Academic literature on the topic 'Organism (Philosophy)'
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Journal articles on the topic "Organism (Philosophy)"
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Nelson, Ralph. "On the Philosophy of Organism." Études maritainiennes / Maritain Studies 18 (2002): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/maritain20021819.
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Wiggins, David. "Activity, Process, Continuant, Substance, Organism." Philosophy 91, no. 2 (January 26, 2016): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031819115000637.
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AbstractThis paper is a response to the suggestion that processes provide a better framework for interpreting science, biological science especially, than do substances. The philosopher of substance is ill-prepared, it has been suggested, for the question ‘how a combination of processes can maintain the appearance of stability and persistence in an entity that is fundamentally only a temporary eddy in a flux of change’. In response, I defend a plural ontology of process, activity, event and continuant, and show how a sortalist philosophy of substance that makes Hilary Putnam's distinction of ‘realism’ from ‘metaphysical realism’ can treat disputed questions concerning the identity and individuation of colonial siphonophores, slime moulds and plant-colonies.
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Futch, Michael. "Life and organism in Leibniz’s philosophy." Metascience 22, no. 2 (October 11, 2012): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11016-012-9730-x.
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Bogaard, Paul A. "From a Philosophy of Evolution to a Philosophy of Organism." Process Studies 52, no. 2 (November 1, 2023): 201–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/21543682.52.2.04.
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Abstract In this article, Whitehead's transition from a Philosophy of Evolution to a Philosophy of Organism is studied primarily on the basis of the evidence provided by the first two volumes of The Harvard Lectures of Alfred North Whitehead, especially the second volume that deals with the period 1925–1927 and that is subtitled General Metaphysical Problems of Science.
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CHEUNG, TOBIAS. "From the organism of a body to the body of an organism: occurrence and meaning of the word ‘organism’ from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries." British Journal for the History of Science 39, no. 3 (August 23, 2006): 319–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087406007953.
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This paper retraces the occurrence of the word ‘organism’ in writings of different authors from the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries. It seeks to clarify chronological and conceptual shifts in the usage and meaning of the word. After earlier uses of the word in medieval sources, the Latin word organismus appeared in 1684 in Stahl's medico-physiological writings. Around 1700 it can be found in French (organisme), English (organism), Italian (organismo) and later also in German (Organismus). During the eighteenth century the word ‘organism’ generally referred to a specific principle or form of order that could be applied to plants, animals or the entire world. At the end of the eighteenth century the term became a generic name for individual living entities. From around 1830 the word ‘organism’ replaced the expressions ‘organic’ or ‘organized body’ as a recurrent technical term in the emerging biological disciplines.
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Tjaya, Thomas Hidya. "Creativity and God In Whitehead's Process Philosophy." DISKURSUS - JURNAL FILSAFAT DAN TEOLOGI STF DRIYARKARA 11, no. 2 (October 15, 2012): 141–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.36383/diskursus.v11i2.133.
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Abstract: The category of creativity unquestionably occupies a central position in Alfred North Whitehead’s philosophy of organism. Its employment is hardly surprising given his project to establish a speculative philosophy that is compatible with modern science. This article examines the use of such a category in this project and argues that the separation between creativity and God causes several problems, including the absence of an ontological principle that may ground the interaction of the various elements in this metaphysical scheme. A more fundamental question is also raised concerning the nature of this project, which walks a fine line between philosophy and science.
Keywords: Whitehead, creativity, the Category of the Ultimate, metaphysics, Aristotle, organism, God.
Abstrak: Kategori kreativitas jelas memperoleh tempat sentral dalam filsafat organisme Alfred North Whitehead. Kehadiran kategori ini tidaklah mengherankan mengingat usahanya untuk membangun sebuah filsafat spekulatif yang selaras dengan sains modern. Artikel ini hendak mengevaluasi penggunaan kategori ini dan menyampaikan argumen bahwa pemisahan antara kreativitas dan Tuhan memuat sejumlah masalah, termasuk ketiadaan sebuah prinsip ontologis yang dapat menyatukan interaksi berbagai unsur dalam skema metafisika ini. Sebuah pertanyaan lebih mendasar juga diajukan terkait dengan hakikat proyek ini sendiri yang memperlihatkan tipisnya batas antara filsafat dan sains.
Kata-kata Kunci: Whitehead, kreativitas, Kategori Pokok, metafisika, Aristoteles, organisme, Tuhan.
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Natochin, Juri V. "Philosophy of Physiology." Voprosy Filosofii, no. 12 (2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2022-12-17-27.
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The article deals with the key issues of philosophy in physiology, one of the basic sciences of natural science. The problem of the particular and the general is discussed using the example of the ratio of individual cells, organs in the formation of the functions of an integral organism; the relevance of the individual is especially significant in the current trend towards the analysis of huge data sets (big data). The criterion of complexity is analyzed by comparing individuals performing physiological functions, from unicellular organisms to huge animals. The similarity of the morpho-functional organization of objects in physiology, linguistics, computer science, technical systems has been revealed. In the evolution of living organisms, an internal environment was formed in which cells live. Physiological systems provide homeostasis – the constancy of the physical and chemical parameters of the fluids of the internal environment, which requires a philosophical understanding of the standard in living organisms in comparison with the physical constants of the surrounding world. The question of personal freedom in its physiological understanding is discussed. The philosophical problem is analyzed, why everything happens the way it is and not otherwise. The conclusion is devoted to the relationship between reason and feelings in their philosophical and physiological senses.
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李, 彩云. "Social Organism Research in “Poverty of Philosophy”." Advances in Social Sciences 11, no. 08 (2022): 3469–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ass.2022.118474.
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Marcum, James A. "Whitehead’s Philosophy of Organism and Systems Biology." chromatikon 4 (2008): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/chromatikon2008413.
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Marcum, James A., and Geert M. N. Verschuuren. "Hemostatic regulation and Whitehead's philosophy of organism." Acta Biotheoretica 35, no. 1-2 (1986): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00118370.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Organism (Philosophy)"
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Kendig, Catherine Elizabeth. "Biology and ontology : an organism-centred view." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/42121.
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In this dissertation I criticize and reconfigure the ontological framework within which discussions of the organization, ontogeny, and evolution of organic form have often been conducted. Explanations of organismal form are frequently given in terms of a force or essence that exists prior to the organism’s life in the world. Traits of organisms are products of the selective environment and the unbroken linear inheritance of genetically coded developmental programs. Homological traits share unbroken vertical inheritance from a single common ancestor. Species are the product of exclusive gene flow between conspecifics and vertical genetic inheritance. And likewise, race is ascribed on the basis of pre-existing essential features. In place of this underlying preformationism which locates the source of form either in the informational program of inherited genes or within a selecting environment, I suggest form is the product of an organism’s self-construction using diverse resources. This can be understood as a modification of Kant’s view of organisms as self-organizing, set out in his Critique of Judgment (1790). Recast from this perspective the meaning and reference of “trait,” “homology,” “species,” and “race” change. Firstly, a trait may be the product of the organism’s self-construction utilizing multiple ancestral resources. Given this, homologous traits may correspond in some but not all of their features or may share some but not all of their ancestral sources. Homology may be partial. Species may acquire epigenetic, cellular, behavioural, and ecological resources both vertically and horizontally. As such, they are best conceived of as recurrent successions of self-constructed and reconstructed life cycles of organisms sharing similar resources, a similar habitus, similar capacities for sustaining themselves, and repeated generative processes. Lastly, race identity is not preformed but within the control of human organisms as agents who self-construct, interpret, and ascribe their own race identities utilizing diverse sets of dynamic relationships, lived experiences, and histories.
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Scully, David R. "Physical science and the philosophy of organism of A.N. Whitehead." Thesis, City University London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390939.
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Corris, Amanda B. "Organism-Environment Codetermination: The Biological Roots of Enactivism." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1593266129358889.
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Nicholson, Daniel James. "Organism and mechanism : a critique of mechanistic thinking in biology." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/117787.
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In this thesis I present a critical examination of the role played by mechanistic ideas in shaping our understanding of living systems. I draw on a combination of historical, philosophical, and scientific resources to uncover a number of problems which I take to result from the adoption of mechanistic thinking in biology. I provide an analysis of the historical development of the conflict between mechanistic and vitalistic conceptions of life since the seventeenth century, and I argue that the basic terms of this conflict remain central to current disputes over the nature of the organism as well as the question of how far the theories, concepts, and methods of physics, chemistry, and engineering can ultimately take us in the explanation of life. I offer a detailed critique of the machine conception of the organism, which constitutes the central unifying idea of mechanistic biology. I argue that this notion, despite its undeniable heuristic value, is fundamentally inadequate as a theory of the organism due to a number of basic differences between organisms and machines. Ultimately, I suggest that the neglected vitalistic tradition in biology actually possesses the best conceptual tools for coming to terms with the nature of living systems. I also undertake a philosophical analysis of the concept of mechanism in biology. I argue that the term ‘mechanism’ is actually an umbrella term for three distinct notions, which are unfortunately conflated in philosophical discussions. I explore the relation between mechanistic biology and the new philosophical interest in the concept of mechanism and I show that these two research programs have little to do with one another because each of them understands the concept of mechanism in a different way. Finally, I draw on the historical and philosophical foundations of cell theory to propose an epistemological perspective which enables the reductionistic explanation of the organism without having to give up the distinctive features of life in the process. In this way, I show this perspective to have significant advantages over the classic physicochemical reductionism of mechanistic biology.
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Quarfood, Marcel. "Transcendental idealism and the organism : essays on Kant." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Filosofiska institutionen, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-273.
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The notion of the organism has a somewhat ambiguous status in Kant’s philosophy. On the one hand it belongs to natural science, on the other hand it is based on an analogy with the structure of reason. Biology therefore has a peculiar place among the sciences according to Kant: it is a natural science constituted by the use of a regulative maxim. The present study places Kant’s views on biological teleology in the larger context of transcendental idealism. It consists of five essays. The first one treats the notions of things in themselves and appearances, arguing for an interpretation in terms of two aspects or perspectives rather than two worlds. The importance of the discursivity of our cognitive capacity is stressed, as well as the need to separate Kant’s various reflective perspectives. In the second essay this interpretation is applied to the third section of the Groundwork, arguing that this text does not belong to theoretical metaphysics, but rather to the articulation of a specifically practical perspective. The third essay discusses similarities and differences between Kant’s a priori conditions for cognition and conceptions of innate ideas in the rationalist tradition. Kant’s comparison of the system of categories with the biological theory of epigenesis is considered in connection to eighteenth century theories of generation. The comparison is viewed as an analogy rather than as a naturalistic theory of the a priori. In the fourth essay Kant’s account of functional attribution in biology is explicated in the context of the present day debate of the issue. It is claimed that Kant’s neo-Aristotelian approach avoids some of the difficulties in the dominant naturalistic accounts of today. Kant’s view differs from the Aristotelian in that it involves a distinction of levels, making it possible to take functional attributions on the one hand as objective from the standpoint of biology but on the other hand as having a merely regulative status from a philosophical point of view. In the fifth essay an interpretation of the antinomy of teleological judgment in the Critique of Judgment is offered. The antinomy is taken to consist in the dialectical tendency to treat the regulative maxims of teleology and mechanism as constitutive principles. The difference between the discursivity of the human understanding and the idea of a non-discursive understanding, an important theme in Kant’s solution of the antinomy, puts the question of biological teleology in relation to central tenets of transcendental idealism.
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Smith, Wayne Glenwood. "Intersubjectivity : a cosmology theodicy and narratology of Ubuntu in conversation with the philosophy of organism of A.N. Whitehead." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53071.
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The rationality of this interdisciplinary transversal conversation is premised
upon the conviction that there is much in common between the relational ontology of
ubuntu (e.g. ubuntu ngummuntu ngabantu) and the philosophy of organism of English
mathematician and philosopher A.N. Whitehead. It is revealed that the African aphorism
which speaks to the deepest longings of a people has metaphysical and philosophical
moorings and the speculative process schema is based on physicality. In the course of
the transversal encounter, the mutual prehension of ubuntu-process yields a systematic
response to creaturely physical and mental suffering. A challenge of theodicy is
encountered by 'process' in posing divine passive complicity amid active redemption.
Ubuntu, for its part, is expanded into a responsive postfoundational mode. In both
internal conversations, ubuntu proves that it can bear the weight of an expanded
application and process prehensions are given flesh. An extended narratological
examination takes place between ubuntu-process, neuroscience and an ubuntu-process
approach to the homiletic of parables. Suggested trajectories for further application of a
postfoundational understanding of ubuntu, armed with not only its liminal expertise but
the relational cosmology of the philosophy of organism will comprise invitations to
apply Whiteheadean ubuntu-process to investigations of human relationship to the
environment and among differing human tribal allegiances, an elaboration of its intraand
inter-personal/intra- and inter-social dynamics drawing upon the learning from the
permeability of formal fuzzy logic, further elaboration awaits in an ubuntu-process
contribution to studies of integral theory, critical theory and embodied realism; the place
of ubuntu-process among other ontologies and, finally, the role of ubuntu-process in
descriptive and prescriptive analyses of mimetic dynamics.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Dogmatics and Christian Ethics
PhD
Unrestricted
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Ramos, Helena Wergles. "O estado de alienação e o processo de des-alienação do espírito na natureza: uma investigação sobre a imanência do espírito e da ideia na filosofia da natureza de Hegel." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2135.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorO principal objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em demonstrar que, segundo a Lógica, a Filosofia do Espírito e a Estética de Hegel, os âmbitos da natureza e do espírito, tal como descritos pelo autor, não podem ser concebidos como âmbitos isolados entre si, mas devem ser tidos antes como domínios interligados por dois importantes fundamentos conceituais, a saber: em primeiro lugar, Hegel concebe tanto o espírito quanto a natureza como modos de manifestação da Ideia Absoluta; em segundo lugar, Hegel define a natureza como o espírito alienado de si. Sendo assim, investigaremos em que consiste tal estado de alienação e o modo como o mesmo se torna evidente em meio às considerações do autor sobre a natureza, bem como o modo pelo qual tal alienação é, por assim dizer, superada pelo próprio espírito imanente à natureza, superação esta que o conduz ao reino da consciência. Entretanto, é importante ter em mente desde já que a suspensão deste estado de alienação não ocorre de forma repentina: ao contrário, a assim chamada des-alienação do espírito se dá por meio de um processo gradual, onde a essência espiritual da natureza se torna mais manifesta à medida que o auto-movimento torna-se perceptível como algo imanente aos seres naturais, tendo como ápice de sua manifestação a natureza orgânica. Nesta forma de existência natural, a alma ― termo cunhado a partir do termo latino anima, a fonte de animação dos organismos em geral ― lhes empresta a vitalidade que lhes é própria, vitalidade esta que, como veremos, consiste na forma de expressão mais elevada da presença do espírito na natureza.
This dissertation aims at demonstrating that, according to Hegels Logic, Philosophy of Spirit and Aesthetics, the domains of nature and spirit cannot be conceived as two completely isolated domains, but rather as domains which are intimately connected by two important conceptual grounds, namely, the fact that Hegel conceives both nature and spirit as two modes of manifestation of the Absolute Idea and the fact that Hegel defines nature as the spirit existing as alienated from itself. In this way, we shall analyze such state of alienation, in order to clarify exactly what it is and how it expresses itself among the authors descriptions of the natural realm; besides, we shall also investigate how such alienation is, so to speak, overcome by the spirit lying within the essence of nature, which leads to the rise of consciousness. However, according to Hegel, the overcoming of such state of alienation is not something that happens instantly: on the contrary, it consists in a gradual process, in which the immanent spiritual essence of nature unfolds itself and becomes more clearly manifested as the property of self-movement begins to be acknowledged as something inherent to the natural beings, organic nature being the apex of spirits manifestation within nature. In the realm of organic nature, the soul a term that is related to the Latin word anima, the source of animation of organisms in general grants them the vitality which characterizes them as living beings; as we shall see, this vitality is the most elevated way of the spirits manifestation within nature.
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Turner, Barry John, and barry turner@rmit edu au. "Nasution total people's resistance and organicist thinking in Indonesia." Swinburne University of Technology, 2005. http://adt.lib.swin.edu.au./public/adt-VSWT20060227.095349.
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This thesis argues that General Abdul Haris Nasution, the most influential military strategist
that Indonesia has produced, developed an elective affinity between his strategies for 'people�s
resistance' and an organicist vision of the proper relations between the state (including the
military) and society that led to the Indonesian Army�s formulation of a unique, pervasive and
highly durable means of military intervention in politics, the economy and society.
Organicism is a stream of political thinking that views state and society as a single organic
unity. Corporatist / functional modes of interest representation are often associated with
organicist thinking.
Nasution�s 'people�s resistance' strategies emerged during the armed struggle for national
independence (from the Dutch) in the second half of the 1940s. The thesis argues that unlike the
'people�s war' strategies that emanated from the political left at roughly the same time,
Nasution�s concepts were designed to uphold organic 'traditional' authority structures and
depoliticise the national struggle. Associated with these strategies was a system of territorial
commands that shadowed and supervised the aristocratically led civilian administration.
The form of military intervention that grew out of this elective affinity reached its peak during
the New Order regime of former President Suharto (1966 � 1998), when the army used its
'people�s resistance' doctrines and their associated territorial commands to control the
population and the regime championed state-sanctioned corporatist / functional modes of
interest representation.
The identification of this elective affinity is a major point of departure from previous political
biographies of Nasution. Another is the emphasis placed on Nasution�s family and personal life,
particularly in the early chapters.
This thesis explains how personal and family influences encouraged Nasution towards organicist
thinking. It identifies how, in the early 1950s, Nasution idealised his 'people�s resistance'
strategies and the support given to him during the armed struggle by organic 'traditional'
authority figures. It shows how Nasution�s elective affinity between organicist thinking and
'people�s resistance' infused the interventionist doctrines that the army began to develop in the
mid-to-late 1950s.
In recent years the Indonesian Army has distanced itself from corporatist / functional forms of
interest representation and has largely retreated from an active involvement in politics.
Nevertheless, the thesis identifies a continuing adherence within the Army leadership to
Nasution�s system of territorial commands and concepts of 'people�s resistance' that cannot
readily be reconciled with democratic processes.
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FOLLESA, LAURA. "L’economia della natura e il respiro del mondo. La filosofia della natura di Swedenborg tra Herder e Schelling (1770-1810)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/266499.
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The central role of the notion of ‘life’ mainly characterises the dialogue between Naturphilosophie and the sciences between the end of the Eighteenth and the first decades of the Nineteenth Century in Germany. Many problems and topics, from the relation Infinite-finite to that between inorganic matter and living beings, rely on this concept. Especially in the period between 1770 and 1810, authors such as Herder, Goethe and Schelling tried to provide a philosophical explanation of the genesis of the cosmos and that of the single organisms. In so doing, they pursued an understanding of how the coexistence of unity and variety in every part of the universe, and the concurrence of the ‘economy’ of the whole and the individual development, are possible. This led them to a dynamic idea of nature: a continual transformation or metamorphosis of forms takes place according to the repetition, in different ways, of a unique model or ‘typus’ and suggests the view of the world as an organism, according to the old formula that ‘the great’ corresponds to the ‘small’. For a better understanding of these problems, it is useful to consider them also from a historical point of view, taking into account some of the sources of the German thought of these decades about life and nature. In this perspective, Emanuel Swedenborgʼs philosophy of nature can be considered as a paradigm for many concepts, all related to the problem of life, which are very important for the German philosophers such as Herder and Schelling. For this reason, I will consider the reception of his ideas and works in Germany during the years from 1760 to 1810, taking advantage, in particular, of the reviews of his scientific and philosophical writings, and of the survey of the presence of his works and translations in the catalogues of the private libraries of philosophers. A big part of this thesis is devoted to the analysis of Swedenborg’s, Herder’s and Schelling’s writings (some of which are not available in Italian language yet), in order to make a comparison and show the connections among their ideas, which still partially need a thorough consideration.
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BRITO, Vinícius Vieira. "Foucault, o corpo e a filosofia." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2008. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/2363.
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Previous issue date: 2008-06-13Dada a importância atual de se tomar o corpo como objeto de reflexão, analisaremos, nesta dissertação, o surgimento do conceito de corpo na obra do filósofo francês Michel Foucault. Mas ao contrário dos estudos sobre ele, que discutem o corpo sobretudo em Vigiar e Punir e na História da Sexualidade, delimitaremos como objeto o corpo na obra O Nascimento da Clínica, livro que faz uma história do surgimento do corpo-organismo com a emergência da medicina moderna, mais precisamente com a anatomia e fisiologia de Bichat. As dissecações feitas por este médico, no final do século XVIII, possibilitaram às ciências da vida o afastamento do legado de Descartes, que concebe o corpo como uma máquina. Ao traçar esta descontinuidade que culminou com o advento do corpo com órgãos, Foucault provoca uma cisão na história da relação da filosofia com o corpo, que era sempre pensado em referência ao corpo-alma de filosofia cartesiana.
Books on the topic "Organism (Philosophy)"
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I, Tauber Alfred, and Boston University. Center for Philosophy and History of Science., eds. Organism and the origins of self. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1991.
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Asauli͡ak, Olʹga. Kniga ogneĭ. Syktyvkar: Syktyvkarskiĭ universitet, 1994.
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Singh, M. Kirti. The philosophy of organism: A comparative study of A.N. Whitehead. New Delhi: Akansha Pub. House, 2009.
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Nunziante, Antonio-Maria. Organismo come armonia: La genesi del concetto di organismo vivente in G.W. Leibniz. Trento: Verifiche, 2002.
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Ramellini, Pietro. Life and organisms. Vatican City: Libreria editrice Vaticana ; Pontifical Council for Culture, 2006.
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Racionero, Luis. El nuevo paradigma. Barcelona: PPU, 1990.
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Lewontin, Richard C. The triple helix: Gene, organism, and environment. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2000.
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Lewontin, Richard C. The triple helix: Gene, organism, and environment. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press, 2000.
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Masloboeva, O. D. Rossiĭskiĭ organit︠s︡izm i kosmizm XIX-XX vv.: Ėvoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii︠a︡ i aktualʹnostʹ : monografii︠a︡. Moskva: Academia, 2007.
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Masloboeva, O. D. Rossiĭskiĭ organit︠s︡izm i kosmizm XIX-XX vv.: Ėvoli︠u︡t︠s︡ii︠a︡ i aktualʹnostʹ : monografii︠a︡. Moskva: Academia, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Organism (Philosophy)"
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Toepfer, Georg. "Organism." In Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4_76-1.
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Sinnott, Edmund W. "The Philosophy of Organism." In Matter, Mind and Man, 49–67. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003253518-5.
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Toepfer, Georg. "Organism in Renaissance Sciences." In Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy, 1–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02848-4_76-2.
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Toepfer, Georg. "Organism in Renaissance Sciences." In Encyclopedia of Renaissance Philosophy, 2392–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14169-5_76.
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Huneman, Philippe. "Organisms: Between a Kantian Approach and a Liberal Approach." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 127–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38968-9_7.
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AbstractThe concept of “organism” has been central to modern biology, with its definition and philosophical implications evolving since the nineteenth century. In contemporary biology, the divide between developmental and physiological approaches and evolutionary approaches has influenced the definition of organism. The convergence between molecular biology and evolutionary biology has led to the term “suborganismal biology,” while the return to the organism has been characterized by animal behavior studies and Evo-devo. The philosophical approach to the concept of individual is divided between a Kantian understanding of organism, which defines necessary and sufficient conditions for any X to be a “natural purpose,” and an evolutionary approach, which considers what a biological individual is and confers natural selection a key role in this definition. While the former aims to find necessary and sufficient conditions for an organism, the latter thinks in terms of conceptual spaces, being much more liberal in pointing out organisms in the world. The paper examines possible connections between these two approaches and assesses the prospects of a reconciliation between them.
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Bechtel, William, and Leonardo Bich. "Organisms Need Mechanisms; Mechanisms Need Organisms." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 85–108. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46917-6_5.
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AbstractAccording to new mechanists, mechanisms explain how specific biological phenomena are produced. New mechanists have had little to say about how mechanisms relate to the organism in which they reside. A key feature of organisms, emphasized by the autonomy tradition, is that organisms maintain themselves. To do this, they rely on mechanisms. But mechanisms must be controlled so that they produce the phenomena for which they are responsible when and in the manner needed by the organism. To account for how they are controlled, we characterize mechanisms as sets of constraints on the flow of free energy. Some constraints are flexible and can be acted on by other mechanisms, control mechanisms, that utilize information procured from the organism and its environment to alter the flexible constraints in other mechanisms so that they produce phenomena appropriate to the circumstances. We further show that control mechanisms in living organisms are organized heterarchically—control is carried out primarily by local controllers that integrate information they acquire as well as that which they procure from other control mechanisms. The result is not a hierarchy of control but an integrated network of control mechanisms that has been crafted over the course of evolution.
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Wolfe, Charles T. "Varieties of Organicism: A Critical Analysis." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 41–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38968-9_3.
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AbstractIn earlier work I wrestled with the question of the “ontological status” of organisms. It proved difficult to come to a clear decision, because there are many candidates for what such a status is or would be and of course many definitions of what organisms are. But what happens when we turn to theoretical projects “about” organisms that fall under the heading “organicist”? I first suggest that organicist projects have a problem: a combination of invoking Kant, or at least a Kantian “regulative ideal,” usually presented as the epistemological component (or alternately, the complete overall vision) of a vision of organism – as instantiating natural purposes, as a type of “whole” distinct from a merely mechanistically specifiable set of parts, etc. – and a more ontological statement about the inherent or essential features of organisms, typically presented according to a combination of a “list of heroes” or “laundry list” of properties of organisms. This amounts to a category mistake. Other problems concern the too-strict oppositions between mechanism and organi(ci)sm, and symmetrical tendencies to “ontologize” (thus objectifying) properties of organisms and to “subjectify” them (turning them into philosophies of subjectivity). I don’t mean to suggest that no one should be an organicist or that Kant is a name that should be banished from civilized society. Rather, to borrow awkwardly from Sade, “organicists, one more effort!” if one wants a naturalistic, non-foundationalist concept of organicism, which is indeed quite active in recent theoretical biology, and which arguably was already alive in the organismic and even vitalist theories of thinkers like Goldstein and Canguilhem.
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Varela, Francisco J. "Organism: A Meshwork of Selfless Selves." In Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 79–107. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3406-4_5.
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Bognon-Küss, Cécilia. "Metabolism in Crisis? A New Interplay Between Physiology and Ecology." In History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, 193–216. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12604-8_11.
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AbstractThis chapter investigates the hybrid relationships between metabolism, broadly and a-historically understood as the set of processes through which alien matter is made homogeneous to that of the organism, and forms of vitalism from the eighteenth century on. While metabolic processes have long been modeled in a reductionist fashion as a straightforward function of repair and expansion of a given structure (either chemically, or mechanistically), a challenging vitalist view has characterized metabolism as a creative, organizing, vital faculty. I suggest that this tension was overcome in Claude Bernard’s works on “indirect nutrition”, in which nutrition, rightly conceived as a general vital phenomenon common to plants and animals, was both characterized as an instance of the general physico-chemical determinism of all phenomena and as the sign and condition of the “freedom and independence” of the organism with respect to the environment. I propose that Bernard’s theory of indirect nutrition was central in the elaboration of his general physiology and has, at the same time, underpinned a self-centered view of biological identity in which the organism creates itself continuously at the detriment of its external milieu. I further argue that this conception of biological individuality as metabolically constructed has since, and paradoxically, supported a view in which the organism appears as an autonomous and self-creating entity. I then contrast this classical view of the metabolic autonomy of the organism with the challenges raised by microbiome studies and suggest that these emerging fields contribute to sketch an ecological conception of the organism and its metabolism through the reconceptualization of its relationship with the environment. The recent focus on a “microbiota – host metabolism” axis contributes to shift the focus away from the classical concept of organism, somehow externalizing vitalism out of the autonomous individual in favor of an ecological, collaborative, and interactionist view of the living.
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Corti, Luca. "The Logical Form of a Living Organism." In Nature and Naturalism in Classical German Philosophy, 227–45. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003092056-12.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Organism (Philosophy)"
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Ding, Liyang. "Hugo Häring’s “Philosophy of Gestalt”: An Alternative Approach to Architectural Theory." In 108th Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.108.67.
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This paper provides a long-overdue discussion of Häring’s “philosophy of gestalt” and its intellectual roots. I shall argue that his gestalt theory—alongside the notion of the “New Building” (Neues Bauen)—can be understood as an “alternative” approach to architectural design for its underlying holistic way of perceiving (vorstellungsarten) in contrast to the mechanical parallel. I shall further argue that Häring’s view towards building as “living organism” and his focus on the immediate experience of what is “happening” (geschehen) presented an architectural adoption of German romanticist tradition and, more specifically, Goethe’s Naturphilosophie and its reliance on “primal phenomenon” (urphänomen).
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Mojanoski, Cane, Goce Arizankoski, and Zlatko Angjeleski. "ONTOLOGY OF SECURITY (APPENDIX TO THE ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF SECURITY)." In SECURITY HORIZONS. Faculty of Security- Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.20544/icp.11.01.20.p18.
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Security sciences and scientific disciplines (as well as all natural and social sciences), depart from those philosophically determined basic principles that are grouped into theories of the being (existence) of security occurrences (ontology of security), for understanding of safety occurrences (gnoseology of security) and the values and valuation of safety occurrences (axiology of security), whereby presuppose the recognition and appreciation of security occurrences, and vice versa - the recognition of security occurrences presupposes the existence and valuation of what is known, and also the valuation assumes the existence of security occurrences and the methodological and methodological possibility of their recognition. On the aforementioned philosophical basis and methodological direction - our philosophical, i.e., ontological analysis and synthesis of security (as an idea, condition, value, need, interest, function, organization and system) begins with the long-known ontological fact that security as a practice is as old as the human race, arising from the materialization of human emotions and the urge for selfpreservation (the instinct of fear and the biological mechanism of survival of the organism), and the assumptions that man's first thoughts were utterly practical, that is, life itself had to be safe first and foremost - food, heat, protecting against catastrophes and avoiding danger were the first goals of reason, but also a longestablished anthropological finding that the need for protection, security and safety 80 is based on the basic natural laws of the struggle for existence - a sufficiently firm basis for the fact that the need for safety and security is one of the basic needs of people. In this paper we are making an effort to try and open up a debate regarding ontology of security as a separate philosophical discipline aimed at the continuous acquisition and promotion of a reference framework of chronological, current and anticipatory knowledge of the importance, the being and the idea of security (as a condition, value, need, interest, function, organization and system), as well as on the basis of security on the necessity, determinacy, continuity, importance and development of the social-security existence (human being) and humanity as an emergent form of it existence by virtue of its enduring, existential and natural-social need for security. Keywords: ontology of security, importance of security, being of security, idea for security.
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Gogova, Andrea. "Interspecies Communication — Water bodies." In 28th International Symposium on Electronic Art. Paris: Ecole des arts decoratifs - PSL, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69564/isea2023-11-short-gogova-interspecies-communication.
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SHORT PAPER. In planet Earth, most processes are based on water. Water regulates climate, morphologically influence a landscape, is a medium of living processes. It is a medium of interaction of organism and mineral parts in microscopic view, between whole organisms and minerals in macroscale on the Earth, and endless interplanetary space. Water topic (more than "parasitically" utilization of water resources (Serres, 2007)), in the ArtSci project is focusing on its communicative possibilities. Equal communicative principal possibilities for all living—human and other than human bodies—is a metaphor of the epistemological problem of water protection as a medium of life, biotopes, and ecosystems. Because we are connected through water, we are all bodies of water. Understanding water through environmental analysis of the territories, philosophy, and fluid mechanics (chaos-based fluid attractors principle) will bring communicative equality for all bodies of water and the inevitability of environmental protection. When communication cannot be fluid, then each of us as bodies of water, will be lost in time-space. The new interdisciplinary methodology of communicative artwork is based on an ArtSci manifestation of messages mediated in water as an asemic writing or the other kind of communicative interrelation between human and more than human. The basis is the phenomenological research of water as a medium of communication which causes a feeling and a togetherness. We and other bodies of water could feel our togetherness through water.
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Kovaleva, M. V. "The Theme of Cultural Crisis by Representatives of Russian Religious Thought of the Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries (on the Example of the Works of S.N. Bulgakov and N.A. Berdyaev)." In General question of world science. General question of world science, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gqws-15-10-2022-05.
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Dynamic changes in Russian social life in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the elimination of its rigid ideological framework influenced the development of our society. The turning points were not limited to economic and political changes. There was a radical change in the worldview paradigm, which, accordingly, influenced the content of ideals, values, life-sense attitudes, and rules of social interaction. The rearrangement of the components of the spiritual and semantic core of culture at the end of the 1990s testified to a crisis in this area. It was the crisis processes in culture that predetermined the further search for its adequate interpretation and, in this regard, aroused tremendous research interest in its genesis, structure, driving forces and internal potential. Undoubtedly, attention to this phenomenon is also connected with the fact that culture in modern conditions is becoming the dominant social force. No social phenomenon can take place outside of culture and independently of it. This means that cardinal changes in society entail changes in the system of its norms and values, i.e. cultural change, and conversely, change in culture is necessarily accompanied by a shift in the social field. Regulating interpersonal interactions, cultural systems, first of all, semantic complexes (ideas, norms, values) constitute any social phenomenon. Accordingly, in modern philosophy, interest in culture as a factor in creative life and social development is becoming more acute. At the beginning of the 20th century, in the extremely specific conditions of “Russian life”, representatives of Russian religious philosophy directed their creative search to comprehending the essence of culture and determining ways out of the crisis. In this regard, it seems relevant to appeal to the ideas of such philosophers as S.N. Bulgakov, N.A. Berdyaev, who comprehend the fate of Russian culture and put forward a number of provisions that determine the understanding of this phenomenon. In line with the assessment of culture as a factor in social life order, the topic is relevant, which highlights the problematic field of analysis outlined by representatives of Russian religious philosophy of the late XIX - early XX centuries. This is the understanding of culture as a specific holistic organism, as a way of familiarizing a person with the spiritual essence of the world, as a value space oriented towards ideals. This is a deep faith in culture, its interpretation as a means of spiritual life, in which the personal beginning of a person is revealed. At the beginning of the 20th century, the selfdetermination of Russian religious philosophy took place in the context of an appeal to the spiritual heritage, including the religious one. And already self-determined as such, Russian religious thought reflects on the state of national culture. One of the most popular problems of the beginning of the 20th century is the problem of the cultural crisis. The religious concept of culture is inherent in the desire to comprehend the essence of culture in order to open the way from a crisis state to renewal and cultural revival. The Russian thought of this period is distinguished by the breadth of its consideration of the theme of the crisis: from theoretical and historical-cultural analysis to sharp socio-philosophical journalism. The concept of the crisis of culture, developed by Russian religious philosophers, is the basis of their own philosophy of culture. Representatives of this trend focus their creative search on determining ways out of the crisis, therefore, addressing this issue in the presence of a tendency to overcome the cultural crisis that began in Russian society at the end of the 19th century is also relevant. It should be noted that the identified problems, the topics developed by Russian religious philosophers of the late XIX - early XX century are polemical both in theoretical terms and in the context of the realities of modern Russian culture. Is culture a space of absolute values? Is it possible to truly understand culture in detachment from social pragmatics? Why should human activity necessarily be associated with ideals and values? Should a philosophical approach to understanding culture be based on historical realities? Is it possible to identify the concept of culture as a whole with spiritual culture? What is a crisis - cultural exhaustion or being without cultural orientation? The answers to these and many other questions, one way or another touched upon by representatives of this trend, no doubt introduce new aspects into the philosophical vision of culture, enrich modern cultural and philosophical knowledge and, which is very important, contribute to an in-depth understanding of Russian cultural processes of the new millennium.
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Buongiorno, Vincenzo. "From Global to Local: spontaneous consciousness and artisanal attitude in the self-built city in Latin America - San Martin de las Flores-Mexico’s self-built fabric. A perspective and tools for contemporary design." In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5934.
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In a world stressed by a cultural crisis, carachterised by excessive abstraction and virtuality (ex: R.Reich’s Symbolic-analysts or/and R. Florida’s Creatives), observing self built city constitute not an escape but an exploration to change our point of view and find a new path of development. Self building involves at any scale, a practical attitude and return to an psychosomatic interaction among inhabitants and built environment. Focusing in self-building can become a Slowskij’s “estragement” to reactivate different sensibilities, for a new philosophy in contemporary design. Morphological reading of self-built environments has a double importance: for self-built cities themselves, to give response to the need of social cohesion, for a restructuring that traduces these needs into building and transforms the plural individual needs into a collective urban structure; for the enrichment that this reading can give to the architectural community culture, a new panorama where we can search new path to go over the crisis; The paper focuses on the scales that goes from building and construction material scale to urban fabric scale. Starting from the observation of a brick’s furnace, through the observation of an original constructive system, up to the aggregation of each built organism in the urban fabric it will be possible to read and interpret the formative process and to evaluate, through design experience cases, some new path for the contemporary design that come from this interpretation of self-built: design as a formative process re-activation, artisanal-not authorial sensorial design; References G. Caniggia, G.L. Maffei, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia: 1. Lettura dell’edilizia di base, Marsilio, Venezia 1979; Gianfranco Caniggia, G.L. Maffei, Composizione architettonica e tipologia edilizia: 2. Il progetto nell’edilizia di base, Marsilio, Venezia 1987; L. Pareyson, Estetica : teoria della formatività, Bompiani, Milano 2005; G. Strappa, L’architettura come processo. Il mondo plastico murario in divenire, Franco Angeli, Milano 2014; V. B. Šklovskij, Teoria della prosa, Einaudi, Torino 1976; R. Sennet, L’uomo artigiano, Feltrinelli, Milano 2008; J. F. C. Turner, Abitare come Verbo, in J. F. C. Turner, R. Fitcher (a cura di), Libertà di costruire, Il Saggiatore, Milano 1979;
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Giannoni, Luca, and Marino Mazzini. "Exposure to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation: Is the Linear No-Threshold Model Valid?" In 2014 22nd International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone22-30967.
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The risk assessment for population’s exposures to low doses and low dose-rates of ionizing radiation is still subject to clear uncertainties. The issue has outstanding societal importance in relation to radiologic occupational safety, medical applications of radiation, effects of the natural background radioactivity and the future of nuclear power, due to its particular influence on the public acceptance of this form of energy. This review article analyzes, in a critical, historical and bibliographical manner, the worldwide accepted hypothesis of linearity without a threshold dose (LNT model). As well known, it rejects, from its first proposal in 1946 by American geneticist and Nobel laureate Hermann J. Muller, the concept of zero-risk for exposures to any dose level of ionizing radiation. The starting point is the dose-effects relationship provided by this model and related risk’s excess graphic curve. The biological and physical motivations for the linearity assumption are argued and challenged by the explanation of human body’s natural defense mechanisms and its repair capacity of the radiation damage. Furthermore, the historical and political truthfulness of the LNT model is also contested by the review of a recent investigation by Prof. Edward Calabrese, regarding the lack of scientific sources behind Muller’s Nobel Prize Lecture. Calabrese’s inquiry demonstrates that Muller, at the moment of his declaration on LNT model’s validity, had experimental proofs contradicting his conclusions about the unacceptability of a threshold dose. This finding is of historical importance since Muller’s Nobel Lecture is a turning point in the acceptance of the linearity model in risk assessment by the major regulatory agencies till today. Finally, the results of many epidemiological and statistical studies are shown specifically. They give further evidences concerning the inapplicability of the LNT model and its overestimation of the risk for various cases of exposures to low doses of ionizing radiation in different fields. By that, hormesis model is also discussed, with its assumption of possible benefits for the organism following low dose exposures: a dose-response model characterized by low-dose stimulation and high-dose inhibition, which has been frequently observed in the aforementioned studies. The argumentations and the experimental evidences provided here challenge the validity of the LNT model. We contest the fact that its establishment is principally based on a cautionary philosophy on nuclear public safety, rather than on actual scientific comprehension of the phenomenon. As such, it implies an exaggerated conception of the radiological hazard. In particular, this article calls attention to the need for a deeper understanding of the biological impact of low doses of ionizing radiation and the development of further specific and exhaustive researches.
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Tovar, Francisco D., Maria A. Barrufet, and David S. Schechter. "Gas Injection for EOR in Organic Rich Shale. Part I: Operational Philosophy." In SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/190323-ms.
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Ezzet, Alina Faris. "The problems of using human organs in medicine from the standpoint of philosophy." In VIII International applied research conference, Chair German Mihaylovich Kirillov. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-111920.
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Флорова, В. С. "Distant Technologies in the Process of Training Future Journalists in Philosophy and Logic." In Современное образование: векторы развития. Роль социально-гуманитарного знания в подготовке педагога: материалы V международной конференции (г. Москва, МПГУ, 27 апреля – 25 мая 2020 г.). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37492/etno.2020.92.96.014.
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в статье рассматриваются перспективы дистанционного образования, его плюсы и минусы, возможность удаленного обучения как основной и вспомогательной формы. Способы организации занятий рассматриваются в применении к обучению будущих журналистов философии и логике с помощью цифровой среды Moodle. the paper discusses perspectives of using distant learning technolo-gies, its positive and negative aspects and the possibility of virtual education as a basic and additional form of training. Also, the paper considers the organi-zation of classes for future journalists in process of training students in philos-ophy and logic with the aid of the virtual education platform LMS Moodle.
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Adam, Steve. "A Central Database Improves Pipeline Projects." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10373.
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Pipeline projects see enormous benefit from using geospatial information systems since a pipeline will commonly cover large geographic distances. In doing so, terabytes of engineering, geotechnical, and environmental data can be generated for engineering and regulatory needs. A central database allows the project to organize this information and provide a single source of truth. In fact, the central database is as much a philosophy as it is computer infrastructure. This level of organization allows a project to properly manage change, thus ensuring data integrity and security. When data is reliable and secure, its full value can be realized during the pipeline planning stage and even further leveraged through construction and operation.