Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Organization du génome'
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Recoules, Ludmila. "Rôles du variant d'histone macroH2A1 dans la régulation transcriptionnelle et l'organisation du génome." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30217.
Full textMany factors regulate three-dimensional (3D) chromatin organization and DNA-related processes such as controlled gene expression. Among them, locus-specific incorporation of histones variants is essential for many nuclear processes. The histone variant macroH2A1 (mH2A1), expressed as two splicing isoforms mH2A1.1 and mH2A1.2, is important for the controlled execution of many molecular and cellular processes such as, in a non-exhaustive way, gene transcription, DNA repair, 3D genome organization, cellular differentiation and reprogramming, senescence and cancerous proliferation. Underlying molecular mechanisms by which mH2A1 regulates these processes are still poorly characterized. Based on this, the aim of my thesis was to gain a more comprehensive view of mH2A1 transcriptional and organizational actions at specific loci and at the level of the whole genome. My work was divided into two main research axes. The first axis consisted in the analysis of the roles of the isoform mH2A1.1 in a reference triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell line MDA-MB 231, characterized by a high metastatic potential. To this aim, I have combined transcriptomic data with ChIP-seq, HiC and PCHiC data in control and mH2A1.1-depleted cells. The second axis consisted in the analysis of the recruitment of mH2A1 to pericentric heterochromatin regions and the investigation of its impact on their 3D chromatin organization. To this aim, I have used single cell microscopy and quantitative image analysis in control and mH2A1-depleted murine fibroblastic cells. Concerning the first axis, I found that mH2A1.1 isoform up- or down-regulates many genes associated with a wide range of biological processes, particularly important for cell migration. In agreement, mH2A1.1 inhibits cell migration of the TNBC MDA-MB 231 cells. I demonstrated that mH2A1.1 actives its target gene expression by regulating ARN Polymerase II pausing. However, no evidence for a role for mH2A1 in the control of chromatin looping between enhancers/promoters and at the genome-wide scale was found. Concerning the second axis, I showed that both isoforms of mH2A1 were recruited to pericentric heterochromatin following various treatments influencing nuclear homeostasis. However, mH2A1 did not seem to be necessary for the chromatin organization of these loci. My thesis works provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms by which mH2A1, in particular its isoform mH2A1.1, regulates gene expression but they also question the idea that mH2A1 is functionally involved in chromatin structure at different organizational scales of the genome and at different chromatin states
David, Gabriel. "Structure et dynamique du cytoplasme auto-organisé : exemple par la ségrégation du génome bactérien." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS098.
Full textCellular organisms appear organized. Bacteria use membraneless compartments to confine chemical reactions in space and time. There is a general paradigm of intracellular space self-organization that distinguishes between self-assembly, molecular structures assembled by passive phase transition mechanisms, and dissipative structures, generated for example by reaction-diffusion processes. If self-assemblies correspond to the evolution towards thermodynamic equilibrium, dissipative structures are manifestations of an out-of-equilibrium energy cost. We illustrate this paradigm by studying the segregation of bacterial genome, in this case the F-plasmid segregation of Escherichia coli, based on the ParABS partition system. Segregation is a crucial step in the bacterial cell cycle since it ensures the transmission of genetic information in daughter bacteria before division.The ParABS system consists of a parS centromeric sequence; a ParB protein which is able to bind to DNA, specifically on the parS sequence and not specifically elsewhere; and a ParA ATPase protein than can bind to DNA. Interactions between ParB proteins on DNA and specific adsorption on the parS sequence lead to the formation of a three-dimensional focus called the ParBS complex located around the parS sequence. Interactions between ParA and ParB proteins lead to the positioning of this complex at the center of the cell cytoplasm. After replication, two ParBS complexes exist and are segregated by the action of ParA proteins at positions 1/4 and 3/4 of the intracellular space.We first seek to explain the formation of ParBS complexes by a passive phase separation mechanism between high- and low-density states of ParB proteins in space. We construct two statistical physics models using tools borrowed from the physics of phase transitions. Our second approach rigorously defines all the elements of the biological system consisting of the interacting DNA-polymer and ParB proteins and allows us to formulate a first-order phase transition existence criterion that is verified by the DNA. We can draw the phase diagrams of this transition. These two models allow us to argue that the physiological thermodynamic regime of this biological system is a regime of metastable coexistence in ParB proteins on DNA. The parS sequence plays the role of a defect or nucleation seed. We use a third approach to explain the relationship between the three-dimensional and DNA distributions of ParB proteins around the parS sequence.We try to explain the fluorescence recovery curves from photobleaching experiments on ParBS complexes. We construct an in silico photobleaching method, i.e. we reproduce these recovery curves from a phenomenological equation solved numerically. We then develop a system of equations that describe the evolution of proteins on DNA from the previous statistical physical approach to produce an in silico photobleaching taking into account that ParBS complexes are the result of phase separation. We show that a pure passive system does not allow photobleaching experiments because of the Ostwald maturation undergone by the complexes. We correct this approach by including ParA proteins and their biochemical cycle in our simulations. We show that the interactions between ParA and ParB proteins and the hydrolysis of ATP allows the survival of several ParBS complexes thanks to an inversion mechanism of Ostwald's ripening. This fundamental approach explains the positioning of ParBS complexes during segregation
Terrone, Sophie. "Connexion entre organisation 3D du génome et épissage alternatif médiée par les hélicases DDX5 et DDX17." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. https://n2t.net/ark:/47881/m6n015wq.
Full textAlternative splicing is the mechanism that allows the production of several mRNA isoforms from the same gene, and that concerns the majority of human genes. As it occurs during transcription, both processes are co-regulated. Several recent studies have proposed that the three-dimensional organization of the genome, which regulates transcription, could also have an impact on splicing. DDX5 and DDX17 are two RNA helicases involved in several steps of RNA biogenesis and processing, including transcription and splicing. Notably, previous studies from our lab have shown they are downregulated during cellular differentiation, which contributes to establish specific splicing programs. Moreover, DDX5/17 interact with CTCF and Cohesin that are key regulators of chromatin topology and looping. This suggests a role for DDX5/17 in genome topology, and could suggest their involvement in the cross-talk between 3D organization and splicing. In order to address this question, we first assessed the impact of DDX5/17 on splicing by RNA-Seq and tested the contribution of CTCF and Cohesin on DDX5/17-dependant exon inclusion. We observed that the co-depletion of CTCF and Cohesin with DDX5/17 increases the effect of the helicases on the inclusion of some exons. Moreover, our results indicate for the first time that depletion of DDX5/17 deregulates transcriptional termination of many genes. Finally, we selected two exons regulated by both DDX5/17 and CTCF and investigated the three-dimensional organization of their associated genes by Chromosome Conformation Capture (3C) assays. The first exon is located within the NCS1 gene while the second exon has a promoter-proximal position in the PRMT2 gene. Our 3C experiments indicate the presence of a chromatin loop between the NCS1 promoter and its internal DDX5/17- and CTCF-regulated exon. Moreover, our results reveal a physical proximity between the promoter and the terminator region of both genes, and a deregulation of this specific configuration upon DDX5/17 depletion, which could possibly lead to transcriptional readthrough. Finally, stabilizing the promoter-terminator loop using a dCas9-based approach altered the inclusion of the PRMT2 promoter-proximal exon. Altogether, our results support the hypothesis of a mechanistical link between the 3D organization of genes and the regulation of alternative splicing and transcription fidelity
Pavlíček, Adam. "Integration and stability of retrotransposons in the human genome : implications for genomic organization." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077142.
Full textBen, Zouari Yousra. "The functional and spatial organization of chromatin during Thymocyte development." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ025.
Full textChromosome folding takes place at different hierarchical levels, with various topologies correlated with control of gene expression. Despite the large number of recent studies describing chromatin topologies and their correlations with gene activity, many questions remain, in particular how these topologies are formed and maintained. To understand better the link between epigenetic marks, chromatin topology and transcriptional control, we use CHi-C technique based on the chromosome conformation capture (3C) method. By using two capture strategies targeting two different chromatin structures (chromatin loops and topological domains), we have been able to decipher the chromatin structure associated with thymocyte differentiation and to highlight mechanisms for the transcriptional control of certain genes. Future experiments of the lab will examine mechanisms other than transcription which may influence chromatin architecture, such as differential binding of CTCF, and how these may interplay with transcriptional control and chromatin architecture
Pustahija, Fatima. "Odgovor genoma na abioticki stres : primjer serpentinofita u centralnoj Bosni." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769399.
Full textPerrot, Anthony. "Understanding the establishment of the DNA replication program." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1B052.
Full textDNA replication is an essential process that occurs only once in a cell cycle before cell division. Replication is highly regulated through conserved mechanisms to ensure the faithful duplication and transmission of genetic information. Interestingly, changes in the replication program, defined by the temporal and spatial pattern of replication origin activation, have been observed during development in distinct cell types, after induction of differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells, and in various cancers. The regulation of DNA replication is therefore essential for ensuring the integrity of the genome, and the program of origin activation may be an important contributor to this process. However, despite a large body of work on the many enzymes and modifications involved in origin selection, the critical determinants as well as their interdependence remain surprisingly unknown. My thesis project focuses on identifying the key parameters that regulate the replication program, taking advantage of unique approaches using the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model system. First, we investigated the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the role of CDK activity in determining the program of DNA replication. We demonstrated that changing the length of G1 phase through modulation of CDK activity has an impact on the profile of replication initiation along the chromosome. More specifically, inefficient origins show increases in their usage, while efficient origins have reduced activities. Moreover, we have shown that cells are highly sensitive to differences in CDK activity levels at the G1/S transition, which result in genome-wide changes in replication initiation across the entire spectrum of efficiencies. This suggests that CDK activity is a dose-dependent, limiting factor in the regulation of origin usage. Thus, our study establishes the integration of both temporal and quantitative regulation of CDK activity as a key determinant in defining the program of genome duplication. Second, using an approach in which cells establish a replication program de novo after exit from quiescence, we investigated the critical first steps of origin selection. We focused on the importance of the essential Origin Recognition Complex, whose recruitment to origins is required for the subsequent assembly of replication complexes. Our analysis reveals a strong correspondence between the level of ORC binding at origins and the efficiency of these origins in both cells exiting quiescence as well as those in vegetative growth conditions. Therefore, we demonstrate for the first time that ORC is not simply a marker of potential initiation sites but rather a crucial determinant in the program of origin usage.Finally, our observation that efficient origins are organized in distinct clusters in the de novo replication program suggested that chromosomal organization may be important for origin selection. To address this question, we have generated strains containing a series of distinct chromosomal rearrangements and assessed their origin efficiency profiles. Our findings indicate that the localization of an origin with respect to its chromosomal context plays an important role in regulating its efficiency. Moreover, distinct regions may have different effects on origin selection by being permissive or inhibitory for origin activity. Those observations could indicate a role for the spatial organization of the genome in origin selection and thus led us to study chromosome and nuclear organization in conditions where the replication program is different
Mercy, Guillaume. "L'organisation 3D des chromosomes synthétiques de levure." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS034.pdf.
Full textThe international project Sc2.0 started 10 years ago by the Pr. Jef Boeke aims to build a fully synthetic genome of S. cerevisiae which increases the genome stability by removing all repeated sequences (tRNA, transposable elements, etc.), and implements SCRaMbLE (for Synthetic Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution), an inducible, high-throughput chromosome rearrangement system. This design is highly conservative with respect to gene content, the deletion of several classes of repeated sequences and the introduction of thousands of designer changes. However, it may affect genome organization and potentially alter cellular functions. To determine wether those modifications affected the three-dimensional conformation of synthetic chromosmes, we investigated it using chromosomes conformation capture coupled to second generation sequencing method (Hi-C). Currently, eight synthetic chromosomes (synI, synII, synIII, synV, synVI, synIX-R, synX et synXII) have been fully assembled. Using these strains we observed that the large-scale genomic organization is globally unaffected by the presence of synthetic chromosome(s). Two exceptions are synIII, which lacks the silent mating-type cassettes, and synXII, specifically when the ribosomal DNA is moved to another chromosome. We also exploited the contact maps to detect rearrangements induced in these SCRaMbLE strains
Girard, Fabien. "Tethering of molecular parasites on inactive chromatin in eukaryote nucleus." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS661.
Full textNatural plasmids are common in prokaryotes but few have been documented in eukaryotes. The natural 2µ plasmid present in budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is one of the most well characterized. This highly stable genetic element coexists with its host for millions of years, efficiently segregating at each cell division through a mechanism that remains poorly understood. Using proximity ligation (Hi-C, MicroC) to map the contacts between the 2µ and yeast chromosomes under dozens of different biological conditions, we found that the plasmid tether preferentially on regions with low transcriptional activity, often corresponding to long inactive genes, throughout the cell cycle. Common players in chromosome structure such as members of the structural maintenance of chromosome complexes (SMC) are not involved in these contacts, and depend instead on a nucleosomal signal associated with a depletion of RNA Pol II. These contacts are highly stable, and can be established within minutes. Our data show that the plasmid segregates by binding to transcriptionally silent regions of the host chromosomes. This strategy may concern other types of DNA molecules and species beyond S. cerevisiae, as suggested by the binding pattern of the natural Ddp5 plasmid along Dictyostelium discoideum chromosomes’ silent regions
Monfouilloux, Sylvaine. "Etude de la structure et de l'évolution d'une région de translocations sous télomériques chez l'homme." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES065.
Full textKerlin, Maciej. "Gene coregulation in cis within the 3D genome – A single-molecule imaging study." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021SORUS124.
Full textThe eukaryotic genome is highly organized in both space and sequence. From entire chromosomes to individual genes the 3D organization of the genome is linked to transcription and many regulatory mechanisms likely coexist at different scales. At the sub-megabase scale, the genome is physically organized into self-interacting topologically associating domains (TADs) that are thought to constrain the range of action of gene regulatory elements called ‘enhancers’. Current data suggest that TADs serve as ‘regulatory units’ to coregulate multiple genes by exposing them to the same enhancers. Genes from the same TAD indeed often display correlated expression across different tissues and cell types. Interestingly, correlated expression is seen between functionally related genes. However, how 3D organization at an individual locus plays a mechanistic role in coregulating functionally related genes is unknown. Using single-molecule imaging, I observed in single cells the spatial positions and transcription of three adjacent functionally related genes regulated by the same/different enhancers. I used estrogen stimulation in MCF7 cells as a model system to study hormone-responsive genes and enhancers. Using combined RNA-DNA FISH, I measured the coupling between genes as the correlation in cis of their transcription. I found, that stimulation with estrogen increases the correlation in cis between genes belonging to the same TAD. Perturbation of the TAD boundary revealed the contribution of contact insulation to gene coregulation. Together, this work lays the ground towards an understanding of how enhancers and genes communicate and coordinate their activity within the 3D genome
Mercy, Guillaume. "L'organisation 3D des chromosomes synthétiques de levure." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS034/document.
Full textThe international project Sc2.0 started 10 years ago by the Pr. Jef Boeke aims to build a fully synthetic genome of S. cerevisiae which increases the genome stability by removing all repeated sequences (tRNA, transposable elements, etc.), and implements SCRaMbLE (for Synthetic Chromosome Rearrangement and Modification by LoxP-mediated Evolution), an inducible, high-throughput chromosome rearrangement system. This design is highly conservative with respect to gene content, the deletion of several classes of repeated sequences and the introduction of thousands of designer changes. However, it may affect genome organization and potentially alter cellular functions. To determine wether those modifications affected the three-dimensional conformation of synthetic chromosmes, we investigated it using chromosomes conformation capture coupled to second generation sequencing method (Hi-C). Currently, eight synthetic chromosomes (synI, synII, synIII, synV, synVI, synIX-R, synX et synXII) have been fully assembled. Using these strains we observed that the large-scale genomic organization is globally unaffected by the presence of synthetic chromosome(s). Two exceptions are synIII, which lacks the silent mating-type cassettes, and synXII, specifically when the ribosomal DNA is moved to another chromosome. We also exploited the contact maps to detect rearrangements induced in these SCRaMbLE strains
Sabaté, Thomas. "Modeling, visualizing and quantifying chromatin loop extrusion dynamics in living human cells." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS304.
Full textStudies of spatial genome organization have revealed the existence of chromatin loops and Topologically Associating Domains (TADs) of several hundred kilobases in size, which are created by the cohesin ring complex through a process of DNA loop extrusion. However, these structures have been characterized almost exclusively by genomic techniques and fixed cell imaging, thus their temporal dynamics are still poorly understood. For example, it is not clear whether loop extrusion creates stable or transient contacts at loop anchors and key parameters of this process, including loop lifetime and extrusion speed, remain unknown. To address this gap, my thesis aims to quantify the dynamics of cohesin-dependent loop extrusion by visualizing and tracking in time pairs of anchors at several loops and TADs in living human cells. Extrusion is expected to manifest itself as a progressive decrease in anchor-anchor distances. However, this signature is obscured by stochastic motions of the chromatin, whereby anchors can occasionally come into contact even without extrusion. Furthermore, measuring the anchor-anchor distance from fluorescent images is complicated by several sources of uncertainties, such as unavoidable random errors in the computational localization of fluorescent spots. To evaluate the experimental conditions under which one can expect to detect and quantify loop extrusion despite such complications, I first performed an analysis in silico using polymer simulations that account for loop extrusion. Using these simulations, I also tested and validated novel analysis methods to quantify chromatin loop dynamics from static imaging (e. g. from DNA-FISH images of loop anchors), and to estimate the lifetime and frequency of anchor contacts, as well as the effective loop extrusion speed from dynamic imaging in vivo. Using the simulation results as guidelines, we fluorescently labelled multiple loop and TAD anchors in human cells using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and tracked the loop anchors by live-cell imaging. Based on our analysis of the imaging data, we found that contacts between the two loop anchors are infrequent and short-lived as compared to the cell cycle duration. However, loops were found to be almost constantly extruded by cohesin. By comparing simulations and experimental data, we could estimate key biophysical parameters of loop extrusion dynamics including loop lifetimes and extrusion speed. Our results suggest that cohesin-dependent loop extrusion is a highly dynamic process, which creates transient long-range interactions rather than stable contact s. Our findings will help to quantitatively understand biological processes that involve short-lived but long-range contacts created by loop extrusion, including mechanisms of DNA repair and gene regulation
Ahombo, Gabriel. "Génétique de la fixation d'azote chez la bactérie Rhodobacter capsulatus : clonage et caractérisation d'un gène de type nifA." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10097.
Full textAl, Fazari Hamdan. "Fuzzy quality function deployment for aircraft maintenance organizations." Toulouse, INSA, 2008. http://eprint.insa-toulouse.fr/archive/00000283/.
Full textDans cette thèse, le déploiement de la fonction de la qualité pour l'organisation de l'entretien des avions est considérée. L'évaluation de la gestion de la qualité dans les organismes de maintenance des avions est la clé pour garantir la sécurité, la fiabilité et l'assurance de la qualité. De nos jours, les entreprises partout dans le monde ont un besoin absolu de systèmes, gestion de la qualité afin de les aider à développer et à mieux gérer leurs activités. La façon dont les organisations gèrent leurs gestions de l'organisation joue un rôle majeur dans l'amélioration du niveau de la qualité du produit ou la qualité du service qu'elles fournissent. Le défi de la mise en œuvre de la démarche qualité dans la gestion de la maintenance des avions est important car il doit conduire à des économies de temps et d'argent. La gestion de la qualité est, par conséquent, une fonction essentielle pour maintenir et améliorer la qualité des services et produits offerts par les organismes de maintenance des avions. Dans cette thèse les prés requis et connaissances théoriques sur l'organisation de la maintenance et la gestion de la qualité sont présentés en détail. Ceci est réalisé en effectuant une analyse des besoins et des moyens pour améliorer la qualité dans les activités d'entretien. L'approche d'analyse proposée est une combinaison du déploiement de la fonction de la qualité et de la Logique Floue. Le déploiement de la fonction de la qualité est utilisé comme un outil d'analyse pour traduire les besoins des clients et les besoins en qualité des services. Le déploiement de la fonction de la qualité comprend la construction d'une structure matricielle permettant d’évaluer et de comparer les différents plans d’action. Puisque de nombreuses opinions d'experts sont exprimées en termes linguistiques, il semble que la Logique Floue pourrait améliorer ce processus d'analyse. La dernière partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l'élaboration du déploiement de la fonction de la qualité dans le cadre de la Logique Floue. L'approche d'analyse proposée est ensuite illustrée dans le cas de l'organisation de l'entretien d’une flotte d’avions. L'objectif est d'augmenter la disponibilité de la flotte, de maintenir sa fiabilité, de diminuer le temps du service de maintenance, de limiter les coûts d'investissement
Bouallouche, Yacine. "Méta-modèle et cadre méthodologique pour l’ingénierie d’une organisation étendue : Application à une administration étendue." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ECDN0021.
Full textThe increasing of political and socio-economic changes strongly influences the budget balance of public organizations. They are constrained to move towards a more reactive and flexible organizational model. For public organizations, the challenge is to determine the best public-private hybridization, into a reticular structure, ensuring the economic performance of their services but also the creation of public value. These reorganizations present many pitfalls that are insufficiently addressed by public management literature. It analyzes management changes and gaps in the public sphere, but rarely suggests the methods and tools that support the forms of management it recommends. In this context, the aim of this thesis is to review the public management literature in order to bring a new perspective and propose the implementation of models, methods and tools of industrial engineering. Thus, we propose a meta-model and a methodological framework for the engineering of an extended organization. This proposal aims at controlling the complexity of a reticular structure without damaging the autonomy of the organizations (public and/or private) that compose it. The implementation of the proposed methodology is illustrated by a textbook case inspired by the clothing function of the French armies: the scenario of an outsourcing of this clothing function is studied taking into account its inclusion in a reticular structure
Hernandez-Ruiz, Haydée Margarita. "L'improvisation comme compétence, étude du déploiment d'un dispositif de gestion logistique." Thesis, Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECAP0010/document.
Full textThis research studies the implementation of a management device at a French car manufacturer. Implementation theory is use for analyzing the device’s implementation process called « mutualized MAF ». This theory considers that an adaptation process is realized by the users during the device implementation. This process is called "appropriation". Our findings propose that this appropriation is realized «making path», without planning and voluntarily by the users, three improvisation characteristics identified by the literature. Following Ciborras’s work, we use organizational improvisation concept to characterize the actions performed by users to "make do" with the management device. Our approach is based on a going-and-coming process between literature and research ground which helped us to suit better our research questions and our analyzing method after one year observation period (July 2009 to August 2010) within the team at the automaker. We have developed three reading grids to identify difficulties encountered during the device, characterize prescription-improvisation loops during the implementation of the device and compare loops between them. Our study leads us to propose a definition of improvisation as a skill to "make do" with the management tools and to build a model of improvisation
Rother, Eva. "Prise en compte des spécificités culturelles et des muta-tions nécessaires dans le management industriel français pour répondre aux nouvelles exigences de l’industrie 4.0." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI047.
Full textRegarding the previous industrial revolutions and organizational changes and evalu-ating the promises made by Industry 4.0, our aim is to imagine concrete developments in lean management and organization by building the manager of tomorrow. For this, a methodological approach will be applied to compare the theoretical con-cepts of lean, their concrete applications in current manufacturing and their possible weaknesses looking for I4.0 ‘s principles. Future developments will be made, by in-tegrating feedback and digital, organizational and generational constraints, and will allow us to draw up a portrait of the operational manager of the future, in an agile or even liberated organization. These proposals will be concretely implemented and evaluated on a French industri-al site that will be our field of experimentation. Through the analysis of the factors of success and failure of digitization projects in this historic factory of an international group, we will evaluate the assumptions previously made and enrich the management model imagined. In a second phase, through a survey of several European sites, we will question operational managers at all levels in order to define the func-tions and interactions of the French manager 4.0 in terms of skills, objectives and management methods. All these conclusions will focus on the key position of the in-termediate manager in technological developments and their ownership, but also on proposals to take into account and adapt organizations to facilitate the integration of the key concepts of I4.0 which are a great asset of renewal for the French industry
Girodon, Julien. "Proposition d'une approche d'amélioration des performances des organisations par le management opérationnel de leurs connaissances et compétences." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0145/document.
Full textThis research, carried out under a PhD “CIFRE” with the company ESSILOR and the ERPI Laboratory of the Lorraine University, proposes a framework to make organizations evolve, based on the operational management of knowledge and competences. We have enhanced the organizational mechanisms of sharing, and the use of knowledge and competences within the design environment, in order to propose models, methods and tools allowing actors and organizations to improve their performances. Four key elements have been developed in this research, including three contributions and an assessment of the efficiency of the proposed development framework: • The development of an enterprise modeling method based on the conceptual model KROM and its translation into operational models. This method aims to clarify the organizational links of the knowledge and competence concepts in order to link them to their implementation contexts. • The definition of a global framework to make an organization evolve based on the management of its knowledge and competence assets. This evolution framework includes a characterization and an assessment of the organizations’ maturity in their knowledge and competences management practices, as well as a method to make organizations change, based on the proposal of scenario of improvement actions: the ACKME method. • The proposal of an organizational approach to design Multi-agent systems (MAS) called DOCK, allowing the designer to specify MAS oriented toward the issues faced by knowledge engineering approaches, namely the recognition and management of the knowledge life cycle. • An assessment of the value of the implemented framework (the three previous contributions) based on the assessment of the competences of the actors within the organization. This evaluation is based, on one hand, on the possibility to integrate the evolution framework into a global steering approach to make the organization evolve, and on the other hand, on experiments led within the Engineering department of Essilor
Ebrahimi, Mojtaba. "Configuration et organisation dynamique du système manufacturier connecté pour un système basé sur l’approche World Class Manufacturing." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI059.
Full textIn the context of the fourth industrial revolution (I4.0), manufacturing enterprises confront major challenges, in particular, technological, organizational, and methodological transformation as well as the determination of the roadmap to achieve these objectives. Knowing that the Lean Manufacturing approach and its derivative, World Class Manufacturing (WCM), are widely used in manufacturing companies, the evolution of this approach towards I4.0 could be the main key to success. The transformation of approach is one of the important projects of FPT Powertrain Technologies company, in which this CIFRE thesis was carried out. To identify the necessary transformation of the WCM approach and while building on the principles of I4.0, we first proposed creations and/or some modifications in the phases and stages of the technical pillars of WCM. In the second part, the contribution of this work is related to the development of a decision support system for a dynamic organization of production systems. In this respect, we focused on the problem of dynamic sequencing while taking into account real-time data and information about disruptive events. We proposed a mathematical optimization model to determine the optimal production sequencing by considering the dynamic aspect of the system. In parallel, a commercial simulation software, called FlexSim, is used, allowing us to develop a simulation model for the same problem. By using an optimization engine (OptQuest) integrated into FlexSim, we were also obtained a near-optimal solution with a significantly shorter calculation time. The comparison of the obtained results, as well as the advantages, disadvantages, and their applicability in a real manufacturing system, are also discussed
Matala, Ilunga Benjamin. "Une correction à l’échelle et progressive des données Hi-C révèlent des principes fondamentaux de l’organisation tridimensionnelle et fonctionnelle du génome." Thèse, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/18662.
Full textOver the last decade, accumulating empirical evidence suggest that, as much as its sequence, a genome spatiotemporal organization is essential to understand it’s biological function. One of the major breakthroughs has been chromosome conformation capture (3C) experiments presenting DNA-DNA contact for whole genomes at unprecedented resolution (5-10kb). Along with genome-wide maps of DNA contacts came genome 3D modelling from experimental 3C data, and even from purely theoretical and biophysical basis. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of the genome spatial functional organization are still not well understood. Among other questions, how the regulation and event of nuclear processes such as transcription modulate genome structure or how genome structure affect these in turn is still not fully resolved. Moreover, computational models of S.cerevisae genome have recapitulated the hallmarks at larger scale of its 3D features. In order to contrast genome structural features arising from the event of biochemical and molecular activity, we have develop a method assessing the significance of structural features. The underlying principle is to consider for a given interaction, the two DNA regions put in contact and the distribution of existing interactions between these before assigning significance to the selected interaction. Using this method, we demonstrate that structural features resulting from potential biochemically active processes occur at precise scale on the genome. Our results also highlight that exact nature of the interaction (between vs across chromosomes) is crucial to such events. Finally, we have also found that a large portion of transcription factors have their targeted genes in spatial proximity.
Mota, António Barros. "Desenvolvimento local: da génese à operacionalização do conceito na acção municipal." Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/7871.
Full textEsta dissertação pretende analisar as diferentes relações que se estabelecem, ao nível de um município, entre um determinado conceito de desenvolvimento e a prática municipal efectiva para a sua concretização. Partindo da procura de um estudo de caso que pudesse ilustrar as interacções complexas que se estabelecem a esse nível, entre "formas de pensar" e "formas de fazer" o desenvolvimento regional, escolheu-se o caso do município de Peniche. A elaboração por parte da câmara municipal de um documento estratégico de referência para o desenvolvimento do concelho no horizonte 2025 foi determinante nesta escolha: este facto vinha ao encontro das hipóteses consideradas, nomeadamente a de que uma câmara municipal tem, em Portugal, um papel a desempenhar no que respeita à promoção do desenvolvimento da região em que se encontra. Tendo isto em conta, este documento é aqui tomado como objecto de estudo. A análise foca-se nas suas vertentes teórica e prática, nomeadamente, do conceito de desenvolvimento aí apresentado e das medidas propostas para a sua efectivação, como forma de compreender de que maneira são interpretados - e operacionalizados - os dois paradigmas que polarizam, hoje em dia, a discussão em torno do desenvolvimento regional - os paradigmas Territorialista e Funcionalista. Argumenta-se que a falta de clareza existente entre os dois paradigmas faz surgir contradições no que respeita aos objectivos de desenvolvimento considerados, e que, neste sentido, uma compreensão mais profunda das implicações destes paradigmas é necessária para que seja possível a promoção de um desenvolvimento duradouro, ao nível municipal.
In this work we shall analyse the different connections that can be established at a municipal level between a certain idea of development and the municipal policy aiming at its promotion. Our case study, the Peniche municipality, was chosen because it adequately illustrates the complex interactions that may be established at such a level between “ways of doing” and “ways of thinking” regional development. The fact that this municipality presented a document that outlines the strategic approach for regional development between 2008 and 2025, further strengthens the considered hypothesis: namely that municipalities have some power in the promotion of its regional development. We analyse this document’s theoretical and practical aspects, namely the concept of development presented and the municipal policies proposed for its achievement, to further understand how the municipality has interpreted - and put into practice - the two paradigms that nowadays polarize the discussion around regional development: the territorial and the functional paradigms. We argue that there is a lack of clarity that one can often find between these two paradigms that leads to contradictions regarding the considered objectives for development and that, in order to enable the promotion of a lasting development at a municipal level, a deeper understanding of the different implications of both paradigms is needed.
Mendonça, Gabriela Barbatti. "A organização da Categoria Profissional do Serviço Social: Génese e Contemporaneidade em Portugal." Master's thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/85307.
Full textO debate sobre a organização da categoria profissional de Serviço Social em Portugal é de maior relevância diante de uma sociedade progressivamente mais envolvida nos processos de decisão política. Para compreender a situação atual da profissão é importante conhecer a sua trajetória histórica, percorrendo o caminho realizado pelos movimentos sociais até o atual período de participação política e respetivo envolvimento de seus profissionais na efetividade do reconhecimento e valorização da profissão. Neste sentido, partimos do princípio que a regulamentação da profissão através da Ordem dos Assistentes Sociais é fundamental para consolidar seu reconhecimento do ponto de vista técnico e ético-político, assumindo uma direção social no compromisso com a sociedade. O principal objetivo desta investigação foi o de compreender os fenómenos que perpassam as questões relativas à organização do Serviço Social e participação política dos Assistentes Sociais, na perspetiva da história da profissão e dos entrevistados – informantes privilegiados com relevante envolvimento associativo, sindical e/ou acadêmico. Para tal, foi realizado um estudo exploratório de caraterísticas descritivas utilizando as técnicas de revisão sistemática da literatura e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Conclui-se, que a participação política dos Assistentes Sociais em movimentos associativos e espaços de discussão é insuficiente diante das necessidades urgentes de regulamentação da profissão e que os fatores motivadores para tal esvaziamento são inúmeros, desde a precarização das relações e condições de trabalho, até a falta de sentimento de pertença e coletividade da categoria. Pretendemos que esta investigação não esgote o processo de pesquisa acerca da temática em si, mas antes, promova um significativo debate e um aprofundamento em produção bibliográfica atualizada de modo a contribuir com um “salto para o futuro” desta profissão.
The debate about the organization of the professional category of Social Work in Portugal is of greater relevance before a society progressively more involved in the processes of political decision. To understand the current situation of the profession, it is important to know its historical trajectory, tracing the path taken by social movements to the current period of political participation and the respective involvement of its professionals in the effectiveness of the recognition and appreciation of the profession. In this sense, we assume that the regulation of the profession through the Order of Social Workers is fundamental to consolidate its recognition from a technical and ethical-political point of view, assuming a social direction in the commitment to society. The main objective of this research was to understand the phenomena that pervade the issues related to the organization of Social Work and political participation of Social Workers, from the perspective of the history of the profession and the interviewees - privileged informants with relevant associative, union and/or academic involvement. For this, an exploratory study of descriptive characteristics was carried out using techniques of systematic literature review and semi-structured interviews. It is concluded that the political participation of Social Workers in associative movements and spaces for discussion is insufficient in view of the urgent needs of regulation of the profession and that the motivating factors for such emptying are numerous, from the precariousness of relations and working conditions, to the lack of sense of belonging and collectivity of the category. We intend that this research does not exhaust the research process on the subject itself, but rather, it promotes a significant debate and a deepening in updated bibliographic production to contribute with a "leap into the future" of this profession.
Pinto, Paula Catarina Moreira da Silva. "Um currículo construído em torno do mar : génese, desenvolvimento e potencialidades de um projeto." Master's thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/19331.
Full textThe consistency of the curriculum organization is not in line with the students’ heterogeneity and interests. Adding to this is the fact that the curriculum is disjointed and fragmented, lacking coherence and sense of unity to prepare motivated, aware and responsible citizens. This work refers to the potential contribute that a Sea Curriculum, cross-sectional to the formal curriculum, might fill in the gaps of the formal curriculum in its three school roles: instruction, socialization and stimulation. Formal curriculum doesn’t contemplate the opportunities that the Ocean can offer to our country and as such, it’s necessary to spread and promote Portugal´s geographical consciousness, as well as its narrow relation with the sea. The research follows a study case - the implementation of the Sea Curriculum in a private school in Matosinhos, a region clearly connected to sea matters. Our aim was to study the objectives, organization, processes and effects on learning and results with the introduction of this curriculum and also the difficulties and consequences of its implementation. In this study we had the contribution of students from elementary, junior high school and high school, the school administration, pedagogical board, teachers, parents and guardians, as well as researchers. We used a qualitative methodology, using documental analysis, semi-structured interviews, class-observation and practical activities, in order to get to the conclusions we needed to improve the implementation of the curriculum. The results lead us to conclude that this curriculum implementation was considered a capital-gain by the educational community and a project with potential to prepare well- informed and responsible citizens. Nevertheless, our current educational system complicates its introduction among teachers with a more traditional or conservative way of facing the teaching-learning process.
Sousa, Letícia Maria Costa de. "Qualidade de vida e stresse na génese de transtornos de ansiedade em plantonistas da Fundação de Atendimento Socioeducativo de Pernambuco, Brasil." Master's thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/8870.
Full textAs condições pessoais e profissionais vivenciadas por agentes socioeducativos, que atuam na socioeducação de adolescentes sob medida de internação parece intensificar o desenvolvimento de stresse e ansiedade. Essa função vai além da segurança, são envolvidos em um cenário de constante tensão. Este estudo avaliou a participação da qualidade de vida e os níveis de stresse na génese de transtornos de ansiedade em plantonistas da FUNASE/PE, Brasil. Foram avaliados 40 agentes socioeducativos, sendo 20 diaristas e 20 plantonistas. Os sujeitos foram submetidos aos inventário de qualidade de vida (IQV), inventário de sintomas de stress em adultos de Lipp (ISSL) e o inventário de Ansiedade de Beck (BAI). Os dados foram analisados pelo teste qui-quadrado, com p<0,05, representados em tabelas contingenciais e expressos em percentuais. Este estudo constatou na avaliação da qualidade de vida que os plantonistas de ambos os gêneros apresentaram maiores percentuais de insucessos nos quadrantes relacionados à vida social, profissional e dos cuidados com a saúde. Em relação ao stresse, os plantonistas de ambos os gêneros apresentaram maiores percentuais de stresse, com predominância psicológica, situados na fase da resistência. No que se refere a ansiedade, os plantonistas de ambos os gêneros apresentaram maiores percentuais de ansiedade moderada. Todos esses resultados em comparação aos seus respectivos controles. Este estudo indica que a falta de investimento na qualidade de vida contribui para o desenvolvimento de sinais e sintomas de stresse, bem como da ansiedade. Assim requer que outros estudos possam ser desenvolvidos com perspectivas interventivas visando a ampliação do tema.
Personal and professional conditions experienced by social educative agents, who work in adolescent’s social education under internment measure seems to intensify the development of stress and anxiety. This function goes beyond the security, are involved in a scenario of constant tension. This study evaluated the life’s quality participation and the stress’s levels in the genesis of anxiety disorders in duty physicians of FUNASE/PE, Brazil. 40 social educative agents, being 20 laborers and 20 duty physicians were evaluated. The individuals were subjected to the life’s quality inventory (QLI), inventory of symptoms of stress in adults Lipp (ISSL) and the Beck's Anxiety inventory (BAI). The data were analyzed by chi square test, with p < 0,05, represented in contingency tables and expressed in percentage. This study verified in the life’s quality evaluation that duty physicians of both genders had higher percentages of failures in quadrants related to the social life, professional and healthcare. Regarding the stress, duty physicians of both genders had higher stress’s percentage, with psychological predominance, located at the resistance’s stage. Regarding anxiety, duty physicians of both sexes showed higher percentages of moderate anxiety. All these results compared to their respective controls. This study indicates that a lack of investment in the quality of life contributes to development of signs and symptoms of stress and anxiety. Thus requires further studies can be developed with interventional perspectives aiming to expand the theme.