Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Organisational corruption'

The link between organisational change and corruption has been largely neglected in the literature, despite myriad studies conducted by researchers in many different fields on both phenomena. To fill the gap, this study provides empirical evidence about the interplay between organisational change and corruption. Case study is employed as a research strategy. The organisational change initiative being studied is the reformation or modernisation of a tax authority. The empirical data include 21 interviews, 21 drawings (from two focus groups), and 10 photographs. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the interviews and visual data. The main finding of this study is that there is interplay between organisational change and corruption, in which change does not only affect corruption, but also that corruption affects organisational change. On one side of the interplay, this study shows that instead of inducing corruption (as suggested in the literature), organisational change can reduce corruption. In addition to literal accounts, metaphors have been used to show that organisational change has reduced the space for corruption, changed employees' involvement in corruption, and shifted the nature of corruption from systemic to individual. However, this finding cannot be separated from the context, i.e., the pre-existed corruption prior to change. This overlooked context explains why the findings of this study are different to the previous studies’. On the other side of the interplay, which has been unexplored, this study contributes by showing that corruption, both pre- and post-change, can affect organisational change (and employees' emotions) positively and negatively. Pre-change corruption can trigger employees' willingness to change. The factors that influence these positive reactions are dissonant feelings, spiritual awareness, and employees’ involuntary involvement in past corruption. The finding also shows that post-change corruption triggers employees’ negative emotions in the form of collective shame, hurt, and injured pride. The use of visual methods in this study has provided an alternative way to study organisational change and, in particular, corruption, which has hitherto been dominated by quantitative methods. It is found that different forms of information are provided by the interviews and visual data. Drawings provide more negative accounts. Perhaps this demonstrates the potential ability of the drawing technique in unveiling such accounts. Other findings show that drawings produced different types of metaphors than those from the interviews. However, as suggested in this study, the use of metaphors is strongly related to context. This finding reinforces the finding mentioned earlier about the important role of context in the study of organisational change management.

Using the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service in 1994 as its major case study, this thesis hypothesises that, although this inquiry had a far reaching impact on both the personal and working lives of police officers in the organisation itself, it proved ineffectual in its attempt to control corruption. It argues that corruption, and the subsequent inquiries into this corruption, can be seen to have a cyclic nature and the failure of such inquiries has a long and international history. It contends that the nature of the public inquiry itself can be seen to contribute to the continuation of the cycle of corruption. Clearly, putting an end to corruption requires more than the investigation, public exposure and punishment of a few corrupt police, followed by a generalised tightening of the chain of command. Instead, this thesis demonstrates that the problem is primarily an organisational one and it is important to look at management reforms. This thesis contends that the cycle of corruption involves the nature of police work; the catalyst that triggers the inquiry; the inquiry itself and the issue of the report; and the police and community responses. An examination of all these factors is crucial to understanding the cycle’s dynamics. The final report of the Wood Royal Commission was in 1996 and this thesis specifically analyses the cycle of corruption in relation to the response of the police executive to this inquiry. It shows how the police response focused on the tactical crisis response central to operational policing — in this case appeasing official censure and community fears. As little more than a public relations exercise, senior management strategically addressed the specific recommendations of the report rather than creatively considering the implications exposed during the inquiry. The idea that corruption is a symptom of an ineffective system and not simply a slackening of effective control by senior management was never considered. In the aftermath of the Wood Royal Commission there was much discussion about ‘police culture’ being ‘a culture of corruption’. The forgotten casualties of the inquiry has been individual police officers, many of whom see policing as a vocation. This thesis has allowed many voices to be heard and used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse a wide range of information and data, which included personal interviews with serving police officers and members of external organisations, as well as printed material from Royal Commission Reports, Hansard and other government documents, internal Police Service documents and media reports.It has used Bourdieu’s theoretical approach which allows an analysis of the complex relationships involved between police officers as individuals who operate within the wider networks of a specific organisation and the way the personal is important as an explanatory tool of what happens within a policing culture and how this culture is perceived differently from within and without. Bourdieu’s theory also facilitates analysis of the interactions of this network with the wider community, putting in context the responses of both the police service and the community. The connection with the personal is important as an explanatory tool of what happens within a policing culture and how this culture is perceived differently from within and without. Bourdieu constructs an understanding of the ‘nature of the game’ of policing and the shaping of the individual within police culture, giving insight into the source of moral dilemmas, personal beliefs and personal behaviour. As the current management system of command and control is at the heart of this response, this thesis has also analysed the assumptions inherent in this management philosophy, considering both necessary operational strengths as well as organisational weaknesses. A central theme of the thesis is that open dialogue will reduce the incidence of corruption and risk within policing institutions. This thesis argues that there must be an integrative approach to reform — accountable, active leadership combined with critically constructed practical approaches that tackle the complexity of the dynamics embedded in the ‘nature of the game’ of policing itself.

Doctor of Philosophy
Using the Wood Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service in 1994 as its major case study, this thesis hypothesises that, although this inquiry had a far reaching impact on both the personal and working lives of police officers in the organisation itself, it proved ineffectual in its attempt to control corruption. It argues that corruption, and the subsequent inquiries into this corruption, can be seen to have a cyclic nature and the failure of such inquiries has a long and international history. It contends that the nature of the public inquiry itself can be seen to contribute to the continuation of the cycle of corruption. Clearly, putting an end to corruption requires more than the investigation, public exposure and punishment of a few corrupt police, followed by a generalised tightening of the chain of command. Instead, this thesis demonstrates that the problem is primarily an organisational one and it is important to look at management reforms. This thesis contends that the cycle of corruption involves the nature of police work; the catalyst that triggers the inquiry; the inquiry itself and the issue of the report; and the police and community responses. An examination of all these factors is crucial to understanding the cycle’s dynamics. The final report of the Wood Royal Commission was in 1996 and this thesis specifically analyses the cycle of corruption in relation to the response of the police executive to this inquiry. It shows how the police response focused on the tactical crisis response central to operational policing — in this case appeasing official censure and community fears. As little more than a public relations exercise, senior management strategically addressed the specific recommendations of the report rather than creatively considering the implications exposed during the inquiry. The idea that corruption is a symptom of an ineffective system and not simply a slackening of effective control by senior management was never considered. In the aftermath of the Wood Royal Commission there was much discussion about ‘police culture’ being ‘a culture of corruption’. The forgotten casualties of the inquiry has been individual police officers, many of whom see policing as a vocation. This thesis has allowed many voices to be heard and used both qualitative and quantitative methods to analyse a wide range of information and data, which included personal interviews with serving police officers and members of external organisations, as well as printed material from Royal Commission Reports, Hansard and other government documents, internal Police Service documents and media reports.It has used Bourdieu’s theoretical approach which allows an analysis of the complex relationships involved between police officers as individuals who operate within the wider networks of a specific organisation and the way the personal is important as an explanatory tool of what happens within a policing culture and how this culture is perceived differently from within and without. Bourdieu’s theory also facilitates analysis of the interactions of this network with the wider community, putting in context the responses of both the police service and the community. The connection with the personal is important as an explanatory tool of what happens within a policing culture and how this culture is perceived differently from within and without. Bourdieu constructs an understanding of the ‘nature of the game’ of policing and the shaping of the individual within police culture, giving insight into the source of moral dilemmas, personal beliefs and personal behaviour. As the current management system of command and control is at the heart of this response, this thesis has also analysed the assumptions inherent in this management philosophy, considering both necessary operational strengths as well as organisational weaknesses. A central theme of the thesis is that open dialogue will reduce the incidence of corruption and risk within policing institutions. This thesis argues that there must be an integrative approach to reform — accountable, active leadership combined with critically constructed practical approaches that tackle the complexity of the dynamics embedded in the ‘nature of the game’ of policing itself.

This study examines the whistle-blowing decisions of government internal auditors in response to individual and collective corruption occurring within government internal audit units. An auditor is simultaneously a role-prescribed and non-role-prescribed whistle-blower that may behave hypocritically. On the one hand, auditors may be intolerant of and report any corruption taking place within their audit clients. On the other hand, they may display an unwillingness to blow the whistle on corruption committed by their fellow auditors in which they and the recipients of whistle-blowing information may be a part of or beneficiaries of the wrongdoing. To examine how, why and what factors influence their whistle-blowing decisions, we utilised two approaches: the whistle-blowing intentions through the use of case scenarios and actual wwhistleblowing relying on the self-reported cases. Mixed methods of surveys, interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in seven government internal audit units. Seeing whistle-blowing as a constructive behaviour for the benefit of the organisation involving an ethical dilemma, we integrated the prosocial organisational behaviour and ethical decision-making perspectives of whistle-blowing to develop a three-phases of whistle-blowing decision. In phase 1, the potential whistle-blowers evaluated the wrongfulness and the seriousness of the wrongdoing in accordance with their ethical sensitivity and evaluated the existence of responsibility to act to stop the wrongdoing. In phase 2, they evaluated the organisation responsiveness and the existence of the demoralising situation. In phase 3, they assessed their personal responsibility, identified alternative decisions according to his/her ethical competence, calculated the cost and the benefit of each alternative and decide to blow or not to blow the whistle depended on their ethical perseverance. The study demonstrates that ethical judgement, moderated by the perceived seriousness and organisational commitment, significantly influenced the whistle-blowing intentions. while taking the ethical climate, wrongdoer’s power status and whistle-blower’s job level into consideration. The study found the domination of informal hidden values instead of formal written values and the occurrence of the process of normalisation of corruption that led to the destructive act of silence. They reduced the ethical sensitivity towards the wrongfulness and the seriousness of the corruption, diffused the responsibility to blow the whistle and created the demoralising situation. The organisations were not responsive. The whistle-blowing information was ignored and leaders often promoted an attitude of silent acquiescence by rewarding silent observers. The risk of whistle-blowing appeared greater than the expected benefit of being a submissive silent observer. When whistle-blowing information was eventually received, leaders rectified the problem informally outside of official procedures. The rules were upheld only when there was external pressure on the leaders. Through this, the wrongdoer will feel secure and the whistle-blower will perceive that the act of whistleblowing is not acceptable. The combination of the unwillingness to blow the whistle and the process of the normalisation of organisational corruption may create a vicious cycle of corruption in and by organisations. On the contrary, whistle-blowing occurred when the potential whistle-blowers perceived that the act of whistle-blowing is a constructive behaviour supported by the organisation’s culture and leadership. Whistle-blowing legislation alone may not be sufficient to motivate employees to blow the whistle particularly in Indonesia where in-group collectivism and power distance are relatively high.

La corruption au travail est une problématique importante, présente au niveau mondial, qui touche à la fois les organisations privées et publiques. Elle est reconnue comme un phénomène coûteux aux conséquences négatives sur divers aspects du développement économique et humain. Étant donné que les actes et le comportement des individus corrompus au travail est un sujet qui n’est pas facile à appréhender pour les gestionnaires, ce travail de recherche vise à explorer le concept de corruption organisationnelle. Dans ce travail, un certain nombre d’éléments ont été pris en compte pouvant prévenir et de contrôler les actes et les comportements des individus corrompus au travail. Nous nous sommes appuyés sur la théorie de la conservation des ressources (COR) de Hobfoll (1989) pour construire la recherche. La motivation de la corruption est théorisée à travers le modèle COR. Ce cadre propose une corruption au travail appréhendée comme une stratégie de prévention de perte des valeurs de motivation des salariés. Cette recherche étudie l’impact direct de l’impuissance, du sentiment de maîtrise et de justice procédurale et distributive sur la corruption. Dans cette relation est analysé en plus l’effet modérateur de la transparence et du climat d’entraide. Pour cette recherche 575 salariés dans des organisations internationales ont été interrogés. Les résultats démontrent que l'impuissance affecte positivement la corruption et la déviance au travail. Cependant, la justice distributive affecte négativement la corruption au travail. Le sentiment de la maîtrise et la justice procédurale affectent négativement la corruption et la déviance au travail. Cependant, la justice distributive impacte négativement la corruption au travail. Les résultats obtenus valident la plupart de nos principales hypothèses, mais ils suggèrent que l'importance de la nature de la corruption du type de corruption par rapport aux variables de ressources
Workplace corruption is a global issue for private and public organizations. It has beenrecognized as a costly phenomenon having negative consequences in various aspects ofeconomic and human development. Since corrupt acts and behaviors of individuals atworkplace are a challenging subject for managers, this doctoral dissertation seeks to exploreorganizational corruption and also to emphasize the importance of organizational corruptionstudy from a managerial perspective. This study provides elements to better understand howto prevent and to control corrupt acts and behaviors at work. The research model isconstructed on the basis of conservation of resources (COR) theory of Hobfoll (1989).Corruption motivation is theorized through COR theory and within this framework, itproposes corruption as a strategy to prevent the perceived loss of valued motivationalresources. Specially, this research investigates the direct impact of powerlessness, sense ofmastery, distributive and procedural justice on workplace corruption. Furthermore, it studiesthe moderating effect of transparency and caring climate on the relationship betweenpowerlessness, sense of mastery, procedural justice, distributive justice, and workplacecorruption. Sample consists of 575 employees from international organizations havecontributed to this research. Results highlight that powerlessness positively, sense of masteryand procedural justice negatively impact on workplace corruption and deviance. However,distributive justice only negatively impacts on workplace corruption. Results mostly validateour principal hypotheses but suggest that the nature of corruption relates to the type ofresources felt threatened

Emerging economies and the behaviour of firms domiciled in these markets is beginning to develop as a research area; yet little empirical work exists (Bruton, Ahlstrom, & Obloj, 2008; Hoskisson, Eden, Lau, & Wright, 2000; Meyer & Peng, 2005; Peng, Wang, & Jiang, 2008; Wright, Filatotchev, Hoskisson, & Peng, 2005). An extensive and critical review of the literature revealed that there was limited research that focused on the internationalisation of emerging economy firms to other emerging and developed economies. In order to address this clear gap in our understanding, the broad research problem that this thesis sets out to investigate is ‘how do institutions, organisational governance and managerial intentionality effect the internationalisation of smaller Indian firms’? It is argued that in order for research in strategy to make a lasting contribution, there is a need to contemplate whether the theories and methodologies developed in primarily mature and developed economies are applicable to the emerging economy context (Wright et al., 2005). In addressing this concern, this study draws on institutional theory, transaction cost theory, the resource-based view and aspects of the organisational capabilities perspective in order to understand the internationalisation of smaller Indian firms. In particular, the aim of this research was to understand the effect of institutions (Research Question One), organisational governance (Research Question Two) and the moderating effect of managerial intentionality (Research Question Three) on the internationalisation of smaller Indian firms. India was chosen as the context for the study due to its rapid growth in recent years which places it among the four big emerging economies of the world (Wilson & Purushothaman, 2003). The relatively recent liberalisation of the Indian economy in 1991 provides an interesting context within which to study the internationalisation behaviour of firms. Prior to its liberalisation India adopted what was known as an inward-focused, socialist-style, economic framework (Wilson & Keim, 2006). The liberalisation of the Indian economy has increased the country’s trade linkages with other emerging and developed countries, yet little research has been conducted on the internationalisation of Indian firms (Peng et al., 2008; Wright et al., 2005). Further, India’s linguistic distance but geographic closeness to emerging markets, yet western Commonwealth past and geographic distance to developed markets makes it a unique context. The research methodology adopted in this study entailed a qualitative design conducted through multiple case studies. The case study firms comprised four smaller manufacturing and four smaller service firms. Cases for the study were selected theoretically (Eisenhardt, 1989) using intensity sampling, snowball sampling, criterion sampling and opportunistic sampling techniques (Patton, 1990). To determine the size of the firms, the definition proposed by the Government of India was used. One key growth region in India was chosen due to the institutional diversity in India. Bangalore was chosen as it is considered a high growth region of the country that is well reputed for its service sector, as well as a competitive manufacturing sector (Ahya, Xie, Roach, Sheth, & Yam, 2006). The adoption of a multiple case study design facilitated an aggregated cross-case analysis. The data was collected through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with senior management in the selected case study firms. In addition, documentary evidence was collected through newspaper articles, information from trade journals and information from the company websites. The interviews were guided by an interview protocol and a case study database was created for each firm in order to increase the reliability and validity of the data. The data was coded using NVivo (version 7) and analysed using the ‘template approach’ (Crabtree & Miller, 1999). To date, literature originating out of mature markets has regarded institutions as background information due to the stability and maturity of institutions in these markets (Ingram & Silverman, 2002). However, when studied in an emerging market context, the role of institutions is argued to be pushed to the forefront of strategy research due to its relative underdevelopment (Meyer & Peng, 2005). This study used Scott’s (1995) three institutional pillars (regulative, normative and cognitive) to gain an institution-based view of the business strategies pursued by the smaller Indian firms (Peng et al., 2008). The findings highlighted regulatory institutional influences at the home country, host country and trade policy levels. The findings from this study shed light on the notion of institutional entrepreneurship, thereby extending institutional theory to take into account the strategic behaviour of firms. The findings further emphasised the need to gain legitimacy in international markets as a means to gain access to resources and overcome the liabilities of foreignness and newness. In doing so, the findings from this study extended Mathews’ (2006) ‘linkage, leverage and learning’ strategy to a ‘linkage, leverage, learning and legitimising’ strategy. Next, the findings from Research Question One extended the U-Model of internationalisation to highlight the importance of domestic market experience when gained in an institutionally complex market such as India. Finally, the findings highlighted the interaction between the path-dependent experience of the founders and the various dimensions of their managerial intentionality in managing the institutional influences on the firm. In studying organisational governance decisions (Research Question Two), transaction cost theory was used as the key conceptual perspective. This study used Williamson’s (1975) governance continuum to understand the organisational governance decisions of smaller Indian firms. Interestingly, the findings emphasised a move away from the narrow comparative-efficiency framework developed by Williamson (1975), towards a more eclectic understanding of the effect of transaction costs. The findings highlighted the choice of governance modes not as discrete designs, but as those that overlap as a result of being influenced by institutions, the experience of the firm with a particular mode, the propensity to trust, the constraints on firm behaviour, the managerial intentionality of the founders and the need to gain local knowledge from network partners. In adopting this broader perspective, the findings addressed the call by Madhok (1997) to understand the choice of governance modes from more than a cost minimisation perspective. Hutzschenreuter, Pedersen and Volberda (2007) suggested that the role of managerial discretion to date is downplayed in existing IB literature and hence called for research to focus on the role of managerial intent in the strategies of established multinationals rather than on the process of ‘becoming a multinational’. Research Question Three highlighted the moderating effect of managerial intentionality in managing the institutional influences and governance decisions of the firm. This study extended Hutzschenreuter et al.’s (2007) conceptualisation of managerial intentionality by emphasising the resilience as well as the reluctance of the founders (due to past experiences) as important in the emerging economy context. This study has practical implications for the case study firms as well as for potential entrants into India. Firstly, for the case study firms it is important to develop clear internationalisation strategies (as opposed to a reactive approach) due to the increasing competition both locally and internationally. Second, for the manufacturing firms, it is important to move beyond their pure low cost advantage. Partnering with other companies to leverage their resources and capabilities in international markets is one possibility. Third, for these firms to remain globally competitive, the sourcing of international talent is likely to increase their legitimacy and reduce their liability of foreignness. Finally, the continued liberalisation of the Indian economy has made it an attractive destination for foreign firms. While the case study companies have recognised the opportunities overseas, they should not ignore their domestic market where they enjoy a ‘home court advantage’. For potential entrants into India, it is important to recognise the potential competitive advantage that local incumbents have with regard to the environment. Second, foreign firms entering India and competing with smaller players need to understand the subtleties of the market and tailor their strategies to meet local needs. Finally, while this study has made contributions to the field, the findings must be interpreted in light of the limitations of the study. First, this study focused on one key big emerging market; India. Further, within India only one key region was examined. The findings reflect the business strategies by firms domiciled in Bangalore. Hence future studies could extend this research to other emerging markets and other regions of India to gain a more detailed perspective. Second, given the qualitative nature of the study, only analytical generalisations can be made. However, these insights can provide a basis for future researchers to develop quantitative measures to test the inferences drawn. Finally, this study was cross sectional in nature. In order to gain a more detailed analysis on the effect of institutions, future researchers may consider a longitudinal design to capture the institutional transitions over time.

In a time when corruption is receiving increasing media coverage and when many claim to wage a war on corruption, this book brings up the need for a problematisation and an increased understanding of the different manifestations – the vicissitudes – of corruption and also what measures are taken against it. The book advances the claim that corruption is tightly related to modernity and particularly to a transgression of the public / private dichotomy. It furthermore explores ancient, postmodern and psychoanalytic critiques of the modern understanding of corruption. The ancient perspective stems from theorists arguing that there is an ancient core meaning of corruption, i.e. degeneration. This perspective is also informed by a discussion about virtues based on Alasdair MacIntyre. The postmodern perspective is based on Zygmunt Bauman. It is held that corruption is the remnant of the classification of the world into the public and the private, caused by the inherent ambiguity of reality. The psychoanalytic perspective, based on Jacques Lacan and Slavoj Žižek, deepens the analysis and relates corruption to stolen enjoyment – jouissance. These different understandings of corruption are used to analyse primarily bribery in Swedish public sector procurement. In interviews, project managers responsible for public procurement give their account not only of bribes and gifts, but also about partiality and objectivity in supplier evaluations. Using these interviews and theoretical perspectives, the book problematises corruption and investigates how it is addressed and externalised with clear rules, virtues and rituals separating the public role from the private .
QC 20100512

This study aims to investigate how aid organisations with different means of financing respond to corruption allegations, and how the perceived risk of reputational loss affects that response.  The method used to answer the research question was a collective case study where three different aid organisations, Oxfam GB, UNDP and SIDA, which all have different funding mechanisms, were compared in their response to corruption allegations - before and after the public gained knowledge of those allegations. The analysis shows that there is a difference in the response to corruption allegations between the cases, namely that Oxfam GB and UNDP developed their response to a large extent when the public learnt of the allegations, SIDA on the other hand did not change their response at all. However, donor pressure seems to be more important for this induced change rather than the perceived risk of reputational loss.

La corruption internationale est l'un des principaux fléaux modernes de la mondialisation. Pour lutter contre ce phénomène sur le plan transnational, de nombreuses organisations internationales (OCDE, ONU, Conseil de l'Europe, Union européenne. . . ) ont entrepris et adopté des conventions préconisant l'adoption de textes d'incriminations propres à la corruption internationale, et de mécanismes permettant tout à la fois de faciliter la détection et la poursuite des comportements interdits. De même des organismes de financement internationaux ont adopté des stratégies anti-corruption. Cependant, l'efficacité de l'ensemble de ces initiatives à court terme semble aléatoire du fait notamment de la rupture d'égalité entre pays et de l'inefficience des textes de transposition au regard de la grande diversité des comportements corrupteurs à réprimer. Ainsi, les risques encourus selon les pays divergent trop sensiblement et vont probablement rapidement remettre en cause la volonté des autorités nationales de pénaliser leurs propres entreprises. Dés lors, et dans la mesure où les voies du droit pénal supranational ou de la requalification du comportement corrupteur en comportement anti-économique restent aujourd'hui théoriques, seule la société civile peut apporter à court terme et pour le moment une réponse efficace à la lutte contre les comportements corrupteurs transnationaux.

This thesis examines informal and corruptive activities agents may pursue within organisations. Chapter 1 is a brief introduction to the general theme and the related literature. Chapter 2 develops a simple theory of non-monetary collusion, where agents collude by exchanging favours. It examines the optimal use of supervisory information in a simple hierarchy under potential collusion. It is shown that when only the supervisor's information about the agent is used, collusion does not arise, since favours can not be exchanged. Secondly, it is analysed whether the agent's information about his superior should be used. In this case collusion is possible, and there is an interesting trade-off between the benefits of using additional information and the costs of collusion. It is then shown that sometimes the principal may be better off when using less than all available information. Chapter 3 considers task assignment and whistle-blowing as measures a principal may use to break collusion. The principal's response to potential collusion is to allocate less time to monitoring, and he breaks collusion with money. It is shown that the principal may also break collusion by hiring a third worker, and the decision how to break collusion optimally is endogenously determined. Breaking collusion by task assignment is costly, and therefore we consider whistle-blowing as a collusion breaking device. It provides the principal strictly higher welfare than the collusion-proof solution. It is also shown that under reasonable conditions, the collusion-free outcome will be achieved with no further cost. Chapter 4 develops a model of blackmail, where a piece of information an agent prefers to keep private may facilitate blackmail when another agent, namely a blackmailer, threatens to reveal that information. The crucial feature of the blackmail game is the commitment problem from the blackmailer's side. The blackmailer can not commit not to come back in future to demand more despite the payments received in the past. The chapter outlines conditions under which successful extortion may arise, and shows that there is a unique Markov Perfect Equilibrium, which gives a precise prediction how much money the blackmailer is able to extort from the victim. It is also shown that the blackmailer receives a blackmail premium that compensates the blackmailer for not taking money from the victim and revealing information anyway.

This thesis analyses the influence and role of Nongovernmental Organisations (NGOs) on anti-corruption reform in Indonesia. A mixed methods approach based on quantitative and qualitative methods was used for the research. Statistical regression analysis of NGO demands made in the media versus degree of policy alignment helped answer the question of the extent of NGO influence on anti-corruption reform and supporting factors (and actors) in this process. The qualitative methods helped to understand why and how NGO influence (or lack thereof) was achieved. A conceptual framework drawing from several relevant bodies of literature was used as basis for the analysis. The statistical analysis showed that of all demands made by NGOs in the media over a period of four years, 17 percent were perceived to have resulted in policy influence. However, quite a significant proportion of NGO demands (38 percent) were not reflected in policy decisions and therefore likely represented demands that NGOs failed to achieve policy influence on. In the statistical regression analysis, a number of factors proved (positively) statistically significant for explaining NGO influence. The factors that were associated with perceptions of NGO influence were: a favourable public opinion to the NGO demand; high media coverage of issues linked to demands; demands related to protecting the authority of the KPK; and the support of allies with decision-making authority. Conversely, NGO demands that were not supported by these factors were more likely to fail to be translated into policy. The qualitative case study analysis also showed that demands that were focused on more technical policy issues and legislative content, as well as demands that required policy decisions implying fundamental reform of institutions such as the police or the Attorney General's Office (AGO) were less likely to be taken into account in policy decisions. The case studies and qualitative thematic analysis also helped explain the 'why' and 'how' of the statistical results by providing insights into the dynamics of NGO influence (or lack thereof) on Indonesian anti-corruption policy reform.

Pour assurer ses missions les États ont besoin de prélever l’impôt afin de s’assurer des ressources. Lacaractéristique des États en développement est, en matière de Finances Publiques, d’avoir des recettesbasées essentiellement sur les taxes prélevées en frontière sur les marchandises. Malheureusement dansces pays là, l’efficacité des Organisations Douanières est rarement au rendez-vous, notamment du faitd’une corruption très importante parmi les douaniers.Aussi les Organisations Internationales recommandent une privatisation partielle des missions afind’améliorer les recettes. Les sociétés privées se sont spécialisées dans cette forme de recouvrement etainsi la plupart des pays africains ont recours à l’une ou l’autre des sociétés dites de " pré-inspection ".Après des années de pratique peut-on évaluer l’efficience de cette privatisation ? L’exemple de la RCAest particulièrement pertinent pour étudier cela puisque d’une part ce pays a poussé la privatisation àl’ensemble des missions douanières, ce qui est unique au monde et d’autre part la situation actuelle de cepetit pays découle au moins en partie de l’absence d’une administration des douanes solide.Dans l’écroulement des structures administratives de ce pays, assisté depuis sa création par toutesles Organisations Internationales, ces dernières, sont-elles exemptes de reproches ?
STATES collect revenue from taxes to provide necessary financial resources to the accomplishmentof their missions. Developing states have a common characteristic namely to collect revenue mainly onimported goods. Unfortunately customs administrations of these countries are generally inefficient due toa very high level of corruption of their personnel.Faced to this situation, internationals organisations advised to outsource some of the customs func-tions in order to improve the collection of revenue. Private companies developed new activities in thisarea and today most African countries have contracted out one or several of these companies usuallycalled preshipment inspection companies. After several years is it feasable to assess the efficiency of thatoutsourcing ? CAR is an excellent and pertinent study case to perform this assessment. On one hand,this country has outsourced all of the customs fonctions, which is a unique exemple in the world. Onthe other hand, there is a strong link between the existing situation of this country and the lack of anefficient customs administration.Can we blame these international organisations, which have assisted CAR since it’s creation, for thecollapse of the administrative structures of this country ?

Plus l'argent s'est mis à circuler et plus rapidement la corruption s'est généralisée et imposée. Pour corrompre, il faut être deux: du latin cum-rumpere. Dans sa forme transnationale, la corruption oblige d'un pays à un autre, d'un continent à un autre, une circulation intensive des produits qui en découlent. Elle implique des détours multiples par des fausses factures, des sociétés-écrans, une caisse noire, de l'argent liquide et des intermédiaires qui tournent parfois autour de la grande criminalité. La véritable volonté de lutter contre la corruption est récente même si plusieurs facteurs et événements avaient depuis très longtemps permis. De tirer la sonnette d'alarme. En effet, la corruption n'apparaît comme une préoccupation essentielle que dans les années 1990. Il a fallu la découverte de faits graves dans les pays de l'OCDE pour que la corruption devienne un leitmotiv au sein des institutions internationales. Elle est ainsi reconnue comme étant un problème politique et social majeur. L'appel de Genève du 1er octobre 1996 lancé par plusieurs magistrats européens a attiré l'attention sur les obstacles juridiques à l'efficacité de la lutte contre la criminalité organisée. A l'issue de plusieurs années d'analyse de la nature de ce phénomène, la Convention OCDE de lutte contre la corruption a été signée le 17 décembre 1997. D'autres Conventions ont été dans la foulée signées. En effet, à travers les différentes Conventions existantes, les Etats ont fait preuve d'une très grande responsabilité et ont démontré leur volonté politique devant cette véritable pathologie internationale qu'il faut réguler. Dans cette nouvelle dynamique, une notion nouvelle a été introduite et n'est plus dissociée maintenant de la lutte contre la corruption: il s'agit de la bonne gouvernance. Il a été admis qu'aucun projet économique ne pouvait aboutir sans une légitimité politique et une efficacité minimum des institutions politiques. De même, l'arbitrage a fait son entrée dans la lutte contre la corruption en contribuant à un assainissement progressif dans le milieu des affaires et des marchés publics. Les nouvelles dispositions juridiques mises en place, surtout la Convention des Nations-Unies contre la corruption, permettront-elles une éradication progressive de la corruption dans le monde? Tout au long de ces années de travail, une idée a fait son chemin et mérite certainement d'être exploitée. Pourquoi ne pas élever au rang de crime économique, l'agression économique que constitue la corruption, qui a des conséquences ravageuses extrêmement néfastes et la traduire devant la Cour pénale internationale, nouvellement instituée?.

Perçue au départ comme un phénomène marginal, la corruption est apparue comme un phénomène endémique au point de fragiliser les fondements de la démocratie d'une part, et d'autre part d'engendrer des pertes économiques considérables pour la société. Face à ce fléau, certaines organisations internationales et européennes notamment l'Organisation de coopération et de développement économique (OCDE), l'Union européenne, le Conseil de l'Europe et l'Organisation des Nations unies se sont mobilisées en adoptant des conventions visant à lutter contre la corruption. Ce mouvement de lutte s'est poursuivi avec la participation de l'autorité judiciaire et de la société civile. Enfin, les États parties à ces conventions se sont joints également au mouvement en intégrant dans leur droit interne ces instruments de lutte contre la corruption. Intégration en droit interne, cependant, qui peut différer d'un État à un autre d'où une mobilisation variable. Malgré tout, le mécanisme de suivi sur la mise en œuvre des conventions anti-corruption, propres à certaines conventions de lutte contre la corruption, tente d'amoindrir cette variabilité
Initially regarded as a marginal phenomenon, corruption appeared as an endemic phenomenon at the point to weaken the foundations of the democracy on the one hand, and to generate considerable economic losses to society on the other hand.Faced with this plague, some European and international organizations including the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the European Union, the Council of Europe and the United Nations organization were mobilized by adopting conventions to fight against corruption. This movement of fight has continued with the participation of the judicial authority and the civil society. Finally, States parties to these conventions also joined the movement by integrating into their domestic law these instruments of fight against corruption. Integration in internal law, however, which can differ from one state to another from where variable mobilization. Despite of everything, the mechanism of follow-up on the implementation of anti-corruption conventions, specific to certain conventions of fight against corruption tries to reduce this variability

Corruption has often stimulated the collapse of authoritarian regimes and was followed by democratisation in a number of developing countries. Many new democratic regimes, however, have also been failed to control corruption because during the transition to democracy, their institutional structure of governance has typically not functioned well. In Indonesia too, corruption has been a highly pertinent issue that has both stimulated and compromised the regime‘s transition to democracy. This has provided a platform for civil society organisations (CSOs) to take an active political role. Yet insufficient empirical examination exists on the role of CSOs in combating corruption during democratic transition and the implication for democratisation.This thesis documents and critically examines the contribution of CSOs (more specifically anti-corruption CSOs) in Indonesia, an examination essential to the study of democratisation and anti-corruption efforts. It investigates how and to what extent CSOs can fight corruption during democratic transition. Owing to the ineffectiveness and unwillingness of the state, civil associations have undertaken initiatives in fighting and underscoring corruption into the domain of public debate. They work at two levels of battle: strategic and practical. At the strategic level, CSOs have contributed to the creation of the legal and institutional frameworks necessary for eradicating corruption. Many of their advocacies have brought about the creation of anti-corruption regulations and supervisory bodies to combat corruption. At the practical level, CSOs have organised social monitoring to call state officials to account. It has been CSOs that have mobilised the public to take civic action against corruption. By successfully taking a number of government officials and politicians to court, CSOs have also enhanced the legal system against corruption.Given the significance of the contribution of CSOs, this thesis argues that they have a real nascent force to advance democratisation: not only because the anti-corruption movement that they initiated has been instrumental in shaping political transformation, but they have also opened channels between the state and civil society that work as a system of accountability, part of a long-term project of establishing a democratic principle rooted in grassroots participation.This thesis argues, however, that despite their important role, the activities of CSOs have not been perfect and, accordingly, should not be interpreted as a panacea for all problems of corruption and democratisation. Therefore, it should be a concern for all the stakeholders involved – including the government, donor agencies, and the general public – to enhance the capacity of CSOs.

Intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) such as the United Nations have long endured the same types of misconduct common to other employers, including fraud, corruption and mismanagement, exemplified by the seemingly ubiquitous Oil for Food programme. This thesis examines those bodies set up as a response to financial misconduct, the internal investigation offices. In doing so, the thesis addresses two fundamental questions: (i) to what extent can the internal investigation function be considered as policing; and, (ii) how accountable is the investigation function? In researching these issues, the thesis compares the investigation functions of two IGOs, the UN and the OSCE. Both organisations enjoy various diplomatic privileges and immunities, which in turn has a profound impact upon both the sovereignty and accountability of the investigation office. It assesses the investigation function by reference to public and commercial policing characteristics and also to policing accountability frameworks. The thesis subsequently proposes a dedicated accountability framework for internal investigations in the IGO environment, which is used to identify the applicable accountability mechanisms and relationships that the oversight office is subject to, and to assess the effectiveness thereof In applying this framework, it is found that a number of accountability lacunae exist, and that some of these can be addressed through the use of existing mechanisms, while others require changes to regulations that can only be implemented by the IGOs ' member states. The contribution of this thesis is in aligning the internal investigation function firmly with a public policing model, and thus permitting the application of a framework based on policing principles by which the effectiveness of accountability in the IGO context can be comprehensively assessed Keywords: intergovernmental, policing, oversight, investigation, audit, governance, accountability, framework, sovereignty, immunity, democratic, colonial.

La presente tesis contiene tres ensayos sobre la Economía de las Organizaciones y el Desarrollo Económico. Cada capítulo se centra en un tópico distinto, cuya relevancia ha sido destacada por la literatura sobre Desarrollo Económico en la últimas dos décadas.

La motivación del primer ensayo reside en el hecho de que el inapropiado funcionamiento de las instituciones políticas y económicas constituye un obstáculo severo para el progreso económico. El ensayo analiza el rol de la concentración de la propiedad de las empresas de media para restringir la corrupción burocrática. El segundo ensayo está inspirado por la literatura sobre los determinantes del progreso tecnológico. El capítulo estudia el impacto de la competencia y la liberalización de la entrada en los mercados sobre la dirección del progreso tecnológico. El ensayo se centra en la comparación de las ventajas y desventajas de orientar el cambio tecnológico hacia la creación de bienes de mayor o menor calidad. El último capítulo explora cómo las diferencias tecnológicas entre empresas que se fusionan afectan la eficiencia productiva de la nueva organización.
This thesis contains three essays on the Economics of Organisations and Development. Each essay focuses on a different topic that has received special attention by the Development literature over the last two decades.

The first chapter is motivated by the fact that malfunctioning institutions constitute a severe obstacle for economic progress. It centers the analysis on the role of the media to constrain bureaucratic corruption. The second chapter is inspired by the large and influential literature on the determinants of the technical progress. The chapter focuses on the role of market competition and entry liberalization to affect the direction of the technical change. It analyzes the trade-off between doing quality up-grading or creating new but low-quality goods. The third chapter explores the role of conflicting organisational technologies to affect the economic performance of merging firms.

This thesis attempts to identify what the barriers to building a trusted police service in China and India are through answering the questions: How has economic modernisation impacted upon policing? To what extent are the two police forces trusted by its citizens? Do the police carry out their duties in a fair and unbiased fashion? What do police corruption/malpractices look like and why does it persist? And what are the influencing factors in decision-making at the moments-of-truth? There is very limited research into the Chinese Police generally and even less on factors affecting organisational culture, practices, and decision making. There is no comparative study between the Chinese and Indian Police. This thesis found that the Chinese Police are held in higher esteem than the Indian Police by their respective citizenry. Both the Chinese and Indian police use stereotypes and are biased against certain section of society in the way they carry out their duties and that corruption and malpractices are tolerated and engrained in its culture but is subtler in China than in India. However, one surprised finding is that India is more at risk of the rule by man than China, even though India is said to be the world's largest democracy grounded on the principles of the rule of law.

La présente thèse de doctorat étudie empiriquement les liens entre la discrétion des acheteurs publics et les manipulations des marchés publics en étudiant le cas français. En premier lieu, deux types de manipulations fréquemment observées dans les marchés publics - la collusion et l'influence des politiques - sont analysés. Les conséquences et les moyens de lutter contre ces pratiques sont mis en avant. Dans un second temps, cette thèse étudie des réformes récentes ayant augmenté le pouvoir discrétionnaire des acheteurs publics. Cette seconde partie montre en quoi ces réformes peuvent aider à lutter contre la collusion, la corruption et l'influence du politique tout en augmentant, dans certains cas, l'efficacité de la commande publique. En combinant le management public et l'organisation industrielle, cette thèse contribue aux débats concernant la performance de la commande publique et les liens entre discrétion et corruption.

Les recherches actuelles portent sur l'évolution de la corruption en tant que concept présent d'une manière ou d'une autre dans presque toutes les sociétés et lié à diverses disciplines. Dans la première partie de la thèse, nous avons expliqué le phénomène de la corruption et avons examiné ses définitions, ses théories et ses concepts en tant qu’un « die hard" phénomène qui a provoqué une terrible régression. Dans cette étude, la corruption est considérée comme un schéma récurrent d'échanges socialement intégrés, où les relations professionnelles et personnelles sont utilisées dans des échanges corrompus. Afin de mieux comprendre le phénomène dans le contexte pakistanais, une étude qualitative a été menée pour explorer la perception des employés d’institutions publiques et privées à l’aide de 32 entretiens semi-structurés et de 20 narrations. Les résultats indiquent que le Pakistan n’est pas seulement confronté aux problèmes de corruption, mais qu’il est le principal obstacle au développement socio-économique. La corruption et le népotisme sont devenus les principales formes de corruption au Pakistan. Un plan d’enquête transversal quantitatif a été utilisé pour collecter les données auprès des employés des organisations publiques et privées du Pakistan pour tester les hypothèses de l'étude. 434 répondants ont participé et ont rempli les formulaires du sondage. Les résultats obtenus ont validé le groupe d'hypothèses principal (groupe 1). Notre contribution à la littérature existante, aux implications managériales et aux recherches futures a également été abordée dans les sections respectives de cette thèse.Mots clés : Corruption, Népotisme, Justice organisationnelle
We explained the phenomenon of corruption and examined its definitions, theories, and concepts as a ‘die-hard’ phenomenon that has caused awful retrogression. In this research, corruption is viewed as a repeated pattern of socially embedded exchanges where professional and personal relations are used in corrupt exchanges. To better understand the phenomenon in the context of Pakistan a qualitative study was conducted to explore the perception of employees of public and private institutions through 32 semi-structured interviews and 20 narrations. The results indicate that Pakistan is not only confronting with the problems of corruption. Bribery and nepotism emerged as the main forms of corruption in Pakistan. The complexity of socio-cultural patterns and the nature of relationships involved in corrupt transactions further accredit the interest of the theory of social exchange and on the manifestations of stress that the phenomenon leads to the individual. The choice of variables and their relations to be verified in the hypothetic-deductive approach of the last part of the thesis emanated from the qualitative study. A quantitative cross-sectional survey design was used to collect the data from the employees working in the public and private organizations of Pakistan to test the study hypothesis. A total of 434 respondents participated and filled the survey forms. The results obtained validated the main group of hypotheses (group-1) stating the relationship of perceived bribery, nepotism and job outcomes. Our research Contribution to the existing literature, managerial implications, and future research was also discussed in their respective sections of this dissertation

La Convention pénale sur la corruption traite de la répression des actes de corruption, c'est la première partie de l'étude. D'une part, l'approche adoptée consiste à comparer d'abord les infractions de corruption définies dans la Convention pénale à celles figurant dans les autres conventions anti-corruption, à savoir la Convention de l'OCDE relative à la lutte contre la corruption d'agents publics étrangers dans les transactions commerciales internationales, la Convention de l'Union Européenne relative à la lutte contre la corruption de fonctionnaires communautaires ou des fonctionnaires d'autres États membres de l'Union européenne, la Convention de l'Organisation des États américains contre la corruption et la Convention des Nations Unies contre la corruption, puis chaque infraction de corruption ou autres délits liés aux pratiques corrompues fait l'objet d'une étude de droit comparé. La législation pénale dans cette matière est examinée en Allemagne, Espagne, France, Royaume-Uni~ le but est d'appréhender les similitudes et les différences qu'il existe en droit comparé. Les délits examinés sont les suivants: la corruption d'agents publics nationaux qu'elle soit active ou passive; la corruption d'agents publics étrangers qu'elle soit active ou passive, elle est pour le moment limitée au domaine des transactions commerciales internationales dans la législation pénale de nos pays échantillons, bien qu'une réforme du code pénal français soit à l'ordre du jour, la corruption active et passive dans le secteur privé, le trafic d'influence d'agents publics, ainsi que le blanchiment de capitaux des instruments et des produits du crime qui sont le pot-de-vin ou l'avantage et les bénéfices générés par les pratiques de corruption. L'une des questions importantes pour que la lutte contre la corruption soit efficace est la coopération internationale qu'elle soit pénale ou non pénale et l'extradition des corrupteurs et des corrompus, et une collaboration entre États pour déterminer lequel poursuivra l'infraction lorsque plusieurs pays sont compétents. Dans une seconde partie la réparation civile des préjudices causés par les pratiques de corruption sera abordée avec la Convention civile sur la corruption. Cette dernière est la première convention internationale à poser expressément la responsabilité civile du corrupteur et du corrompu ainsi que l'annulation des contrats entachés de corruption. Elle demande à l'État Partie à la Convention civile de garantir dans son droit interne une action civile en réparation des dommages causés par des faits de corruption. Le traité reprend les principes classiques de la responsabilité civile en les appliquant au contexte de la corruption, que celle-ci intervienne dans le secteur public ou privé, qu'elle soit active ou passive. Comme pour la première partie de l'étude, l'approche adoptée est similaire puisque les règles relatives à la responsabilité civile en cas de pratiques de corruption en droit comparé sont expliquées afin de mieux appréhender les similitudes et les différences existant dans la législation civile de nos quatre pays échantillons à savoir l'Allemagne, l'Espagne, la France et le Royaume-Uni afin de réparer les dommages subis par les victimes d'actes de corruption.

Cette thèse porte sur les politiques gazières de l’Ukraine entre 1998 et 2009. Elle évalue l’ampleur des problèmes et défis gaziers auxquels est confronté le pays et cherche à comprendre pourquoi, depuis son indépendance en 1991, l’Ukraine n’est pas venue à bout des vulnérabilités engendrées par sa très forte consommation de gaz et sa dépendance aux importations russes. La démarche méthodologique combine la sociologie des organisations, l’économie politique et le concept de l’Européanisation. L’approche est centrée sur les acteurs (contraintes, intérêts), leur pouvoir, leurs négociations et les conflits et accords auxquels elles donnent lieu. L’analyse s’attache ensuite à identifier le système des politiques gazières, c’est-à-dire les règles qui ordonnent et structurent les choix des acteurs, en s’appuyant notamment sur le concept de néo-patrimonialisme. Le concept de l’européanisation permet d’analyser l’impact de la dépendance au chemin, le rôle des facteurs domestiques ainsi que celui de l’Union Européenne (UE). Différents cas d’études servent de fondement empirique à l’analyse, sur la base d’ouvrages spécialisés, d’articles de presse ou d’entretiens avec experts et acteurs du secteur gazier. L’analyse montre que les dirigeants et leur entourage fixent seuls les règles qui régissent le marché gazier. L’intérêt général est délaissé au profit de la corruption et des relations de patronage. En résulte une insécurité énergétique, le blocage des réformes tandis que le rôle de la Russie est prépondérant. L’européanisation est un échec du fait du blocage des forces de veto intérieures et de l’insuffisance de la crédibilité, de la détermination et du pouvoir de l’UE
The subject matter of this dissertation is Ukraine's gas policies between 1998 and 2009. It assesses the nature and the scope of challenges the country has been facing in this sector. A key issue is about determining why, since its independence, this country has not been able to overcome the vulnerabilities which come from its very high gas consumption and dependence from Russian imports. The methodological approach is based on the sociology of organizations, the political economy and the concept of Europeanization. The analysis concentrates on actors (identities, interests and constraints), their power and negotiations, and their outcomes in terms of conflicts and agreements. It examines the system in which these policies take places, that is the underlying rules which shape actors' decisions, such as neo-patrimonialism, for example. The concept of Europeanization helps to assess the influence of path dependency, the role of domestic factors as well as of the European Union (EU) as a driver of transformation. Various case studies form the empirical background and support for the analysis, based on the available literature, press articles or the author's interviews with experts and actors of the gas sector. This analysis highlights the extent to which the country's leaders and their close associates set the gas market's rules. The national interests are neglected while corruption and patrimonialism determine actors' decisions. This leads to a high energy insecurity and the stalling of reforms, while Russia's role is predominant. The Europeanization process has failed due to the domestic obstacles to changes as well as EU's lacking credibility, determinacy and power

Cette thèse analyse le rôle que la décentralisation joue dans le secteur de l’eau, dans une perspective de la nouvelle économie institutionnelle. Après avoir identifié plusieurs facettes pertinentes de la décentralisation, notamment la décentralisation institutionnelle, sectorielle, économique et organisationnelle, la réflexion se structure autour de quatre grands thèmes, en appliquant une vue macro-, c’est-à-dire tournée vers l’environnement institutionnel, et microscopique, tournée vers les arrangements institutionnels. Premièrement, en se servant du récent concept des micro-institutions pour l’analyse du cadre de la régulation, nous analysons la question sous-explorée de savoir comment l’environnement institutionnel est transmis à des niveaux inférieurs de prise de décision. Nous observons en effet qu’à l’échelle des bassins versants, des micro-institutions peuvent apparaître en réponse à l’échec des niveaux de gouvernement d’adresser certaines problématiques. Cela confirme l’idée que les spécificités sectorielles doivent être prises en compte pour toute réforme. Deuxièmement, nous choisissons d’aborder la question de l’influence du modèle de régulation (centralisé ou décentralisé) sur la corruption, sous un nouvel angle de vue : Plutôt que de débattre de la supériorité d’un modèle sur l’autre, nous examinons les micro-institutions qui permettent en pratique de comprendre comment les agents économiques se coordonnent. C’est à ce niveau que se révèlent les risques de corruption. Troisièmement, nous nous intéressons à l’effet de la décentralisation sur les choix des modes d’organisation. Nous montrons, à l’aide d’une application économétrique du concept récent de la cohérence, la pertinence de la proposition selon laquelle les infrastructures de l’eau impliquent des actifs critiques, notamment les réseaux de transmission et de distribution, qui nécessitent une coordination étroite. Cela résulte dans des structures de gouvernance avec des droits de décision fortement centralisés. Quatrièmement, la décentralisation comprend aussi un aspect dynamique. Cet aspect concerne la réforme des infrastructures et leur libéralisation et implique des changements des modes d’organisation et de la distribution des droits de décision. Nous montrons que du fait de la combinaison de plusieurs spécificités de la provision d’eau potable, tel que la nature monopolistique des services d’eau, la libéralisation dans ce secteur reste marginale tandis que le contrôle public a plutôt tendance à s’intensifier qu’à se réduire. Cette thèse, appliquée au cas des infrastructures d’eau potable et d’assainissement, peut être considérée comme une contribution aux interrogations sur l’interaction et la coordination des agents économiques qui agissent dans des environnements et arrangements institutionnels décentralisés. En insistant sur le rôle de la prise de décision, des outils originaux, tels que les micro-institutions, sont avancés pour élucider ces questions
The present thesis analyses the role decentralisation plays in the water sector in the perspective of new institutional economics. After identifying several relevant aspects of decentralisation, namely its institutional, sectoral, economic, and organisational ones, the reflexion on the topic revolves around four big themes, applying macro- and micro-views, i.e. at the level of the institutional environment and institutional arrangements respectively. Firstly, by applying the recent concept of micro-institutions to the analysis of regulatory settings, we are able to provide new insights into the under-explored question of how the institutional environment translates into lower levels of decision-making. Also, regulation is found to be dictated by sectoral characteristics that lead to regulatory micro-institutions at the river basin levels if government tiers are unable to address certain issues. This stresses the necessity to take sector specificities into account in any type of reform. Secondly, the much debated question on whether regulatory settings should be centralised or decentralised to lower corruption is misguided. Rather, the concrete micro-institutional setting must be examined in order to understand how the interaction of economic actors is coordinated. These coordination mechanisms reveal the risks of corruption. Thirdly, in a micro-perspective, the question of decentralisation also relates to the choice of modes of organisation. An econometric application of the recent coherence framework corroborates the view that water infrastructures involve critical assets, namely the transmission and distribution networks, which require tight coordination and therefore governance structures with highly centralised decision-rights. Fourthly, decentralisation also has a dynamic aspect. This is relevant to infrastructure reform and liberalisation which involves changes both in modes of organisation and in the distribution of decision-rights. The water sector is found to combine several characteristics which create the expectation that liberalisation will remain very low in this sector with public control rather in- than decreasing. This PhD thesis, applied to water utilities, can be seen as a contribution to the questions of how economic agents interact and coordinate in decentralised institutional environments and arrangements. By insisting on the role of decision-making, original tools, such as the concept of micro-institutions, are put forward in order to shed light on these issues

La Cour de Justice Communautaire (CJC), la Cour des Comptes Communautaire (CCC) et la Cour Commune de Justice et d’Arbitrage (CCJA) sont les trois juridictions supranationales créées respectivement par les traités de la CEMAC et de l’OHADA pour renforcer les nouveaux processus d’intégration économique et juridique des Etats membres. Dans la mesure où ces juridictions exercent un contrôle juridictionnel déterminant de la norme communautaire, le premier contrôle étant effectué par les juridictions nationales des Etats parties, la conception, l’organisation, le fonctionnement, les caractéristiques, les rôles ou compétences de ces juridictions nouvelles ainsi que la destinée des décisions qu’elles rendent dans leurs fonctions strictement judiciaires ou dans celles accessoires d’appui à la procédure arbitrale, présentent un intérêt digne d’une recherche doctorale. S’il est apparu que des jalons supplémentaires d’efficacité des nouveaux processus d’intégration ont été plantés par la création desdites juridictions, il a également été constaté que des pesanteurs d’ordre juridictionnel, structurel ou fonctionnel continuent d’en retarder la vitesse de croisière. Les solutions que nous avons proposées pour surmonter ces difficultés se regroupent en une réorganisation des juridictions communautaires, une répartition claire des compétences entre elles, un renforcement de la procédure de contrôle du droit communautaire, une vulgarisation permanente du droit de l’intégration, une revalorisation des titres exécutoires, une clarification des fonctions du juge d’exécution, une restriction du domaine de l’immunité d’exécution, un réaménagement des procédures de recouvrement, une formation continue des acteurs de la justice, une amélioration de leur condition de travail et de vie, une résurgence de l’éthique morale, une réelle indépendance de la justice… C’est dire que l’étude met un accent sur les obstacles qui entravent les nouveaux processus d’intégration et propose des solutions pour parfaire les textes législatifs et leurs interprétations jurisprudentielles, dans la perspective d’accélérer le développement économique des Etats concernés en particulier, pour une meilleure prospérité globale des économies mondiales
The Communautary Court of Justice (CCJ), the Communautary Court of Account (CCA) and the Common Court of Justice and Arbitration (CCJA) are the three supranational jurisdictions respectively created by EMCAC and OHBLA treaties to reinforce the new processes of economical and judicial integration for their member States. In the measure where these jurisdictions are competent to exercise a juridictional control, by determining the communautary norms, the first control being carried out by the national juridictions, the conception, the organisation, the functioning, the characteristics, the roles or competences of these new jurisdictions and also the destiny of the decisions they rend in their strictly judiciary functions or in their accessory functions of supporting the arbitral procedure, present an interest worthy of a doctorate research. If it appears that the supplementary Milestones of efficiency of the new processes of integration had been installed by the creation of the said jurisdictions, it had also been observed that the gravities of jurisdictional, structural or functional order continue to delay the speed of cruise. The solutions that we have proposed to overcome these difficulties involves the reorganization of communautary jurisdictions, the clearly distribution of competences between them, the reinforcement of the communautarian law control procedure, a permanent vulgarisation of integration law, a revalorisation of executary titles, a clarification of immunity of execution domain, a development of the recovery procedures, a continual training of judicial actors, and improvement of their working and living conditions, a resurgence of moral ethic, a real independence of the Justice… This means that the study put a stress on the obstacles which hold up the new processes of integration and propose solutions to perfect the legislative texts and their jurisprudential interpretations, in the perspective of accelerating the economic development of the concerned States, for the best global prosperity of the world’s economies

Fraudulent behaviour by management has become a global problem that cuts across cultural and ideological divides. Therefore, given the high incidence and cost of fraud internationally and locally, as well as the fact that stakeholders, including shareholders, governments and non-governmental organisations, are increasing the pressure on organisations to manage unethical behaviour more effectively, it is astonishing that fraud per se has not attracted more research efforts. Enron, WorldCom and Arthur Andersen, among others, have underscored the fact that the current modes which are governing companies are not sufficient to protect investors and public interests, because it is easy for otherwise honest people to be swept along in a climate of corruption. The aim of this study was to propose a model to predict potential risk of management fraud based on the organisational climate of the organisation. An interpretative framework was used to develop a conceptual model. Analytical induction and Lawshe’s content validity ratio were applied to validate the conceptualised model. The conceptual model assumes that there are certain organisational climate factors (determinants and dimensions) within an organisation which could indicate the direction of climate within the organisation. The determinants are leadership style, managerial values, trustworthiness, and organisational values. The following dimensions were identified: level of individual autonomy, reward system of organisation, degree of open communication between employees and management, perceived individual pressure, and fairness and innovation. The conceptual model further assumes that, although employees’ acceptance and/or tolerance of unethical behaviour might be high, not all managers will engage in fraud, as the various aspects of the fraud diamond also impose a form of constraint on the organisation. The level of individual constraint as imposed by the fraud diamond is moderated by an individual’s gender, tenure, education and age, which form part of an individual’s capability and comprise the acquired traits of an individual. Apart from these biographical traits, the model includes personal traits that will also have an impact on an individual’s capability. The limitations, practical implications and recommendations for future research are also discussed. This study, not only augments fraud literature, but also contributes to industrial/organisational psychology by studying individual deviance from an organisational perspective.
Psychology
D. Phil. (Consulting psychology) : illustrated (some colored)

The objective of this study was mainly to describe, analyse and evaluate the determinants of the phenomenon of whistle blowing that influences the protection of employees making authorised and/or unauthorised disclosures. It was also a purpose of the study to evaluate the specific role of the Protected Disclosures Act 2000 (Act 26 of 2000) (PDA) in fulfilling its mandate to protect authorised disclosures on wrongdoing in public and private sector organisations. The PDA seeks to combat crime and corruption through the disclosing of wrongdoing. The intention is to create a culture which will facilitate the disclosure of information by employees relating to criminal and other irregular conduct in the workplace in a responsible manner, by providing comprehensive statutory guidelines through the PDA for the disclosure of such information, and protection against any retaliation as a result of such disclosures. An important aspect that this study dealt with was the provision, as a prerequisite to the PDA to be implemented successfully, that individual members of the private and public sectors have to act responsibly and in good faith in making disclosures in order to be protected by the PDA. In order to provide clarity on the conceptualisation of whistle blowing, the study explored the conceptual knowledge of the variables influencing the determinants of whistle blowing and the whistle blower through the application of a literature study of the concept and theories of ethics, values, morals, loyalty, trust and whistle blowing, in order to describe and analyse the variables influencing the whistle blower, the whistle blowing process, the characteristics of whistle blowers and the strategies and procedures employed to blow the whistle in an organisation. The study explored the organisational determinants influencing a whistle blower's decision to blow the whistle in the social context of an organisation in order to determine the influence of organisational culture and organisational trust as internal social factors that may facilitate the effective management of whistle blowing resulting in no whistle blowing taking place. The study objectives, appropriate conclusions and proposals are addressed based on the role that the PDA, the ethical determinants of the work environment, the determinants influencing the individual whistle blower and the organisational determinants influencing effective whistle blowing, can fulfil, in order to serve as a mechanism to combat corruption.
Public Administration
D. Litt. et Phil. (Public Administration)

Like many transitional democracies, Indonesia has experienced increased activity by nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), including those which focus on the prevention of corruption. Scholarly literature suggests that the democratising context favours such organisations and their anti-corruption initiatives. However, the reality may be more complex than the literature suggests. Based on an assumption that there is a negative correlation between accountability and corruption, this thesis brings the concept of accountability into the discussion of democratisation, NGOs and the combatting of corruption. Extending existing literature on social accountability, it focuses on several varieties of accountability activities initiated by Jakarta-based NGOs with the goal of combatting corruption. They include initiatives aimed at enforcing electoral accountability; influencing policy-making to strengthen accountability institutions; and mobilising stakeholders to utilise participatory accountability institutions. Through intensive interviews with NGO activists involved in these initiatives, this thesis offers indepth analysis of the struggle against corruption in Indonesia during the Reformasi era. It argues that the context of democratisation offered NGOs opportunities to strengthen accountability institutions while limiting space for the enforcement of electoral accountability and participatory accountability. It also finds that NGOs endeavoured to overcome the limitations or challenges that they encountered, suggesting that contextual conditions may improve in the near future. These findings not only extend scholarly discussions on the enforcement of accountability in transitional democracies, but also help explain why corruption remains pervasive in democratising Indonesia.

Doctor Legum - LLD
African countries are faced with the daunting task of providing a comprehensive regulatory framework for their natural resources. This is at both the international and domestic level. The statement is particularly true for emerging African oil producing countries. Related to the above, it can be argued that production quotas, subsidies, and corruption continue to hinder the full liberalisation of the oil sector globally, and in Africa. Also, these three areas are the genesis of some of the prominent issues in the discussions of trade in energy goods. Although Africa is substantially endowed with natural resources like crude oil, it remains at the bottom of the development pecking order; accordingly, it has to get centrally involved in the debate on the regulation of international trade in oil to encourage development and to benefit from the resource. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) are the most relevant organisations in the collective regulation of production quotas, oil consumption subsidies and the control of corruption in the oil sector. Both organisations, directly for the former, and indirectly for the latter, deal with trade between nations. OPEC‘s mandate is established in the OPEC Statute, while the mandate of the WTO is found in various multilateral and plurilateral agreements. However, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1994) (GATT), the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM), and the Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA) are the most relevant. The Energy Charter Treaty (ECT) is only discussed where relevant. This is because the treaty is based on the WTO framework. Also, several provisions in the WTO agreements are not fully discussed in the ECT. OPEC which deals with regulation of oil production and to some extent oil prices in member countries has an effect on trade of the commodity. The role of the WTO however, is more direct as it regulates international trade of various vi goods and services. Thus this thesis investigates how the above legal frameworks regulate production quotas, subsidies, and corruption in the oil sector. The results of the foregoing investigation are then applied to African countries, such as, Nigeria, Angola (members of both the WTO and OPEC) and Ghana, an emerging African oil producing country, to assess the impact of these international rules on the countries‘ legal regimes. Ghana has recently developed its crude oil sector. The success of the nascent oil sector of this country may depend on the conception or improvement of a comprehensive legal framework, to regulate international trade in oil. It is apparent that without an effective legal framework to regulate international trade in oil, the discovery of oil in Ghana, may not make any long term positive impact on the current economic conditions. Ghana is a member of the WTO; however, it is yet to join OPEC, despite growing debate on its membership in the organisation.

Pourquoi la Roumanie ne réussit-elle pas l'épreuve de l'européanisation? À travers quatre études de cas, ce mémoire souligne le rôle central occupé par les partis politiques dans le développement de la corruption en Roumanie. En adaptant la théorie créée par Jonathan Pinto, Carrie Leana et Frits Pil, il montre que le type le plus répandu de corruption n'est pas individuel mais organisationnel et se propage à travers les partis. Plus précisément, les études de cas servent à comparer les phénomènes de l'Organisation d'Individus Corrompus (OIC) et de l'Organisation Corrompue (OC). En Roumanie, les deux types coexistent. Toutefois, de par l’étendue et la puissance supérieure dans le fonctionnement de l’OC par rapport à l’OIC, de par la définition et tel que le montre l'analyse des études de cas choisies, le phénomène de l’Organisation Corrompue dans sa manifestation à l'intérieur des partis politiques a plus de conséquences négatives sur le développement économique, politique et sur l’intégration européenne du pays comprise dans le sens d’idéal démocratique et de modernité dont tout État membre de l’Union européenne tente de se rapprocher.
Why does Romania fail the Europeanization test? Using four case studies, this thesis emphasizes the central role played by political parties in the development of corruption in Romania. By adapting the theory first developed by Jonathan Pinto, Carrie Leana and Frits Pil, it shows that the most common type of corruption is not individual but organizational and spreads through political parties. More precisely, the case studies are used to compare the phenomena of Corrupt Organization (CO) and Organization of Corrupt Individuals (OCI), respectively. In Romania, the two types coexist. However, due to its extent and strength revealed by the case studies, the phenomenon of Corrupt Organization in its manifestation within political parties has more negative consequences on the economic and political development as well as on the European integration of the country.

The primary objective of this research was to study and explain police criminality from a criminological point of view. Police criminality was addressed from a scientific perspective and this was achieved by using scientific measures and procedures including theoretical explanations and recognised research methodology. The secondary objectives included the undertaking of a comprehensive literature study on police criminality in addition to conducting interviews with specialists in order to gain expert information from knowledgeable sources in the field of police criminality. Interviews conducted with police offenders addressed police criminality from the viewpoint of the individual offender. The findings of the empirical study reflect significant individual and organisational factors. The individual factors highlighted characteristics such as power, greed, aggression, feelings of invincibility, gullibility, propensity to criminality and psychological factors including Post Traumatic Stress Disorder, which contributed to crimes committed by police members. Perhaps the most significant organisational contributors highlighted by this study related to managerial shortcomings. It is evident that police organisations with high levels of untrained, inexperienced and incompetent managers experience high levels of internal criminality. Poor supervision and the lack of corruption controls create an enabling environment for the perpetuation of police deviance. Additional organisational factors that encourage criminality include negative aspects of police culture such as the code of silence, where police members are more apt to protecting corrupt colleagues than reporting them. The lack of discipline gives rise to insubordination and familiarity, which encourages impunity. In the South African Police Service at present, the policy of Affirmative Action is causing widespread dissatisfaction and the lowering of morale amongst certain members. Inadequate recruitment and training do not prepare members adequately for their job and it literally allow the "worm into the apple." The researcher's contribution to this study is an interventionist model, which contains essential recommendations primarily for the benefit of the South African Police Service. These include the expeditious implementation of a comprehensive anti-corruption strategy and the creation of an independent investigation unit. Management shortcomings must be rectified and professionalism encouraged. Recruits need to be thoroughly vetted and ethics and integrity must be included in police training.
Criminology
D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)