Academic literature on the topic 'Organizational viru'
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Journal articles on the topic "Organizational viru"
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Rao, Keertana, Poonam Verma, Krishan Kumar, Manish Kr Verma, Areena Hoda Siddiqui, Sunita Singh, Jagmohan Singh Dhakar, et al. "Review on Newly Identified Corona Virus and its Genomics Organization." SSR Institute of International Journal of Life Sciences 6, no. 2 (March 2020): 2509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/ssr-iijls.2020.6.2.5.
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Rahmawati, Yunita Devi, and Siwi Dyah Ratnasari. "DOWNSIZING AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN THE ERA OF DISRUPTION AND DIGITALIZATION ON OIL AND GAS SERVICE PROVIDER IN THE UPSTREAM SECTOR OF PT. HALLIBURTON INDONESIA AND MALAYSIA." BUSINESS EXCELLENCE AND MANAGEMENT 12, no. 5 (October 15, 2022): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/beman/2022.s.i.3-02.
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The Corona virus, also known as COVID-19, has had a significant impact on several elements in the period of disruption. Digitization enables businesses, industries, and individuals to share information, ideas, expertise, goods, and services while also transforming the workplace into a digital environment. As a result, a number of organizations downsize in order to increase organizational performance, as well as pay attention to the effectiveness of existing leadership in order to assess an organization's level of performance. The goal of this study was to see how downsizing affects organizational performance in the age of disruption and digitalization, as mediated by leadership effectiveness. The participants in this study were 85 PT. Halliburton Indonesia managers (52 persons) and 33 PT. Halliburton Malaysia managers (33 persons). Respondents were given questionnaires to complete, which were used to gather data for the study. The data was analyzed using Smart PLS. The findings revealed that downsizing had a positive and significant impact on leadership effectiveness, a positive and significant impact on organizational performance, a positive and significant impact on leadership effectiveness, and a positive and significant impact on organizational performance via leadership effectiveness as a mediator.
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Dolgaya, Angelina. "VIRUS CHANGE MODEL IN ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSFORMATION." VESTNIK UNIVERSITETA, no. 9 (2018): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2018-9-11-16.
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Widiyati, Sri, Amalia Fitri Dwi Widyati, and Dewi Mariana. "Determinasi Produktivitas Kerja: Flexible Working Space, Transformational Leadership dan Organizational Culture." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kewirausahaan 10, no. 2 (May 15, 2022): 589–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.47668/pkwu.v10i2.440.
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Corona Virus Disease- 2019 ialah wabah virus menyebar yang diakibatkan oleh virus corona yang diketahui menyerang sistem respirasi . Indonesia lalu memutuskan COVID- 19 selaku pandemi dunia, serta menyatakan pada warga buat menjaga jarak. Dampak COVID- - 19, tidak cuma berakibat pada kesehatan, namun pula berakibat pada pandangan sosial, ekonomi, serta aspek tenaga kerja. Studi ini bermaksud buat menganalisa elastis penting yang mempengaruhi Daya produksi kerja di era Pandemi Covid- 19, ialah: Flexible Working Space, Transformational Leadership serta Organizational Culture. Metode riset penelitian yang digunakan yaitu dengan tata cara kualitatif serta literature review. Sumber data berasal dari jurnal yang terindeks dengan google schoolar, literatur buku dll. Hail penelitian yaitu Flexible Working Space, Transformational Leadership dan Organizational Culture mempengaruhi kepada produktivitas kerja.
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Taranukho, M. P., Yu M. Kovalyshyna, and Ye V. Zaika. "Effect of Viral Infection on the Ultrastructural Organization of Black Currant Leaf Tissue Cells." Mikrobiolohichnyi Zhurnal 84, no. 5 (February 17, 2023): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/microbiolj84.05.038.
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One of the significant reserves for further increasing the yield of berry crops is to protect them from pests and diseases. Among the latter, viral ones are especially dangerous. Therefore, methods of virus diagnostics and especially electron microscopy are of great importance, which makes it possible to see viral particles, determine their shape, size, localization in tissues, and identify anomalies in affected plant cells. Objective. To conduct a comparative study of healthy and diseased blackcurrant leaves in order to determine the degree of influence of the two viruses on the anatomical structure of organelles and inclusions, which can be used in the diagnosis and identifi cation of viruses affecting plants. Methods. The material was blackcurrant plants with symptoms of reversion and green speckles, which are detected visually when examining the plantings of this crop. The morphology of viral particles, the anatomical structure of organelles, and inclusions were studied using the method of electron microscopy of ultrathin sections. Detected ultrastructural changes in cells can be used as diagnostic signs when identifying viruses. Also, viruses were identified by external signs and biological testing. Results. The study of ultrathin sections of leaf tissue and abnormal petals of the blackcurrant flower with symptoms of reversion revealed a bacillus-visible virus (Blackcurrant reversion virus) from the Rabdoviridae family, which is easy to identify due to its large size and appearance, in which it differs from similar features in ordinary cellular components. Typical locations of virus particles are the cytoplasm, nucleus, and perinuclear zone. The size of viral particles on ultrathin sections was 271±7.19 nm long and 78±2.31 nm in diameter. According to electron microscopic methods of studying artificially infected plants of Chenopodium quinoa, an inoculum of affected blackcurrant leaves, virions of Cucumis virus 1 Smith were observed in cells, which were freely located in the cytoplasm of the cell interspersed with ribosomes. Individual areas of the cytoplasm with a high virus concentration were also found in the affected parenchymal cells. Zones surrounded by a double membrane differ in the size and degree of virus saturation. When studying the pathogen morphology in the native preparations, the viral particles had a spherical shape with smparticles showed that they had an average size of 29.6±0.59 nm. During the study of the ultrastructure of blackcurrant plant cells affected by Cucumis virus 1. Smith, myelin-like bodies were found not only in the cytoplasm of affected cells but also in the extra-plasma space. Analysis of the morphology of chloroplasts of blackcurrant plants affected by green speckles and reversion shows that chloroplasts with outgrowths and cup-shaped formations are present in many cells. Under various viral infections, there is a wide variety of mitochondria’s shapes: they are elongated, cup- or club-like, etc. At the same time, their internal structure changes as well. We found that at the stage of the neurotization of a Nicotiana tabacum leaf infected with Cucumis virus 1. Smith, the peroxisome matrix is intensively filled with crystalline inclusions that have an electron-dense surface or are a system of rods with different configurations in the form of rectangles and trapezoids. They completely fill the entire matrix. During the development of viral pathology in the cells of diseased plants, destructive processes also cover the nucleus. As a rule, it takes on a lobed or radially elongated shape. Among the viruses we studied, the Blackcurrant reverse virus causes this trait the most. This may be due to the fact that this virus, accumulated in large quantities, exerts mechanical pressure on the nuclei and thereby accelerates the process of their deformation. A peculiar sign of changes in the nucleus ultrastructure is the content of viral particles. Of the viruses we studied, blackcurrant reversal virus particles were the most common in the nucleus nucleoplasm and perinuclear zone. Conclusions. The intracellular development of viruses and their use of energy systems and components of plant cells for their reproduction lead to signifi cant morphological and structural changes in the latter. In particular, electron microscopic studies of ultrathin tissue sections of diseased blackcurrant plants in comparison with healthy ones revealed the forms of the nucleus, mitochondria, and plastids modified under the infl uence of viral infection, namely Blackcurrant reverse and Cucumber mosaic viruses. Chloroplasts noticeably swelled without the existing content of starch grains, and clumping or the absence of gran thylakoids was observed. Plastids with a highly reduced membrane system were found. The results of studies have shown that the species affiliation of the virus does not cause specific changes in the morphology and structure of mitochondria. Their structural transformations under the influence of the viruses under study were the same: changes in shape and swelling, expansion of crists and a decrease in their number, a decrease in the electron density of their matrix, and so on. It was found that in the nuclei of cells infected with the Blackcurrant reverse virus, chromatin forms small, interconnected granular lumps located in different zones of the matrix. When studying ultrathin sections of Nicotiana tabacum leaf infected with Cucumis virus 1. Smith, rather specific crystal inclusions that fill the entire matrix were detected by the peroxisome. If external anomalies are detected in the form of mosaics, spots that can be caused by many pathogens in the absence of mechanical transmission of the pathogen, it is advisable to use the method of electron microscopy of ultrathin sections.
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KHALID, Zulvia, and Panca Maulana FIRDAUS. "EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL AGILITY THROUGH ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING IN INDONESIAN SMES." ICCD 3, no. 1 (October 10, 2021): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33068/iccd.vol3.iss1.328.
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Tremendous change in environment during the Corona virus pandemic has put organizational agility as one of the most important discussion topics among scholars in the world. Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) with limited resources, need to have strong agility to thrive in today's increasingly competitive market. It is, therefore, crucial to study the factors that may affect organizational agility. This study aims to examine the effects of entrepreneurial leadership on organizational agility through organizational learning in the perspective of organizational behavior. There was a scarcity of evidence on which entrepreneurial leadership could significantly influence organizational agility through organizational learning. The respondents are 200 employees who work at SMEs within the Small Industrial Village which is called Perkampungan Industri Kecil (PIK) in East Jakarta, Indonesia. Data were obtained through the survey method and quantitatively analyzed using SEM – LISREL 8.8. The results indicated that each entrepreneurial leadership and organizational learning has significantly affected organizational agility, and entrepreneurial leadership has significantly affected organizational learning. This study also found that organizational learning partially mediates the relationship between entrepreneurial leadership and organizational agility. These results provide recommendations for SMEs entrepreneurs to promote organizational learning in order to enhance the effect of entrepreneurial leadership to increase organizational agility.
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Sorge, Arndt, and Arjen van Witteloostuijn. "The (Non)Sense of Organizational Change: An Essai about Universal Management Hypes, Sick Consultancy Metaphors, and Healthy Organization Theories." Organization Studies 25, no. 7 (September 2004): 1205–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840604046360.
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The global business world is infected by a virus that induces a permanent need for organizational change, which is fed by the management consultancy industry. The nature of the organizational change hype changes colour frequently, through the emergence of new universal management fashions. An urge to change is understandable from the perspectives of the consultant and the manager, but often organizational changes are ineffective or counter-productive when implemented. In this context, this article’s purpose is threefold. First, on the basis of an interpretation of different literatures, we .esh out an argument about the nonsense of organizational change that is driven by sick consultancy metaphors. Second, we argue that the application of healthy organization theories offers ample guidelines for organizational change initiatives that make more sense than prominent management consultancy rhetoric. Third, pulling both strings together, we plead for the development of an evidence-based (change) consultancy practice.
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Vesga Rodríguez, Juan Javier, Mónica García Rubiano, Carlos Forero Aponte, Claudia Alejandra Toscano, Eliana Quiroz González, and Segundo Gonzalo Pazmay Ramos. "La relación entre la edad, el engagement y la disposición al cambio organizacional." Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines 38, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 225–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.16888/interd.2021.38.2.15.
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La gestión de recursos humanos como función estratégica en las organizaciones de trabajo constituye en la actualidad una actividad de alta complejidad que implica importantes retos para los líderes de gestión humana a nivel global, debido a los procesos de cambio constante que viven las organizaciones de todo tipo. Estos procesos están dados tanto por exigencias provenientes de las transformaciones del entorno como por los requerimientos internos de ajuste en las organizaciones para mantener su productividad y competitividad en la dinámica de los mercados actuales, condiciones que imprimen serias implicaciones en la gestión del cambio y su relación con el comportamiento, desempeño y compromiso de los trabajadores. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar la posible relación entre la edad, el engagement, y la disposición al cambio organizacional, ya que estas variables resultan tener un papel clave en la gestión de recursos humanos en el contexto actual del mundo del trabajo, según se concluye de estudios previos que muestran relaciones entre diferentes tipos de compromiso y procesos de cambio organizacional. La presente investigación se enmarca en la perspectiva de la psicología positiva, un enfoque reciente que busca alejarse del énfasis en lo patológico del comportamiento para centrarse en los aspectos positivos y el potencial del ser humano. Esta perspectiva de la psicología en el campo del estudio del comportamiento organizacional se ha denominado “psicología organizacional positiva”. Para lograr los objetivos de identificar la relación entre las variables, se realizó un estudio predictivo, que se orienta fundamentalmente a indagar la relación funcional entre dos o más variables, con un diseño correlacional simple en el que no se utilizan formas de control de variables extrañas que puedan tener influencia en la relación funcional investigada. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 808 personas divididas en dos submuestras (35.5 % colombianos y 65.5 % ecuatorianos), seleccionadas de manera no probabilística accidental. Para la evaluación de las variables se utilizó el autorreporte en la edad, el cuestionario Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) y el instrumento Disposición al Cambio Organizacional. Los resultados mostraron relaciones significativas entre las variables disposición al cambio organizacional y engagement, tanto a nivel general como en las submuestras. Sin embargo, al indagar sobre el posible papel moderador de la edad entre las otras dos variables, no se encontraron evidencias al respecto. Otros análisis sugieren la posibilidad de un efecto mediado por aspectos culturales que puede incidir en la disposición al cambio. El presente estudio constituye un importante aporte en la comprensión del comportamiento humano en el trabajo en relación con procesos de cambio organizacional, específicamente la asociación de este con variables como el engagement y la edad. Sin embargo, sucesos recientes como la situación mundial derivada de la pandemia por el virus SARSCOV2 y su impacto en las dinámicas de trabajo sugieren la necesidad de avanzar en estudios complementarios al realizado por los autores y que se presenta en este artículo, puesto que las actividades laborales han migrado para muchas personas del contexto de la empresa al contexto del hogar, lo que pone en escena otras variables que podrían incidir en la relación aquí indagada.
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Aldag, Ramon J. "Brain Drain, Invader, Virus, Traveler: On the Evolution of Industrial–Organizational Psychology." Industrial and Organizational Psychology 7, no. 3 (September 2014): 318–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/iops.12154.
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Kosmin, V. V. "COVID-19 virus pandemia and railways." Transport Technician: Education and Practice 1, no. 1-2 (June 28, 2020): 127–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.46684/2687-1033.1.20.
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The issues of the work of railways in the conditions of the viral pandemic 2019–2020 are considered. The results of the research carried out by a group of the International Union of Railways and the generalization of the experience of railways — members of this organization in the fight against coronavirus in railway transport, both at stations and in trains during the trip, are presented, for both passengers and maintenance personnel. The relevant recommendations of an organizational and technical nature are provided.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Organizational viru"
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Rector, Trent. "Genomic Organization of Infectious Salmon Anemia Virus." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2001. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/RectorT2001.pdf.
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Swanepoel, Louis Hendrik. "Bestuurstrategieë vir vestiging van 'n effektiewe organisasiekultuur in sekondêre skole vir oorwegend swart leerders / Louis Hendrik Swanepoel." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8779.
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Research on the development of management strategies for the establishment of an
effective organizational culture in schools was conducted in the following phases.
In the first place, an. attempt is made to determine the nature of organizational
culture, the context in which organizational culture functions, and the transformation
and establishment of an effective organizational culture. as well as to describe the
characteristics and advantages of an effective organizational culture.
Secondly the aspects of organizational culture are discussed on the basis of a
theoretical model that has been developed from literature. In so doing, every aspect
of organizational culture is spell out, the role and place of each aspect of the culture
is explained, as is the contribution of every aspect of organizational culture to the
efficacy of such a culture.
In the third place, the degree to which aspects of the organizational culture are
emphasized in schools has been empirically determined by means of quantitative
and qualitative research methods.
Fourthly, research results have indicated that the intangible fundamentals and the
concrete manifestations of organizational culture are emphasized at good schools
while this happens to a lesser degree at average and poor schools. It becomes clear
that certain basic aspects are present in the intangible fundamentals and the
concrete manifestations of the organizational culture of schools. The successful
functioning of these aspects Is essential for the establishment of an efficient
organizational culture In schools.
Finally these primary aspects of organizational culture form the basis for the
development of management strategies which can be used to establish an effective
culture of organization in schools. Special mention is made of general points of
departure and guidelines for developing action plans and putting them to effect. The
actual plans of action are not addressed, as schools should develop their own plans
according to their unique composition, requirements and environment.Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003
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Vos, Deon. "Bestuurstrategieë vir die vestiging van 'n effektiewe organisasieklimaat in die primêre skool / D. Vos." Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5070.
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The research aim was firstly to establish the prevailing organisational climate of the primary schools in the North West Province, and secondly, to develop management strategies to establish an effective organisational climate in primary schools. The study was conducted by means of a thorough literature study with a view to place the concept organisational climate in context. Following this, the information gained during the literature study was empirically verified, and certain findings were made based on the data. From the last-mentioned data and findings, a number of management strategies could be developed and certain recommendations were also formulated. In Chapter 1 the problem statement as well as four research objectives were formulated. The research aim was motivated and the research methodology discussed. The chapter division was explained and a number of relevant ethical aspects were discussed. A few contributions made by this study were discussed briefly. The nature of organisational climate was discussed in Chapter 2. Organisational climate was placed in the correct context by discussing a number of relevant concepts, namely: school climate, organisational climate, educational climate, classroom climate, quality of work life, systemic factors and the influence thereof on organisational climate, individual factors, job satisfaction, job performance, work stress and job motivation. The maintenance and the importance of a positive organisational climate also received attention. The determinants of an effective organisational climate received attention in Chapter 3. Determinants such as presented in the literature were discussed. Following this, determinants identified from different measuring instruments were also discussed. The "Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire for Elementary Schools" (OCDQ-RE) was discussed in detail, since this questionnaire was used for the research in question. The research approach and methodology was discussed in Chapter 4. Different research approaches were discussed, namely the interpretivistic, the critical, the positivistic and the postpositivistic approaches. Next, the quantitative investigative method was discussed fully, since this is the manner in which the data in this research were obtained. The statistical data processing was discussed comprehensively. The chapter was concluded with a number of relevant ethical aspects. In Chapter 5 the data interpretation was discussed. The responses were processed statistically and certain findings were inferred from it. The following statistical processing was done: two factor analyses were done, the reliability of the questionnaire was determined, openness indexes were discussed, categorisation was done regarding the prevailing organisational climate in the schools, the practical meaningfulness was reported on and finally, the South African data were compared with that of the American research. A number of management strategies were designed in Chapter 6 to establish an effective organisational climate in the primary school. These management strategies were formulated from existing literature concerning organisational climate, as well as from the processed data in the empirical study. The management strategies were formulated based on the actions and behaviour of the school principal as well as those of the educators.
The research was concluded in Chapter 7 with a summary, findings and recommendations. Firstly, a brief summary of each chapter was given, followed by a few findings, and the chapter was concluded with seven recommendations, each coupled with a motivation. The following important findings stemmed from the research: Research objective ONE: The nature of organisational climate in the primary school.
• Certain aspects such as school climate, educational climate and classroom climate
regarding the organisational climate of the school are intertwined and they form a unit
that determines the organisational climate of the school. • The organisational climate of a school is influenced by a variety of factors. Examples of these factors are as follows: quality of the work life of educators, tangible and non- tangible factors, task, maintenance and development needs, job satisfaction, job performance, job motivation and work stress. However, it is important to take cognisance of the fact that these factors are people driven and that all role-players in the school are responsible for the development, establishment and maintenance of an effective organisational climate. • The importance of an effective organisational climate is accentuated by the creation and maintenance of a positive work life, positive values and norms and effective communication. By meticulously applying these above-mentioned principles, a positive organisational climate will become a reality in schools. Research objective TWO: The nature of the different determinants of organisational climate in the primary school: • The findings in the literature correspond to a large extent with the findings that came to the fore from the measuring instruments. The findings are categorised in two determinants for organisational climate, namely the actions or behaviour of the school principal and those of the educators. Research objective THREE: The current standing of the organisational climate in the primary schools: • The total openness index of the schools in the study population explains the actions and behaviour of the principals, as well as those of the educators, as a mean. • The schools were divided into four categories as follows: Uninvolved organisational climate (22.73%), Closed organisational climate (22.73%), Open organisational climate (21.21%), Involved organisational climate (33.33%). Research objective FOUR: Management strategies for the development and establishment of an effective organisational climate in the primary school: • Four management strategies were formulated concerning the actions or behaviour of the school principal and three regarding the actions or behaviour of the educators. The following important recommendations were made:
Recommendation 1: Principals need to be empowered to fulfil a more supporting role, mainly in the case of black and Coloured educators. Constructive criticism, reasons for criticism and paying attention to the well-being of educators are examples of fields in which principals need to be empowered.
Recommendation 2: Principals need to be empowered to follow alternative managerial styles, rather than an autocratic and "iron-fist" approach. Recommendation 3: Principals need to demonstrate less restrictive behaviour towards educators, especially in the case of Coloured educators. Examples of restrictive behaviour principals need to devote attention to are as follows: educators are expected to serve on too many committees and the amount of administrative work needs to be cut back on.
Recommendation 4: Educators need to be empowered to act more fraternally towards one another. Examples of fields in which empowerment is required are as follows: educators do not accept one another's shortcomings, educators often depart for home directly after school hours, and educators socialise in small, selected groups.
Recommendation 5: The extent to which trusting behaviour occurs among educators requires active improvement. Factors that need attention are as follows: colleagues do not invite one another for home visits, educators do not know one another's home backgrounds, educators socialise during work hours, and educators do not arrange social meetings for one another. Recommendation 6: Educators' attitude towards and involvement in the school's activities need to be addressed actively and improved. The following factors need to receive attention: the problem that educators describe staff meetings as futile, and also that they converse amongst each other during staff meetings. Recommendation 7: Further research is needed regarding the validation of a measuring instrument that is directly meant for the South African context.Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.
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Bont, Antoinette de Benschop Ruth. "De organisatie van een virus over de wereldgezondheidsorganisatie, wetenschap en transnationale gezondheidspolitiek /." [Maastricht : Maastricht : Universiteit Maastricht] ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 2000. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5972.
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Johansson, Susanne. "Genomic Organization and Capsid Architecture of Ljungan Virus : a Novel Member of the Picornaviridae." Doctoral thesis, Högskolan i Kalmar, Naturvetenskapliga institutionen, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hik:diva-46.
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Ljungan virus är ett virus som isolerades i Sverige i mitten på nittiotalet. Under perioden 1989-1992 avled flera svenska elitorienterare plötsligt i hjärtmuskelinflammation. Man misstänkte att orienterarna kunde ha utsatts för en vektorburen infektion eftersom de exponeras för djur som finns i skog och mark under träning och tävling. Det är sedan tidigare känt att sorkar är den naturliga reservoaren för ett annat virus (Puumala virus) som kan orsaka njurskada hos människor. Sorkantalet i vissa delar av Sverige varierar kraftigt från år till år i ett cykliskt förlopp. Man fann ett samband mellan antalet sorkar och förekomsten av hjärtmuskelinflammation, typ 1 diabetes och Guillain-Barre's syndrom vilket ledde till att ett tidigare okänt virus, Ljungan virus, kunde isoleras från sorkar. Detta virus är ett litet RNA-virus som tillhör familjen Picornavirus. Till denna familj hör också flera kända virus såsom många av våra vanligt förekommande förkylningsvirus, men också virus som kan orsaka svåra sjukdomar, till exemel poliovirus och mul- och klövsjukevirus. Ljungan virus är ett nyupptäckt virus och därför är kunskapen om viruset begränsad. För att öka vår förståelse om viruset så har arvsmassan för tre svenska isolat (87-012, 174F och 145SL) av Ljungan virus kartlagts (artikel IV). Denna studie visade att Ljungan virusets arvmassa har flera unika egenskaper. Släktskapstudier visade att Ljungan virus är endast avlägset släkt med redan kända picornavirus och viruset bör därför utgöra en egen undergrupp i familjen (artikel III). Med kunskap om Ljungan virusets arvsmassa så var det möjligt att visa att Ljungan virus förekommer även på andra ställen än i Sverige (artikel VI). I mitten på 60-talet isolerades ett virus, M1146, från sork som fångats i Oregon, USA. Baserat på egenskaper hos proteinhöljet (kapsiden) så antog man då att M1146 var ett picornavirus. Studier av arvsmassan för detta virus visade att M1146 är närmast besläktat med de svenska Ljungan virus isolaten och har samma unika egenskaper i sin arvsmassa (artikel VI). Dessa studier har varit möjliga eftersom vi tidigare har utvecklat en metod för att producera stora mängder av hela arvsmassan (artikel I och II). Slutligen har det proteinhölje som innesluter och skyddar Ljungan virusets arvsmassa studerats (artikel V). Dessa studier visade att kapsiden är uppbyggd av tre proteiner och inte fyra som hos de flesta picornavirus. Dessa studier underlättades av att en enkel och effektiv metod för att odla Ljungan virus i provröret har utvecklats (artikel V). Sammantaget så har dessa studier försett oss med nya kunskaper om Ljungan virus som möjliggör fortsatta studier av dess biologi och eventuella förmåga att orsaka sjukdom hos människor och djur.
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Rivière, Carol Jeanne. "Sequence and organization of the nonstructural proteins and noncoding regions of melon necrotic spot virus." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27629.
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Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), is an isometric plant virus with a monopartite, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. This thesis reports the nucleotide sequence of regions of the MNSV genome which are noncoding or which encode nonstructural proteins, as well as the number and approximate sizes of the subgenomic RNAs produced by MNSV during infection. These data show that the MNSV genome comprises at least 4,262 nucleotides encoding, in two different reading frames, three or four nonstructural proteins for which there is some evidence of in vivo expression. These proteins, listed in order of their location on the genome from the 5' terminus, have molecular weights of ca. 29,000 (p29), 89,000 (p89), 7,000 (p7) and 14,000 (pl4). The p29 and P89 proteins are probably translated from genomic length RNA, while p7 and pl4 are probably translated from a ca. 1.9 kb subgenomic RNA. A second subgenomic RNA of ca. 1.6 kb is the likely template for translation of the 3' proximal, 42 kDa coat protein. Expression of p89 and p14 requires read-through of the amber termination codons of p29 and p7, respectively. MNSV p89 is the putative viral replicase; its read-through domain contains the GDD motif characteristic of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of several plant and animal viruses. The MNSV replicase shows very little amino acid sequence similarity with the replicases of viruses from either of the two established virus supergroups. The MNSV polymerase, however, shows a high degree of similarity with the polymerases of maize chlorotic mottle virus as well as carmo-, tombus- and luteoviruses which have been suggested to form a third virus supergroup. The role of p29 is unknown, but it presumably functions in replication. The functions of p7 and p14 are also unknown, but may be related to virus transport. Although MNSV shows amino acid sequence similarity in some of its proteins with viruses in several plant virus groups, it shows the most extensive similarities with members of the carmovirus group. MNSV also closely resembles these viruses in the number, sizes and genomic organization of its proteins as well as in its probable translation strategy. For these reasons, as well as previously reported physico-chemical similarities with the carmoviruses, MNSV should be classified as a member of the carmovirus group.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
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Anderson, Shirley Victoria. "The nucleotide sequence and genomic organization of the potato mop-top virus RNA-2 molecule." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334531.
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Aspegren, Anders. "Nuclear Organization of Gene Expression in Adenovirus Infected Cells." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5095-4/.
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Majer, Eszter. "Metabolic engineering of plants using a disarmed potyvirus vector." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/68477.
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[EN] Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites which were used to develop recombinant plant virus vectors to express heterologous proteins and to modify endogenous metabolic pathways of natural products in plants. The main limitation of many plant virus-based systems is the difficulty to co-express various heterologous proteins in the same cell with proper subcellular localization, which is a crucial question in metabolic engineering. This work provides a solution to overcome this problem by using a potyvirus-based vector system. Potyviruses (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) are plus-strand single-stranded RNA viruses, which have a genome expression strategy that allows the equimolar production of most viral proteins. On the basis of an infectious clone of Tobacco etch virus (TEV), Bedoya et al. (2010) developed an expression system in which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NIb) gene was replaced by an expression cassette, harboring several heterologous proteins. This viral vector was able to express three fluorescent proteins with nucleocytoplasmic localization in equimolar amounts in transgenic tobacco plants in which NIb was supplemented in trans. Despite of the apparent simplicity of potyvirus genome expression strategy, foreign cDNA insertion is a complicated task. Thus, our first goal was to analyze the effect of gene insertion on TEV genome stability. As a result of this work, a novel insertion position was discovered at the amino-terminal end of the potyvirus polyprotein, which opened the possibility to explore new questions of recombinant protein expression. Since metabolic pathways are highly compartmentalized, proper subcellular targeting of enzymes is an essential task. Thus, our second objective centralized on the subcellular targeting of expressed proteins from the TEV-based viral vector. cDNAs coding for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to chloroplast, nucleus and mitochondria targeting signal sequences were inserted into the newly described amino-terminal insertion position or into an internal site, replacing the NIb cistron. Our results showed that for protein delivery to chloroplasts and mitochondria, foreign genes have to be inserted at the amino-terminal site of the viral vector, but for nuclear delivery, both insertion positions are suitable. The last objective of this work was to investigate whether the potyvirus-based vector was able to express an entire heterologous multistep biosynthetic pathway in plant cells. For this aim we purposed to produce lycopene, a plant pigment with health promoting properties. To do so, we inserted cDNAs coding for the enzymes of a three-step metabolic pathway of bacterial origin into the potyvirus-based vector. Infected tobacco plants developed orange symptoms indicating lycopene accumulation, which was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and microscopy observations. Our results also illustrated that the sole expression of Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase, crtB, is enough to induce carotenoid accumulation, conferring yellow coloration to the infected tissue and serves as reporter system to visually track viral infection in several plant species.[ES] Los virus de plantas son parásitos intracelulares obligados que han sido utilizados para desarrollar vectores virales y expresar proteínas heterólogas y modificar rutas metabólicas endógenas de productos naturales. La principal limitación de muchos sistemas basados en virus de plantas es la dificultad de coexpresar diversas proteínas heterólogas en la misma célula con la localización subcelular apropiada, lo cual es una cuestión crucial en ingeniería metabólica. Este trabajo presenta una solución para superar este problema mediante el uso de un vector viral basado en un potyvirus. Los potyvirus (género Potyvirus, familia Potyviridae) son virus de RNA de cadena positiva simple que tienen una estrategia de expresión génica que permite la producción de la mayoría de las proteínas virales en cantidades equimolares. Basado en un clon infeccioso del virus del grabado del tabaco (Tobacco etch virus, TEV) Bedoya et al. (2010) desarrollaron un sistema de expresión en el que el gen de la RNA polimerasa dependiente de RNA (NIb) fue sustituido por un casete de expresión, que albergaba varias proteínas heterólogas. Este vector viral fue capaz de expresar tres proteínas fluorescentes con localización nucleocitoplásmica en cantidades equimolares en plantas de tabaco transgénicas que complementaban el cistron NIb en trans. A pesar de la aparente simplicidad de la estrategia de expresión génica de los potyvirus, la inserción de un cDNA foráneo es una tarea complicada. Por lo tanto, nuestro primer objetivo fue analizar el efecto de la inserción en la estabilidad del genoma de TEV. Como resultado de este trabajo, descubrimos una nueva posición de inserción en el extremo amino-terminal de la poliproteína viral que nos permitió explorar otras cuestiones sobre la expresión de proteínas recombinantes. Dado que las vías metabólicas son muy compartimentalizadas, la adecuada localización subcelular de enzimas es una tarea esencial en ingeniería metabólica. Por eso, nuestro segundo objetivo se centró en la distribución de las proteínas heterológas expresadas con el vector viral a diferentes orgánulos subcelulares. cDNAs que codificaban la proteína fluorescente verde (green fluorescent protein, GFP) fusionada a péptidos señal se insertaron en la nueva posición amino-terminal y en un sitio interno, sustituyendo el cistrón NIb, para enviarla al cloroplasto, núcleo y a la mitocondria. Nuestros resultados mostraron que para la distribución de proteínas al cloroplasto y mitocondria, los genes foráneos deben ser insertados en el sitio amino-terminal del vector viral, pero para la distribución nuclear, ambas posiciones son adecuadas. El último objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar si el vector viral basado en potyvirus es capaz de expresar una ruta biosíntética de múltiples pasos en células vegetales. Para ello nos propusimos producir licopeno, un pigmento vegetal con propiedades beneficiosas para la salud humana. Para ello, insertamos un cDNA que codificaba las enzimas de una ruta metabólica de tres pasos de origen bacteriano en el vector viral. Las plantas de tabaco infectadas con el vector viral desarrollaron síntomas de color naranja indicando la acumulación de licopeno, que fue confirmado por análisis de cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia y observaciones de microscopía. Nuestros resultados también ilustraron que la sola expresión de la fitoeno sintasa de Pantonea ananatis, crtB, es suficiente para inducir la acumulación de carotenoides que confieren una coloración amarilla al tejido infectado y sirve como sistema reportero visual en varias especies de plantas.
[CAT] Els virus de plantes són paràsits intracel·lulars obligats que han estat utilitzats per a desenvolupar vectors virals i expressar proteïnes heteròlogues y modificar rutes metabòliques endògenes de productes naturals silenciant certs gens o expressant factors de transcripció i enzims metabòlics. La principal limitació de molts sistemes basats en virus de plantes és la dificultat de coexpressar diverses proteïnes heteròlogues en la mateixa cèl·lula amb la localització subcel·lular apropiada, cosa que és una qüestió crucial en enginyeria metabòlica. Aquest treball presenta una solució per a superar aquest problema mitjançant l'ús d'un vector viral basat en un potyvirus. Els potyvirus (gènere Potyvirus, família Potyviridae) són virus d'RNA de cadena positiva simple que tenen una estratègia d'expressió gènica que permet la producció de la majoria de les proteïnes virals en quantitats equimolars. Basat en un clon infecciós del virus del gravat del tabac (Tobacco etch virus, TEV) Bedoya et al. (2010) van desenvolupar un sistema d'expressió en el qual el gen de l'RNA polimerasa depenent d'RNA (NIb) va ser substituït per un casset d'expressió, que albergava diverses proteïnes heteròlogues. Aquest vector viral va ser capaç d'expressar tres proteïnes fluorescents amb localització nucleocitoplàsmica en quantitats equimolars en plantes de tabac transgèniques que complementaven el cistró NIb en trans. Malgrat l'aparent simplicitat de l'estratègia d'expressió gènica dels potyvirus, la inserció d'un cDNA forà és una tasca complicada. Per tant, el nostre primer objectiu va ser analitzar l'efecte de la inserció en l'estabilitat del genoma de TEV. Com a resultat d'aquest treball, hem descobert una nova posició d'inserció en l'extrem amino terminal de la poliproteïna viral que ens va permetre explorar altres qüestions sobre l'expressió de proteïnes recombinants. Atès que les vies metabòliques són molt compartimentalitzades, l'adequada localització subcel·lular d'enzims és una tasca essencial en enginyeria metabòlica. Per açò, el nostre segon objectiu es va centrar en la distribució de les proteïnes heteròlogues expressades amb el vector viral a diferents orgànuls subcelul·lars. cDNAs que codificaven la proteïna fluorescent verda (green fluorescent protein, GFP) fusionada a pèptids senyal es van inserir en la nova posició amino terminal i en un lloc intern, substituint el cistró NIb, per a enviar-la al cloroplast, nucli i al mitocondri. Els nostres resultats van mostrar que per a la distribució de proteïnes al cloroplast i mitocondri, els gens forans han de ser inserits en el lloc amino terminal del vector viral, però per a la distribució nuclear, ambdues posicions són adequades. El lloc amino terminal va resultar ser més adequat per a produir quantitats més grans de proteïnes recombinants, però el lloc d'inserció intern va demostrar ser més estable. Sobre la base d'aquests resultats, hem sigut capaços de distribuir dues proteïnes fluorescents diferents als cloroplasts i nuclis des d'un únic vector viral. L'últim objectiu d'aquest treball va ser estudiar si el vector viral basat en potyvirus és capaç d'expressar una ruta biosintètica de múltiples passos en cèl·lules vegetals. Per açò ens vam proposar produir licopè, un pigment vegetal amb propietats beneficioses per a la salut humana. Per això inserírem un cDNA que codificaba els tres enzims de una ruta metabòlica de tres passos d'origen bacterià en el vector viral. Les plantes de tabac infectades amb el vector viral van desenvolupar símptomes de color taronja indicant l'acumulació de licopè, que va ser confirmat per anàlisi de cromatografia líquida d'alta eficàcia i observacions de microscòpia. Els nostres resultats també van il·lustrar que la sola expressió de fitoè sintasa de Pantonea ananatis, crtB, és suficient per a induir l'acumulació de carotenoides que confereixen una colora
Majer, E. (2016). Metabolic engineering of plants using a disarmed potyvirus vector [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68477
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Scolari, Silvia. "Lateral organization of the transmembrane domain and cytoplasmic tail of influenza virus hemagglutinin revealed by time resolved imaging." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät I, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16007.
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Der Viruspartikelzusammenbau hängt von der Anreicherung viraler Untereinheiten in spezifischen Domänen der PM ab. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass Membran-Rafts – geordnete, sphingomyelin- und cholesterinreiche Mikrodomänen in der PM – als lokale Rekrutierungsstellen dienen. Hämagglutinin (HA) ist ein homotrimeres Glykoprotein in der Hülle des Influenzavirus. Es dient der Bindung an die Wirtszelle und der Fusion mit dem Endosom. Es wird angenommen, dass HA bei der Abschnürung der Viruspartikel von der Zelle mitwirkt. Zwei Hauptbeobachtungen führten zu der Hypothese, dass sich HA in Lipid-Mikrodomänen einlagert: HA wurde biochemisch in Detergens-resistenten Membranen nachgewiesen und die Virushülle ist mit raftbildenden Lipiden angereichert. Um die Rolle der HA-Transmembrandomäne für die Lipid-Raft-Inkorporation aufzuklären, wurde ein Konstrukt entwickelt, das den C-Terminus von HA mit dem gelb fluoreszierenden Protein YFP fusioniert, und die Transmembrandomäne, nicht aber die N-terminale Ektodomäne von HA enthält. In transfizierten Säugetierzellen wurde der Förster-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (FRET) zwischen diesem Konstrukt und einem GPI-verankerten cyan fluoreszierenden Protein CFP (Raft-Marker) durch Fluoreszenz-Lebenszeit-Mikroskopie (FLIM) gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich HA-Konstrukte in Cholesterin-abhängigen Lipiddomänen anreichern, was durch eine erhöhte FRET-Effizienz nachgewiesen wurde. Zudem führen ein Cholesterinentzug aus der PM und die Deletion hochkonservierter Palmitylierungsstellen zu einer signifikanten Verringerung selbiger; sehr gering war diese zwischen dem HA-Konstrukt und einem Nicht-Raft-Marker. Darüberhinaus konnte durch ortsspezifische Mutagenese gezeigt werden, dass die verwendeten Konstrukte disulfidbrückenverbundene Oligomere bilden, welche Voraussetzung für den Transport der Konstrukte an die PM sind. Zeitaufgelöste Anisotropiemessungen ergaben für diese ein starkes Homo-FRET-Signal, welches die Oligomerisierungshypothese bestätigt.Numerous enveloped viruses bud from the host cell plasma membrane (PM). Assembly of the new viral particles depends on the accumulation of the viral subunits at specific sites of the cell membrane. Lipid domains or rafts enriched of sphingomyelin and cholesterol were suggested as sites for local recruitment of viral components. Hemagglutinin (HA), a homotrimeric glycoprotein embedded in the envelope of influenza virus, mediates binding of the virus to the host cell and fusion between the viral envelope and the endosomal membrane. HA might play an important role in budding of the viral particles from the host cell. Two observations led to the suggestion that HA entraps in lipid microdomains. First, HA was rescued in DRM fractions, second the viral envelope was found to be enriched in lipids generally forming rafts. To elucidate the role of the HA transmembrane domain in lipid raft localization we expressed constructs harboring the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail but lacking the N-terminal ectodomain of HA in the PM of mammalian cells. We studied energy transfer (FRET) between these constructs and a GPI anchored CFP as a raft marker by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Our results suggest that HA constructs are indeed sorted into cholesterol-dependent lipid domains since cholesterol depletion of the PM caused a significant decrease of FRET efficiency. Likewise, deletion of the three highly conserved palmitoylation sites of HA is also accompanied by a reduction of FRET efficiency. Site directed mutagenesis demonstrated that TMD-HA constructs form disulfide linked oligomers and that oligomerization is fundamental for the transport to the PM. This result was corroborated by time resolved anisotropy measurements that revealed strong homoFRET between TMD-HA-YFP molecules, thus indicating protein clustering. Accordingly, trimerization of full length HA is fundamental for stability and the subsequent delivery of the protein to the cell surface.
Books on the topic "Organizational viru"
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United, States Congress House Committee on Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on Africa Global Health Global Human Rights and International Organizations. Combating the Ebola threat: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, August 7, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations. Global efforts to fight Ebola: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, and Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, September 17, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Office, 2015.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs. Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, Global Human Rights, and International Organizations. Fighting Ebola: A ground-level view : hearing before the Subcommittee on Africa, Global Health, and Global Human Rights, and International Organizations of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, second session, November 18, 2014. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2014.
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Carroll, Michael C. Lab 257: The disturbing story of the government's secret and deadly virus research facility. New York: Morrow, 2004.
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Diamond, Jared M. Vete, vapen & virus: En kort sammanfattning av mänsklighetens historia under de senaste 13 000 åren. Stockholm: Norstedt, 2006.
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Summit, North American Leaders, ed. North American plan for animal and pandemic influenza. Washington, D.C: North America Leaders Summit, 2012.
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M, Hardy Leslie, and Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Committee on Prenatal and Newborn Screening for HIV Infection., eds. HIV screening of pregnant women and newborns. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.
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Nichols, Eve K. Expanding access to investigational therapies for HIV infection and AIDS: March 12-13, 1990, conference summary. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1991.
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Martin, Roger. Responsibility Virus. Penguin Random House, 2002.
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Martin, Roger. Responsibility Virus. Penguin Random House, 2001.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Organizational viru"
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Cohen, J. I. "Genomic Structure and Organization of Varicella-Zoster Virus." In Varicella-Zoster Virus, 10–20. Basel: KARGER, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000060313.
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Jevnaker, Birgit Helene, and Johan Olaisen. "Travelling Leadership Ideas as a Business Virus." In Reimagining Sustainable Organization, 31–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96210-4_2.
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AbstractVirtually identical management ideas seem to crop up simultaneously in similar organizations globally, in what ways can this phenomenon be understood? Leaders in organizations may play a more active role than those often depicted in the management fashion theory. The encounter between thought and practice may be lasting; beliefs may affect training and practice. The ideas may represent a trade-off between business strategy, leadership, and employees. We keep acceptable and adequate ideas while we drop unacceptable and inadequate plans. The ideas work like a sensitizing concept of directions along which to look for temporary order and stability, as well as potential change. Adopting a business idea is like a virus spreading worldwide, leaving an enormous impact through global corporations and societies. In this chapter, we study management ideas in a selection of top Scandinavian corporations to generate and discuss 8 relevant hypotheses. The same ideas might reach public institutions like universities and hospitals. In public institutions, they might present as a form of New Public Management or merely a way of managing, e.g. universities or hospitals through a magic business virus, creating what looks like similar strategies found in private businesses.
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Prasad, B. V. Venkataram, and Michael F. Schmid. "Principles of Virus Structural Organization." In Viral Molecular Machines, 17–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0980-9_3.
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Jevnaker, Birgit Helene, and Johan Olaisen. "Leading for Eco-Effective Business Design: Co-creating Sustainability Development." In Reimagining Sustainable Organization, 111–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96210-4_6.
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AbstractSustainability thinking in enterprise strategies has spread like a virus in abstract corporate visions communication. We propose that more attention be devoted to leveraging the concrete developmental work from an action-based leadership for sustainability perspective. This chapter offers concepts from change management, process philosophy, and design for understanding leadership for sustainability as continuously creative practices. The chapter provides in-depth insights into an exemplary case, Flokk, a North-European furniture industry enterprise that has pioneered leadership for sustainability.
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Collett, Marc S., Mary Ann Wiskerchen, Ellan Welniak, and Susan K. Belzer. "Bovine viral diarrhea virus genomic organization." In Ruminant Pestivirus Infections, 19–27. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-9153-8_3.
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Chaitanya, K. V. "Structure and Organization of Virus Genomes." In Genome and Genomics, 1–30. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0702-1_1.
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Hofschneider, P. H., M. Wollersheim, and P. Zahm. "Transactivation by Hepatitis B Virus DNA." In Organization and Function of the Eucaryotic Genome, 19–20. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-46611-3_23.
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Duarte, M., J. Gelfi, P. Lambert, D. Rasschaert, and H. Laude. "Genome Organization of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus." In Coronaviruses, 55–60. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2996-5_9.
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Goldbach, Rob, Rik Eggen, Cees de Jager, Ab van Kammen, Jan van Lent, Geertje Rezelman, and Joan Wellink. "Genetic Organization, Evolution and Expression of Plant Viral RNA Genomes." In Recognition and Response in Plant-Virus Interactions, 147–62. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74164-7_8.
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Munir, Muhammad, Siamak Zohari, and Mikael Berg. "Genome Organization of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus." In Molecular Biology and Pathogenesis of Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus, 1–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31451-3_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Organizational viru"
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Arh, Patrik, Žan Černivec, and Miha Marič. "Vodenje v kontekstu Cov-19: izzivi in priložnosti v Sloveniji." In Society’s Challenges for Organizational Opportunities: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2022.5.
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The world we have been living in for the last two years is a world that none of us expected. In a very short time, we have been confronted with the facts that define the new reality. It is different, but in the opinion of many, it is also worse, more limited, dark and sad. The paper aims to comprehensively present various aspects of this situation; determine whether the new coronavirus presents more challenges or opportunities for short-term or long-term success; and focus mainly on the analysis of the leadership of Slovenian companies during Cov-19. In this paper, we used the method of critical review of current sources of literature, and with the method of synthesis, we presented two main topics of the paper, the general presentation of the Cov-19 virus and the leadership of Slovenian companies in crisis situations. To present the connection, impact and consequences of the pandemic at the micro and macro level. The paper encourages critical thinking about whether a pandemic can be a factor in evaluating the work of leaders in their companies to the point of a virus outbreak.
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Gabrovec, Branko. "Analiza ukrepov zajezitve SARS-COV-2 virusa v prvem valu pandemije v izbranih državah." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.16.
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On 31.12.2019 China has announced that they have perceived an increasing number of pneumonia cases in Wuhan city. They have identified a new virus that they named SARSCoV-2. Disease that is caused by Covid-19 virus has been declared as pandemic on 11. march 2020 by the World Health Organisation. Until that day Covid-19 has spread to 114 countries with 118 000 cases and 4291 casualties. Countries have differently reacted to the pandemic outbreak accepted measures. In this paper we are analysing acceptance and enforcing of measures against pandemic outbreak SARS-CoV2 in the first outbreak in the selected countries: Great Britain, Serbia, Italy, China, Spain and USA.
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Miklosh, Bojan. "MAINTAINING ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE IN VIRTUAL TEAMS." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2022.0026.
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The wave of the tendency to work from home and take virtual participation in the work of companies and organizations, through the web tools that the progress of technology makes available, is gaining more and more momentum and is becoming represented in the everyday life of both smaller enterprises and firms, and giant companies. Whether it is an unintended effect of globalization or its natural developing product, however, what cannot be avoided is the fact that video conferencing, web meetings, and working over the Internet is everyday in business and society. Naturally and additionally, the pandemic with the virus COVID-19 has only strengthened this tendency to work from home, from an isolated environment or through the tools and platforms offered by the Internet and the recent successes of web communication. From the aspect of organizational culture, if the beginning of the 2000s marked a period in which knowledge about organizational culture was placed on a solid foundation, but was still followed by the need to test, delineate and develop them, twenty years later, the phenomenon manifested itself which potentially means a threat to the organizational culture of companies and organizations. The challenge that is set before the organizational sciences is the need to investigate what will be the methods for forming and maintaining the organizational culture among the teams that function in the virtual world. To achieve this, the paper analyzes the characteristics and challenges of the virtual context and virtual teams, perceives proven best practices for strengthening the social element in the virtual world, and connecting these elements with the elements of organizational culture, points to certain conclusions regarding the research problem.
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Zekavica, Ana, Jovanka Vukmirović, Aleksandra Vukmirović, and Milica Branković. "Online Consumer Behavior in Serbia During the Crisis Caused by Covid- 19." In Society’s Challenges for Organizational Opportunities: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2022.78.
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In parallel with the development of the digital market, a new generation of consumers has emerged. The digital market has become an integral part of the lives of modern consumers and it is simply difficult to imagine middle and younger consumers not being present in the digital market on a daily basis to gather information important for purchasing decisions and / or purchasing. There is a growing need for new knowledge, theories and models that indicate consumer behavior on the Internet, due to the evolution of online shopping, which is becoming a vital aspect of customer relations and the creation of marketing strategies. The corona virus pandemic that occurred in March 2020 is not just a health crisis, it has changed the way people around the world live. This paper examines whether there are changes in the level of online consumption and changes in consumer behavior in Serbia in general.
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Adenekan, T. E., and C. Omoye Idiake. "Office Management in the COVID-19 Era 1Adenekan, T." In 27th iSTEAMS-ACity-IEEE International Conference. Society for Multidisciplinary and Advanced Research Techniques - Creative Research Publishers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/isteams-2021/v27p28.
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By the time the World Health Organization ("WHO") upgraded the status of the novel Coronavirus Disease (officially known as COVID-19) outbreak from an epidemic to a global pandemic on 11th March, 2020, the virus had already travelled beyond Wuhan, China, its point of original outbreak in December 2019 and crossed international borders. Given the rapid rate of infection and increasing number of deaths in the wake of the unprecedented spread of the virus, various emergency measures were urgently deployed by local, state, national and multilateral authorities to contain the outbreak. Besides being a public health crisis, COVID-19 continues to trigger severe social and economic consequences for individuals, corporates and governments across the world. Specifically, offices were closed for several months, during this period, the office management took another dimension whereby offices are operated on-line and virtually. This paper analyses the key socio-economic consequences of COVID-19 on office Management, and measures taken by Office managers for mitigating its effect on the operations of organizations. Keywords: Office Management, COVID-19 era, Organizations.
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Husejnagić, Omar, Anja Žnidaršič, and Janja Jerebic. "Physical Isolation and its Impact on Human Health During the Ongoing Covid-19 Pandemic." In Society’s Challenges for Organizational Opportunities: Conference Proceedings. University of Maribor Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fov.3.2022.21.
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In this paper, we discuss the impacts on physical and mental wellbeing, caused by the disruption of previous lifestyles, during periods of increased physical isolation and distancing as the most common measure implemented to reduce virus transmission rates during the ongoing Covid-19 pandemic. Utilizing a multi-step data collection process, we identified changes in the recreational and eating habits of a convenient sample of students and employees of the Faculty of Organizational Sciences University of Maribor. The results of the empirical study were evaluated by professionals in the fields of psychiatry and nutrition in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the impacts and possible negative consequences caused of the Covid-19 pandemic on human health. According to the collected data, the pandemic itself was only partially responsible for the physical and mental state that a large proportion of participants are currently in due to social and physical distancing. Moreover, the recreational and eating habits have also changed during periods of “lockdowns” which have also affected our wellbeing as well.
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Kitić jaklić, Tatjana, Jože Prestor, and Matjaž Maletič. "Reorganizacija službe na primarnem nivoju zdravstvene dejavnosti v času epidemije COVID-19." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.31.
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The COVID-19 epidemic caused by the SARS-Co-V2 virus has dramatically affected the daily life of society as a whole and almost without exception the functioning of various institutions. The first and hardest have been institutions falling under the health care sector. Over the past several decades, the functioning of health care institutions has retained a more or less type of fragile balance that has been further shaken by the COVID-19 epidemic. This has served to inadevertently reveal some shortcomings in the health care sector. In this article, we outline the reorganization and adaptation of the primary health care sector as seen in the example of the Community Health Centre Kranj. Particulary highlighted are challenges faced within the health care institution as well as examples of good practice that should be maintained in the event of any future infectious disease epidemic outbreaks.
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Senegačnik, Marjan, Davorin Žnidarič, and Drago Vuk. "Vpliv omejitve gibanja med epidemijo Covid-19 na obremenjevanje ozračja v Sloveniji." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.66.
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In 2020 the entire world was severely affected by COVID -19 epidemics. Because of preventing of the SARS Cov 2 virus spread there was necessary to introduce considerable restrictions of movement of citizens. This resulted in various negative effects in the field of economy. However, as road traffic is an important source of pollution – particularly of emissions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases it could be expected that these mobility restrictions result in certain positive effects on the environment. The paper will try to estimate the air quality during the period of epidemics when mobility was severely restricted (second half of March and April 2020, second half of October, November and December 2020). The review will be limited to those kinds of pollutants which are particularly related to road traffic (nitrogen oxides, particulate matter, ozone) as well as to carbon dioxide as the most important greenhouse gas.
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GIGAURI, Iza. "CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AS A TOOL TO ENSURE EMPLOYEE WELLBEING." In Happiness And Contemporary Society : Conference Proceedings Volume. SPOLOM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2021.25.
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The recent economic and social transformations due to the new coronavirus pandemic have enforced organizations to change business processes. Moreover, the lockdown regulations aiming at preventing the spread of the virus have induced accelerated digitalization. Businesses and employees have to adapt quickly and overcome difficulties with innovative strategies that can be derived from creative, motivated, satisfied, and happy employees. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) not only creates a better brand image for a company and contributes to organizational values and culture, but also positively affects employees' job satisfaction. The paper discusses the implication of CSR practice on employee satisfaction and examines the influence of CSR on employee wellbeing during the crisis. The presented paper is based on previous research aiming at analyzing the implications of the pandemic on CSR in Georgian companies. KEYWORDS: Employee, Wellbeing, Pandemic, CSR, Georgia.
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Fic Žagar, Petra, Tina Bregant, Matjaž Perc, Anja Goričan, Aleks Jakulin, Janez Žibert, Žiga Zaplotnik, et al. "COVID-19 Vigilance: Towards Better Risk Assessment and Communication During the Next Wave." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.15.
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Since December 2019, SARS-CoV-2 infections have altered many aspects of our societies. Citizens were faced with circumstances to which even experts and scientists did not yet know the answers and were applying the scientific method to make daily steps of progress towards better understanding the threat and how to contain it. Within a year, several vaccines were produced to protect individuals from the virus, thereby resolving the most important medical problem. However, not just medical issues call for the application of the scientific method. The management of epidemics also can, and in fact should, benefit significantly from a science-based approach. The novel complexity of the situation left us torn between permissive and authoritarian approaches of containment, and it is still subject to debate what works best and why. In our contribution, we model the emerging complexity of the epidemics and propose a scientific-based data driven approach that aims to aid the decision makers in their focus on the most relevant issues and thus helping them to make informed and consistent decisions. The resulting monitoring and control system, termed COVID-19 vigilance, helps with risk assessment and communication during regional COVID-19 outbreaks. The system is based on the Cynefin decision complexity framework and the universal process model, and it uses several mathematical models that describe epidemic spreading. Different future scenarios are used to predict the impact of realistic, optimistic, and pessimistic outcomes, in turn allowing for a more efficient communication of involved risk.
Reports on the topic "Organizational viru"
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Jordan, Ramon L., Abed Gera, Hei-Ti Hsu, Andre Franck, and Gad Loebenstein. Detection and Diagnosis of Virus Diseases of Pelargonium. United States Department of Agriculture, July 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568793.bard.
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Pelargonium (Geranium) is the number one pot plant in many areas of the United States and Europe. Israel and the U.S. send to Europe rooted cuttings, foundation stocks and finished plants to supply a certain share of the market. Geraniums are propagated mainly vegetatively from cuttings. Consequently, viral diseases have been and remain a major threat to the production and quality of the crop. Among the viruses isolated from naturally infected geraniums, 11 are not specific to Pelargonium and occur in other crops while 6 other viruses seem to be limited to geranium. However, several of these viruses are not sufficiently characterized to conclude that they are distinct agents and their nomenclature and taxonomy are confusing. The ability to separate, distinguish and detect the different viruses in geranium will overcome obstacles te developing effective detection and certification schemes. Our focus was to further characterize some of these viruses and develop better methods for their detection and control. These viruses include: isolates of pelargonium line pattern virus (PLPV), pelargonium ringspot virus (PelRSV), pelargonium flower break virus (PFBV), pelargonium leaf curl (PLCV), and tomato ringspot virus (TomRSV). Twelve hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific to a geranium isolate of TomRSV were produced. These antibodies are currently being characterized and will be tested for the ability to detect TomRSV in infected geraniums. The biological, biochemical and serological properties of four isometric viruses - PLPV, PelRSV, and PFBV (and a PelRSV-like isolate from Italy called GR57) isolated from geraniums exhibiting line and ring pattern or flower break symptoms - and an isolate ol elderbeny latent virus (ELV; which the literature indicates is the same as PelRSV) have been determined Cloned cDNA copies of the genomic RNAs of these viruses were sequenced and the sizes and locations of predicted viral proteins deduced. A portion of the putative replicase genes was also sequenced from cloned RT-PCR fragments. We have shown that, when compared to the published biochemical and serological properties, and sequences and genome organizations of other small isometric plant viruses, all of these viruses should each be considered new, distinct members of the Carmovirus group of the family Tombusviridae. Hybridization assays using recombinant DNA probes also demonstrated that PLPV, PelRSV, and ELV produce only one subgenomic RNA in infected plants. This unusual property of the gene expression of these three viruses suggests that they are unique among the Carmoviruses. The development of new technologies for the detection of these viruses in geranium was also demonstrated. Hybridization probes developed to PFBV (radioactively-labeled cRNA riboprobes) and to PLPV (non-radioactive digoxigenin-labeled cDNAs) were generally shown to be no more sensitive for the detection of virus in infected plants than the standard ELISA serology-based assays. However, a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay was shown to be over 1000 times more sensitive in detecting PFBV in leaf extracts of infected geranium than was ELISA. This research has lead to a better understanding of the identity of the viruses infecting pelargonium and to the development of new tools that can be used in an improved scheme of providing virus-indexed pelargonium plants. The sequence information, and the serological and cloned DNA probes generated from this work, will allow the application of these new tools for virus detection, which will be useful in domestic and international indexing programs which are essential for the production of virus-free germplasm both for domestic markets and the international exchange of plant material.
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DeJong, Jocelyn. A question of scale? The challenge of expanding the impact of non-governmental organisations' HIV/AIDS efforts in developing countries. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2001.1003.
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There are currently more than 36 million people living with HIV/AIDS globally, and in 1999 5.3 million individuals were newly infected with the virus. AIDS activities initiated by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have been highly influential on thinking and strategies found within the HIV/AIDS sector. Yet NGOs often experience particular difficulties in increasing the scale of their activities to reach larger numbers of people, to have an impact at levels higher than the community, and to address the broader social determinants of HIV/AIDS. Perceiving the urgent need for NGOs to expand the scale of their activities in the face of an escalating epidemic, Horizons and the International HIV/AIDS Alliance launched an initiative to examine the nature of the challenge to scale up in the context of HIV/AIDS internationally. This publication was prepared as part of this initiative and addresses the specific challenge of deliberately increasing the scale of HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and support programs in developing countries.
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Lees, Shelley, and Mark Marchant. Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Tanzania in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.046.
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This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between Tanzania and Uganda in the context of the outbreak of Ebola (Sudan Virus Disease, SVD) in Uganda. It is part of a series focusing on at-risk border areas between Uganda and four high priority neighbouring countries: Rwanda; Tanzania; Kenya and South Sudan. The current outbreak is of the Sudan strain of Ebola (SVD). SVD is used in this paper to refer to the current outbreak in East Africa, whereas outbreaks of Zaire Ebolavirus disease or general references to Ebola are referred to as EVD. The current outbreak began in Mubende, Uganda, on 19 September 2022, approximately 240km from the Uganda-Tanzania border. It has since spread to nine Ugandan districts, including two in the Kampala metropolitan area. Kampala is a transport hub, with a population over 3.6 million. While the global risk from SVD remains low according to the World Health Organization, its presence in the Ugandan capital has significantly heightened the risk to regional neighbours. At the time of writing, there had been no cases of Ebola imported from Uganda into Tanzania. This brief provides details about cross-border relations, the political and economic dynamics likely to influence these, and specific areas and actors most at risk. It is based on a rapid review of existing published and grey literature, previous ethnographic research in Tanzania, and informal discussions with colleagues from the Tanzania’s Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elderly and Children (MoHCDGEC), Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Uganda Red Cross Society, Tanzania Red Cross Society (TRCS), International Organization for Migration (IOM), IFRC, US CDC and CDC Tanzania. The brief was developed by Shelley Lees and Mark Marchant (London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine) with support from Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica) and Hugh Lamarque (University of Edinburgh). Additional review and inputs were provided by The Tanzania Red Cross and UNICEF. The brief is the responsibility of the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP).
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Lamarque, Hugh. Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics between Uganda and Rwanda in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022. SSHAP, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.044.
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This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between Uganda and Rwanda in the context of the 2022 outbreak of Ebola (Sudan Virus Disease, SVD) in Uganda. It is part of a series focusing on at-risk border areas between Uganda and four high priority neighbouring countries: Rwanda; Tanzania; Kenya; and South Sudan. The outbreak began in Mubende, Uganda on 19 September 2022, approximately 300 kilometres from the Uganda-Rwanda border. At the time of writing (November 2022) it has spread to nine Ugandan districts, including two in the Kampala metropolitan area. Kampala is a transport hub, with a population over 3.6 million. While the global risk from SVD remains low according to the World Health Organization, its presence in the Uganda capital has significantly heightened the risk to regional neighbours. Rwanda is categorised as Priority 1, with significant preparedness activities underway. As of November 2022, there had been no case of SVD imported from Uganda into Rwanda, although alerts have been triggered at border posts. This brief provides details about cross-border relations, the political and economic dynamics likely to influence these, and specific areas and actors most at risk. It is based on a rapid review of existing published and grey literature, news reports, previous ethnographic research in Rwanda and Uganda, and informal discussions with colleagues from Save the Children, UNICEF, UNECA, UNDP, IOM, TBI, and the World Bank. It was requested by the Collective Service, written by Hugh Lamarque (University of Edinburgh) and supported by Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica. It was reviewed by colleagues from Save the Children, Anthrologica, the Institute of Development Studies and the Collective Service. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Lamarque, Hugh, and Hannah Brown. Key Considerations: Cross-Border Dynamics Between Uganda and Kenya in the Context of the Outbreak of Ebola, 2022. Institute of Development Studies, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.043.
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This brief summarises key considerations concerning cross-border dynamics between Uganda and Kenya in the context of the outbreak of Ebola (Sudan Virus Disease, SVD) in Uganda. It is part of a series focusing on at-risk border areas between Uganda and four high priority neighbouring countries: Kenya; Rwanda; Tanzania, and South Sudan. The outbreak began in Mubende District, Uganda on 19 September 2022, approximately 340km from the Kenyan border. At the time of writing (December 2022), the outbreak had spread to eight Ugandan districts, including two in the Kampala metropolitan area. Kampala is a transport hub, with a population over 3.6 million. While the global risk from SVD remains low according to the World Health Organization (WHO), its presence in the Ugandan capital has significantly heightened the risk to regional neighbours. Kenya is categorised as a priority level 1 country, following a case in Jinja on the road between Kampala and the Kenyan border, on 13 November 2022. A total of 23 suspected cases were tested in Kenya up to 1 December 2022, all with negative results. To date, no case of SVD has been imported into the country from Uganda. This brief provides details about cross-border relations between the two states, the political and economic dynamics likely to influence these, and the specific areas and actors most at risk. The brief is based on a rapid review of existing published and grey literature, news reports, previous ethnographic research in Kenya and Uganda, and informal discussions with colleagues from the International Organisation for Migration, UNICEF, UNDP, Save the Children, the Kenyan Red Cross Society, the Kenyan Ministry of Health (MoH) and Ministry of Livestock, Agriculture and Fisheries in Kenya, and the Safe Water and AIDS project in Kisumu. It was requested by the Collective Service, written by Hugh Lamarque (University of Edinburgh) and Hannah Brown (Durham University) and supported by Olivia Tulloch (Anthrologica). It was further reviewed by colleagues from Anthrologica, the Institute of Development Studies, and the Collective Service. This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, and Bradley A. Mullens. Might Bacterial Symbionts Influence Vectorial Capacity of Biting Midges for Ruminant Viruses? United States Department of Agriculture, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7699837.bard.
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- Original objectives and revision: The feasibility study performed in the last year was aimed at determining the symbiotic profiles of eight selected Culicoidesspecies in Israel and the USA by: Comparing bacterial communities among geographic populations of primary bluetongue virus (BTV) vectors. Comparing bacterial communities between adults of field-collected, mammal-feeding BTV vectors and non-vectors. Comparing bacterial communities within and between mammal feeders and bird feeders, with special attention to species with unique immature habitats. We made an effort to collect the eight species during the beginning of the project, however, due to the short available collection season, and the significant changes in habitats available for Israeli Culicoides, we initially determined the symbiotic profile of five species: two BTV vectors (C. sonorensis, C. imicola), one mammal feeders with unknown vectoring ability (C. schultzei), one bird feeder (C. crepuscularis), and one unique habitat species (C. cacticola). In addition, upon preliminary symbiont identification we focused our effort on relevant specific symbionts. Background: Biting midges (Culicoides, Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of many major viral diseases affecting farm animals, including BT, which is listed among the most damaging by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) and has recently emerged in completely unexpected areas (Northern Europe). One of the strategies to reduce the vectorial capacity of insect vectors is by manipulating their specific symbionts either to affect the vector species or to influence performance of the disease agent within it. Despite significant efforts to elucidate the vectorial capacity of certain Culicoidesspecies, and the critical basis of variability in infection, almost no attention has been given to symbiotic interactions between the vector and its bacterial tenants. It is now established that bacterial symbionts have major influences on their host biology, and may interact with disease agents vectored by their hosts. - Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: During the feasibility project we have found two major bacterial symbionts in Israeli and American Culicoides. In Israel we discovered that C. imicola, a known vector of BT, and C. schultzeigp. a suspected vector of BT, carry the symbiotic bacterium Cardinium, a reproductive manipulator symbiont. In C. imicolathe infection rate was close to 50%, and in C. schultzeiit was lower, and restricted to one of two species within Schultzeigroup. In 3 American species (C. sonorensis, C. crepuscularis, C. cacticola) we found the bacterium Burkholderiasp. In all species tested we have also found other bacterial species in diverse quantities and frequencies. - Implications, both scientific and agricultural: Finding specific symbionts in Culicoidesvector species is the first step in developing symbiont based control (SBC) strategies. Both identified symbionts are known from other insects, and Cardiniumis also known as a reproductive manipulator that can cause cytoplasmic incompatibility, an important phenomenon that can be used for spreading desired traits in infected populations. The role of the symbionts in Culicoideshost can be target for manipulation to reduce the vectorial capacity of the host by either changing its fitness so that it is unable to serve as a vector, or by directly changing the symbiont in a way that will affect the performance of the disease agent in its vector. Since Burkholderiaperhaps can be cultured independently of the host, it is a promising candidate for the later option. Thus, we have now opened the door for studying the specific interactions between symbionts and vector species.
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Infant feeding counseling within Kenyan and Zambian PMTCT services: How well does it promote good feeding practices? Population Council, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/hiv2003.1007.
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Infant feeding counseling is an important intervention for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV. More than one-third of HIV transmission to infants occurs through breastfeeding, and up to 20 percent of infants born to HIV-infected mothers acquire the virus from breast milk in countries where extended breastfeeding of children is the norm. The World Health Organization advises that HIV-positive mothers should be offered nondirective counseling on various infant feeding options that are feasible, affordable, safe, sustainable, and effective in the local context. The Horizons Program collaborated with NARESA in Kenya, the MTCT Working Group in Zambia, and UNICEF to examine the implementation of infant feeding counseling as part of a comprehensive study in each country to document the acceptability, operational barriers, cost, and impact of pilot PMTCT services. This brief presents key findings from the Kenya and Zambia studies on the content of counseling, provider attitudes about infant feeding options, and the extent to which actual infant feeding practice by mothers is consistent with recommended practice.