles. Finally, the article discusses responses to the proceeds of bribery and related anti-money laundering provisions, before analysing actual and potential mechanisms for intervening with the finances for and from transnational corporate corruption.
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Spaseski, Dimitar. "HISTORICAL REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECURITY SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA AS A PRECONDITION FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATE AND THE LAW." Knowledge International Journal 28, no. 6 (March 7, 2019): 2143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij28062143d.
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The security system in the Republic of Macedonia is established as a system of protection of the basic values, a system that should be in function of the protection of the state and the rights and freedoms of all citizens of the Republic of Macedonia, but also a system that should protect the state from all types of threats.The state security policy should be set up so that it can perceive, prevent and eliminate all occurrences of internal or external character in a timely manner that would cause minor or greater violations of the security situation in the society, and thus certain consequences for the citizens and the system, in general. To achieve these goals the state should keep a security policy that means the construction and upgrading of the security system that will be able to respond to modern security challenges, to prevent and resolve the eventual crisis in the country, and to be the guarantor of peace and stability of the state.From the tribal society, the first forms of endangerment of human communities are dated when the survival of man and tribal community was often questioned. But, at that very low and primitive level of development, the man undertook a series of measures to protect him from all kinds of threats and from the dangers that were manifested to him. From then until today's modern societies, the forms and types of endangering of human communities have not disappeared, but rather drastically increased, posing a threat not only in the socio-economic development, but also on the survival of the state and its population.Each society, regardless of internally established socio-political, economic, social and other relationships, determines the social values that are the subject of protection and who actually are of vital interest or the interest of the whole community. These primarily include material goods of society, the state order, territorial integrity, the life and health of the population, its rights and freedoms, etc.Organized crime, corruption and other forms of serious crime that are on the rise are a serious threat to any country. The growth of well-organized criminal groups and transnational organizations on a global scale are factors that seriously affect security in the country and beyond. This situation not only undermines the fundamental values of society, morality and legal norms, but also has a major impact on the economic growth of the country.
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Taleb, Ahsene M., and Zubair Ahmad Maqbool. "Organized and Transnational Crime." المجلة العربية للدراسات الأمنية و التدريب 29, no. 57 (2013): 435–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0001798.
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Mat Basir, Salawati, Mohammad Naji Shah Mohammadi, and Elmira Sobatian. "Analysis of Drug Trafficking and Corruption Nexus in Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) Region." Asian Social Science 12, no. 4 (March 19, 2016): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n4p53.
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<p>The main objective of Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) is economic development in its region but directly unproductive profit seeking activities such as drug trafficking is the prominent barrier to reach this goal. All members spend lots of money to fight against drug trafficking, as all of them suffer from drug addiction and drug related problems. The first step to cope with this problem is to identify the factors and incentives that make this region vulnerable for drug trafficking activities and to unearth what makes this region a haven for drug traffickers. A bulk of literature supports the concept that organized criminal organizations are not able to operate when there are not any forms of corruption since they are strongly interrelated. In this paper, we analyze the link between drug trafficking and corruption in ECO region in order to develop ECO strategies to hamper and interrupt these transnational crimes. Corruption has posed major challenges to the efforts taken to control drug and also has seriously damaged the ECO members’ image in international community. One of the practical solutions is the responsibility of ECO organization in implementing rule of law in the region. Undoubtedly, fighting against corruption in ECO region is a joint responsibility of international and intercontinental community and this responsibility requires collective action and cooperation among countries in the region.</p>
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Torres-Vásquez, Henry. "Transnational Organized Crime In Colombia." Díkaion 22, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5294/dika.2013.22.1.4.
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BIBES, PATRICIA. "Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 17, no. 3 (August 2001): 243–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986201017003004.
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Siegel, Dina. "Women in transnational organized crime." Trends in Organized Crime 17, no. 1-2 (June 15, 2013): 52–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-013-9206-4.
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Jamieson, Alison. "Transnational Organized Crime: A European Perspective." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 24, no. 5 (September 2001): 377–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/105761001750434231.
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Stanislawski, Bartosz H. "Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and WMD." International Studies Review 7, no. 1 (March 2005): 158–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-9488.2005.479_10.x.
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Zvekic, Ugljesa. "International Cooperation and Transnational Organized Crime." Proceedings of the ASIL Annual Meeting 90 (1996): 541–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272503700087061.
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Gilmour, Stan, and Robert France. "Local policing and transnational organized crime." International Review of Law, Computers & Technology 25, no. 1-2 (July 2011): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13600869.2011.594644.
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Arsovska, Jana, and Felia Allum. "Introduction: women and transnational organized crime." Trends in Organized Crime 17, no. 1-2 (May 18, 2014): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-014-9223-y.
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Romashkin, Snizhana, Nadiia Shulzhenko, and Kotova Liubov. "The mechanism of international cooperation accordingly to UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime." Revista de la Universidad del Zulia 11, no. 31 (October 1, 2020): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.46925//rdluz.31.24.
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The article considers the mechanisms for fighting transnational crime and international cooperation in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and identifies the main factors that complicate international cooperation processes to combat transnational crime. The authors emphasize that international cooperation in the fight against crime is key to the success and guarantee of international security. The main objectives of the article are to carry out a comprehensive analysis of the concept of "organized crime" in accordance with the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, to determine the corpus delicti, as well as to improve International Law to combat transnational crime. In the article the following methods are used: induction, deduction, analogy, as well as historical, dialectical, formal-legal methods. The article provides us with the complex results related to the key mechanisms of international cooperation according to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
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Mirdad, Mohammad Ayub. "Taliban insurgency and transnational organized crime nexus." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 33, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v33i32020.266-277.
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Afghanistan has been demolished by more than three decades of the ongoing war since the war against the Soviet Union started in 1979. The Afghanistan-Pakistan region provides a geographically secure location and a space of opportunity for organized crime and terrorist groups. This paper aims at exploring the Taliban nexus with organized crime groups in Afghanistan and the region through Makarenko’s crime-terror continuum theory. The method of this study is qualitative through the descriptive-analytical approach. The growing connection between insurgents and organized crime poses essential challenges to the region. Each group has developed both criminal and terrorist elements while not relinquishing its original organizing principle. Afghanistan is a war-torn country and weak governance, terrorism, narcotics, illegal mining, poor border control, and widespread corruption provide the perfect opportunity for convergence of the Taliban with organized criminal and insurgent groups in the region. The Taliban and organized crime groups are involved in kidnapping for ransom, drug trade, extortion, and exploitation of natural resources. The finding indicates that, although the objectives of the insurgent and organized crime organizations differ widely, these enabling variables are also suitable for organized crime organizations. The primary objective of organized crime is to gain profit, and the objective of the insurgent is to contest the state power and promote political change through violence. The economic sources are the primary main reason why the two organizations converge.
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Yermolenko, Dmytro. "Foreign experience in countering transnational organized crime." Herald of Zaporizhzhia National University. Jurisprudence, no. 3-4 (2019): 88–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.26661/2616-9444-2019-3/4-10.
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Golubovskii, Vladimir, Mikhail Kostyuk, and Elena Kunts. "The Current State of Transnational Organized Crime -." International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 9 (November 11, 2020): 797–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2020.09.75.
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Loskutovs, Aleksejs. "Transnational Organized Crime – Latvian Challenges and Responses." Connections: The Quarterly Journal 15, no. 3 (2016): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11610/connections.15.3.03.
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Etges, Rafael, and Emma Sutcliffe. "An Overview of Transnational Organized Cyber Crime." Journal of Digital Forensic Practice 3, no. 2-4 (December 15, 2010): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567281.2010.536731.
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Etges, Rafael, and Emma Sutcliffe. "An Overview of Transnational Organized Cyber Crime." Information Security Journal: A Global Perspective 17, no. 2 (May 9, 2008): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19393550802036631.
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Blenkinsopp, Alexander J. "Transnational organized crime, by Frank G. Madsen." Global Crime 11, no. 3 (August 2, 2010): 366–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17440572.2010.490704.
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Chang, Dae H. "World Ministerial Conference on Organized Transnational Crime." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 23, no. 2 (September 1999): 141–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01924036.1999.9678638.
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von Lampe, Klaus. "Transnational organized crime challenges for future research." Crime, Law and Social Change 58, no. 2 (May 12, 2012): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-012-9377-y.
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Koslowski, Ricco. "Organized Crime in Europe." Magyar Rendészet 18, no. 5 (2018): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32577/mr.2018.5.4.
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The study introduces the current situation in connection with organized criminal groups in Europe. By differentiation of their specific characteristics, the activity of terrorist and organized crime groups in Europe are presented. The author provides some insight into the activity of the currently working organized crime groups through the assessment of the activity of transnational organized crime groups. In the forecast of future evolution of organized crime, the author emphasizes the importance of regular cooperation at national and international, as well as inside and outside of the competent organizations.
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Koslowski, Ricco. "Organized Crime in Europe." Magyar Rendészet 18, no. 5 (2018): 57–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32577/mr.2018.5.4.
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The study introduces the current situation in connection with organized criminal groups in Europe. By differentiation of their specific characteristics, the activity of terrorist and organized crime groups in Europe are presented. The author provides some insight into the activity of the currently working organized crime groups through the assessment of the activity of transnational organized crime groups. In the forecast of future evolution of organized crime, the author emphasizes the importance of regular cooperation at national and international, as well as inside and outside of the competent organizations.
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Ibraj, Bajram. "Cooperation Between Albania and Kosovo and Its Impact in Strengthening the Rule of Law Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2008-2015." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 2, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v2i4.p85-91.
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Transnational organized criminal activities and local activities have affected both countries, Albania and Kosovo. Meanwhile, transnational crime with transnational and local base Albania-Kosovo, is of interest and influence, therefore, it is suggested that the cooperation between the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo in this regard be serving in law enforcement institutions in Albania and within law enforcement institutions in Kosovo. Transnational organized crime, terrorism, corruption and money laundering are global security threats and local, regional and international sources of crises. Organized crime knows no nationality, no countries, borders, homeland, race, ethnicity, religion and religious beliefs. That is why it is required cooperation in the fight against transnational organized crime and transnational organized crime to be implemented permanently with the main goal of the strategy implementation, action plans, joint operations between the two countries, Albania and Kosovo. Important role in this association play their respective law enforcement institutions such as the police of the two countries, prosecutions, courts and other institutions. While international cooperation is realized with major international organizations like the UN, the EU, Interpol, Europol, SECI center etc. During the years 2002-2015 between the governments, ministries of internal and Police of the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo hav signed several agreements, memoranda of understanding and common protocols. Interstate and transnational cooperation through the tabulation and graphs presented and seek to build strategies, institutions, measures, operations and joint actions with preventive, managers and common problem solvers of security and the fight against transnational organized crime. Consolidation of security in Albania and Kosovo, is closely associated with the construction, consolidation and functioning of the rule of law, and the rule of law, reaching freedom and respect for fundamental human rights. Albania-Kosovo cooperation significantly affects the strengthening of the rule of law against transnational organized crime. This cooperation is a necessary precondition for the prevention of conflicts and internal, external and regional crises, in order to achieve security and human rights and freedom.
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Ibraj, Bajram. "Cooperation Between Albania and Kosovo and Its Impact in Strengthening the Rule of Law Against Transnational Organized Crime, 2008-2015." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 6, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v6i1.p85-91.
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Transnational organized criminal activities and local activities have affected both countries, Albania and Kosovo. Meanwhile, transnational crime with transnational and local base Albania-Kosovo, is of interest and influence, therefore, it is suggested that the cooperation between the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo in this regard be serving in law enforcement institutions in Albania and within law enforcement institutions in Kosovo. Transnational organized crime, terrorism, corruption and money laundering are global security threats and local, regional and international sources of crises. Organized crime knows no nationality, no countries, borders, homeland, race, ethnicity, religion and religious beliefs. That is why it is required cooperation in the fight against transnational organized crime and transnational organized crime to be implemented permanently with the main goal of the strategy implementation, action plans, joint operations between the two countries, Albania and Kosovo. Important role in this association play their respective law enforcement institutions such as the police of the two countries, prosecutions, courts and other institutions. While international cooperation is realized with major international organizations like the UN, the EU, Interpol, Europol, SECI center etc. During the years 2002-2015 between the governments, ministries of internal and Police of the Republic of Albania and the Republic of Kosovo hav signed several agreements, memoranda of understanding and common protocols. Interstate and transnational cooperation through the tabulation and graphs presented and seek to build strategies, institutions, measures, operations and joint actions with preventive, managers and common problem solvers of security and the fight against transnational organized crime. Consolidation of security in Albania and Kosovo, is closely associated with the construction, consolidation and functioning of the rule of law, and the rule of law, reaching freedom and respect for fundamental human rights. Albania-Kosovo cooperation significantly affects the strengthening of the rule of law against transnational organized crime. This cooperation is a necessary precondition for the prevention of conflicts and internal, external and regional crises, in order to achieve security and human rights and freedom.
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Zharovska, Halyna. "Transnational organized crime as a destructive phenomenon of globalization." Law Review of Kyiv University of Law, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 354–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36695/2219-5521.2.2020.67.
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The article examines the problems associated with the impact of globalization on the state of crime and the factors of modernglobal processes that shape it’s destructive phenomenon – transnational organized crime. The study concluded that globalization ofcrime is now the main trend of it’s criminal transformation; transnational organized crime is a real step towards criminalization of society.Therefore, it is quite reasonable to assert that the formation of a transnational criminal environment is an antipode for a law-abidingsociety. The main factors of criminalization of society include: value-vacuum (weak state and the lack of values in society – this is theworst combination for society and the most advantageous for the progress of crime); informational influence, which justifies and legi -timizes criminal phenomenon; involvement people to the criminal society; instability. Besides improper state development leads to ocial non-adaptability, stratification of society. The modern “globalized progress”, that focused on alleged human values destroys thenormative base by legal, quasi-legal and criminal actions. Such transformation of society is the source for the transformation of organi -zed crime.It is actually nowadays to develop the fundamentally new attitude to the study of transnational crime, – sociocultural attitude,which can be based on such a postulate – the factors of the development of transnational criminal organizations associated with theemergence of appropriate opportunities at the global level.During exploring the transnational organized crime as a phenomenon that paradoxically is created by socio-cultural developmentof human civilization, firstly, it is necessary to understand that this phenomenon is a completely separate segment of crime, which hasit’s own and system characteristics.Secondly, the scientific definition of the features of transnational organized crime should be based on an analysis of it’s systemicinteractions, which will enable to solve the problem of developing and implementing a national and consolidated concept of combatingtransnational organized crime at the international level.
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OBOKATA, Tom. "The Value of International Law in Combating Transnational Organized Crime in the Asia-Pacific." Asian Journal of International Law 7, no. 1 (October 29, 2015): 39–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251315000193.
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AbstractThis paper explores the value of international law in combating transnational organized crime in the Asia-Pacific, with particular reference to the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. It begins by highlighting the definitions of organized crime under national and international law. It then analyzes the extent to which states in the Asia-Pacific have implemented the Convention, focusing on harmonization of national criminal laws and procedures, mutual recognition of law enforcement decisions and measures, as well as provision of technical assistance. The paper also touches upon the protection of the human rights of victims and perpetrators of organized crime. The main conclusion reached is that, although the implementation of international instruments pertinent to transnational organized crime has not been an easy task in the Asia-Pacific, they are slowly but surely making a difference on the ground. Therefore, their value should not be dismissed completely.
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TRIVAN, DRAGAN. "THE INFLUENCE OF CORPORATE SECURITY ON NATIONAL SECURITY." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, me 2013/ ISSUE 15/3 (September 30, 2013): 69–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179/bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.15.3.5.
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In the modern world, security is exposed to numerous transnational and asymmetric threats. Such circumstances necessitate the collaboration and joint efforts of the security capacities of national states, as well as their firmer integration into the collective system of international security. Within that framework, corporations, as the most developed business systems that transcend national boundaries, establish a system of corporate security that, in addition to its basic function as the protection of the security of a business, exerts further influence on national security. In the era of global interdependence, national security and economic development are intricately connected. While security risks jeopardize the transfer of people and capital, stable economic development and successful provision of public services stimulate legitimacy and strengthen the social cohesion within a state, thus reducing the threat of societal fragmentation. On the other hand, economic crisis and recession can fuel security threats, from unemployment, poverty, and political instability, to intra- and international conflicts. The state of corporate security in the countries of the Western Balkans and its position in national security systems is influenced primarily by the following factors, the ongoing economic and financial crisis; the unfinished process of transition; political instability; new forms of security risks and threats; the coupling of organized crime and corruption; insufficient legal and normative organization of the non-state security sector. V sodobnem svetu je varnost izpostavljena številnim nadnacionalnim in asimetričnim grožnjam. Take okoliščine zahtevajo sodelovanje in skupna prizadevanja varnostnih zmogljivosti nacionalnih držav, pa tudi njihovo trdnejše povezovanje v kolektivni sistem mednarodne varnosti. V tem okviru korporacije kot najbolj razviti poslovni sistemi, ki presegajo nacionalne meje, vzpostavljajo sistem korporativne varnosti, ki poleg svoje temeljne funkcije, torej zaščite varnosti podjetja, dodatno vpliva na na- cionalno varnost. V času globalne soodvisnosti sta nacionalna varnost in gospodarski razvoj neločljivo povezana. Medtem ko varnostna tveganja ogrožajo pretok ljudi in kapitala, stabilni gospodarski razvoj in uspešno izvajanje javnih služb spodbujata legitimnost in krepitev socialne kohezije v državi, s čimer se zmanjša nevarnost družbene frag- mentacije. Po drugi strani pa lahko gospodarska kriza in recesija sprožita varnostne grožnje, od brezposelnosti, revščine in politične nestabilnosti do znotrajdržavnih in mednarodnih konfliktov. Na stanje korporativne varnosti v državah Zahodnega Balkana in njeno vlogo v sistemu nacionalne varnosti vplivajo predvsem trenutna gospodarska in finančna kriza, nedokončan proces tranzicije, politična nestabilnost, nove oblike varnostnih tveganj in groženj, porast organiziranega kriminala in korupcije ter slaba pravna in normativna ureditev nedržavnega varnostnega sektorja.
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Kleemans, Edward R., Edwin W. Kruisbergen, and Ruud F. Kouwenberg. "Women, brokerage and transnational organized crime. Empirical results from the Dutch Organized Crime Monitor." Trends in Organized Crime 17, no. 1-2 (June 21, 2013): 16–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-013-9203-7.
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