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1

Sch??fer, Andrea Iris Chemical Engineering &amp Industrial Chemistry UNSW. "Natural Organics Removal using Membranes." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, 1999. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20695.

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Membrane processes are increasingly used in water treatment. Experiments were performed using stirred cell equipment, polymeric membranes and synthetic surface water containing natural organics, inorganic colloids and their aggregates, and cations. All processes could remove a significant amount of natural organics. Pretreatment with ferric chloride was required to achieve significant organic removal with MF and high MWCO UF. Additionally, fouling mechanisms for the three processes were investigated. Crucial parameters were aggregate characteristics (fractal structure, stability, organic-colloid interactions), solubility of organics and calcium, and hydrodynamics. In MF, fouling by pore plugging was most severe. Variations in solution chemistry changed the aggregation state of the colloids and/or natural organic matter and dramatically affected rejection and fouling behaviour. UF membrane fouling was mainly influenced by pore adsorption and could improve natural organics rejection significantly. Coagulant addition shifted fouling mechanism from pore adsorption to cake formation. Aggregate structure was most significant for flux decline. In NF, rejection of natural organics involved both size and charge exclusion. Fouling was caused by precipitation of a calcium-organic complex. Fouling could be avoided by pretreatment with metal salt coagulants. Thorough chemical characterisation of the organics used demonstrated that only size and aromaticity can be related to fouling. The study is concluded with a process comparison based on a water quality parameter and a cost comparison. Treatment cost of microfiltration with chemical pretreatment was similar to that of nanofiltration at a comparable natural organics rejection.
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2

Al, Lawati Wafa Mustafa Mohammed. "The role of organics in the mobilization of arsenic in shallow aquifers." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2012. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-role-of-organics-in-the-mobilization-of-arsenic-in-shallow-aquifers(80126753-1300-40f9-924b-6a94f6c4d6af).html.

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Over a hundred million people across the globe, and particularly in Asia, are chronicallyexposed to high concentrations (>10 ppb) of geogenic arsenic (As) in shallow reducinggroundwaters utilised as drinking water. It is widely accepted that As mobilisation fromsediments into these groundwater requires active metal-reducing microbes and electrondonors such as organic matter (OM). Although OM have been characterised in fewaquifers, there is a dearth of data on other As rich aquifers.In this work, we further investigate the correlation between As release from aquifers andthe OM/microbial communities present. The key findings of this work are:i. OM in Vietnamese and Taiwanese As hotspot areas originates from multiple sources.This is comparable to previous studies in Cambodia and West Bengal, indicating thatOM originates from similar sources in all the areas studied up to date, regardless ofthe age (Holocene/Pleistocene) and the sediment source (Himalayas/non-Himalayas).This suggests that similar electron donors, such as petroleum derived HMW nalkanes,are present in all these groundwater aquifer sediments.ii. No noticeable differences in OM biomarker distribution patterns were observedbetween sediments from two contrasting groundwater As concentration sites (e.g. <10 ppb; Pleistocene and up to 600 ppb; Holocene) in Vietnam, suggesting thatarsenic mobilisation is not associated with a specific OM source at these sites. Inaddition, no microbial activity was determined in these two sites suggesting thatother abiotic factors could lead to As release.iii. Microbiological process of dissimilatory As(V) reduction is active in microcosmexperiments using non-Himalayan Taiwanese sediments, despite low groundwaterAs concentrations, causing the release of As into the groundwater. However, Asrelease in these sediment slurries is not controlled by a specific source of the lipidderived OM, suggesting that other electron donors, not analysed in present studycould be contributing/controlling the rate of As release; and/or that multiple fractionsof the lipid derived OM are used as electron donors in this process.iv. Artificial maturation experiments indicated that a fully 13C-lablled kerogen analoguecan be obtained by using 13C-labelled cyanobacteria biomass as a starting material.However, this kerogen analogue had some differences when compared to the naturalmaterial, suggesting that an artificial degradation precursor step, prior to the actualmaturation process, might be required to generate analogues that better resemble thenatural kerogen.v. 13C-labelled substrates (hexadecane and kerogen) incubation experiments revealedthat As(III) release in all microcosms was microbially driven. Very low 13C-n-alkaneincorporation was observed in association with As release, suggesting that otherelectron donors could be mediating this process. In contrast, kerogen did not haveany effect on As release. Moreover, As(V) amendments enhanced the degradation ofthe shorter carbon chain length n-alkanes more than the longer ones, suggesting thatthese are more important electron donors in the process of As release than the longerones.
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Düker, Anders. "Natural aquatic colloidal matter : characteristics and impact on the mobility of trace metals and organics /." Linköping : Tema, Univ, 1998. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp98/arts180s.htm.

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4

Danilovic, Dusan Stevan. "Investigation of Magnetic Properties in the Case of Three Families of 1-Dimensional Magnets:M(II)A(4,4'-bipyridine);M=Fe,Co,Ni,Cu A=Cl2,(N3)2,(ox)." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/89058.

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Physics
Ph.D.
Magnetic properties of three families of metal-organic coordinated networks which have the general form of M(II)A(4,4'-bipyridine), where M=Fe, Ni, Co, and Cu and A=Cl2, (ox) and (N3)2, are studied in this dissertation. Novel Ni(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine), Co(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) and Cu(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) have been synthesized. We applied different synthesis procedures and produced Ni, Co, and Cu azide compounds for the first time, thus leaving the hydrothermal route procedure. Powder x-ray diffraction at room temperature was done in order to establish the crystal structure of the members of these three families. It was found that all of them crystallize in orthorhombic structure, where transitional metals have an octahedral coordination. Since all three families have identical crystal structure we got opportunity to examine how ligands facilitate magnetic interaction between metallic centers and also to test existing magnetic theoretical models. Since 4,4'-bipyridine is much longer than other ligands, our systems can be considered as 1-D magnetic systems. Their interchain magnetic interactions are very weak, and they order magnetically at very low temperatures of the order of few K. Measurements of M(H) at temperatures T=1.9K and T=2K and χ(T) in different external magnetic fields in zero field and field cooled modes have been made. In the case of MCl2(4,4'-bipyridine) family of compounds, we observed ferromagnetic interactions between metal ions within the chains and antiferromagnetic interactions between adjacent chains. M(ox)(4,4'-bipyridine) family of metal-organic compounds has antiferromagnetic interactions between the transitional metal ions within the chain, while weak ferromagnetic interaction exists between the chains. All members in the M(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) family except in the case of the copper compound were found to have ferromagnetic interactions between metal ions within the chains and then antiferromagnetic interactions between adjacent chains. The copper compound does not show magnetic ordering in the temperature range we considered. All the metal ions in these compounds were detected in high spin states. The magnetic susceptibility data was fit to appropriate 1-D models, which in the case of MCl2(4,4'-bipyridine) and M(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) were the Classical Spin Fisher model, and the Bonner Fisher model in the case M(ox)(4,4'-bipyridine). The experimental results and fitting to the appropriate model with the accuracy of 0.995 suggests that shorter Cl-M-Cl distances facilitate ferromagnetic interactions, which are more sensitive to the total spin value then to the sole distance between metal ions. The magnetic behavior of M(N3)2(4,4'-bipyridine) family of coordinated metal-organic compounds is very interesting because family members exhibit both ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic behavior. The ferromagnetic characteristics decrease with decreasing spin. Fitting the results for all compounds of the M(ox)(4,4'-bipyridine) family have shown that strong anisotropy exists in all of them, being highest in Ni(ox)(4,'4-bipyridine) and lowest in Co(ox)(4,4'-bipyridine). Specific heat measurements were performed in the case of cobalt and copper azide compounds and then compared with previously obtained results for the iron coordinated network of the same family. Although none of these compounds show the characteristic λ shaped transition indicating magnetic ordering, all of them have unusually large values of the constant γ, which indicates significant magnetic contribution to the observed specific heat, since the free electron contribution in these observed families is negligible. We have concluded that total spin of the transitional metal plays a more important role than the distance between ions within the chain in determining magnitude of interaction, and that (N3)2 is a better facilitator of ferromagnetic interaction between ions than Cl2.
Temple University--Theses
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5

Minnis, Rochelle J. "Comparison of the use of single and multiple oxidants on the generation of particulate matter in water distribution systems derived from groundwater sources containing hydrogen sulfide and dissolved organics." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2005. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001390.

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6

Bisinoti, Marcia Cristina. "Biogeoquimica aquatica do mercurio organico na Bacia do Rio Negro, Amazonia." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/249639.

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Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T20:31:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bisinoti_MarciaCristina_D.pdf: 1949476 bytes, checksum: a702f967a817c83e250f6e74b334ddd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005
Doutorado
Quimica Analitica
Doutor em Ciências
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7

Sharp, Emma. "Natural organic matter coagulation." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/2224.

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The removal of natural organic matter (NOM) is one of the main challenges facing water utilities in both the UK and the US. As a consequence of changes in land management and an increased carbon loss from solids, a greater amount of accumulated organics is now being flushed into the aquatic environment during increased surface run-off events such as snowmelt or heavy rainfall. Furthermore, whilst traditional treatment with trivalent coagulants has proven a successful strategy in the past, operational problems are now being reported during periods of elevated organic levels in the water. These include the formation of fragile flocs, a greater particulate carryover onto downstream processes and increased disinfection by product (DBP) formation. Resin adsorption techniques were employed to fractionate the water samples into their hydrophobic and hydrophilic components. This, coupled with raw water monitoring, revealed that NOM composition and characteristics can vary, even if the total organic concentrations appear stable. In particular, hydrophobic NOM fractions contribute the majority of the charge compared to the hydrophilic fractions, and therefore exert a greater impact on coagulation conditions. Comparison across different source waters, seasons, at varying experimental scales and under varying coagulation conditions, revealed that zeta potential monitoring during coagulation takes into account the changing electrical property of the water, and in general, maintaining a value between -10
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8

Laniewski, Krzysztof. "Halogenated organic matter in precipitation /." Linköping : Tema, Univ, 1998. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp98/arts176s.htm.

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Nilsson, K. Sofia. "Modelling soil organic matter turnover /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2004. http://epsilon.slu.se/s326.pdf.

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Yusran, Fadly Hairannoor. "Soil organic matter decomposition : effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus dynamics in lateritic soils." University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0120.

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[Truncated abstract] Relationships between the persistence of organic matter added to soil, the dynamics of soil organic carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) were examined in four experiments on lateritic soils of Western Australia. The main objective was to quantify the release of P following organic matter application in soils which have high P adsorbing capacity. Another objective was to confirm that due to its recalcitrant materials, the effect of peat lasted longer in soil than other sources of organic matter in terms of increasing plant-available P fractions. Three experiments were conducted under glasshouse conditions for various lengths of time, with nine- to twelve-month incubations to investigate these hypotheses. As expected, organic matter with lower C:N ratios than peat (lucerne hay) decomposed more rapidly compared with peat, and the most active mineralisation took place within the first three months of incubation. Soil organic-C (extracted by 0.5 M K2SO4) had a significant positive correlation with P extracted with 0.5 M NaHCO pH 8.53. For a higher application rate (120 ton ha-1), peat was better than wheat straw and lucerne hay in increasing extractable bicarbonate-P concentrations in soil, especially at incubation times up to 12 months. Throughout the experiment, peat was associated with a steady increase in all parameters measured. In contrast to peat, nutrient release from lucerne hay and wheat straw was rapid and diminished over time. There was a tendency for organic-C (either in the form of total extractable organic-C or microbial biomass-C) to steadily increase in soil with added peat throughout the experiment. Unlike wheat straw and lucerne hay, extractable organic-C from peat remained in soil and there was less C loss in the form of respiration. Therefore, peat persisted and sequestered C to the soil system for a longer time than the other source of organic matter. Freshly added organic matter was expected to have a greater influence on P transformation from adsorbed forms in lateritic soils than existing soil organic matter. By removing the existing soil organic matter, the effect of freshly applied organic matter can be determine separately from that of the existing soil organic matter for a similar organic-C content. In order to do this, some soil samples were combusted up to 450° C to eliminate inherent soil organic matter. The release of P was greater when organic-C from fresh organic matter was applied to combusted soils than in uncombusted soils that contained the existing soil organic matter. The exception only applied for parameters related to soil micro-organisms such as biomass-C and phosphatase. For such parameters, new soil organic matter did not create conditions favourable for organisms to increase in activity despite the abundance of organic matter available. More non-extractable-P was formed in combusted soils compared to bicarbonate-P and it contributed to more than 50% of total-P. As for the first experiment, peat also showed a constant effect in increasing bicarbonate extractable-P in the soil
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Nuwer, Jonathan Mark. "Organic matter preservation along a dynamic continental margin : form and fates of sedimentary organic matter /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10999.

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12

Estapa, Margaret L. "Photochemical Reactions of Particulate Organic Matter." Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2011. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/EstapaM2011.pdf.

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13

Koprivnjak, Jean-François. "Natural Organic Matter: Isolation and Bioavailability." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14564.

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Electrodialysis (ED) experiments were conducted on reverse osmosis (RO)-concentrated solutions of NOM from six rivers. The ED processes successfully recovered 88 11% of TOC, and removed 83% 19% of SO42- and 67% 18% of H4SiO4. More importantly, the molar ratios of SO42- /TOC and H4SiO4 /TOC were reduced to a mean value of 0.0046 and 0.032, respectively, surpassing the goal for removal of SO42- (0.008) and almost achieving the goal for removal of H4SiO4 (0.021). The ED process can lower the SO42- /TOC ratio in samples whose initial SO42- /TOC ratios are already far below the limit of 0.008 used in this study. The coupled RO/ED process that has been described here offers a fast, simple, chemically mild (relative to other methods), and reproducible method of isolation of large quantities of relatively unfractionated, low-ash NOM from freshwaters. RO/ED was also successfully used for isolating and concentrating marine dissolved organic matter (DOM). The effort successfully recovered a median of 72% of the TOC from 200 L samples within six to nine hours of processing through a combination of ED and RO, greatly exceeding the current norm of 30%. The relatively high recovery of DOM implies that classes of DOM previously missing are included in these samples and should yield new insight into the chemistry of marine DOM. Freshwater samples processed by electrodialysis were analyzed for elemental composition and by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and electro-spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Bulk elemental composition, 1H- and 13C-NMR, and ESI-MS data provide evidence linking bioavailabilty to the bulk chemistry of NOM: the H/C and N/C molar ratios are positively and strongly correlated with bioavailability, as hypothesized. Using an independent dataset (STORET) of water quality parameters, calculated BOD/TOC ratios were found to be moderately correlated with measured bioavailabilities and can be used as a surrogate for bioavailability of geochemically diverse riverine DOM.
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Koprivnjak, Jean-Franȯis. "Natural organic matter isolation and bioavailability /." Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007, 2007. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04082007-154052/.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007.
Perdue, E. Michael, Committee Chair ; Ingall, Ellery, Committee Member ; Stack, Andrew, Committee Member ; Nenes, Athanasios, Committee Member ; Pfromm, Peter, Committee Member.
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Bashir, Firdous Zahra. "Molecular characterization of sedimentary organic matter." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246697.

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Scott, Sharon Elizabeth. "Computational Approaches to Studying Organic Cation Sorption to Organic Matter." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1594139918499603.

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Faituri, Mikaeel Y. "Soil organic matter in Mediterranean and Scandinavian forest ecosystems : dynamics of organic matter, nutrients, and monomeric phenolic compounds /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2002. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2002/91-576-6320-3.pdf.

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Gordon, Kelly Jo. "Chromophoric dissolved organic matter in coastal rainwater /." Electronic version (PDF), 2007. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2007-1/gordonk/kellygordon.pdf.

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Pers, B. Charlotta. "Modelling organic matter dynamics in aquatic systems /." Linköping : Univ, 2000. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2000/arts214s.htm.

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Giannelli, Virginia. "Dissolved organic matter in the Southern Ocean." Thesis, Bangor University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.247270.

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Reid, Seth Neil. "Chromophoric dissolved organic matter in coastal rainwater /." Electronic version (PDF), 2003. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2003/reids/sethreid.html.

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Aziez, Mebarka. "The organic geochemistry of sedimentary organic matter from the Algerian Sahara." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/454.

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This study Is composed of three parts: (I) organic geochemical and organic petrological analysis of source rock samples from the Ghadames-El Borma basin are. described; (! I) organic geochemical characterisation of oils from a number of occurrences In Algeria has been carried out to give families or groups of different oil types; (iii) oiksource rock correlations In the Ghadames-El Borma basin between the oils In the Triassic reservoirs and, the putative source rock - sections are suggested. Sixty rock samples ranging from the-Triassic to Ordovician In age from the Ghadames-El Borma basin, have been Investigated using organic geochemical techniques In order to assess source rock potential. Rock-Eval pyrolysis data indicate that Devonian, constitute excellent - source rocks, Siludan and Ordovician are considered potentially ; noderate to good source beds, whereas Triassic sediments have little or no oil potential. Reflected and ultraviolet light I microscopy show that amorphous organic matter and Graptolite dominate the Ordovician strata, while Silurian and Devonlan'contain predominantly liptinitic materials such as acritarchs, algal bodies (Tasmanites) and spores; bitumen Is moderately abundant. Biological marker Investigation using capillary gas chromatography and the combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in energy Impact . -(GC/MS/El) and metastable ! on reaction monitoring (GC/MS/MRM) modes together with principal component analysis (PCA) have allowed a discrimination of samples Into three groups: (I) Ordovician, (ii) Silurian and Devonian and (iii) Triassic. Oil-oil correlation procedure has been carried out In areas with a number of different oil occurrences from southern and northern Algeria, namely from the Ghadames-El Borma, Sbaa, Illizi, Triassic province and Southeast Constantine basins. A range of approaches can be used which depend on the nature of the oils. In the present study, correlation parameters Include data derived from biological marker distributions as well as gasoline range hydrocarbons. Distributions of biological marker compounds together with principal component analysis (PCA) of sterane and terpane distributions reveal a discrimination of, the well numbers Into three groups: (1) Southeast Constantine (DK1, GKN1), Ghadames-El Borma, (ELB9), Sbaa (ODZI, DECI-11)A, in Amenas (TG22). (il) Ghadames-El Borma (KA2, ROM 1), Ain Amenas (ZR1 15) (iii)Gassi Touil (GT6, GT47), Rhourd-Nouss (RN48, RNSE6). Oils from Illizi basin (MRK16, STAI-18, STAH40 and MRK12) are poor In biological marker content and as yet cannot ba'assigned to any of the above groups. Maturity assessment has been based on paraffin index values (heptane and Isoheptane Indices) given by Thompson (1983) as well as steroid Isomerization and aromatization ratios. In this situation, oil mixing can be clearly seen using both gasoline derived I parameters and biological marker ratios (e. g. sterane Isomerization) if there Is no loss during migration. In the final part of this study,o il-sourcer ock correlationsh ave been considered for oils (Keskessa, El Borma and Rom field) and source rocks from the Ghadames-El Borma basin. However, such correlations were, In some cases, difficult to establish because molecular distributions may have changed during migration. Nevertheless, correlations procedures attempted using molecular parameters and PCA results of steranes and terpanes suggest that these particular oils may have been derived from Devonian or Silurian source rocks, as suggested by similarities In sterane and terpane compositions.
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Loh, Pei Sun. "An assessment of the contribution of terrestrial organic matter to total organic matter in sediments in Scottish sea lochs." Thesis, Open University, 2005. https://pure.uhi.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/an-assessment-of-the-contribution-of-terrestrial-organic-matter-to-total-organic-matter-in-sediments-in-scottish-sea-lochs(8882e1fb-99cb-410a-a94d-eecacc9b5897).html.

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The biogeochemical cycling of carbon in Lochs Creran and Etive was investigated by using lignin as the biomarker for terrestrial organic matter. The oxygen uptake rate, percentage organic matter due to loss on ignition, Rp index, total carbon, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen, C/N ratio, and phosphate content were used as the proxies to determine the biodegradability of the sediment organic matter. Total lignin in Lochs Creran and Etive ranged from 0.03 to 0.55mg/g, and Λ (mg/100mg OC) ranged from 0.37 to 0.98; the syringyl/vanillyl and cinnamyl/vanillyl ratios for both lochs ranged from 0.16-1.61 and 0-1.47, respectively. It was found that non-woody angiosperm tissues predominated in the lochs. The concentrations of lignin and the proxies were constant at individual locations, indicating continual but intermittent input of terrestrial materials into the lochs. However, total lignin and these proxies decreased significantly from the head to the mouth and outside the lochs, indicating the importance of the Rivers Creran and Etive in contributing terrestrial materials into the lochs and the importance of terrestrial organic matter in fuelling the biogeochemical cycling of organic matter in the lochs. Overall the effect of the hydrodynamic and hydrological regimes of the lochs, fish and shellfish farms, and bioturbation on the sediment organic matter was investigated. From the head to mouth of the lochs, in Creran, lignin contributed to 0.69% and 0.47% TOC at LC0 and LC6; in Etive, lignin contributed to 0.91% and 0.33% TOC at RE2 and Camas Nathais, respectively. The input of organic matter into Creran was 1.9 x 109 g/year. Of this, 1.2 x 109 g/year (63.16%) was labile fraction and 7.0 x 108 g/year (36.84%) consisted of refractory organic matter. There were overall 5.0 x 108 gC/year input of total carbon and 2.5 x 106 g/year input of lignin materials into Creran.
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Lønborg, Christian. "Bioavailability of dissolved organic matter in coastal waters." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2009. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59094.

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Klemedsson, Shicarra. "Flocculation of natural organic matter in Swedish lakes." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-85118.

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Flocculation is an important part of the carbon cycle. It is therefore crucial to understand how flocculation is regulated and how different environmental factors impact. A dilemma is that it has been found difficult to measure flocculation experimentally. In this thesis, flocculation of dissolved organic carbon in a Swedish lake was measured in a series of laboratory experiments. The method used was Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS). DLS is used to determine the size distribution profile of, for instance, small particles in suspension. DLS measures Brownian motion and relates it to the particle size by measuring the fluctuation in scattering intensity. It is not very effective to measure the frequency spectrum contained in the intensity fluctuations directly, so instead, a digital auto correlator is used. Since factors such as pH, salinity and calcium chloride content varies in lakes and is thought to have an impact on flocculation, this was investigated as well. As pH was changed in a range of 3 to 9, small changes in size distribution could be detected. Salinity and calcium chloride content have quite an impact on flocculation. Time also has a great impact, samples that were set to rest for a week showed a significant increase in particle size. For DLS to work, the samples need to be filtered of centrifuged to get rid of large particles. Different types of filters were tested to see which filter material was the best to use. When filtering the water we only want to filter out the large particles. Natural organic matter has a hydrophobic component which adsorbs to some filter types but not to others. It is crucial to know which filters this hydrophobic component adsorbs to, so that the loss of dissolved organic carbon during filtration can be minimalized.
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Patriarca, Claudia. "Characterization of dissolved organic matter : An analytical challenge." Licentiate thesis, Uppsala universitet, Analytisk kemi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-341690.

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the prevalent form of organic carbon in most aquatic environments. It is an ultra-complex mixture that plays a crucial role in global carbon cycling. Despite its importance it is still poorly understood due to its extreme heterogeneity and intricacy. Major advances in chemical characterization of DOM were possible with the introduction of high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). This technique, in combination with direct infusion (DI) as sample introduction, is the most powerful tool for the DOM analysis to date. A compelling alternative to DI is represented by upfront separation with liquid chromatography (LC); however, current techniques involve only offline LC-HRMS approaches, which exhibit important logistical drawbacks, making DOM analysis more challenging. The aim of the presented studies was to develop new methods able to enhance the analysis of the dissolved organic matter and enable a wider range of researchers to participate in the advancement of this field. In the first study, the application of the Orbitrap mass spectrometer for resolving complex DOM mixtures was investigated and the results were compared to the more established state-of-the-art technique, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). The Orbitrap was capable of excellent reproducibility and detection of the majority of ionizable organic molecules in typical aquatic mixtures. The main disadvantage of the technique is that fewer molecular formulas can be resolved and detected because of lower resolution and sensitivity. This means that many sulfur peaks and all phosphorous containing peaks are not determined. Despite this drawback, our results suggest that the Orbitrap is an appropriate technique for the investigation of very subtle biogeochemical processing of bulk DOM. The lower costs (purchase and maintenance) and wider availability of Orbitrap mass spectrometers allow a greater number of laboratories to participate in the characterization of DOM. In the second study, the first online method involving reverse phase chromatography and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry for the analysis of DOM was developed. This method overcomes the disadvantages of typical offline approaches. It enhances enormously the amount of information achievable in a single run, maintaining high resolution data, reducing analysis time and potential contamination. The introduction of in silico fractionation makes the method extremely flexible, allowing an easy, fast, and detailed comparison of DOM samples from a variety of sources.
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Gonsior, Michael, and n/a. "Dissolved organic matter in New Zealand natural waters." University of Otago. Department of Chemistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080501.114023.

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most dynamic and least understood part of the global oceanic carbon cycle. Furthermore the molecular composition of DOM is largely unknown. This study focused on the distribution pattern, removal processes and molecular characterisation of DOM in a range of estuaries and coastal zones in New Zealand. Doubtful Sound, the longest fjord in Fiordland National Park, South Island, New Zealand was of particular interest, because of the combination of extreme rainfall, enhanced production of DOM within the temperate rainforest which largely appears in the relatively deep ([greater than or equal to] 5 m) low salinity layer (LSL) at the fjord surface. A typical river estuary (Freshwater River) located in Stewart Island, New Zealand was also investigated. Optical water properties such as the UV/Vis absorption coefficient at 355 nm (a[CDOM](355)) and excitation-emission matrix fluorescence (EEM) were determined for samples from freshwater, across the LSL into open ocean water. These optical properties showed a marked decrease with salinity and highest levels of EEM fluorescence and a[CDOM] (355) in the brackish surface water. In addition to the observed changes in the optical properties, ultrahigh resolution Electrospray Ionisation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS) determination of molecular formulae revealed that in the fjord about 20 % of these formulae changed along a vertical salinity gradient across the LSL between the brackish surface water and the saline water at 5 m depth. This trend was even more pronounced along the salinity gradient of the Fresh Water River Estuary in Stewart Island, where 60 % of all assigned molecular masses changed from freshwater over the mixing zone to ocean water. Associated with these changes was a marked increase in aromaticity with increasing salinity. Comparable behaviour with increasing salinity was also observed in estuarine samples from the Cape Fear River system, North Carolina, USA. In contrast, only minor changes were determined in molecular formulae for surface water samples collected along a transect off the Otago Coast and across the Subtropical Convergence (STC) into Subantarctic Water (SAW). However, a comparison of the molecular formulae assigned to the DOM pool for the STC water and a freshwater stream in Doubtful Sound, revealed that 75 % of all the assigned formulae for the open ocean sample were common to these two markedly different types of natural waters. This seemingly refractory DOM contained nearly 600 assigned molecular formulae, which were all very similar (only spaced by two hydrogen and CH₂ groups) and could be explained with only 9 general molecular formulae. However, the comparison of all assigned formulae for the freshwater sample suggested that about 90 % of the assigned molecular formulae for the terrestrially-derived DOM changed as it moved from rivers to the open ocean and that only 10 % remained the same. Singlet oxygen showed a very close relationship with the optical properties such as the absorption coefficients (a[CDOM](355)) and the EEM fluorescence intensities and these results suggested that singlet oxygen steady state concentrations are linked to CDOM. Photodegradation processes were confirmed to be responsible for a significant destruction of CDOM. Samples collected from different salinity waters showed major differences in wavelength-dependent photo-decay of CDOM suggesting that the rate of photodegradation in the UV range decreased with increase in salinity whereas it was enhanced for longer wavelength radiation ([greater than or equal to]400 nm). Additionally, the predominantly unsaturated compounds produced during estuarine mixing were found to be highly photolabile and were either destroyed or new unsaturated compounds were produced within 21 h of solar irradiation.
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28

Fonseka, K. C. M. (Kosmafonsekage Chintha Mirani) 1960. "Characterization of dissolved organic matter in industrial wastewaters." Monash University, Dept. of Chemistry, 2000. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/8932.

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29

Cammack, W. K. Levi. "Dissolved organic matter fluorescence : relationships with heterotrophic metabolism." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29417.

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Characterizing dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition remains a major unresolved problem in aquatic ecology. "Tryptophan-like" dissolved organic matter fluorescence (FDOM) was found to be a much better predictor of heterotrophic bacterial metabolism in 28 Quebec lakes than dissolved organic carbon (DOC), describing 52, 44, 51 and 55% of the variability in bacterial production (BP), bacterioplankton respiration (BR), total bacterial carbon consumption (TBCC), and total plankton community respiration (CR), respectively. In addition, the study provides indirect support for the view that FDOM represents a product of bacterial activity, rather than a bioavailable substrate. This is the first field study to show that fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to characterize an aspect of DOM composition that is related to bacterial metabolism, and provides results that encourage further exploration of the potential uses of DOM fluorescence spectroscopy as a predictive tool.
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30

Perez-Castillo, Fernando. "Sedimentation of organic matter on the Hebridean slope." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.287026.

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31

McKay, Garrett J. "Reactivity of the hydroxyl radical with organic matter." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1527332.

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The goal of this study was to investigate some of the fundamental chemistry of the reactions between the hydroxyl radical and apply this knowledge to the treatment of chemical contaminants in real world waters. To accomplish this goal, the techniques of electron pulse radiolysis were used to quantify second-order rate constants for the reaction between the HO· radical and well characterized OM samples. Studies of HO· radical reactivity with model polyethylene glycol polymers were performed to help understand OM-HO· reactivity. Experiments using steady state radiolysis were performed in order to assess the effect of long-term, seasonal variability in OM composition on the degradation of probe compounds used as model chemical contaminants. In addition, the photochemical production of HO· from OM sensitization was also investigated.

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32

Hutchison, John. "Structural studies of sulphur-rich sedimentary organic matter." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303759.

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33

McDonald, Adrian. "Fluorescence of dissolved organic matter in natural waters." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243162.

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34

Fox, Bethany Gemma. "Bacterial processing of fluorescent organic matter in freshwater." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2018. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/35535/.

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Organic matter (OM) is ubiquitous to all aquatic environments and plays an essential role in global biogeochemical cycles and transportation of organic carbon throughout the hydrological continuum. Excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to characterise naturally occurring aquatic fluorescent OM (AFOM), classifying this AFOM as either humic-like, derived from terrestrial sources, or protein-like, of microbial origin. The research here explores in situ bacterial-OM interactions and AFOM evolution over time by employing fluorescence techniques. Protein-like AFOM, with a particular focus on Peak T, has been linked to bacterial activity. Previous research has related this AFOM to other water quality parameters, in addition to attempting to use it as a bacterial enumeration proxy. The work in this study provides extensive evidence for the bacterial production of Peak T, confirming the suggestions within the literature. However, the universal presence of Peak T within the bacterial cultures studied here, permits the conclusion that Peak T fluorescence cannot be used for bacterial enumeration but can provide information regarding microbial community presence and activity. In addition to this, the application of in situ Peak T fluorescence sensing for monitoring microbial activity in freshwater systems is explored. The development of a new generation multichannel fluorimeter is detailed, informed by the research undertaken within this thesis. This research has challenged the current understanding of the role of bacteria in AFOM production and processing, highlighting the ability of bacteria to engineer both protein- and humic-like AFOM in situ. Using microbiological methods alongside fluorescence measurements, over a variety of temporal scales, has exposed the fast-acting dynamics of this AFOM production by metabolically active bacteria. The variation in AFOM production by different bacterial species has also been demonstrated here, determining fluorescence as a potential measurement for monitoring the presence of specific species using fluorescence peaks as biomarkers. This thesis has highlighted the potential application of in situ fluorimeters to provide essential biological information regarding water quality, although further work is required to validate this novel water quality parameter within the field.
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35

Doohan, Thomas James. "Drivers of Soil Organic Matter Stabilization across Ohio." The Ohio State University, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1597941993038872.

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36

Palmer, S. R. "The analysis of organic matter in oil-shales." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9724/.

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The organic matter in five oil shales (three from the Kimmeridge Clay sequence, one from the Oxford Clay sequence and one from the Julia Creek deposits in Australia) has been isolated by acid demineralisation, separated into kerogens and bitumens by solvent extraction and then characterised in some detail by chromatographic, spectroscopic and degradative techniques. Kerogens cannot be characterised as easily as bitumens because of their insolubility, and hence before any detailed molecular information can be obtained from them they must be degraded into lower molecular weight, more soluble components. Unfortunately, the determination of kerogen structures has all too often involved degradations that were far too harsh and which lead to destruction of much of the structural information. For this reason a number of milder more selective degradative procedures have been tested and used to probe the structure of kerogens. These are: 1. Lithium aluminium hydride reduction. - This procedure is commonly used to remove pyrite from kerogens and it may also increase their solubility by reduction of labile functional groups. Although reduction of the kerogens was confirmed, increases in solubility were correlated with pyrite content and not kerogen reduction. 2. O-methylation in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst. - By the removal of hydrogen bond interactions via O-methylation, it was possiblo to determine the contribution of such secondary interactions to the insolubility of the kerogens. Problems were encountered with the use of the phase transfer catalyst. 3. Stepwise alkaline potassium permanganate oxidation. - Significant kerogen dissolution was achieved using this procedure but uncontrolled oxidation of initial oxidation products proved to be a problem. A comparison with the peroxytrifluoroacetic acid oxidation of these kerogens was made. 4. Peroxytrifluoroacetic acid oxidation. - This was used because it preferentially degrades aromatic rings whilst leaving any benzylic positions intact. Considerable conversion of the kerogens into soluble products was achieved with this procedure. At all stages of degradation the products were fully characterised where possible using a variety of techniques including elemental analysis, solution state 1 Hand 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, gelpermeation chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spElctroscopy, fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and some ultra violet-visible spectroscopy.
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37

Lindgren, Paula. "The preservation of organic matter in impact craters." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2007. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU238018.

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The aim of this study is to attain a better understanding of the fate of carbon and the degree of preservation of organic matter in impacts craters. This topic is relevant to prebiotic chemistry, planetary exploration and panspermia. Three natural impact craters were investigated: The Eocene Haughton impact structure on Devon Island in the Canadian High Arctic, where the target is composed of a thick sedimentary sequence with pre-impact hydrocarbons, the Ordovician Lockne impact structure in central Sweden, where organic- and uranium-rich Alum Shale is present in the target, and the Pre-Caledonian Gardnos impact structure in south-central Norway, also with carbon-rich shales in the target. An analogue example of rapid heating of organic matter by igneous intrusion in carbon-rich rock, and an experimental hypervelocity impact in a carbon-rich rock were also studied. In the Haughton impact crater, fossil biological markers are preserved within lithic clasts in the impact melt breccia. Fossil biological markers are also preserved in the experimental impact crater, and in the material excavated during the experimental impact. Instantaneous melting and quenching in the Gardnos suevite (impact melt rock) has caused the incorporation of disordered carbon in the suevite melt. In the Haughton impact melt breccias, around 20% total organic carbon is preserved after impact, and in the Gardnos impact crater, at least 38% of the original carbon is preserved in a disordered form. In the Lockne impact crater, carbon is particularly preserved by polymerisation around radioactive minerals. This study shows that organic matter does not necessarily oxidise or change in to highly crystalline forms during an impact event, but that substantial amounts can be preserved in a disordered form.
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38

Christensen, Bent T. "Organic matter in soil : structure, function and turnover /." Tjele : Danish institute of agricultural sciences. Research centre Foulum, 2000. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb388316309.

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39

Ogden, J. M. "Some effects of afforestation on soil organic matter." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375418.

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40

Frankki, Sofia. "Association of organic compounds to dissolved and particulate natural organic matter in soils /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200652.pdf.

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41

Williams, Stephen. "Soil transformations of added organic matter in organic farming systems and conventional agriculture." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU083669.

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The aim of this work was to assay the effects of previous history of organic amendment to soils in the field on the ability of those soils to mineralise mustard, a non-legume green manure. Soil and 15N labelled mustard mineralisation was followed in laboratory microcosms. Volatilised N was assayed by direct acid trapping of N in glass fibre disks, followed by direct combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Animal manures, green manures and straw added to the soil in the field in the previous season, same season and for 7 years continuously did not significantly affect these soils' ability to mineralise mustard in microcosms. Nitrification and mineralisation were the dominant processes during the first 12 days of incubation. Volatilisation rates were 1000-fold lower than mineralisation or nitrification rates. Mustard N accounted for between 1-3% of the soil mineral N, whereas only a maximum of 0.01% of mustard N was volatilised over 24 days. Soils sampled at different times in the season decomposed mustard at similar rates at stimulated low spring temperatures. Nitrification rate was reduced 5-fold more than the mineralisation rate at 8oC. Straw incorporation for seven years did not affect the subsequent recovery of 15N enriched fertiliser or of 15N from labelled straw, by oil seed rape. 15N labelled fertiliser contributed up to 63% of the winter barley N. The labelled barley straw subsequently contributed 16% of the oil seed rape N in the absence of any applied fertiliser. Ploughing in straw in the autumn, in the absence of applied fertiliser had no yield penalty or effect on crop uptake, and may retain more mineral N in the upper soil layers, lessening the risk of leaching over the winter period. The results obtained here emphasise the importance of additions of organic materials to soil in supplying plant nutrients and minimising nutrient losses.
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42

van, Schaik Joris W. J. "Binding of metals to macromolecular organic acids in natural waters : does organic matter? /." Uppsala : Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200872.pdf.

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43

Ding, Chunli. "Organic cation-modified iron oxide-coated sand for adsorption of natural organic matter /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CIVL%202009%20DING.

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44

Guppy, Christopher Neil. "Phosphorus and organic matter interactions in highly weathered soils /." St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17420.pdf.

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45

Tortajada, Navarro Andreu. "Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Carboxylation and Amidation of Organic Matter." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670204.

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En els darrers anys, el desenvolupament de reaccions de carboxilació reductiva de (pseudo) halogenurs orgànics amb diòxid de carboni (CO") catalitzada per metalls per a la preparació d'àcids carboxílics s'ha convertit en una poderosa alternativa a l'ús d'èspecies organometàl·liques, en la majoria dels casos sensibles a l'aire. Tanmateix, l'ús d'alcohols simples no protegits o d'hidrocarburs insaturats en combinació amb CO" per obtenir àcids carboxílics mitjançant una reacció de formació d'un enllaç C-C han rebut molta menys atenció. Aquests representen una alternativa atractiva als halurs orgànics, ja que són abundants i fàcilment disponibles. En aquesta tesi doctoral es descriu la carboxilació selectiva d'alcohols al·lílics amb CO2, una metodologia capaç d'obtenir àcids carboxílics insaturats amb un control excel·lent de la selectivitat obtinguda.
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46

Herrmann, Anke. "Predicting nitrogen mineralization from soil organic matter - a chimera? /." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil Sciences, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/a429.pdf.

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47

Odem, Wilbert Irwin Jr. "Natural Organic Matter Interactions with CU(II) in groundwater." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1991. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1991_471_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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48

Dennett, Keith Elliot. "Coagulation of natural dissolved organic matter using ferric chloride." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/21438.

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49

Matlack, Keith Scanlan. "Modeling the interaction of dissolved organic matter with cations." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/26215.

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50

Thoss, Vera. "Chemical characterisation of dissolved organic matter in natural matices." Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.310867.

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