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1
HEINEMAN, Noelle, and Ioannis NOMIKOS. "COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN THE BALKANS AND EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN. THE COUNTERINTELLIGENCE METHODS OF TRANSNATIONAL GROUPS." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERINCE "STRATEGIESXXI" 18, no. 1 (December 6, 2022): 141–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2971-8813-22-17.
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In the post-Cold War era, new challenges emerged that have threatened regional and global security. Before the turn of the 21st century, the world was primarily dominated by states, but now, non-state actors are of critical importance in national and international security in today's globalizing and multipolar world. Of these non-state actors, transnational organized crime networks and groups have become a key security threat in the national, regional, and global environment. Transnational organized crime groups threaten to destabilize basic societal, economic, and political institutions and values. While all nations face the threat of transnational organized crime groups, those post-war and post-conflict nations in transition are especially fragile to the effects that transnational organized crime groups can have on a nation's government, economy, and society. The Balkan region has all been plagued by conflict and instability since the civil wars of the 1990s. Today, the Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean region has reemerged with strategic importance as the instability of nations in these regions are particularly susceptible to external malign influence by state and non-state actors. Concerns regarding the rise of transnational organized crime and its relationship with religious extremist groups have caused the international community to refocus on the Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean regions. Increasingly, transnational organized crime groups along with international terrorist groups are beginning to share organizational and operational features. Additionally, when it becomes advantageous, these groups will partner with each other. Transnational organized crime networks and groups have grown in both size and sophistication, and many major groups behave and assume the structure of secret organizations. Powerful transnational organized crime groups have developed in accordance with the structures of their host countries, which is why it is these groups flourish in those countries with more fragile political institutions. The ways in which transnational organized crime groups think and operate have made them successful. These groups take their illicit business ventures seriously, and understanding what these groups do, how they operate, and who they work with is critical in defeating them. By examining effective counterintelligence methods, this paper will focus on the strategic importance of transnational organized crime in the Balkan and Eastern Mediterranean region, with a particular focus on Albania.
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Krasniqi, Kole. "Organized Crime In The Balkans." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 19 (July 29, 2016): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n19p204.
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Legal systems are put in jeopardy and social stability and welfare are harmed wherever there are organized criminal activities. In the Balkans, organized crime is also tantamount to a main obstacle to the European integration of the region. The permanent influence of organized crime on the state structures, the cooperation between different criminal organizations and especially their collaboration with some extremist groups impact political stability in an extremely negative way. The states in the Balkans have recognized the dangers for their peoples constituted by organized crime and have already taken a number of required legal, institutional and political measures in order to be able to successfully combat organized crime. However, organized crime still constitutes the main risk to the new democratic states in the Balkans in spite of these measures. For that reason, combating organized crime may not treated just as the task or responsibility of one single state but it needs to be understood as an obligation and responsibility of all the states in the entire region as well as of the European Union. Therefore, cooperation and coordination of joint activities for combating organized crime have to be based on modern international standards. Besides, a continual perspective is required according to the interest of the peoples of the region to live together in peace and mutual harmony and to establish a society where human rights are not threatened by criminal violence but protected just like in the European Union.
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Soliman Saadeldin, Rania. "Organized Crime in Central Asia and its implications for the Arab region." Security Policy Paper 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26735/swzq9357.
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Organized crime is one of the most serious security threats that may face any country in the world, due to its global effects that transcend the states’ borders, hence the main research question of this paper is “to what extent is the spread of organized crime in the Central Asian region reflected on the security and stability of the Arab region?”, So the paper clarified the definition of organized crime, with an explanation of the nature of organized crime In more detail in both Central Asia and the Arab region, supported by the findings of the Global Organized Crime Index issued in 2021. The paper concluded that there is a significant impact of the spread of organized crime in the Central Asian region on the Arab region; As drugs and weapons move from the Central Asian countries to the Arab countries through Iran, organized criminal groups also have a role in the crimes of human trafficking and illegal immigration from affected Arab areas by civil wars and terrorism to Europe. In this context, the paper puts forward two main policy alternatives for the Arab decision-makers, namely strengthening the steadfastness of countries, and adopting unconventional methods to reach the best results in confronting organized crime. Finally, the paper laid out a set of recommendations to enhance information exchange between the Arab countries, enhance regional cooperation in the technological field, as well as undertake local initiatives that include all segments of society in the process of confronting organized crime.
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Mirdad, Mohammad Ayub. "Taliban insurgency and transnational organized crime nexus." Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 33, no. 3 (August 31, 2020): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v33i32020.266-277.
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Afghanistan has been demolished by more than three decades of the ongoing war since the war against the Soviet Union started in 1979. The Afghanistan-Pakistan region provides a geographically secure location and a space of opportunity for organized crime and terrorist groups. This paper aims at exploring the Taliban nexus with organized crime groups in Afghanistan and the region through Makarenko’s crime-terror continuum theory. The method of this study is qualitative through the descriptive-analytical approach. The growing connection between insurgents and organized crime poses essential challenges to the region. Each group has developed both criminal and terrorist elements while not relinquishing its original organizing principle. Afghanistan is a war-torn country and weak governance, terrorism, narcotics, illegal mining, poor border control, and widespread corruption provide the perfect opportunity for convergence of the Taliban with organized criminal and insurgent groups in the region. The Taliban and organized crime groups are involved in kidnapping for ransom, drug trade, extortion, and exploitation of natural resources. The finding indicates that, although the objectives of the insurgent and organized crime organizations differ widely, these enabling variables are also suitable for organized crime organizations. The primary objective of organized crime is to gain profit, and the objective of the insurgent is to contest the state power and promote political change through violence. The economic sources are the primary main reason why the two organizations converge.
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SCHLOENHARDT, Andreas. "Fighting Organized Crime in the Asia Pacific Region: New Weapons, Lost Wars." Asian Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (September 6, 2011): 137–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2044251311000075.
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This article analyses offences dealing with the incrimination of organized crime under international and domestic laws in the Asia Pacific region and develops recommendations to improve existing and proposed provisions. The article frames the arguments for and against offences such as “participation in an organized crime group”, “gangsterism”, or “racketeering”, and critically examines the rationale, elements, and application of existing and proposed organized crime offences in the Asia Pacific.
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Lyzhenkov, Alexey L. "osce Addresses Organized Crime through Police Co-operation." Security and Human Rights 28, no. 1-4 (April 1, 2018): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02801005.
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Organized crime, along with terrorism, drugs, corruption and cyber-crime remain among the most significant threats to security and co-operation in the osce region. What has been achieved over these years and what else still needs to be done to ensure that organized crime does not hinder sustainable economic and social development in the area from Vancouver to Vladivostok?To effectively defend the human rights of 1.2 billion people living in the region, the osce has to review its anti-crime toolbox from time to time, to strengthen its co-operation with other interested partners and to develop new mechanisms of co-operation among its 57 participating States. This article will focus on the ongoing efforts by the osce to combat organized crime through police co-operation.
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Kärrstrand, Klas, and Anna Jonsson. "Countering narcotics and organized crime in the Baltic region." Trends in Organized Crime 10, no. 3 (August 9, 2007): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-007-9008-7.
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Woźnica, Rafał. "Organized crime and state capture in the Western Balkans." Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 19, no. 4 (December 2021): 287–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2021.4.14.
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The main objective of the article is to show that the temporary symbiosis between centres of political power and organized crime leads to the development of permanent, corrupt and opaque networks. Focusing on the countries of the Western Balkans, the author points to the reasons for the development of organized crime in the region and then to the conditions created in the post-conflict period that resulted in the failure of effective attempts to stop organized crime and the corruption that facilitates it in the these countries. The article also points out that the creation of symbiotic relationships between political elites and organized crime groups leads to a ‘state capture.’ The unresolved problems of corruption and organized crime, in turn, have a direct impact on these countries’ EU-integration processes.
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Dalinczuk, Lana. "Organized crime as a threat to national security." Doctrina. Studia społeczno-polityczne, no. 17 (March 15, 2021): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/doc.2020.17.01.
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All kinds of illegal trafficking, prostitution, pornography, gambling, fraud and counterfeiting, computer crime, corruption, piracy, illegal immigration and many other criminal activities can pose a threat to national and even international security if conducted by larger criminal groups or organizations. The phenomenon of organized crime has acquired a transnational character due to the increasing globalization of financial markets and communications as well as technological development. The three countries of East Central Europe – The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland – can be of interest in terms of organized crime as recent political and economic developments in these countries have made them attractive to such criminal activities. Another problematic region in terms of organized criminal activities is the region of Central Asia which includes several countries of the former Soviet Union – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan.
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Soewondo, Slamet Sampurno, and Kadarudin Kadarudin. "Prevention and Eradication of Transnational Organized Crime in Southeast Asia." Scholars International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice 5, no. 2 (February 5, 2022): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijlcj.2022.v05i02.001.
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Southeast Asia has a geographical position that is very vulnerable to various forms of transnational crime. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations/ASEAN as a regional organization for countries in Southeast Asia has a role and responsibility to carry out the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia. This paper aims to analyze the factors causing the occurrence of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia, and to analyze the forms of regional cooperation in the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia. This paper uses a normative research type, with a statutory and interpretation approach. The legal materials used are sourced from books, research reports, journals, and international legal instruments. The collected legal materials are then analyzed qualitatively. The results show that there are three main factors that cause transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia, the three factors are economic globalization, increasing heterogeneity of immigrants, and rapidly developing communication technology. ASEAN has an important role in actively participating in campaigning for the war against transnational organized crime, especially in the Southeast Asia region. Transnational crime was first discussed by ASEAN in 1997 which later gave birth to the ASEAN Declaration on Transnational Crime Manila, Philippines, 20 December 1997. In addition to encouraging its members to ratify the United Nations Convention on Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 and the promulgation of a number of regional instruments, regional cooperation is also the main key for ASEAN and its member countries in the prevention and eradication of transnational organized crime in Southeast Asia.
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Azumah, Francess Dufie, John Onzaberigu Nachinaab, Charles Danso Sintim, and Samuel Krampah. "Crime Analysis and Conventional Policing Strategies: Evidence from a Community in the Western Region, Ghana." International Journal of Social Science Studies 7, no. 4 (June 24, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/ijsss.v7i4.4336.
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The study investigated the application of crime analysis at various police stations within the Tarkwa-Nsuaem Municipality in the Western Region of Ghana with the objective of understanding crime, crime analysis, crime control and crime information management and their implications on conventional policing strategies. Qualitative and quantitative research adopting the questionnaire and interview were conducted with crime analysts and specialized investigators/intelligence analysts through descriptive and explorative research design. The study had a dual purpose of generating operational crime management information in assisting crime prevention initiatives as well as identifying the strengths and weaknesses of current practices for improving performance, mainly focusing on the criminal activities of group offenders (organized crime related), repeat offenders and serial offenders.
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Porechny, E. M., and V. D. Makromenko. "Some features of regional organized groups or the criminal community of mеgapolis: Socio-criminological aspect." Sociology and Law 14, no. 2 (June 28, 2022): 164–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2022-2-164-173.
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The presented article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of regional organized groups or the criminal community of megapolis (St. Petersburg and Leningrad region), the debatable nature of their socio-criminological characteristics. The article indicates possible ways to improve the effectiveness of countering and preventing crime in general, as well as crimes committed using information and telecommunication technologies, in particular. Attention is drawn to the problem of remote fraud, including Internet fraud, in terms of obtaining remote access to customers’ bank cards. It is emphasized that the effectiveness of law enforcement activities in preventing the activities of organized crime is associated with the vulnerability of existing formulations of organized groups or criminal community. The success and effectiveness of countering the activities of organized crime is largely determined at the level of early prevention.
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Mitić, Kiril. "Organized crime and Security, with emphasis on the Southeast Europe Region." Security Dialogues /Безбедносни дијалози 2 (2015): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.47054/sd1520093m.
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Roslycky, Lada L. "Organized transnational crime in the Black Sea Region: a geopolitical dilemma?" Trends in Organized Crime 12, no. 1 (February 3, 2009): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-008-9061-x.
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Fatic, Aleksandar. "Organized crime and the outline of a new structure of security in Europe." Medjunarodni problemi 56, no. 1 (2004): 56–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0401056f.
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The modern security threats in Europe, and especially in the transitional region of Southeastern Europe, are considerably different from the traditional military threats arising from statehood-related aspirations of the minorities, or from unresolved border issues between neighbours, or between regional aspirations of the former superpowers. Today's security threats emanate primarily from organized crime and terrorism, two curses that have spread their realm across the globe, and that threaten to establish breeding grounds in Southeastern Europe, due to the relatively soft and porous borders, unresolved status of ethnic communities in neighbouring states, internal instability and weakness of the institutions in the region?s states, as well as contradictory and sometimes counterproductive signals that are sent to the region by the large international organizations and influential countries. A particular danger for the region arises from the newly developing "netted" structures of organized crime, which present organized criminal gangs not only as an alternative "industry" to various legitimate social services, an industry whose parts mutually compete, but increasingly as an aspiring government in itself, namely an industry whose parts cooperate, rather than competing, and which tend to reduce the level of competition and increase the level of cooperation across the region, thus threatening the very foundations of the state, and hijacking the state agenda by co-opting various state agencies and officials through corruption, intimidation, or manipulation into collusion. This paper briefly outlines the main currents of development of the structures and aspirations of organized criminal gangs in the region their changing roles in the region's societies, and the perspectives of their organized synergy with terrorist organizations occurring. It also discusses the most effective methods to address these problems and the conditions for their development and implementation in the region. Namely the paper espouses a central argument that aims to show that the logic of development of terrorism in Europe implies that, sooner or later, especially Islamic terrorist organizations will be faced with a very real dilemma of whether or not to establish systematic cooperation with organized crime. Such cooperation would offer tremendous operational advantages to terrorists, with logistics for terrorist actions being provided by organized crime, while at the same time terrorism could provide an umbrella of "political legitimation" through "service to the right cause" of those who see themselves as structurally oppressed, for the classic operations of organized crime. Such quasilegitimation is already commonplace in Latin America, where traders in poppy flower, who pass the produce on to enter the chain of production and trafficking of heroin to the western markets sometimes enjoy the status of those who care for the entire communities of poor, poppy-growing Latin American farmers. Similar structures of quasilegitimation could be established in areas populated mainly by Islamic inhabitants, should the international offensive led by the US against Islamic countries continue unabated, and synergies with organized crime could be used by the particularly "entrepreneurial" leaders of certain terrorist groups. The author warns against allowing such synergies to take place by the continuing aggression on the international front, which causes an increase in terrorism through the simple action and reaction mechanism.
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Kazyrytski, Leanid. "Russian Organised Crime in Catalonia and Its Prevalence." Russian Journal of Criminology 15, no. 2 (April 30, 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2021.15(2).181-188.
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Russian organized crime is active at the transnational level, where crimes could be committed on the territories of different countries. Spain, due to it specific features, is a rather attractive ground for illegal activities of many criminal organizations, including groups formed by citizens of the ex-USSR states. Organized crime in Spain is not distributed evenly throughout its territory, but is rather concentrated in most socially and economically developed areas, and the autonomous community of Catalonia is now holding the second place by the number of officially registered crimes. Its developed infrastructure makes it possible for organized crime, including Russian organized crime, to increase its activities in this autonomous community. The author notes that Spanish criminology faces certain difficulties, some of them methodological in nature, when studying the activities of Russian organized crime in Spain. This circumstance does not make it possible to fully implement research findings regarding its criminal nature. The author presents general characteristics of Russian criminal groups. They are shown to have a high degree of organization, and specific types of criminal activities connected with their antisocial orientation are described. It is rather often that Russian criminal organizations attract a great deal of mass media attention, which creates the impression that they are wide-spread. In Spain, any criminal organization created by citizens of the ex-USSR states is defined as «Russian mafia». However, in spite of considerable media coverage, the degree of Russian organized crime’s presence on the territory of Catalonia should not be overstated. Using the analysis of official data from the Catalan Department of the Interior, the author concludes that Russian organized crime does not hold a dominant position in the overall structure of organized crime in the region as its specific weight does not exceed 2 %.
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Guild, Elspeth. "When Even Machiavelli’s Prince Needs a Visa Migration, Euro-Mediterranean Relations and Intercultural Dialogue." European Foreign Affairs Review 15, Issue 3 (August 1, 2010): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2010026.
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Abstract. In this article, I will look at EU visa policy as it affects Euro-Mediterranean relations. The claim of the EU institutions and Member States in respect of visa policy is that it is necessary to apply mandatory visa requirements on all nationals of some states in order to combat irregular immigration, organized crime, and terrorism. I will examine three different categories of nationals of states on the southern shore of the Mediterranean all of whom are caught by the EU visa requirements: (1) tourists – what chances do they really have of getting a visa to come to the EU? (2) Diplomats – how does the EU treat persons travelling on diplomatic, service, and special passports from the countries on the southern shores of the Mediterranean, when do they need visas to travel? (3) Academics – are visas used as a restriction for academics from the southern Mediterranean seeking to come to the EU? In examining the EU’s visa policy regarding these three categories of persons, we can draw some conclusions about how the EU’s assessment threats regarding irregular immigration, organized crime, and terrorism: (a) are consistent across the Member States in respect of countries in North Africa; (b) result in similar or different outcomes depending on the Member State to which an application is made; and (c) assist or complicate personto-person exchanges across the Mediterranean. Finally, I will conclude with an examination of the proposals for visas in the EU’s blueprint for the next five years of the Area of Freedom, Security, and Justice, the Stockholm Programme – and pose the question: will the proposals bring greater coherence to the field?
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Kupatadze, Alexander. "Political corruption in Eurasia: Understanding collusion between states, organized crime and business." Theoretical Criminology 19, no. 2 (April 30, 2015): 198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480615574404.
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This article presents the problem of illicit collusion between states, organized criminals and white-collar criminals in the post-Soviet region, showing the blurring of these phenomena. It charts the development of political corruption and argues that this is a particular problem in the region due to the way state resources were sold off during the 1990s. The article however shows that the countries of the region now diverge significantly in terms of the extent and form that collusion takes. The goal of the article is to understand this variation. The article suggests that roughly two broad categories of state now exist in the post-Soviet region, excluding the Baltic States. These are broadly politically competitive states such as Ukraine, Moldova and Georgia and broadly politically non-competitive ones such as Russia, Belarus or Kazakhstan. I show that collusion takes differing forms across these categories due to the effect that the presence or absence of political competition has. In conclusion I argue that the post-Soviet region provides little evidence to believe that political competition actually reduces corruption and collusion. However, some cases from the region show that successful anti-corruption campaigns are more likely where there is more political contestation.
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Rama, Ina. "Overview of the Characteristics of the Albanian Organized Crime - Development Trends Over the Years." Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 12, no. 4 (July 8, 2021): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/mjss-2021-0032.
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The paper aims to describe in general terms some features of the Albanian organized crime, considering its evolution over the years, either in terms of the way its groups are organized or in terms of the type and field of its activity. Regarding he content of the paper, by the term of the “Albanian organized crime” should be considered, the organizations of Albanian speaking groups, which cross the borders of the Albanian state and extend to other Albanian territories. They apparently, show similar characteristics and forms concerning their organization as that among the Albanians citizens. The first part of the paper describes the features of the Albanian organized crime based on the characteristics related to the nature and culture of the country or typologies that have accompanied the behavior of Albanians towards illegal activities and that have distinguished them from other groups within the same category. The paper emphases the idea of the important impact that has had the historical context in which the country has passed through, on the typology of this type of crime as well as, the influence of political and economic factors in the foundation and development of these criminal groups. The paper provides a description of the impact and importance of Albanian organized crime in the frame work of the organized crime that exists in Italy and in other countries of the region as well as, the impact that these groups have in relation to each other. In particular, the paper has addressed the typology and developments that have followed the Albanian organized crime over the years, in terms of criminal activity in the field of drug trafficking, providing data on the type of drugs that are cultivated and marketed in the country and also the role that this type of criminality has played in frame work of balkan route. The characteristics of organized crime in the area of arms trafficking are also addressed in a special way, reflecting some of its known features and specifics that comes as a result from consulting the open source data. The characteristics of organized crime are also summarized regarding the criminal activity carried out in the area of trafficking in human beings, especially those whose, as origin country is Albania. The paper closes with a citation of criminal activities which, although not yet dominant in the field of Albanian organized crime activity, have begun to be more and more present, becoming an important issue in the focus of foreign law enforcement agencies. Received: 2 May 2021 / Accepted: 15 June 2021 / Published: 8 July 2021
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Kosmynka, Stanisław. "The Problem of Organized Crime in the South American Tri-Border Area: Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina." International Studies. Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal 25, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.25.02.
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The paper shows mechanisms and manifestations of the challenges for the security in the South American Tri-Border Area (Paraguay, Brazil and Argentina). It analyses the background of the activity of chosen organized crime and terrorist groups in this region. The article refers to some social and economic conditions for the spread of violence and illegal business in the area. It is focused on the most important dimensions of these problems and on the strategy implemented by South American governments to fight and prevent organized crime. The paper shows how the security forces deal with the threat and evaluate the impact of these efforts.
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Petrov, Andrey. "Brief analysis of Russian legislation on the activities of criminal groups formed on ethnic grounds." Vestnik of the St. Petersburg University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia 2020, no. 2 (July 21, 2020): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35750/2071-8284-2020-2-131-136.
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The article provides a systematic historical and legal analysis of normative legal acts, starting with the first written references dated to the 15th – 16th centuries, as well as the subsequent stages, providing for responsibility for a criminal formation organized on an ethnic basis. The study in retrospect allowed the author to trace the dynamics of the development of the legislative position on the considered legal phenomenon, which was reflected in the adoption of certain legal norms of anti-criminal orientation. The crime indicators in the territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region for five years are examined, the structure of crimes committed by organized ethnic criminal groups, which has undergone significant changes, is studied. Special attention is paid to the issue of the emergence and subsequent evolution of criminal formations created on an ethnic basis, which occurred under the influence of various social processes. An attempt was made to give an objective assessment of the degree of effectiveness of the criminal law measures aimed at combating organized crime. The author offers to improve the current legislation on combating crime.
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Sousa-Santos, Jose, and Loene M. Howes. "Policing Illicit Drugs in the Pacific: The Role of Culture and Community on the Frontline." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 38, no. 3 (July 12, 2022): 364–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10439862221096960.
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Transnational and organized crime has become more prominent in the Pacific region in recent years, leading to challenges for law enforcement agencies in the region. The production and trafficking of illicit drugs are common concerns that illustrate the nexus between transnational and local crime landscapes. This article discusses approaches to the policing of such crime used by Pacific law enforcement agencies and regional partners. Informed by regional agreements, national security strategies of Pacific Islands governments, and theory about security networks, the article argues that plural and hybrid policing approaches, more commonly associated with community policing, may be effective models to combat drug-related crime. These approaches can involve cultural, social, and hierarchical webs that act as security nodes or networks on the frontline against illicit activities. Given different strengths and weaknesses of the various approaches available, an integrated and multifaceted approach to addressing drug-related crime offers the best chance of success.
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Crokidakis, Nuno, and Lucas Sigaud. "Crime and COVID-19 in Rio de Janeiro: How does organized crime shape the disease evolution?" International Journal of Modern Physics C 32, no. 09 (April 26, 2021): 2150122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183121501229.
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The city of Rio de Janeiro is one of the biggest cities in Brazil. Drug gangs and paramilitary groups called milícias control some regions of the city where the government is not present, specially in the slums. Due to the characteristics of such two distinct groups, it was observed that the evolution of COVID-19 is different in those two regions, in comparison with the regions controlled by the government. In order to understand qualitatively those observations, we divided the city in three regions controlled by the government, by the drug gangs and by the milícias, respectively, and we consider a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Dead (SIRD)-like epidemic model where the three regions are coupled. Considering different levels of exposure, the model is capable to reproduce qualitatively the distinct evolution of the COVID-19 disease in the three regions, suggesting that the organized crime shapes the COVID-19 evolution in the city of Rio de Janeiro. This case study suggests that the model can be used in general for any metropolitan region with groups of people that can be categorized by their level of exposure.
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HALITI, Fidan. "The Organized Crime in Western Balkans in the Age of Globalization- Trafficking in Narcotics and Money Laundry." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v5i2.228.
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This research addresses the activity of transnational organized crime in the Westerns Balkans region, particularly the activity of trafficking in narcotics and money laundry. This problematic phenomenon is treated on the aspect of newly created circumstances in the age of globalization, where the entire world is facing the transformation in the political and economic aspect - developments that are impacting the field of security as well. In this period, these countries faced institutional fragility, lack of proper capacities in fight against new forms of organized criminality, lack of inter-state cooperation etc. this situation was used as an opportunity by the criminal organizations with their reach in the entire region, creating the so called Balkan Road which is used for trafficking of narcotics towards Western Europe countries. In this research is expressed the amount of narcotics trafficked and illicit profits from this activity, divided by regional countries for the period 2009-2012. This paper argues how transnational organized crime by exploiting the globalization era facilities has adapted to these newly created circumstances and is increasingly exceeding the capabilities of the countries of a traditional organizations and forms of security in responding appropriately. The interstate cooperation aspect and the use of an interactive approach at technical and operational levels is increasingly being considered as a tangible opportunity to deal with this phenomenon. The paper draws conclusions on how the organized crime threats have had influence on security approaches in the Western Balkans as well as pushing the countries towards an inter-state approach in addressing these threats. Security field contemporary literature as well as reports and assessments of various security agencies have been used in drawing research results.
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Jones, Nathan P., Irina Chindea, Daniel Weisz Argomedo, and John Sullivan. "A Social Network Analysis of Mexico’s Dark Network Alliance Structure." Journal of Strategic Security 15, no. 4 (January 2022): 76–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1944-0472.15.4.2046.
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This article assesses Mexico’s organized crime alliance and subgroup network structures. Through social network analysis (SNA) of data from Lantia Consultores, a consulting firm in Mexico that specializes in the analysis of public policies, it demonstrates differential alliance structures within Mexico’s bipolar illicit network system. The Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación’s (CJNG) alliance structure is top-down and hierarchical, while the Sinaloa Cartel is denser, particularly in the broader Tierra Caliente region. Additionally, our analysis found a sparse overall network with many isolates (groups with no relations to other groups) and disconnected components. Further, we identified organized crime networks that might fill future power vacuums based on their network positions, following state or rival high-value targeting of major cartels. The implications of these findings are discussed, and policy recommendations are provided.
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Getoš Kalac, Anna-Maria, and Reana Bezić. "Criminology, crime and criminal justice in Croatia." European Journal of Criminology 14, no. 2 (March 2017): 242–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370816648523.
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Criminology and in more general terms ‘crime research’ have a very long tradition in Croatia, dating back in terms of formal institutionalization as far as 1906, when the Chair for Criminal-Complementary Sciences and Sociology at the Zagreb Faculty of Law was established. Despite criminology’s long institutional tradition in Croatia, criminology as a serious and independent research discipline started rather late to take off in Croatia in a systematic manner. The article presents basic facts and figures about Croatian criminology, crime and criminal justice, providing a solid overview of the complex country situation, which is still struggling with many transitional challenges. Croatia, like many other countries in the region, does not seem to have a ‘conventional crime problem’ and does not fit the profile of a ‘high crime region’ when compared with the rest of Europe, but it struggles with corruption and organized crime, and it still has to deal with atrocious crimes from the recent past and the far-reaching consequences of war profiteering and criminal ‘privatization’.
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AlQahtani, Sarah M., Danah S. Almutairi, Eman A. BinAqeel, Reema A. Almutairi, Reem D. Al-Qahtani, and Ritesh G. Menezes. "Honor Killings in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: A Narrative Review." Healthcare 11, no. 1 (December 27, 2022): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11010074.
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Honor killing is a violent crime committed by one or more perpetrators, in which the crime’s intention is to restore honor to their family. In this narrative review, the authors investigate the epidemiology of honor killing in the Eastern Mediterranean Region. Furthermore, the social, cultural, and legal aspects of honor killing are discussed. Numerous socio-cultural factors lead to the action of killing for honor in this region. They include deeply rooted patriarchal dominance, the desire to maintain social status, and being poorly educated. Honor killing perpetrators have similar characteristics, such as rating female chastity at a higher price and justifying violence against women. The impact of honor killing on family members is much greater than the perceived families’ beliefs of the community’s rejection of the female’s dishonorable behavior. Silence culture dominates these societies, and many crimes are under-reported in this region. Often, a judicial trial is not conducted for such heinous crimes. Penal code reforms, campaigns to promote human rights, steps to improve the education level, and active participation of civil society in condemning such crimes are a few essential measures that need to be considered in order to curb the social evil of honor killing.
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Nsereko, Daniel D. Ntanda. "When crime crosses borders: a Southern African perspective." Journal of African Law 41, no. 2 (1997): 192–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300009396.
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The countries of Southern Africa are organized under the Southern African Development Community (SADC). They share a common social and cultural affinity, a common historical experience of colonization, and common problems and aspirations. One of their shared problems is crime, both within and across their borders. Cross-border crime is facilitated by their common and often long and open borders, the affinity of their peoples, the improved transport systems by road, rail, air and sea, and die concomitant heavy traffic of persons and goods between the common borders. Regarding this traffic, moves are already under way to make it even easier by progressively eliminating all obstacles to movement of persons within the region. It is believed that individuals are both agents and the ultimate beneficiaries of regional co-operation. Said Dr Kaire Mbuende, the Executive Secretary of SADC: “We do not see how else the SADC can come into being unless the people of the region are able to interact freely across national borders, to share their skills, experiences and resources”. This freer movement of persons within the region will also inevitably mean the freer movement of criminals and contraband across the borders.
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Saadah, Kholifatus. "Triads and The Abilities of Transnational Organized Crime to Prevail." Jurnal Global & Strategis 15, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jgs.15.1.2021.127-148.
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AbstrakTransnational Organized Crime (TOC) adalah bentuk luas dari organisasi kejahatan yang dibentuk oleh sekelompok orang di wilayah tertentu. Dengan adanya globalisasi, perkembangan dari sebuah TOC bisa melewati batas-batas negara dan bahkan balik mengancam entitas dari negara tersebut. Satu hal yang membedakan TOC dengan organisasi kejahatan yang lain adalah struktur dan pola aktivitasnya yang rapi, seperti organisasi transnasional pada umumnya. Salah satu TOC yang melegenda sampai dengansekarang adalah kelompok mafa dari Cina, Triad. Sebagai organisasi kejahatan yang berumur panjang, berdiri sejak Dinasti Qing pada 1760-an, Triad memiliki banyak cabang yang tersebar di wilayah dengan populasi etnis Cina yang besar selain Cina sendiri seperti Taiwan, Hongkong, Singapura, Amerika Serikat dan Inggris. Melalui tulisan ini, penulis berusaha menjelaskan mengenai perkembangan Triad dari yang awalnya kelompok mafa menjadi kelompok yang memiliki tujuan bisnis seperti korporasi. Langgengnya kekuatan Triad sebagai sebuah organisasi kejahatan disebabkan juga banyaknya celah, baik diinstitusi domestik maupun institusi internasional. Celah tersebut dimanfaatkan secara baik oleh TOC untuk terus-menerus beraktivitas sampai sekarang.Kata-Kata Kunci: Organisasi Kejahatan Transnasional, TRIAD, Globalisasi, Mafia, KorporasiTransnational Organized Crime (TOC) is a widespread form of criminal organization formed by a group of people in a particular region. Because of globalization, the development of a TOC can cross the borders of the country and even turn against the entity of the state.One thing that distinguishes TOC from other crime organizations is, its neat structure and pattern of activities, such as transnational organizations in general. One of the legendary TOCs is the mafa group from China, Triad. As a long-lived crime organization, establishedsince the Qing Dynasty in the 1760s, Triad has many branchess cattered in areas with large Chinese ethnic populations other than China itself such as Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, the United States and Britain. Through this paper, I’ll try to explain the development of the Triads, from a group that was originally a mafa to a group that has business objectives like a corporation. The lasting power of the Triads as a criminal organization is supported by the gap which happened in domestic and international institution. This gap is used properly by TOC to continue their activities until now.Keywords: Transnational Organized Crime, TRIAD, Globalization, Mafa, Corporation
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SCHLOENHARDT, ANDREAS. "Trafficking in Migrants: Illegal Migration and Organized Crime in Australia and the Asia Pacific Region." International Journal of the Sociology of Law 29, no. 4 (December 2001): 331–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/ijsl.2001.0155.
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Denley, John, and Barak Ariel. "Whom Should We Target to Prevent? Analysis of Organized Crime in England using Intelligence Records." European Journal of Crime, Criminal Law and Criminal Justice 27, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 13–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718174-02701003.
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Much of the literature on organized crime is based on media, arrests and prosecution records, while research based on intelligence data on this otherwise clandestine criminality is scarce. We present aggregated intelligence data on all known organized crime groups (ocgs) and ocgs members in West Midlands region of the United Kingdom, encompassing records on 2,726 highly-prolific offenders and 280 groups, collated based on over a million records from multiple law enforcement agencies. Using a cross-sectional analysis of the records, we describe in granular details the characteristics, patterns and criminal endeavor of organized crime in one of the largest regions in the United Kingdom. Social network analyses are explored as well, in order to observe the links between both offenders within the same ocg as well as between ocgs. The results debunk previously assumed notions about suitable targets in the policing of organized crime. (a) Based on internal records, police pursue is responsible for the archiving of less than 6% of inactive ocgs, while more than 2/3’s of the ocgs become inactive due to ‘market’ reasons regardless of enforcement pursues; (b) more than half of ocg members have ‘replaceable’, low-level jobs (i.e., drug suppliers, enforcers and criminal activity organizers), while 20% are considered principal members of the groups (who are older and more experienced offenders, as per their arrest records) (c) larger ocgs appear to pose a greater threat to society than smaller ocgs, while the latter are more likely to be ‘naturally’ dispersed over time; (d) given the inefficiencies that characterize the current pursue approach, a promising avenue of exploration is the targeting of younger and less experienced co-offenders of ocg members, before they ‘formally’ join the ocgs and through preventative mechanism. We discuss these findings and offer scholars and practitioners new considerations for future inquiries.
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Mawar Rini, Ayu. "PENGUATAN UPAYA PENEGAKAN HUKUM “KEJAHATAN TERKAIT DENGAN PERIKANAN” MELALUI REGIONAL COOPERATION AGREEMENT AGAINST CRIMES RELATED TO FISHERIES." Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 32, no. 1 (February 15, 2020): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.38280.
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AbstractThe research aims to analyse the urgency of the establishment of the Regional Cooperation Agreement Against Crimes Related to Fisheries. Considering the broad and emerging nature of Crimes Related to Fisheries, however, could not be solved accordingly by finding the recognition of IUUF as the form of Transnational Organized Crime. The initiative on establishing such agreement with the regional and market approach is trusted as the first practical solution taken by Indonesia to reduce the existence of Crimes Related to Fisheries, which at the same time strengthening the law enforcement for such crimes within the region. IntisariPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa urgensi pembentukan “Perjanjian Kerjasama Regional Melawan Kejahatan Terkait dengan Perikanan”. Sifat “Kejahatan Terkait dengan Perikanan” yang luas serta terus berkembang tidak dapat serta merta diatasi dengan pengategorian IUUF sebagai bentuk dari Transnational Organized Crime. Inisiatif pembentukan perjnajian kerjasama dengan basis pendekatan kawasan dan pendekatan kawasan dipercaya mampu menjadi langkah awal bagi Indonesia serta menguatkan penegakan hukum untuk mengurangi kejahatan terkait di kawasan regional.
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Bondarchuk, M. O. "THE ORGANIZED CRIME IN THE ZHYTOMYR REGION DURING THE NEP PERIOD AND WAYS TO OVERCOME IT." Scientific notes of Taurida National V.I. Vernadsky University, series Historical Sciences, no. 3 (2021): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32838/2663-5984/2021/3.4.
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Lyzhenkov, Alexey L. "osce vs Transnational Threats." Security and Human Rights 26, no. 2-4 (December 7, 2015): 326–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18750230-02602013.
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Transnational threats, such as terrorism, illegal trafficking, organized crime, including cyber-crime, remain among the most significant threats to peace, security and stability worldwide and to the osce participating States. Such threats undermine the social and economic development of people who live in the osce region, their fundamental freedoms, their safety, stability and enjoyment of human rights. Are there any tools to address these threats in such a way that people in the osce region would feel secure and safe to fly, to enjoy meeting friends in cafes and restaurants, to attend masses and sporting events, to have usual human life without anxiety for their children, their families and friends, and for themselves? The author tries to answer this question, he provides an overview of the osce toolbox in this area and makes some suggestions on the way forward.
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Kristin, Debby, and Chloryne Trie Isana Dewi. "TINDAK PIDANA KEJAHATAN PENYELUNDUPAN MANUSIA (PEOPLE SMUGGLING) DI INDONESIA: TANGGUG JAWAB INDONESIA DAN AUSTRALIA." Padjadjaran Journal of International Law 1, no. 1 (January 12, 2017): 84–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v1i1.278.
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AbstrakPenyelundupan manusia merupakan salah satu kejahatan transnasional terorganisir yang semakin meningkat di Indonesia, khususnya pulau-pulau perbatasan yang letaknya dekat dengan Australia. Lemahnya pengawasan di wilayah perbatasan dan kurangnya pengetahuan masyarakat setempat tentang kejahatan penyelundupan manusia memudahkan pihak-pihak tertentu untuk menyelundupkan para imigran ilegal ke Ashmore Reef (Australia). Sebagai Negara pihak United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) dan Palermo Protocol, Indonesia dan Australia mempunyai kewajiban dalam rangka pencegahan dan pemberantasan tindak pidana penyelundupan manusia. Makalah ini adalah untuk menganalisis apakah Indonesia dan Australia telah memenuhi kewajibannya sebagai Negara Peserta UNTOC dan Palermo Protocol, serta memberikan rekomendasi kepada kedua negara dalam melaksanakan kewajibannya terkait kejahatan penyelundupan manusia sebagai bentuk tanggung jawab Negara.Kata kunci: kejahatan transnasional terorganisir, penyelundupan manusia, tanggung jawab negara.AbstractPeople smuggling is one of transnational organized crimes that has been increasing in Indonesia, especially in the outermost Indonesian’s islands which are close to Australia. Lack of surveillance in the border region and lack of knowledge on the local people in regards to the crimes of people smuggling makes it easy to smuggle illegal immigrants to Ashmore Reef (Australia). Hence, it leads to the increasing number of people smuggling in Indonesia. As state parties to the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) as well as its Protocol, Indonesia and Australia bound by the obligation to prevent and combat people smuggling. The purpose of this paper is to analyze whether Indonesia and Australia have fulfil their obligation as State Parties of the UNTOC and the Palermo Protocol, also to propose actions that can be taken by both Governments to fulfill their obligation as state party in regards to the state responsibility.Keywords: people smuggling, state responsibility, transnational organized crime.
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Kašťáková, Elena, and Andrea Chlebcová. "Analysis of the Western Balkans Territories Using the Index of Economic Freedom." Studia Commercialia Bratislavensia 13, no. 46 (December 1, 2020): 320–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stcb-2020-0013.
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Abstract The aim of the paper is to assess the current state of economic freedom in the Western Balkans region using the Index of Economic Freedom. From the Western Balkans territories, the best rating in the observed period of 2010 – 2019 is achieved by the Republic of North Macedonia and the worst by Bosnia and Herzegovina. According to the 2020 Index of Economic Freedom, the region belongs to the group of moderately free economies. The investment and business environment of the Western Balkans is at a low level. The reason is poor law enforcement, corruption, organized crime, or the shadow economy.
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Comelli, Michele. "Sub-regional Cooperation around the Mediterranean and the Role of the EU." European Foreign Affairs Review 15, Issue 3 (August 1, 2010): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eerr2010027.
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Abstract. More than other seas, the Mediterranean has played not only a uniting role, acting as a bridge between different regions (Europe, Africa, and the Middle East), but also an important role in competition and division. Its geographical definition is not unchallenged, nor is its political definition, and the Mediterranean has therefore been defined by some scholars as a region connecting other regions rather than as a region per se. However, it is also considered an ensemble of different sub-regional spaces. This article argues that the many heterogeneous elements as well as the different political and economic systems and the different perceptions of security between the two shores of the Mediterranean are obstacles to the emergence of a homogeneous and organized regional space. Nevertheless, the idea of a common Mediterranean space has a normative value that could be used as a political catalyst for cooperation in the area. Numerous sub-regional cooperation initiatives have been launched in the Mediterranean basin, with mixed results. The European Union (EU) has tried to trigger cooperation both indirectly by supporting sub-regional initiatives, especially in the economic field, and directly, through the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP), which was merged with the Union for the Mediterranean (UfM) following the Paris Summit in July 2008. Indeed, EU-led cooperation in the Mediterranean represents the most important and comprehensive form of cooperation in the area, even though the latest developments of the UfM are not encouraging.
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Schloenhardt, Andreas. "Erratum to “Trafficking in Migrants: Illegal Migration and Organized Crime in Australia and the Asia Pacific Region”." International Journal of the Sociology of Law 30, no. 1 (March 2002): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0194-6595(02)00016-3.
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Ristović, Svetlana. "European Union strategy for the Western Balkan and security challenges resolution in the Republic of Serbia." Bezbednost, Beograd 62, no. 3 (2020): 124–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2003124r.
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This paper presents the EU Western Balkan Strategy and focuses on solving security problems common to the region and the Republic of Serbia. The analysis of this strategic document and strategic orientation of Serbia in relation to main security issues shows their complementarity. First of all, these documents share essentially same views on security issues, for which the Western Balkan is not only a transit area, but a final destination and even the source, particularly organized crime, terrorism and irregular migration. Prevention and suppression of given issues determines priorities of the Serbian police, at the same time leading to successful response to crime and other security threats in Serbia, as well as achievements in meeting commitments in the EU accession process and adopting the European acquis.
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Maftei, Loredana. "A Brief Analysis of Underground Markets in Eastern Europe." Human and Social Studies 3, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hssr-2013-0037.
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Abstract In the last decade, the financial underground markets evolved in a surprisingly way, around the world. Eastern Europe is a significant region, where illegal activities associated with the shadow economy became a real problem that affects the governments stability, the economical, political and social status. Due to the influence of old regimes and the current tolerance of the Eastern European nations, this underground corridors emphasize the risk of interfering with the financing platforms of international terrorism or organized crime
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Maliqi, Reshat. "Kosovo's Security Policy in Preventing and Fighting Trafficking of Human Beings 2009-2014." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, no. 3 (December 30, 2015): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i3.p227-233.
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Development of policies for the prevention of every nature of organized crime from the security institutions of the Republic of Kosovo is an important element through which is aimed the coordination of works and prevention activities in order to respond to negative phenomena through taking precautions. Prevention means all activities that impact on halting and reducing crime as a social phenomenon, both quantitatively as well as qualitatively, through occasional initiatives (ad hoc). Advancing capacity to prevent crime is the need of the time and the challenge faced by the countries of the Western Balkans, especially Kosovo, because in this area there is still the old belief that only the police should be involved to prevent and fight trafficking of human beings. Nature and trends of trafficking of human beings have taken a direction in which the police as law enforcement agency cannot as such prevent these crime phenomena. Therefore, it is time imperative that in the field of crime prevention of human trafficking engage all relevant institutions with special emphasis on civil society and community in particular. To cope with the challenges of preventing and fighting trafficking of human beings, activities within state’s territory are not sufficient, but it is vital that states align and coordinate activities at the regional level in real time, place and space identified for common actions. This paper aims to address this phenomenon not only in the case of Kosovo, but also in the Western Balkan region. The main thesis of this paper is the articulation of the problem in order to successfully prevent the phenomenon of trafficking of human beings through awareness of citizens, while from institutions is required opening of perspectives for new generations, for work and life, through economic development, fighting poverty, stimulating employment and preventing the migration in different countries. To successfully prevent crime, particularly trafficking in human beings, it is necessary that responsible institutions have sufficient human resources, specialized and equipped with technical tools and necessary technology, to have continuous specialized training and to deal with all phenomena of organized crime.
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Maliqi, Reshat. "Kosovo's Security Policy in Preventing and Fighting Trafficking of Human Beings 2009-2014." European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 3, no. 1 (December 30, 2015): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v3i1.p227-233.
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Development of policies for the prevention of every nature of organized crime from the security institutions of the Republic of Kosovo is an important element through which is aimed the coordination of works and prevention activities in order to respond to negative phenomena through taking precautions. Prevention means all activities that impact on halting and reducing crime as a social phenomenon, both quantitatively as well as qualitatively, through occasional initiatives (ad hoc). Advancing capacity to prevent crime is the need of the time and the challenge faced by the countries of the Western Balkans, especially Kosovo, because in this area there is still the old belief that only the police should be involved to prevent and fight trafficking of human beings. Nature and trends of trafficking of human beings have taken a direction in which the police as law enforcement agency cannot as such prevent these crime phenomena. Therefore, it is time imperative that in the field of crime prevention of human trafficking engage all relevant institutions with special emphasis on civil society and community in particular. To cope with the challenges of preventing and fighting trafficking of human beings, activities within state’s territory are not sufficient, but it is vital that states align and coordinate activities at the regional level in real time, place and space identified for common actions. This paper aims to address this phenomenon not only in the case of Kosovo, but also in the Western Balkan region. The main thesis of this paper is the articulation of the problem in order to successfully prevent the phenomenon of trafficking of human beings through awareness of citizens, while from institutions is required opening of perspectives for new generations, for work and life, through economic development, fighting poverty, stimulating employment and preventing the migration in different countries. To successfully prevent crime, particularly trafficking in human beings, it is necessary that responsible institutions have sufficient human resources, specialized and equipped with technical tools and necessary technology, to have continuous specialized training and to deal with all phenomena of organized crime.
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Stanley Price, Nicholas, and Sharon Sullivan. "Conservation of archaeological sites in the Mediterranean region: A conference organized by the J. Paul Getty Trust." Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites 1, no. 2 (January 1995): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/135050395793137081.
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Price, Nicholas Stanley. "Conservation of Archaeological Sites in the Mediterranean Region: A Conference Organized by the J. Paul Getty Trust." Biblical Archaeologist 58, no. 4 (December 1995): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/biblarch3210501.
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Thenga, Godfrey. "Forced Labor Exploitation: Illegal Trading in Protected Goods in the Southern African Countries." OPEN JOURNAL FOR SOCIOLOGICAL STUDIES 5, no. 2 (December 28, 2021): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.ojss.0502.04081t.
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Human exploitation refers to the curtailment of fundamental human rights. The crime plays out notwithstanding the laws that criminalizes human abuses. This study explored the policing of human trafficking and forced labor in the Southern African countries of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and assesses the capabilities and abilities of law enforcement agencies in the region to curb the scourge. In this study a qualitative perspective was adopted with use of literature study and interviews. The prevalence of organized criminal groupings exacerbates the problem of human trafficking and forced labor in the region. Law enforcement corruption is rife as the police are often accused of acts of receiving bribes. There are capacity constraints in the policing agencies across the region which impacts negatively on proactive enforcement of protected goods. The study reveals that respective law enforcement agencies work in seclusion and do not systematize their databases to share information with other agencies owing to a prevailing cynicism amongst countries. It is proposed that there should be harmonization of law enforcement agencies’ databases to share information for intelligence purposes and to develop defensive and responsive response mechanisms to thwart the crime.
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Lopez Daza, Cecilia, and Universidad de Tlaxcala - Mèxico. "Heridas psicosociales: laceración del crimen organizado. [Psychosocial wounds: laceration of organized crime]." Revista Logos Ciencia & Tecnología 10, no. 3 (July 1, 2018): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.22335/rlct.v10i3.640.
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This article explores the presence of organized crime in the region of the México Central, it’s domain and power in the control strategies that exercise in the different criminal acts at a regional level. At the same time, the criminal activities in which they involve the young people and the psychosocial implications that suffer the victims of the physical violence, symbolic that affect the mental health at the individual and collective level by destroying the ties of identity, solidarity and community of the population in general.The process of construction of this research was under the qualitative methodology approach, with a structural theoretical perspective that analyzes the psychosocial reality where violence is a factor that alters mental health victims who do it and suffer, the results indicate that the young people who were delivered to the trafficking posters are vulnerable and careful, developing criminal activities such as the theft kidnapping and drug dealers actions that exposure them to higher dangers as well as consumers of narcotics and to reproduce greater violence among the population, altering the social stability and mental health of the population throughout the region.Key words: Drug trafficking, violence, victims and mental healthResumenEste artículo explora la presencia del crimen organizado en la región del Altiplano Central Mexicano, su dominio y poder en las estrategias de control que ejercen en los diversos actos delictivos a nivel regional. Al mismo tiempo, se analizan las actividades delincuenciales en las que involucran a los jóvenes y las repercusiones psicosociales que sufren las víctimas de la violencia física, simbólica que afecta la salud mental a nivel individual y colectivo, destruyendo los lazos de identidad, solidaridad y sentido comunitario en la población en general.El proceso de construcción de esta investigación fue bajo el enfoque de la metodología cualitativa, con una perspectiva teórica estructural que analiza la realidad psicosocial en donde la violencia es un factor que altera la salud mental, tanto de víctimas, como victimarios. Los resultados indican que los jóvenes que se integran a los Cárteles del narcotráfico son vulnerables y carentes, desarrollando actividades delincuenciales como el robo, secuestro y narcomenudeo acciones que los expone a mayores peligros, como consumidores de estupefacientes y a reproducir mayor violencia entre la población, alterando la estabilidad social y la salud mental de la población en toda la región.Palabras clave: Narcotráfico, violencia, víctimas y salud mental. AbstratoEste artigo explora a presença do crime organizado na região do México Central, é domínio e poder nas estratégias de controle que se exercitam nos diferentes atos criminosos em nível regional. Ao mesmo tempo, criminosas as atividades em que elas envolvem os jovens e os implicaciones psicossociais que sofrem as vítimas da violência física, simbólica que afetam a saúde mental no nível pessoal e colectivo, destruindo os laços de identidade, solidariedade e comunidade da população em geral.O processo de construção de pesquisa ESTA estava sob a abordagem metodológica qualitativa, com uma perspectiva estrutural teórico que analisa a realidade psicossocial Onde a violência é um fator que altera vítimas de saúde mental que o fazem e sofrem, os resultados indicam que os jovens que foram libertos com o tráfico cartazes são vulneráveis e cuidadosa, desenvolvendo atividades criminosas: como as ações de sequestro roubo e drogas comerciantes que a exposição deles a perigos maiores, bem como consumidores de narcóticos e reproduzir maior violência entre a população, alterando a estabilidade social e saúde mental de a população em toda a região.Palavras-chave: Tráfico de drogas, violência, vítimas e saúde mental.
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Grigoryeva, Elena. "baikal region." проект байкал, no. 65 (January 5, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.51461/projectbaikal.65.1679.
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All happy families are alike, every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.Leo Tolstoy, “Anna Karenina”Despite the recent rearrangement of the federal districts, the notion “Baikal Region” still exists. The three subjects of the Russian Federation, Zabaikalsky Krai, the Buryat Republic and the Irkutsk Region are united around the lake, which is often called “Great Sea”. This region is our journal’s homeland. The journal’s regional section contains the materials that show typical problems of provincial cities and their solutions.The disunity of citizens and the lack of social communication constitute a key problem that gives rise to a lot of other problems. The project for public spaces in Shilka became the winner of the Federal Competition for Formation of a Comfortable Urban Environment. It is the third annual issue of the Competition organized by the Ministry of Construction, and the level of the projects is trending upward.Another winner of this year is a project for Tulun. The problem related to the flood of 2019 and the wave of social pessimism and depression caused by it is to be solved by the project.Deprived areas with a high level of crime draw urbanists’ attention all around the world. Studying the case of Novo-Lenino in Irkutsk, F. Kudryavtsev and E. Tokareva raise a question about the ways of rehabilitation for the neighborhood.The threats to the cultural and historical heritage compose a complex problem, where developers’ immediate interests, unfair expert reviews, the bureaucracy’s short-term vision, citizens’ indifference etc. are tightly interwoven. However, the story about fighting for the protection of one of Irkutsk's historic buildings inspires hope and optimism.
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Ng’andu, Prosper. "An Emerging Extraordinary Villain Transnational Organized Crime in the Perspective of Al-Shabaab Terrorist in SADC Regional. The Strategies of Scuffling Terrorism in the SADC Region." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 6 (June 21, 2020): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jun205.
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Фойгель, Е. И., and Б. А. Гилевич. "SOME PROBLEMS OF THE FIGHT AGAINST CRIME OF ORGANIZED CRIMINAL GROUPS FORMED ON ETHNIC PRINCIPLE AND CRIMES ASSOCIATED WITH FOREIGN CITIZENS." Digest of research works "Criminalistics: yesterday, today, tomorrow", no. 3(23) (September 30, 2022): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.55001/2587-9820.2022.97.30.016.
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Статья посвящена особенностям выявления, расследования, раскрытия и предотвращения преступлений, связанных с деятельностью иностранных граждан и этнических организованных преступных групп. Анализируются существующие точки зрения ученых на понятие «этническая преступность», «этнические преступления», высказывается собственная точка зрения на неэтичность данной формулировки. Не подвергая сомнению необходимость учета этнических характеристик личности в механизме преступления и процессе выявления, расследования и предотвращения преступления, во избежание прослеживания ненаучной связи между этническим происхождением и криминогенностью конкретных этносов предлагается не использовать понятие «этническая преступность». Сопоставляется правовое содержание понятий «этнос», «национальность», «гражданство», предлагается уточнить и унифицировать терминологический аппарат с целью разработки эффективных практических методических рекомендаций. Характеризуется состояние преступности, связанной с деятельностью иностранных граждан и лиц без гражданства, а также организованных преступных групп, сформированных по этническому признаку, как по стране в целом, так и по Иркутской области, характеризуется национальный состав населения, анализируются факторы, влияющие на формирование этнического многообразия. Выявляются отдельные факторы, затрудняющиеся борьбу с данным видом преступности, характеризуется сложившаяся криминогенная ситуация. Анализируются федеральные и региональные особенности (на примере Иркутской области) проявления преступной деятельности и, как следствие, организации борьбы с преступлениями, связанными с деятельностью иностранных граждан, лиц без гражданства и организованных преступных групп, сформированных по этническому принципу. Определяется, что криминалистическая значимость этнического фактора в организации и осуществлении преступной деятельности обуславливает необходимость его учета в процессе выявления, расследования, раскрытия и предотвращения преступлений и выражается в системе взаимосвязанных организационных, тактических и процессуальных особенностей, содержание которых раскрывается в статье. Резюмируется, что специфика борьбы с преступностью организованных преступных групп, сформированных по этническому принципу, и преступлениями, связанными с иностранными гражданами, обуславливает создание и функционирование специализированных отделов и подразделений правоохранительных органов. The article is devoted to the features of detection, investigation, disclosure and prevention of crimes related to the activities of foreign citizens and ethnic organized criminal groups. The existing points of view of scientists on the concept of “ethnic crime”, “ethnic crimes” are analyzed, their own point of view is expressed on the unethical nature of this formulation. Without questioning the need to take into account the ethnic characteristics of a person in the mechanism of a crime and the process of detecting, investigating and preventing a crime, in order to avoid tracing an unscientific connection between ethnic origin and the criminality of specific ethnic groups, it is proposed not to use the concept of “ethnic crime”. The legal content of the concepts of “ethnos”, “nationality”, “citizenship” is compared, it is proposed to clarify and unify the terminological apparatus in order to develop effective practical methodological recommendations. The state of crime associated with the activities of foreign citizens and stateless persons and also organized criminal groups formed along ethnic lines, both in the country as a whole and in the Irkutsk region, is characterized, the national composition of the population is characterized, factors influencing the formation of ethnic diversity are analyzed. Certain factors that make it difficult to combat this type of crime are identified, and the current criminogenic situation is characterized. The federal and regional features (on the example of the Irkutsk region) of the manifestation of criminal activity are analyzed, and, as a result, the organization of the fight against crimes related to the activities of foreign citizens and stateless persons and also organized criminal groups formed along ethnic lines. It is determined that the forensic significance of the ethnic factor in the organization and implementation of criminal activity makes it necessary to take it into account in the process of detecting, investigating, disclosing and preventing crimes and is expressed in a system of interrelated organizational, tactical and procedural features, the content of which is disclosed in the article. It is summarized that the specificity of the fight against crime of organized criminal groups, formed according to the ethnic principle and crimes related to foreign citizens, determines the creation and functioning of specialized departments and subdivisions of law enforcement agencies.
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Kuznetsov, A. V. "GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CRIMINAL GROUPS THAT COMMIT THEFT IN RESORT REGIONS." Scientific Notes of V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Juridical science 7 (73), no. 3 (1) (2022): 187–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1733-2021-7-3(1)-187-191.
Full textAbstract:
The article deals with issues related to the general characteristics of criminal groups that commit theft in resort regions. The analysis of statistical data on the state of crime in the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea for 2020 is carried out. The scientific literature is studied and the opinion of forensic scientists on the studied problems is given. Apartment thefts and pickpocketing are identified as typical crimes committed by criminal groups in the resort region. A characteristic feature of the resort region associated with the place of residence of the criminal is highlighted. It is noted that crimes can be committed by local residents or persons who do not permanently reside in the resort region, but who have specially arrived in the region for the purpose of committing crimes. The general features of the criminal groups under consideration are determined. The article considers the behavior of suspects during detention, the ways of their counteraction to the investigation. There are two types of criminal groups: poorly organized and highly organized. The characteristics of the identity of criminals who commit pickpocketing are described. The role of the organizer in the creation of a criminal group for the purpose of committing pickpocketing is determined. Recommendations are given and the circumstances that allow us to make an assumption about the involvement of the person being checked in a criminal group are highlighted.