Academic literature on the topic 'Organizational polymorphism'
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Journal articles on the topic "Organizational polymorphism":
1
Breedlove, S. Marc. "Minireview: Organizational Hypothesis: Instances of the Fingerpost." Endocrinology 151, no. 9 (July 14, 2010): 4116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2010-0041.
Abstract:
There is now compelling evidence that the ratio of the length of the second digit divided by the length of the fourth digit (2D:4D) is affected by prenatal androgens in humans. This ratio is greater in females than males from fetal life through adulthood, correlates with polymorphism in the androgen receptor gene in men, is feminine in XY androgen insensitivity syndrome, and masculinized in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Using 2D:4D as a correlate, researchers have found evidence that prenatal androgens affect many sexually differentiated human behaviors, including sexual orientation in women (but not in men), attention deficit disorder, autism, eating disorders, aggression, and risk-taking. In each case, lower 2D:4D, indicative of greater prenatal androgen stimulation, is associated with behavior more commonly displayed by males than females. The correlation between 2D:4D and prenatal androgen stimulation is too imperfect to accurately predict the phenotype of a particular individual, even in terms of sex. However, digit ratio is the best available retrospective marker of average differences in prenatal androgen stimulation between groups of people, and/or correlations of prenatal androgen stimulation with particular behaviors and characteristics within a group. Thus digit ratios offer a valid test of the organizational hypothesis that androgens act early in life to masculinize various human behaviors.
2
B Elgali, Amel Elduhrahman, Normastura Abd Rahman, Azlina Ahmad, and Norliana Ghazali. "Dental Anomalies and Muscle Segment Homeobox1 Gene Polymorphism in Non-syndromic Cleft Lip with or without Palate Children." Annals of Dentistry 30, no. - (December 24, 2023): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/adum.vol30.4.
Abstract:
This study aims to determine the prevalence of dental anomalies and MSX1 gene 799G>T polymorphism and its association with non-syndromic cleft lip with or without palate (NSCL±P) attending Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Clinical and radiological assessments on 37 NSCL±P patients and 80 non-cleft children were done to detect dental anomalies. The buccal cells were collected and polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to identify polymorphism. NSCL±P was higher among males (54%) and mostly unilateral cleft lip and palate (51.3%). The prevalence of dental anomalies in morphology in NSCL±P was 18.9% (95% CI: 5.7%, 32.2%) and non-cleft was 6.3% (95% CI: 0.8%, 11.7%). Hypodontia in NSCL±P was 75% (95% CI: 61.2%, 90.2%) and non-cleft was 7.5% (95% CI: 1.6%, 13.4%). There was a significant association between NSCL±P and anomalies in morphology (P= 0.04; OR=3.5)) and number (P< 0.01; OR= 40). There was an absence of rare 799G>T polymorphism in all NSCL±P and non-cleft children indicating that all samples contain common 799G polymorphism. In conclusion, the prevalence of dental anomalies in morphology and number was significantly higher in NSCL±P compared to non-cleft children. However, it was not significantly associated with MSX1 799G>T polymorphism.
3
Pirozhkov, I., A. Smolyaninov, A. Chechetkin, and D. Ivolgin. "Scientific-organizational aspects for developing an inventory of the donors of umbilical cord blood with CCR5 delta32/delta32 genotype for HIV infection treatment." Cell and Organ Transplantology 2, no. 1 (May 31, 2014): 39–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.22494/cot.v2i1.37.
Abstract:
Projections of the using umbilical cord blood for HIV infection cure consist in the transplantation of umbilical cord blood hematopoietic stem cells from the donors of homozygous CCR5 delta32 mutation carriers.This work presents the results of screening evaluation of umbilical cord blood samples from the donors, included in the public registry of the Pokrovsky stem cells bank, for identification of the homozygous CCR5 delta32 polymorphism carriers and their following HLA typing to see the perspectives for creating a public registry of CCR5 delta32/ CCR5 delta32 donors of the umbilical cord blood for treatment of HIV-infected patients. Total 2860 umbilical cord blood samples were examined from which 29 samples with CCR5 delta32 / CCR5 delta32 genotype were selected.High frequency of the HLA alleles most prevalent in the North-West region of the Russian Federation has been found in the donors of umbilical cord blood with wild CCR5 gene and among CCR5 delta32/delta32 donors.
4
Alieva, T. D. K. "Medical and Social Justification of the Implementation of the Optimized Model of Prevention of Genetically Determined Reproductive Losses." Ukraïnsʹkij žurnal medicini, bìologìï ta sportu 6, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26693/jmbs06.01.213.
Abstract:
Among the objects of organizational influence of the health care system on reproductive losses, miscarriages and congenital malformations (birth defects) are the most important. Diagnosis of most genetic, chromosomal diseases and malformations of the embryo and fetus is performed using biochemical, cytogenetic, molecular genetic tests and ultrasound diagnostic. Many clinical geneticists focus on birth defects and miscarriages associated with folate cycle disorders related with the greatest number of reproductive losses. We studied levels of homocysteine, folic acid and vitamin B12 in pregnant blood and polymorphic genes C677T MTHFR and A66G MTRR considered due to folate cycle disorders. The purpose of the study was to analyze the organizational aspects of the existing model for the prevention of genetically determined reproductive losses and to propose measures to improve the model. Material and methods. The methods of system approach and analysis, bibliosemantic, prospective, economic, expert assessments provided by the specialty passport (14.02.2003) "Social Medicine" were used for the research. Research period: 2008–2018. Place of research: "Interregional Specialized Medical and Genetic Center – Center for Rare (Orphan) Diseases" of Kharkiv Regional Council. Genetic maps of the archive and own patients, normative-legal acts, data of medical statistics were analyzed. Results and discussion. The study suggested an optimized model for the prevention of genetically determined reproductive losses, which took into account examinations for homocysteine, folic acid, vitamin B12 levels, MTHFR and MTRR genes to find their polymorphism, ultrasound, prevention using diet and vitamin therapy, involving gynecologists, family physicians and clinical geneticists. The principles of accessibility, safety, effectiveness, timeliness, cost-effectiveness, protection of rights and freedoms (non-discrimination), personal orientation, legal basis, cooperation with other medical and non-medical organizations and institutions, prevention character, complexity and variety of forms of physician’s cooperation who provide care to pregnant with reproductive losses in anamnesis, couples planning a pregnancy, newborns with birth defects, chromosomal, genetic diseases and syndromes. The efficient and uninterrupted operation of the developed optimized system is ensured with the participation of "feedback" mechanisms. Adherence to the proposed model will provide an opportunity to significantly reduce reproductive losses in the coming years in Ukraine, provided that its principles are included in the relevant national programs and protocols
5
Vural, Ali, Sadik Oner, Ningfei An, Violaine Simon, Dzwokai Ma, Joe B. Blumer, and Stephen M. Lanier. "Distribution of Activator of G-Protein Signaling 3 within the Aggresomal Pathway: Role of Specific Residues in the Tetratricopeptide Repeat Domain and Differential Regulation by the AGS3 Binding Partners Giα and Mammalian Inscuteable." Molecular and Cellular Biology 30, no. 6 (January 11, 2010): 1528–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.01018-09.
Abstract:
ABSTRACT AGS3, a receptor-independent activator of G-protein signaling, is involved in unexpected functional diversity for G-protein signaling systems. AGS3 has seven tetratricopeptide (TPR) motifs upstream of four G-protein regulatory (GPR) motifs that serve as docking sites for Giα-GDP. The positioning of AGS3 within the cell and the intramolecular dynamics between different domains of the proteins are likely key determinants of their ability to influence G-protein signaling. We report that AGS3 enters into the aggresome pathway and that distribution of the protein is regulated by the AGS3 binding partners Giα and mammalian Inscuteable (mInsc). Giα rescues AGS3 from the aggresome, whereas mInsc augments the aggresome-like distribution of AGS3. The distribution of AGS3 to the aggresome is dependent upon the TPR domain, and it is accelerated by disruption of the TPR organizational structure or introduction of a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism. These data present AGS3, G-proteins, and mInsc as candidate proteins involved in regulating cellular stress associated with protein-processing pathologies.
6
Berdnikova, Elena V. "Historical, legal, ideological and political prerequisites for the formation and development of the institution of people’s control in the USSR." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series Economics. Management. Law 21, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 323–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1994-2540-2021-21-3-323-328.
Abstract:
Introduction. The controversial nature of most of the aspects related to the content and essence of people’s control, the assessment of its historical role and significance in the system of state administration of the Soviet period, the effectiveness of legal regulation and the political problems of its implementation still arouses a genuine interest of the scientific community in the study of this phenomenon. Theoretical analysis. People’s control in the USSR was both a developed ideological and political concept and a real political and legal institution. The founder of the concept of people’s control was V. I. Lenin, who, in his numerous works, described a clear justification of its relevance in the conditions of socialist democracy. Empirical analysis. It was revealed that the process of development of the institution of people’s control in Soviet Russia was largely influenced by the worldview of the country’s top leadership, which demonstrated polymorphism of opinions on the role and significance of popular control in the system of socialist governance. There are three stages of formation and functioning of the system of people’s control in Soviet Russia, which had their organizational and institutional features. Results. The study of the ideological, political and historical and legal prerequisites for formation of popular control led to the conclusion that popular control was a specific institution characteristic of the socialist type of government. It passed a rather difficult historical path: from workers’ control in the first years of Soviet power to a very complex organizational and institutional system of state and public control in the last decades of the existence of the USSR.
7
Rekovets, Leonid, and Liudmyla Kuzmenko. "Species as a system within a system." Novitates Theriologicae, no. 12 (June 16, 2021): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.53452/nt1218.
Abstract:
The article presents the results of an analytical review of general laws of nature development and their relationships with the laws of biological evolution in terms of general theory of systems and their synergetic manifestation at different levels of organization. The basis of such analysis is the interpretation of the species as a system, as a structure with self-organizing and complicating abilities, as well as a unit of evolutionary diversity and taxonomy. At the same time, as a system, the species occupies an appropriate position in system subordination, in the hierarchy of biological evolution, and in systems of taxonomic division and phylogeny. Its synergistic connections in the system characterize its complexity, functionality, self-organization, and alternative development, which is manifested through saltation, relative balance and constant absorption of energy to organize chaos as a source of order. These characteristics accompany the non-integrated development of biological systems as open and unbalanced by intraspecific polymorphism. Analytical delineation of the species as a system within a system involves defining it as a structure, an element, and a carrier of properties and functions at different organizational (ontogenetic, biocoenotic, and evolutionary) levels of biological systems.
8
Volkov, A. N., and E. V. Tsurkan. "Age and gender distribution among the patients with Gilbert’s syndrome." Fundamental and Clinical Medicine 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23946/2500-0764-2021-6-1-75-81.
Abstract:
Aim. To analyze age and gender distribution in patients with Gilbert's syndrome.Materials and Methods. We consecutively recruited 115 patients with Gilbert's syndrome. All patients underwent genotyping of the rs8175347 polymorphism within the UGT1A1 gene using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction to confirm the diagnosis.Results. The age of initial diagnosis ranged from 3 years to 71 years, with the majority (44.3%) of cases detected ≤ 20 years of age. Mean ± standard error and median age of the diagnosis were 30.03 ± 1.72 years and 23 years. Despite the proportion of females and males among patients was similar, age distribution at primary diagnosis was significantly different across the genders. In women, Gilbert's syndrome was most frequently detected between 11 and 20 years (23.1%) and between 51 and 60 years (19.2%). In contrast, male adolescents were more prone to the development of Gilbert's syndrome, as 47.6% of male patients belonged to this age category.Conclusions. Variable age of Gilbert's syndrome diagnosis is probably determined by an individual combination of genetic causes (e.g., mutation of the UGT1A1 gene) and additional risk factors. Adolescents compose a significant proportion of patients. Because of relatively mild disease in many patients and unpredictability of the provoking factors, primary detection of Gilbert's syndrome can be delayed. Differences in age of Gilbert's syndrome diagnosis across the genders can be partially explained by organizational reasons associated with the current screening programs.
9
Khattab, Abdelwahab, Maher Khalil, mahmoud iraqi, emad amin, and Ayman EL Nagar. "MOLECULAR POLYMORPHISM OF MYOSTATIN GENE FOR GROWTH TRAITS IN CROSSBREEDING EXPERIMENT INVOLVING APRI AND MOSHTOHOR RABBIT LINES." Egyptian Poultry Science Journal 44, no. 1 (March 1, 2024): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/epsj.2024.347265.
10
Soni, H., J. Batra, S. Dhandayuthapani, A. Mishra, and J. Aggarwal. "Genetic Polymorphism in Papillary Thyroid Cancerm j in North Indian Population – A review." CARDIOMETRY, no. 25 (February 14, 2023): 1188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.25.11881191.
Abstract:
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is one of the generic types of thyroid cancer and most prevalent form of malignancy among all cancers of the thyroid. It is also one of the few cancers with a rapidly increasing incidence. PTC constitutes approximately 85% of all thyroid cancer cases. PTC is usually contained within the thyroid gland and generally biologically indolent. The present article provides an updated condensed overview of PTC, which focuses mainly on the molecular and biomarker investigations.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Organizational polymorphism":
1
Paulus, Justine. "Le contrôle de gestion comme vecteur de transformation des organisations publiques confrontées à une complexité institutionnelle : le cas d’un Office Public de l’Habitat (OPH)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UBFCG010.
Abstract:
Notre thèse vise à répondre à la problématique : quel est le rôle du contrôle de gestion dans les Offices Publics de l’Habitat (OPH) confrontés à la complexité institutionnelle ? En étudiant ces organisations sujettes au pluralisme institutionnel (Greenwood et al., 2011), nous cherchons à enrichir la littérature (Château Terrisse, 2012 ; Boitier et Rivière, 2016 ; Renaud, 2017 ; Amans et al., 2020…) sur le rôle actif des dispositifs de contrôle de gestion dans l’hybridation de logiques potentiellement incompatibles. L’ancrage théorique de la thèse se situe dans le courant des microfondations de la théorie néo-institutionnelle (Thornton et Ocasio, 1999 ; Thornton et al., 2012).Notre démarche méthodologique est structurée en deux temps. Nous réalisons d’abord une étude qualitative sur Gesthome, un OPH en pleine mutation confronté à quatre logiques institutionnelles (bureaucratique, politique, de marché et professionnelle). Cette étude qualitative mobilise plusieurs méthodes de recueil et d’analyse des données : 16 entretiens semi-directifs auprès des parties prenantes internes et externes de cette organisation, l’analyse de 26 documents et des archives de 713 pages ainsi qu’une observation participante durant 3 ans (3 carnets de notes de 120 pages chacun). Ce travail de terrain minutieux est réalisé dans le cadre d’une Convention Industrielle de Formation par la Recherche (CIFRE).Pour l’analyse de contenu, nous utilisons le logiciel d’analyse qualitative N’Vivo. Puis, en complément de l’étude qualitative, une étude quantitative est menée auprès de 32 OPH sur le territoire français afin de vérifier la transférabilité des résultats obtenus au sein de Gesthome.Nous montrons que les dispositifs de contrôle de gestion permettent la coexistence des logiques, favorisent l’hybridation duale, voire « triale » des logiques en servant de base à des compromis. Il ressort de notre étude au sein de Gesthome et de l’étude quantitative quatre compromis (Amans et al., 2020) conduisant au polymorphisme organisationnel (Renaud, 2017) : un compromis des logiques politique et de marché, un compromis des logiques politique et professionnelle, un compromis des logiques de marché et professionnelle et enfin un compromis entre les trois logiques. En outre, nos travaux apportent un éclairage sur le pilotage des OPHLM encore balbutiant dans l'état de l'artOur thesis aims to answer the question: What is the role of management control in Public Housing Offices (OPH) in the face of institutional complexity? By studying these organizations subject to institutional pluralism (Greenwood et al., 2011), we seek to enrich the literature (Château Terrisse, 2012 ; Boitier and Rivière, 2016; Renaud, 2017 ; Amans et al., 2020…) on the role active management control devices in the hybridization of potentially incompatible logics. The theoretical grounding of the thesis is in the current of micro-foundations of neo-institutional theory (Thornton and Ocasio, 1999; Thornton et al., 2012).Our methodological approach is structured in two stages. We first carry out a qualitative study on Gesthome, a rapidly changing OPH, confronted with four institutional logics (bureaucratic, political, market and professional). This qualitative study mobilizes several methods of data collection and analysis: 16 semi-structured interviews with internal and external stakeholders of this organization, the analysis of 26 documents and archives of 713 pages as well as participant observation during 3 years (3 notebooks of 120 pages each). This meticulous fieldwork is carried out within the framework of an Industrial Research Training Agreement (CIFRE).For content analysis, we use the qualitative analysis software N'Vivo. Then, in addition to the qualitative study, a quantitative study is conducted with 32 DPOs on French territory in order to verify the transferability of the results obtained within Gesthome.We show that the management control devices allow the coexistence of logics, promote the dual hybridization or even “triale” of logics, by serving as a basis for compromises. Our study within Gesthome and the quantitative study show four compromises (Amans et al., 2020) leading to organizational polymorphism (Renaud, 2017): a compromise of political and market logics, a compromise of political and professional, a compromise between market and professional logics and finally a compromise between the three logics. In addition, our work sheds light on the piloting of OPH still in their infancy in the state of the art
2
Puig, Giribets Marta. "Evolution of the hsp70 gene family at the nucleotide, genome organization and gene expression levels in Drosophila subobscura." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663952.
Abstract:
Nombrosos estudis han constatat el valor adaptatiu del ric polimorfisme d’inversions
cromosòmiques al drosofíl· lid D. subobscura. No obstant això, fins ara es coneixien
molt poc les bases moleculars que hi ha darrere del seu manteniment a les poblacions
naturals. En cercar loci candidats, un experiment previ de xoc tèrmic va quantificar els
nivells de la proteïna Hsp70 en soques homocariotípiques dels ordenaments OST, O3+4+8
i O3+4. Inesperadament, els individus de l’ordenament càlid O3+4 mostraven nivells
incrementats d’aquesta proteïna, en absència d’estrès tèrmic, que no augmentaven
després del xoc tèrmic. Malauradament, en el moment en què es va dur a terme
l’experiment hi havia moltes incògnites sobre l’organització molecular del locus
Hsp70IR a D. subobscura. Els resultats prèviament esmentats, van donar peu al present
treball de tesi, els objectius del qual són localitzar el locus Hsp70IR al cariotip i
conèixer-ne l’organització genòmica, característiques moleculars i expressió gènica en
diversos ordenaments cromosòmics d’interès que inclouen la regió genòmica on es
troba la família gènica hsp70: O3+4+16+2, O3+4+8, O3+4 i OST. Gràcies a la seqüència d’un
clon de la genoteca d’una línia OST i a còntigs del genoma de D. subobscura, hem pogut
dissenyar una sonda a partir de la regió codificant de hsp70 que ens ha permès
determinar la localització del locus on es troba aquesta família gènica (Hsp70IR)
mitjançant hibridació in situ (ISH). Paral· lelament, hem pogut completar la
seqüenciació d’una regió de 9-10 kb al locus Hsp70IR en 12 línies isogèniques per als
ordenaments esmentats i a les espècies properes D. madeirensis i D. guanche per aclarir
l’evolució d’aquest locus en els darrers 1,8 - 2,8 milions d’anys (Ma). Els resultats de la
ISH van mostrar un únic punt d’hibridació a la banda 94A del segment distal (SI) del
cromosoma O que coincidia els 4 cariotips estudiats: O3+4+16+2, O3+4+8, O3+4 i OST. Les
seqüències corresponents a les 12 línies isogèniques i a D. madeirensis i D. guanche
indiquen que en aquestes tres espècies del clúster subobscura, el locus Hsp70IR consta
de dues còpies paràloges de 2,5 – 3,0 kb en orientació divergent i separades per una
regió espaiadora central no duplicada de 0,5 – 1,4 kb. Les dues còpies mostren un elevat
grau de conservació entre els diferents ordenaments i espècies analitzats, mentre que la
regió espaiadora central és altament polimòrfica. Entre els aspectes més rellevants de
l’anàlisi del polimorfisme, destaquem l’elevada conservació de les regions codificadores
(CDSs) i els diferents elements reguladors en cis (CREs) al promotor proximal de tots
els gens hsp70 analitzats, que indicarien que aquests són funcionals a totes les línies
estudiades, i que la seva regulació podria ser similar. Curiosament, a nivell de
seqüència, les regions paràlogues del promotor proximal i el CDS tendeixen a ser
significativament més similars dins del mateix ordenament i, en alguns casos, dins la
mateixa línia, probablement com a resultat de conversió gènica ectòpica. Per últim, hem
dut a terme la quantificació dels nivells basals de mRNA i proteïna en mascles i
femelles adults de sis línies isogèniques per a l’ordenament fred OST i sis per a
l’ordenament càlid O3+4. La quantificació dels nivells de mRNA indica que els nivells
són similars entre els dos ordenaments però en canvi aquests difereixen entre mascles i
femelles de l’ordenament càlid O3+4. Així mateix, la quantificació dels nivells de la
proteïna Hsp70 suggereix que no hi ha diferències entre sexes ni entre els dos
ordenaments, però en canvi observem una interacció significativa entre sexe i
ordenament. Aquests resultats, tant per a mRNA com per a proteïna, indiquen que
l’expressió de hsp70 podria estar influïda pel sexe.Numerous studies have confirmed the adaptive value of the rich chromosomal inversion polymorphism in the drosophilid D. subobscura. However, until recently very little was known about the molecular basis behind its maintenance in natural populations. In search of candidate loci, a previous heat shock experiment quantified Hsp70 protein levels in homokaryotypic strains for the OST, O3+4+8 and O3+4 arrangements. Unexpectedly, individuals of the warm climate-associated O3+4 arrangement showed increased levels in absence of thermal stress that did not boost after the heat shock. Unfortunately, by the time this experiment was performed there was very little data available on the molecular organization of the Hsp70IR locus in D. subobscura. The previously mentioned results led to the present thesis work, whose objectives are to locate the Hsp70IR locus in the karyotype and to know the genomic organization, molecular characteristics and gene expression patterns in several representative chromosomal arrangements that comprise the genomic region where the hsp70 gene family is located: O3+4+16+2, O3+4+8, O3+4 and OST. Using the sequence of a clone from an OST line genomic library and contigs from the unassembled genome of D. subobscura, we designed a probe from the hsp70 coding region that enabled us to determine the location of the locus by in situ (ISH) hybridization. Concomitantly, we completed the sequencing of a 9-10 kb region in the Hsp70IR locus in 12 lines isogenic for the aforementioned arrangements and in D. madeirensis and D. guanche to shed light on the evolution of this locus in the last 1.8 - 2.8 million years (myr). ISH results showed a single hybridization site in the 94A band in the distal segment (SI) of the O chromosome coincident in the 4 studied karyotypes: O3+4+16+2, O3+4+8, O3+4 and OST. The sequences corresponding to the 12 isogenic lines and to D. madeirensis and D. guanche indicated that in these three species of the subobscura cluster, the Hsp70IR locus consists of two 2.5 - 3.0 kb long paralogous copies in divergent orientation separated by a 0.5 - 1.4 kb nonduplicated central spacer region. The two copies show a high degree of conservation between the different gene arrangements and species analyzed, while the central spacer region is highly polymorphic. Among the most relevant aspects of polymorphism analyses, we highlight the high degree of conservation in the coding regions (CDSs) and the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in the proximal promoter of all the analyzed hsp70 genes, which might indicate that these are functional in all studied lines, and that their regulation might be similar. Curiously, at the sequence level, the paralogous 5'-UTR and CDS regions tend to be significantly more similar within the same arrangement and, in some cases, within the same line, probably as a result of ectopic gene conversion. Lastly, we carried out the quantification of basal hsp70 mRNA and protein levels in adult males and females of six lines isogenic for the cold climate-associated OST and six for the warm climate-associated O3+4 arrangements. Basal mRNA quantification results indicate that the two arrangements exhibit similar levels, yet significant differences are observed between males and females of the warm O3+4 arrangement. Regarding the quantification of basal Hsp70 protein levels, these suggest that there are no differences between sexes nor between the two arrangements, but instead we observe a significant interaction between sex and arrangement. Overall, the results for both, mRNA and protein data, indicate that hsp70 expression might be influenced by sex.
3
Kelber, Christina. "The olfactory system of leafcutting ants: neuroanatomy and the correlation to social organization." Doctoral thesis, 2009. https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:20-opus-47769.
Abstract:
In leaf-cutting ants (genera Atta and Acromyrmex), the worker caste exhibits a pronounced size-polymorphism, and division of labor is largely dependent on worker size (alloethism). Behavioral studies have shown a rich diversity of olfactory-guided behaviors, and the olfactory system seems to be highly developed and very sensitive. To allow fine-tuned behavioral responses to different tasks, adaptations within the olfactory system of different sized workers are expected. In a recent study, two different phenotypes of the antennal lobe of Atta vollenweideri workers were found: MG- and RG-phenotype (with and without a macroglomerulus, MG). The existence of the macroglomerulus is correlated to the body size of workers, with small workers showing the RG-phenotype and large workers showing the MG-phenotype. In the MG, the information about the releaser component of the trail-pheromone is processed. In the first part of my PhD-project, I focus on quantifying behavioral differences between different sized workers in Atta vollenweideri. The study analyzes the trail following behavior; which can be generally performed by all workers. An artificial trail consisting of the releaser component of the trail-pheromone in decreasing concentration was used to test the trail-following performance of individual workers. The trail-following performance of the polymorphic workers is depended of the existence of the MG in the antennal lobe. Workers possessing the MG-phenotype were significantly better in following a decreasing trail then workers showing the RG-phenotype. In the second part I address the question if there are more structural differences, besides the MG, in the olfactory system of different sized workers. Therefore I analyze whether the glomerular numbers are related to worker size. The antennal lobes of small workers contain ~390 glomeruli (low-number; LN-phenotype), and in large workers I found a substantially higher number of ~440 glomeruli (high-number; HN-phenotype). All LN-phenotype workers and some of the small HN-phenotype workers do not possess an MG (LN-RG-phenotype and HN-RG-phenotype) at all, whereas the remaining majority of HN-phenotype workers do possess an MG (HN-MG-phenotype). Mass-stainings of antennal olfactory receptor neurons revealed that the sensory tracts divide the antennal lobe into six clusters of glomeruli (T1-T6). In the T4-cluster ~50 glomeruli are missing in the LN-phenotype workers. Selective staining of single sensilla and their associated receptor neurons showed that T4-glomeruli are innervated by receptor neurons from the main type of olfactory sensilla, the Sensilla trichodea curvata which are also projecting to glomeruli in all other clusters. The other type of olfactory sensilla, the Sensilla basiconica, exclusively innervates T6-glomeruli. Quantitative analyses revealed a correlation between the number of Sensilla basiconica and the volume of T6 glomeruli in different sized workers. The results of both behavioral and neuroanatomical studies in Atta vollenweideri suggest that developmental plasticity of antennal-lobe phenotypes promotes differences in olfactory-guided behavior which may underlie task specialization within ant colonies. The last part of my project focuses on the evolutionary origin of the macroglomerulus and the number of glomeruli in the antennal lobe. I compared the number, volumes and position of the glomeruli of the antennal lobe of 25 different species from all three major Attini groups (lower, higher and leaf-cutting Attini). The antennal lobes of all investigated Attini comprise a high number of glomeruli (257-630). The highest number was found in Apterostigma cf. mayri. This species is at a basal position within the Attini phylogeny, and a high number of glomeruli might have been advantageous in the evolution of the advanced olfactory systems of this Taxa. The macroglomerulus can be found in all investigated leaf-cutting Attini, but in none of the lower and higher Attini species. It is found only in large workers, and is located close to the entrance of the antennal nerve in all investigated species. The results indicate that the presence of a macroglomerulus in large workers of leaf-cutting Attini is a derived overexpression of a trait in the polymorphic leaf-cutting species. It presumably represents an olfactory adaptation to elaborate foraging and mass recruitment systems, and adds to the complexity of division of labor and social organization known for this groupDie Arbeiterinnenkaste der Blattschneideameisen zeigt einen ausgeprägten Größenpolymorphismus. Man findet hier einen Alloethismus; unterschiedlich große Arbeiterinnen führen verschiedene Arbeiten im Stock durch. Verschiedene Verhaltensversuche haben gezeigt, dass viele Verhaltensweisen der Arbeiterinnen olfaktorisch gesteuert werden und dass das olfaktorische System hoch entwickelt und sehr sensitiv ist. Es ist wahrscheinlich, dass sich im olfaktorischen System verschieden großer Arbeiterinnen Anpassungen finden lassen, die gut abgestimmte Verhaltensantworten auf die verschiedenen Aufgaben der Tiere ermöglichen. Und tatsächlich zeigt eine aktuelle Studie, dass zwei verschiedene Phänotypen des Antennallobus der Arbeiterin bei Atta vollenweideri existieren, der MG- und der RG-Phänotyp (mit oder ohne Makroglomerulus, MG). Die Existenz des Makroglomerulus kann mit der Körpergröße der Tiere korreliert werden: bei kleinen Arbeiterinnen findet man den RG-Phänotyp, bei großen den MG-Phänotyp. Im Makroglomerulus wird die olfaktorische Information über den verhaltensauslösenden Bestandteil des Spurpheromons verarbeitet. Im ersten Tel meiner Doktorarbeit versuche ich, Verhaltensunterschiede verschieden großer Atta vollenweideri Arbeiterinnen zu quantifizieren. Dazu konzentriere ich mich auf das Spurfolgeverhalten, dass bei Arbeiterinnen jeder Größe beobachtet werden kann. Um die Spurfolgeleistung einzelner Arbeiterinnen zu testen, wurde eine künstlich gelegte Spur mit abnehmender Konzentration des verhaltensauslösenden Bestandteils des Spurpheromons verwendet. Die Spurfolgeleistung der Arbeiterinnen hängt von der Existenz des Makroglomerulus im Antennallobus ab. Im zweiten Teil meiner Doktorarbeit untersuche ich die Neuroanatomie des olfaktorischen Systems bei verschieden großen Atta vollenweideri Arbeiterinnen auf eventuelle weitere anatomische Unterschiede neben dem Makroglomerulus – im Besonderen ob die Anzahl an Glomeruli bei verschieden großen Tieren unterschiedlich ist. Die Antennalloben kleiner Arbeiterinnen beinhalten cirka 390 Glomeruli (geringe Anzahl, LN-Phänotyp), die Antennalloben großer Arbeiterinnen dagegen cirka 440 Glomeruli (hohe Anzahl, HN-Phänotyp). Alle Arbeiterinnen mit dem LN-Phänotyp und einige mit dem HN-Phänotyp besitzen keinen Makroglomerulus (LN-RG-Phänotyp und HN-RG-Phänotyp). Die meisten Tiere mit HN-Phänotyp besitzen jedoch einen Makroglomerulus (HN-MG-Phänotyp). Massenfärbungen der olfaktorischen Rezeptorneuron-Axone zeigen, dass der Antennennerv sich in sechs Trakte teilt und so die Glomeruli in sechs verschiedene Glomerulicluster unterteilt werden können (T1-T6). Bei den Arbeiterinnen mit LN-Phänotyp fehlen cirka 50 Glomeruli im T4-Cluster. Einzelsensillenfärbungen zeigen, dass die Rezeptorneuronen der olfaktorischen Sensilla trichodea curvata alle sechs Cluster, also auch das T4-Cluster innervieren. Ein weiterer Sensillentyp, die Sensilla basiconica, innerviert ausschließlich Glomeruli im T6-Cluster. Quantitative Analysen ergeben eine Korrelation zwischen der Anzahl der Sensilla basiconica auf der Arbeiterinnenantenne und des durchschnittlichen Volumens der T6-Glomeruli bei verschieden großen Tieren. Die Ergebnisse der Verhaltensversuche und der neuroanatomischen Studien könnten darauf hinweisen, dass Unterschiede im Verhalten auf olfaktorische Reize möglicherweise durch die Entwicklungsplastizität der Antenallobus-Phänotypen ausgelöst werden. Dies könnte innerhalb der Kolonie die Grundlage der Spezialisierung von Arbeiterinnen auf bestimmte Arbeiten sein. Den letzten Teil meiner Doktorarbeit nimmt eine Untersuchung über den evolutionären Ursprung des Makroglomerulus und der Anzahl der Glomeruli im Antennallobus ein. Dazu verglich ich in den Antennalloben 25 verschiedener Arten aus den drei Attini-Gruppen (basale, höhere und blattschneidende Attini) die Anzahl, das Volumen und die Position der Glomeruli. Die Antennalloben aller untersuchten Arten bestehen aus sehr vielen Glomeruli (257-630). Der Makroglomerulus findet sich in allen untersuchten blattschneidenden Attini-Arten, aber nie in den untersuchten basalen und höheren Attini-Arten. Er findet sich nur bei größeren Arbeiterinnen und befindet sich immer in der Nähe des Antennennerveingangs. Dies bedeutet, dass es sich bei der Existenz des Makroglomerulus in den großen Blattschneidearbeiterinnen um eine abgeleitete Überexpression eines Merkmals innerhalb der polymorphen blattschneidenden Attini-Arten handelt. Der Makroglomerulus ist wahrscheinlich eine olfaktorische Anpassung an das hoch entwickelte Fouragier- und Rekrutiersystem dieser Arten. Er ist ein Baustein der komplexen Arbeitsteilung und der komplexen sozialen Organisation, die für die Arten dieser Gruppe bekannt sind
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Dikundwar, Amol G. "Organic Fluorine in Crystal Engineering : Consequences on Molecular and Supramolecular Organization." Thesis, 2013. https://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3352.
Abstract:
The thesis entitled “Organic fluorine in crystal engineering: Consequences on molecular and supramolecular organization” consists of six chapters.
The main theme of the thesis is to address the role of substituted fluorine atoms in altering the geometrical and electronic features in organic molecules and its subsequent consequences on crystal packing. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I deals with compounds that are liquids under ambient conditions, crystal structures of which have been determined by the technique of in situ cryocrystallography. Part II demonstrates the utilization of in situ cryocrystallography to study kinetically trapped metastable crystalline phases that provide information about crystallization pathways. In part III, crystal structures of a series of conformationally flexible molecules are studied to evaluate the consequences of fluorine substitution on the overall molecular conformation. The genesis and stabilization of a particular molecular conformation has been rationalized in terms of variability in intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state.
Part I. In situ cryocrystallography: Probing the solid state structures of ambient condition liquids.
Chapter 1 discusses the crystal structures of benzoyl chloride and its fluorinated analogs. These compounds have been analysed for the propensity of adoption of Cl···O halogen bonded dimers and catemers. The influence of conformational and electronic effects of sequential fluorination on the periphery of the phenyl ring has been quantified in terms of the most positive electrostatic potential, VS,max (corresponding to σ-hole) on the Cl-atom. It is shown that fluorine also exhibits “amphoteric” nature like other heavier halogens, particularly in presence of electron withdrawing groups. Although almost all the derivatives pack through C–H···O, C–H···F, C–H···Cl, Cl···F, C–H···π and π···π interactions, the compound 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoyl chloride exhibited a not so commonly observed Cl···O halogen bonded catemer. On the other hand, the proposed Cl···O mediated dimer is not observed in any of the structures due to geometrical constraints in the crystal lattice.
Chapter 2 presents the preferences of fluorine to form hydrogen bond (C–H···F) and halogen bonds (X···F; X= Cl, Br, I). Crystal structures of all three isomers of chloro-, bromo-and iodo-fluorobenzene have been probed in order to gain insights into packing interactions preferred by fluorine and other heavier halogens. It has been observed that
homo halogen…halogen (Cl···Cl, Br···Br and I···I) contacts prevail in most of the structures with fluorine being associated with the hydrogen atom forming C–H···F hydrogen bond. The competition between homo and hetero halogen bonds (I···I vs I···F) is evident from the packing polymorphism exhibited by 4-iodo fluorobenzene observed under different cooling protocols. The crystal structures of pentafluoro halo (Cl, Br, I) benzenes were also determined in order to explore the propensity of formation of homo halogen bonds over hetero halogen bonds. Different dimeric and catemeric motifs based on X···F and F···F interactions were observed in these structures.
Chapter 3 focuses on the effect of different cooling protocols in generating newer polymorphs of a given liquid. The third polymorph (C2/c, Z'=6) of phenylacetylene was obtained by sudden quenching of the liquid filled in capillary from a hot water bath (363 K) to the nitrogen bath (< 77 K). Also, different polymorphs were obtained for both 2¬fluoro phenylacetylene (Pna21, Z'=1) and 3-fluoro phenylacetylene (P21/c, Z'=3) when crystallized by sudden quenching in contrast to the generally followed method of slow cooling which results in isostructural forms (P21, Z'=1). The rationale for these kinetically stable “arrested” crystalline configurations is provided in part II of the thesis.
Part II. Tracing crystallization pathways via kinetically captured metastable forms.
Chapter 4 explains the utilization of the new approach of sudden quenching of liquids (detailed in chapter 3) to obtain kinetically stable (metastable) crystalline phases that appear to be closer to the unstructured liquids. Six different examples namely, phenylacetylene, 2-fluorophenylacetylene, 3-fluorophenylacetylene, 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride, 3-chloro fluorobenzene and ethyl chloroformate are discussed in this context. In each case, different polymorphs were obtained when the liquid was cooled slowly (100 K/h) and when quenched sharply in liquid nitrogen. The relationship between these metastable forms and the stable forms (obtained by slow cooling) combined with the mechanistic details of growth of stable forms from metastable forms provides clues about the crystallization pathways.
Part III. Conformational analysis in the solid state: Counterbalance of intermolecular interactions with molecular and crystallographic symmetries.
Chapter 5 describes the crystal structures of a series of conformationally flexible molecules namely, acetylene and diacetylene spaced aryl biscarbonates and biscarbamates. While most of the molecules adopt commonly anticipated anti (transoid) conformation, some adopt unusual cisoid and gauche conformations. It is shown that the unusually twisted conformation of one of the compounds [but-2-yne-bis(2,3,4,5,6¬pentafluorocarbonate)] is stabilized mainly by the extraordinarily short C–H···F intermolecular hydrogen bond. The strength of this rather short C–H···F hydrogen bond has been authenticated by combined single crystal neutron diffraction and X-ray charge density analysis. It has also been shown that the equi-volume relationship of H-and F-atoms (H/F isosterism) can be explored to access various possible conformers of a diacetylene spaced aryl biscarbonate. While biscarbonates show variety of molecular conformations due to absence of robust intermolecular interactions, all the biscarbamates adopt anti conformation where the molecules are linked with antiparallel chains formed with N–H···O=C hydrogen bonds.
Chapter 6 presents a unique example where the commonly encountered crystallographic terms namely, high Z' structure, polymorphism, phase transformation, disorder, isosterism and isostructuralism are witnessed in a single molecular species (parent compound benzoylcarvacryl thiourea and its fluorine substituted analogs). The origin of all these phenomenon has been attributed to the propensity of formation of a planar molecular dimeric chain mediated via N–H···O [R2 (12)] and N–H···S [R2 (8)] dimers.
5
Dikundwar, Amol G. "Organic Fluorine in Crystal Engineering : Consequences on Molecular and Supramolecular Organization." Thesis, 2013. http://etd.iisc.ernet.in/2005/3352.
Abstract:
The thesis entitled “Organic fluorine in crystal engineering: Consequences on molecular and supramolecular organization” consists of six chapters.
The main theme of the thesis is to address the role of substituted fluorine atoms in altering the geometrical and electronic features in organic molecules and its subsequent consequences on crystal packing. The thesis is divided into three parts. Part I deals with compounds that are liquids under ambient conditions, crystal structures of which have been determined by the technique of in situ cryocrystallography. Part II demonstrates the utilization of in situ cryocrystallography to study kinetically trapped metastable crystalline phases that provide information about crystallization pathways. In part III, crystal structures of a series of conformationally flexible molecules are studied to evaluate the consequences of fluorine substitution on the overall molecular conformation. The genesis and stabilization of a particular molecular conformation has been rationalized in terms of variability in intermolecular interactions in the crystalline state.
Part I. In situ cryocrystallography: Probing the solid state structures of ambient condition liquids.
Chapter 1 discusses the crystal structures of benzoyl chloride and its fluorinated analogs. These compounds have been analysed for the propensity of adoption of Cl···O halogen bonded dimers and catemers. The influence of conformational and electronic effects of sequential fluorination on the periphery of the phenyl ring has been quantified in terms of the most positive electrostatic potential, VS,max (corresponding to σ-hole) on the Cl-atom. It is shown that fluorine also exhibits “amphoteric” nature like other heavier halogens, particularly in presence of electron withdrawing groups. Although almost all the derivatives pack through C–H···O, C–H···F, C–H···Cl, Cl···F, C–H···π and π···π interactions, the compound 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoyl chloride exhibited a not so commonly observed Cl···O halogen bonded catemer. On the other hand, the proposed Cl···O mediated dimer is not observed in any of the structures due to geometrical constraints in the crystal lattice.
Chapter 2 presents the preferences of fluorine to form hydrogen bond (C–H···F) and halogen bonds (X···F; X= Cl, Br, I). Crystal structures of all three isomers of chloro-, bromo-and iodo-fluorobenzene have been probed in order to gain insights into packing interactions preferred by fluorine and other heavier halogens. It has been observed that
homo halogen…halogen (Cl···Cl, Br···Br and I···I) contacts prevail in most of the structures with fluorine being associated with the hydrogen atom forming C–H···F hydrogen bond. The competition between homo and hetero halogen bonds (I···I vs I···F) is evident from the packing polymorphism exhibited by 4-iodo fluorobenzene observed under different cooling protocols. The crystal structures of pentafluoro halo (Cl, Br, I) benzenes were also determined in order to explore the propensity of formation of homo halogen bonds over hetero halogen bonds. Different dimeric and catemeric motifs based on X···F and F···F interactions were observed in these structures.
Chapter 3 focuses on the effect of different cooling protocols in generating newer polymorphs of a given liquid. The third polymorph (C2/c, Z'=6) of phenylacetylene was obtained by sudden quenching of the liquid filled in capillary from a hot water bath (363 K) to the nitrogen bath (< 77 K). Also, different polymorphs were obtained for both 2¬fluoro phenylacetylene (Pna21, Z'=1) and 3-fluoro phenylacetylene (P21/c, Z'=3) when crystallized by sudden quenching in contrast to the generally followed method of slow cooling which results in isostructural forms (P21, Z'=1). The rationale for these kinetically stable “arrested” crystalline configurations is provided in part II of the thesis.
Part II. Tracing crystallization pathways via kinetically captured metastable forms.
Chapter 4 explains the utilization of the new approach of sudden quenching of liquids (detailed in chapter 3) to obtain kinetically stable (metastable) crystalline phases that appear to be closer to the unstructured liquids. Six different examples namely, phenylacetylene, 2-fluorophenylacetylene, 3-fluorophenylacetylene, 4-fluorobenzoyl chloride, 3-chloro fluorobenzene and ethyl chloroformate are discussed in this context. In each case, different polymorphs were obtained when the liquid was cooled slowly (100 K/h) and when quenched sharply in liquid nitrogen. The relationship between these metastable forms and the stable forms (obtained by slow cooling) combined with the mechanistic details of growth of stable forms from metastable forms provides clues about the crystallization pathways.
Part III. Conformational analysis in the solid state: Counterbalance of intermolecular interactions with molecular and crystallographic symmetries.
Chapter 5 describes the crystal structures of a series of conformationally flexible molecules namely, acetylene and diacetylene spaced aryl biscarbonates and biscarbamates. While most of the molecules adopt commonly anticipated anti (transoid) conformation, some adopt unusual cisoid and gauche conformations. It is shown that the unusually twisted conformation of one of the compounds [but-2-yne-bis(2,3,4,5,6¬pentafluorocarbonate)] is stabilized mainly by the extraordinarily short C–H···F intermolecular hydrogen bond. The strength of this rather short C–H···F hydrogen bond has been authenticated by combined single crystal neutron diffraction and X-ray charge density analysis. It has also been shown that the equi-volume relationship of H-and F-atoms (H/F isosterism) can be explored to access various possible conformers of a diacetylene spaced aryl biscarbonate. While biscarbonates show variety of molecular conformations due to absence of robust intermolecular interactions, all the biscarbamates adopt anti conformation where the molecules are linked with antiparallel chains formed with N–H···O=C hydrogen bonds.
Chapter 6 presents a unique example where the commonly encountered crystallographic terms namely, high Z' structure, polymorphism, phase transformation, disorder, isosterism and isostructuralism are witnessed in a single molecular species (parent compound benzoylcarvacryl thiourea and its fluorine substituted analogs). The origin of all these phenomenon has been attributed to the propensity of formation of a planar molecular dimeric chain mediated via N–H···O [R2 (12)] and N–H···S [R2 (8)] dimers.
6
Vamadevan, Varatharajan. "Organization of Glucan Chains in Starch Granules as Revealed by Hydrothermal Treatment." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/7240.
Abstract:
Regular starches contain two principal types of glucan polymers: amylopectin and amylose. The structure of amylopectin is characterized according to the unit chain length profile and the nature of the branching pattern, which determine the alignment of glucan chains during biosynthesis. The organization of glucan chains in amylopectin and their impact on the structure of starch are still open to debate. The location of amylose and its exact contribution to the assembly of crystalline lamellae in regular and high-amylose starch granules also remain unknown. The primary focus of this thesis is the organization and flexibility of glucan chains in crystalline lamellae.
The organization and flexibility of glucan chains in native, annealed (ANN), and heat-moisture treated (HMT) normal, waxy, hylon V, hylon VII, and hylon VIII corn starches were examined. This study has shown for the first time that increased amounts of apparent amylose in B-type starches hinder the polymorphic transition (from B to A+B) during HMT. The research has also demonstrated that an iodine-glucan complex transformed the B-type polymorphic pattern of hylon starches into a V-type pattern. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results showed that ANN- and HMT-induced changes were most pronounced in hylon starches. These findings suggest that the glucan tie chains influences the assembly of crystalline lamellae in high-amylose starches.
The relationship between the internal unit chain composition of amylopectin, and the thermal properties and annealing of starches from four different structural types of amylopectin was investigated by DSC. The onset gelatinization temperature (To) correlated negatively with the number of building blocks in clusters (NBbl) and positively with the inter-block chain length (IB-CL). The enthalpy of gelatinization (∆H) correlated positively with the external chain length of amylopectin. Annealing results showed that starches with a short IB-CL were most susceptible to ANN, as evidenced by a greater increase in the To and Tm. The increase in enthalpy was greater in starches with long external chains and IB-CLs. These data suggest that the internal organization of glucan chains in amylopectin determines the alignment of chains within the crystalline lamellae and thereby the thermal properties and annealing of the starch granules.
Books on the topic "Organizational polymorphism":
1
Han, Shihui. Gene-culture interaction on human behavior and the brain. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198743194.003.0007.
Abstract:
Chapter 7 reviews empirical findings that allow consideration of biological and environmental influences on human behavior from an evolutionary perspective (e.g., gene-culture coevolution) and from a perspective of individual development (e.g., gene-culture interaction). It also reviews imaging genetic studies that link genes with brain functional organization. It introduces a cultural neuroscience paradigm for investigating genetic influences on the coupling of brain activity and culture by presenting two studies that examined how serotonin transporter functional polymorphism and oxytocin receptor gene moderate the association between interdependence and brain activities involved in self-reflection and empathy. These studies illustrate a new approach to understanding the manner with which culture interacts with gene to shape human brain activity.
2
Divan, Aysha, and Janice A. Royds. 2. DNA. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198723882.003.0002.
Abstract:
Another significant milestone was the publication in 2003 of the complete sequence of the human genome—the entire DNA contained within the forty-six chromosomes located in the nucleus of each human somatic (body) cell. Once this was published, further worldwide projects were launched to work out what the functions of these genes and other regions of the genome actually were. ‘DNA’ outlines the components of the human genome and their organization; DNA replication; mutations and correction mechanisms; polymorphisms; and new DNA technologies, including gene cloning, the polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing methods. Finally, bioinformatics and the subsequent issues of privacy and how this information could be used are discussed.
Book chapters on the topic "Organizational polymorphism":
1
Messie, Derek, and Jae C. Oh. "Environment Organization of Roles Using Polymorphism." In Environments for Multi-Agent Systems II, 251–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/11678809_15.
2
Donovan, Kathleen, and Chella S. David. "Murine Ia Genes: Organization, Polymorphism and Heterogeneity." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 11–35. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5442-0_2.
3
Nedospasov, S. A., A. N. Shakhov, D. V. Kuprash, I. A. Udalova, M. M. Azizov, T. M. Seregina, M. I. Mekshenkov, and R. L. Turetskaya. "Genes Encoding Tumor Necrosis Factors: Genome Organization, Polymorphism, and Expression." In Modern Trends in Human Leukemia IX, 175–84. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-76829-3_28.
4
Silvi, B., A. Savin, and F. R. Wagner. "The Nature of Silicon-oxygen Bonds in Silica Polymorphs." In Topics in Molecular Organization and Engineering, 179–99. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/0-306-46933-2_7.
5
Kaneko, Fumitoshi. "Polymorphic and Polytypic Transformations during Crystallization of Long-Chain Compounds." In Molecular Interactions and Time-Space Organization in Macromolecular Systems, 45–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60226-9_5.
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Bandazheuski, Yuri, and Nataliia Dubovaya. "ELEMENTS OF ETIO-PATHOGENESIS OF HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA IN CHILDREN LIVING IN THE REGIONS AFFECTED FROM THE ACCIDENT AT THE CHERNOBYL NUCLEAR POWER PLANT." In The scientific paradigm in the context of technological development and social change. Publishing House “Baltija Publishing”, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-297-5-25.
Abstract:
The prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in the population of children living in the area affected by the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant (ChNPP) requires a deep study of the etio-pathogenesis of metabolic disorders of the sulfur-containing amino acids methionine (Met) and homocysteine (Hcy) under radiation exposure. The purpose of the study was to assess the involvement of genetic (folate cycle polymorphisms – FC) and environmental factors in the occurrence of hyperhomocysteinemia in boys and girls living in the Ivankovsky and Polessky districts of the Kyiv region of Ukraine, near the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ). The methodology of the study is based on the evaluation by statistical methods of the results of genetic and laboratory examinations of 690 children (368 girls and 322 boys), aged 8-17 years, obtained in the course of projects of the European Commission, the Regional Council of Rhone-Alpes (France) and the French public organization "Children Chernobyl". It has been shown that in most cases, the violation of Hcy metabolism and the occurrence of hyperhomocystinemia in children from areas affected by the Chernobyl accident are caused by the association of genotypes with risk alleles of MTHFR:C677T and MTRR:A66G polymorphisms. Given the wide prevalence in the population, combinations of their heterozygous forms are of the greatest importance.The risk allele G of the MTRR:66 polymorphism also has a negative effect on the processes of Hcy methylation when associated with the risk allele G of the MTR:A2756G polymorphism and with compound heterozygosity A/CMTHFR:1298 – C/TMTHFR:677. In the body of boys, compared with the body of girls, combinations of risk alleles for FC polymorphisms are manifested by a more pronounced disturbance of Hcy metabolism. The A/AMTRR:66 genotype promotes Hcy utilization in the transsulfuration cycle, even if only one C allele of the MTHFR:677 polymorphism functions.An external environmental factor in the form of radioactive agents incorporated into vital organs, undermining cellular energy, has a negative impact on the processes of cobalamin methylation. The consequence of this is the occurrence of a state of hyperhomocysteinemia in more than 50 % of boys and girls who do not have risk alleles of MTR:A2756G, MTHFR:C677T and MTRR:A66G polymorphisms in the genome. Conclusions. The main internal cause of hyperhomocysteinemia in children living near the ChEZ is the association of risk alleles for FC genetic polymorphisms.The combined effect of endogenous (genetic mutations of FC) and exogenous (radioactive elements, their decay products, substances formed during the combustion of wood) factors leads to disruption of the Hcymethylation process and the emergence of a state of hyperhomocysteinemia in children living in the territory affected by the Chernobyl accident. This type of metabolic disorder can be considered a distant consequence of the Chernobyl accident. Further research should be aimed at developing measures for the prevention and treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia, as a condition associated with the occurrence of serious pathological processes.
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Erlich, Henry A., and Elizabeth A. Trachtenberg. "PCR-based methods of HLA typing." In Molecular Epidemiology, 181–208. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199638116.003.0007.
Abstract:
Abstract Over the last two decades, molecular genetic techniques have been used to isolate the genes encoding the HLA class I and class II molecules and to characterize their genomic organization as well as their sequence diversity. The allelic sequence polymorphism at the HLA class I and II loci, revealed by extensive sequencing studies on a variety of human populations, is far greater than the antigenic variation detected by conventional serological typing (1). For example, there are about 280 DRB1 alleles defined by the second exon sequence but only about 15 different DR serological specificities or serotypes. Similarly, for the HLA-B locus, more than 450 alleles have been reported, compared to about 48 serological specificities. For the DPA1 and DPB1 loci, which encode the DP molecule, no serological typing system has been available and, consequently, most functional investigations of DP polymorphism, such as disease association studies or the analysis of DP mismatching in transplantation, have been possible only since the development of DNA-based HLA typing methods (2). The HLA class I and class II loci are the most polymorphic coding sequences in the human genome. The study of their allelic sequence diversity as well as the development of simple and rapid DNA-based typing methods has been greatly facilitated by the development of PCR amplification in the mid 1980s (3–6).
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"Economic Organization Beyond Divides: Polymorphism and Reconfigurability." In Organization and Economic Behaviour, 420–25. Routledge, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203160411-25.
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SCHAEFFER, E., A. HUCHENQ, I. PARK, M. A. LUCERO, G. N. COHEN, M. M. ZAKIN, and J. CONSTANS. "Gene Organization and Dna Polymorphism of the Human Transferrin Gene." In Protides of the Biological Fluids, 131–34. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-033215-4.50034-0.
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Chan, Agnes, and Tak W. Mak. "Chapter 1 Genomic Organization and Polymorphism of the T Cell Receptor." In Current Topics in Membranes and Transport, 1–18. Elsevier, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0070-2161(08)60073-8.
Conference papers on the topic "Organizational polymorphism":
1
Rusina, L. Yu, and A. Yu Kosyakova. "FORMATION OF LOCAL SETTLEMENTS BY FOUNDERS OF THE POLYSTES WASPS OF DIFFERENT MORPHOTYPES." In V International Scientific Conference CONCEPTUAL AND APPLIED ASPECTS OF INVERTEBRATE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND BIOLOGICAL EDUCATION. Tomsk State University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-931-0-2020-34.
Abstract:
In 2003–2013 and in 2019, an analysis of the relationship between phenotypic variability and the behavior of overwintered foundresses of 4 Palearctic Polistes wasp species from 12 local settlements was performed. It is shown that the structure and organization of melanin patterns of foundresses and their behavior in spring depend on the biocenotic environment of the colonies in which they were raised the previous summer, as well as on the weather conditions of wintering and nesting period. The system of polymorphism in primitive eusocial wasps, which is involved in providing population adaptations, in particular, nesting strategies, is discussed.
2
Bardis, N. G., N. Doukas, and O. P. Markovskyi. "Organization of the polymorphic implementation of Rijndael on microcontrollers and smart cards." In MILCOM 2010 - 2010 IEEE Military Communications Conference. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2010.5680249.
3
Dikarev, A. V. "Assessment of the response of four spring barley varieties to the toxic effects of cadmium according to physiological, biochemical and morphometric parameters throughout the plant’s life cycle." In CURRENT STATE, PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SCIENCE. Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Research Institute of Agriculture of Crimea”, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2020-5-9-10-87.
Abstract:
At our previous laboratory experiments, it was found that different spring barley varieties have some different reactions to the cadmium stress at the morphologic, cytogenetic and biochemical levels of plants organization. Thus, the goal of the current work was to assess the reliability of the previous results at full vegetation cycle of plant. The experiment was carried out on the loamy soil with four contrasting at its reactions to the cadmium barley varieties. Cadmium tolerant varieties demonstrated significantly higher values of productivity (e.g. straw, in this case, weighted four times more) and had a less amounts of Cd2+ accumulated at tissues (1.2–2.5 times) in contrast to sensitive ones, which, in fact, gave no harvest at Cd2+pollution at a rate of 50 mg/kg. The identified polymorphism of barley varieties in terms of resistance is maintained throughout the plant’s life cycle.
4
Ploos van Amstel, J. K., A. L. van der Zanden, P. H. Reitsma, and R. M. Bertina. "RESTRICTION ANALYSIS AND SOUTHERN BLOTTING OF TOTAL HUMAN DNA REVEALS THE EXISTENCE OF MORE THAN ONE GENE HOMOLOGOUS WITH PROTEIN S cDNA." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644639.
Abstract:
A deficiency in protein S, the cofactor of activated protein C, is associated with an increased risk for the development of venous thrombosis. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant disorder. To improve the detection of heterozygotes in affected families, we have started to search for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in the protein S gene. This study revealed the existence of two genes containing sequences homologous to protein S cDNA.Three non-overlapping fragments of clone pSUL5, which codes for the carboxy-terminal part of protein S and contains the complete 3' untranslated region, were isolated and used as probes in search for RFLP of the protein S gene.Surprisingly the non-overlapping probes shared more than one hybridizing band. The hybridization took place under stringent assay conditions.This observation is contradictory to the intron-exon organization of a gene and suggests the existence of two genes, containing sequences homologous with pSUL5. Both genes could be assigned to chromosome 3 by mapping through somatic cell hybrids. Whether two functional protein S genes are present in the human genome remains to be established.
5
Buslaev, V. Yu, A. V. Torgunakova, Irina Milentyeva, Lyubov Dyshlyuk, and V. I. Minina. "POPYMORPHISM OF IMMUNE RESPONSE GENES AND LUNG CANCER RISK IN NON-SMOKING RESIDENTS OF KUZBASS." In I International Congress “The Latest Achievements of Medicine, Healthcare, and Health-Saving Technologies”. Kemerovo State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/-i-ic-17.
Abstract:
Lung cancer (LC) is leading oncological pathology, posing a serious threat for patient’s lives.
Accordingly to World Health Organization (WHO) 2,1 million of new cases and 1,8 of deaths are
annually registered. It was accumulated a lot of information about significant influence of smoking on
increased risk of LC development. 80-90% of patients with LC are namely smokers. However at present
time it was registered increased level of mortality from this pathology among non-smoking patients [1].
LC formation in non-smoking individuals can occur due to environmental pollution by industrial and
household cancerogens and also because of molecular and genetical and cytogenetical dissimilarities.
Since LC development can be associated with anomalous immunological response, immune genes can
be considered as potential biological markers [2].
Objective: To assess the influence of polymorphic variants of innate immunity genes on LC
development in non-smoking patients.
6
Golodnizky, Daniel, Carlos E. S. Bernardes, Maya Davidovich-Pinhas, Ronit Bitton, and Yulia Shmidov. "Isotropic liquid state of triacylglycerols: The starting point of fats and oils crystallization." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/ggfh1118.
Abstract:
Over the years, several models of triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular conformations and bulk arrangements in isotropic liquid state have been proposed and are still up for debate. This organization is the starting state, from which the molecules self-assemble and form the initial stable nucleus, which then grows to form the solid crystal. The current research aims to explore the isotropic liquid state, while focusing on its impact on nucleation and crystal formation. This aim was addressed by implementing experimental methods, such as X-ray diffraction and small-angle X-ray scattering coupled with a computational method, such as molecular dynamics simulation. These techniques were used to study tristearin and triolein as models for saturated and unsaturated TAGs, respectively. Four different conformations were suggested for the two TAGs, and the results showed conformation abundancy in the order: trident (Tr) > chair (Ch) > propeller (Pr) > tuning-fork (Tf). The existence of clusters was demonstrated, each of which exhibited a heterogeneous distribution of conformations. The preferability to find a specific pair of conformations next to each other was analyzed and, surprisingly, it was found that Tf will preferably pair only with Tr although Tf is the preferable conformation in most crystal polymorphs. High general conversion rates from any conformation to another, and high specific conversion rates from and to the Tf conformation were calculated. It is proposed that the high conversion rates observed enable the crystallization process, despite the low proportion of Tf molecules. Overall, the results confirm the formation of specific structures in the liquid state, which combine all previously suggested models and further expand the knowledge using experimental and computational tools.
Reports on the topic "Organizational polymorphism":
1
Cao, Xianling, Xuanyou Zhou, Naixin Xu, Songchang Chang, and Chenming Xu. Association of IL-4 and IL-10 Polymorphisms with Preterm Birth Susceptibility: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.4.0044.
Abstract:
Review question / Objective: The aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to summarize the effects of IL-4 and IL-10 gene polymorphism and clarify their possible association with PTB. Condition being studied: World Health Organization (WHO) defines preterm birth (PTB) as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed. The new estimates show that the prevalence of PTB during 2014 ranged from 8.7% to13.4% of all live births, about 15 million preterm babies born each year. Besides, PTB is the leading cause of death worldwide for children below 5 years of age. Babies born preterm are at an increased risk of short-term and long-term complications attributed to immaturity of multiple organ systems, such as cerebral palsy, intellectual disabilities, vision and hearing impairments, and impaired cognitive development. PTB has become a worldwide public health problem, but its etiology remains unclear. Accumulating evidence shows that PTB is a syndrome that can be attributed to a variety of pathological processes(5). Inflammatory diseases and genetic background are known risk factors for PTB, many studies had shown that genetic variations in proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 α (IL-1 α) are associated with increased risk of PTB, but the relationship between genetic polymorphism in anti-inflammatory cytokines and risk of PTB remains controversial.
2
Zhang, Ruizhe, and Qingya Xie. A meta-analysis of cholesteryl ester transfer protein(CETP) gene rs708272(G>A) polymorphism in association with cornoary heart disease risk. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2023.6.0021.
Abstract:
Review question / Objective: To seek the association of the CETP rs708272 polymorphism with CHD.To figure out if the carriers of allele rs708272-A reduce or increase the risk of CHD in comparison with carriers of allele rs708272-G under allele model, dominant model and recessive model. Condition being studied: The inclusion criteria of CHD:(1)the presence of stenosis≥50% in a minimum of one main segment of coronary arteries (the right coronary artery, left circumfex, or left anterior descending arteries) by coronary angiography.(2) symptoms representing angina pectoris, electrocardiographic changes, and elevations of cardiac enzymes based on the criteria of the World Health Organization. (3) a certifed record of coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention were included in the study.The exclusion criteria of CHD :patients with congenital heart disease, cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease.Controls:the same populations as the cases and specifed to be without CAD, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and peripheral atherosclerotic arterial disease.