Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Organická frakce'
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Krist, Tomáš. "Sekvenční frakcionace organické hmoty huminové kyseliny izolované z Leonarditu." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445142.
Full textGolan, Romy. "A moralised landscape : the organic image of France between the two world wars." Thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art (University of London), 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245817.
Full textLévesque, Micheline. "Comparison of soil properties between conventional and organically managed farms in eastern and central France." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=67542.
Full textThe study revealed that in comparison with the conventionally managed soils, the organically managed soils tended to have equal to higher pH, buffering capacity, Ca, organic matter and moisture contents, and lower potential acidity values, as well as higher numbers of aerobic mesophyle and lactobacilli, and more intense alkaline phosphatase activity. The differences in soil properties between the members of matched pairs, in general were relatively small.
Soil organic matter content and nutrient availability (Ca, P), the use of lime and/or soil CaCO$ sb3$ concentrations, and use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides were found to have an influence on soil microbial activity. Soil and crop type were also found to influence some of the chemical and biological properties.
Moss, Stephen James. "Burial diagenesis, organic maturation and tectonic loading in the French subalpine chains, S.E. France." Thesis, Durham University, 1992. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5865/.
Full textBertrand, Suzie, and Laure Larcher. "Communication of natural beauty products companies." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-2659.
Full textThroughout this work, this study tries to understand “how organic cosmetics companies advertise through magazines?”
In the first place, the theories about green marketing will be studied and the focus will more specifically be on green marketing communication and the communication on general.
Then, we will analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the organic cosmetics’ communication in fashion and health magazines. We will try to compare the differences in communication between these two magazines’ types.
Afterwards, we link the analysis of advertising with the theory in order to underline if the organic cosmetic companies apply the theory in their communication strategy.
To conclude, we will try to answer the question: “how organic cosmetics companies advertise through magazines?”
Hill, Rory Anthony Daniel. "Local, loyal and constant? : on the dynamism of 'terroir' in sustainable agriculture." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:392a4f20-7660-4b54-b7b1-c333bb12c922.
Full textStabholz, Marion. "Impact of dense water formations on the particulate organic matter dynamics : application to the gulf of Lion margin." Perpignan, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PERP1245.
Full textFang, Zhengyangzi, and Eliette Levy. "An Analysis of Consumption and Purchasing toward Organic Fruits : Cross-Countries Study between China and France." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för marknadsföring (MF), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-44540.
Full textBarbet, Christelle. "Modélisation régionale de la composition chimique des aérosols prélevés au puy de Dôme (France)." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF22473/document.
Full textIn the atmosphere, aerosol particles play a key role on both climate change and human health due to their effect on air quality. These particles are made of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic species emitted from several sources. Although the sources and the production mechanisms for inorganic species are now quite well understood, the characterization of the organic fraction is much more difficult to study. Indeed, particulate organic matter comes from primary organic aerosols directly emitted to the atmosphere and secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which are formed from gas-to-particle conversion of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). Three-dimensional chemistry-transport models are developed to better understand the organic aerosol formation processes. However, these models underestimate the organic aerosol concentrations. The aim of this thesis is to study the transport, the emissions and the chemical transformations involved in the formation of the organic aerosols using the WRF-Chem chemistry-transport model (Weather Research and Forecasting – Chemistry; Grell .et al., 2005). Model outputs are compared to measurements performed at the puy de Dôme station (France) during three campaigns. These measurements allow for characterizing various air masses and different seasonal behaviours (in autumn, winter and summer). The station hosts many probes for controlling meteorological parameters, gas phase species and aerosol properties. In particular, a mass spectrometer (AMS: Aerosol Mass Spectrometer) provides detailed time evolution of the chemical composition and mass concentration of the particulate matter. The comparisons between model results and observations have shown that seasonal variations of the aerosol chemical composition are captured by the WRF-Chem model. However, the organic aerosols mass concentrations are strongly underestimated and this underestimation is more important for the polluted summer case. The calculated origins of air masses are comparable to the results of the lagrangian model HYSPLIT currently used for atmospheric dispersion. The top of the puy de Dôme is observed to be either in the boundary layer or above depending on the season and these observations are correctly reproduced by the WRF-Chem model. As the anthropogenic VOC concentrations are underestimated by WFR-Chem model, sensitivity tests on the anthropogenic VOC emissions and SOA yields, used in the VBS secondary organic aerosols parameterisation, are done to better reproduce the organic aerosol concentrations observed at the puy de Dôme station
Kouns, Carolina, and Yael Margulis. "Rock-magnetic and Soil Organic Carbon Proxies of Climate Change from Loess – Aeolian Sediments of Brittany, France." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-445688.
Full textvan, Tol Inès. "Regional rebranding through wine tourism and organic viticulture : A case of small to medium wine domains in Beaujolais, France." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och industriell teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446107.
Full textGiordano, Simona. "Agriculture traditionnelle et innovante.Le secteur vitivinicole biologique : une comparaison entre Les Pouilles (Italie) et le Languedoc-Roussillon (France)." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MON30019/document.
Full textIn a global context characterized by a systemic and multi-faceted crisis, it is clear that the changes that could be defined structural and continuous (climate change, increasing pressure on renewable resources, population growth) are associated with a dramatic economic crisis whose consequences are still not entirely predictable in terms of deepening poverty, contraction of international markets, credit crunch and prospects for development. In this context, agriculture is facing decisive challenges, of uncertain outcome, especially in some regions of the world; the development patterns that emerge are different and are combined, on the one hand, in an agricultural sector "family" still very fragile and, on the other hand, in a capitalist-like farming more and more dominant. However, just by the crisis situation mentioned, it seems that new opportunities can be born, although in the long run; the rift that has arisen and the breaking of the schemes have revealed the vulnerability of agricultural and agro-food systems placing its focus on the need for innovation and on questioning the development models. In a context and in a time of enormous uncertainty, varying the values and norms underlying the society, they must show creative and reinvent the way of producing, processing and distribution of agricultural products in the long period that takes into account the territories and the communities that live there, all focusing attention on the concept of sustainability. In the framework of sustainable development, different farming and agro-food systems moved in an agro-ecological perspective, promoting local food systems. These ones are evolving in parallel, in competition or in complementarity with the dominant production systems, and take different forms depending on whether they themselves emerge in countries where agriculture is at high rate of capital consumption, chemical inputs and fossil energy, or in those countries where the access to such resources is scarce and, consequently, the labor productivity is low. At a global level, it is essential to increase the awareness of the existence of such innovative systems, to capitalize on these experiences, some of which in the embryo, and to bring out a new conceptual paradigm of development in agriculture, all this not only in a technological and organizational perspective. It is necessary to wonder about the state of knowledge necessary to promote sustainable development, calling into question the primacy of scientific knowledge in relation to other types of knowledge and creating new links between research, economic actors, civil society actors and policy makers. Accordingly, it is the agricultural research to play a leading role on the path to innovation, with the understanding that agriculture is no longer called to exercise only a purely productive role, but of complex interactions with the environment and with society as a whole. In a scientific debate that becomes increasingly lively, also thanks to the imminent opening of the event Expo 2015 in Milan, the role is highlighted that, in this process of innovation, each actor can play as well as the characterization of the factors that determine the innovations themselves, in a contrast and comparison of positions on which are the innovative processes really needed and useful for sustainable development. Without any claim of being exhaustive, the present work aims at investigating some aspects of innovation in agriculture and at providing some food for thought about the role that it can play in the journey towards a real development of rural communities , those who live in the territories where agriculture itself finds its “raison d'etre”
Higueras, Marina. "Impact of eastern storm on the transfert of particulate organic matter in the Gulf of Lion (NW Mediterranean sea)." Perpignan, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PERP1240.
Full textRivers represent the primary pathway for particulate organic matter (POM) transport from continent to the continental shelf and are capable of discharging significant amounts of this organic matter during the occurrence of short but violent flash flood events, commonly associated with eastern storms. Terrestrial matter delivered by rivers during flash flood events is stored into continental shelf. Then, hydrodynamic conditions occurring at the shelf are capable of transferring this matter to the deep sea along submarine canyons. This study has allowed to simultaneously assess the variations of the quantity and origin of the POM in several rivers discharging into the NW Mediterranean Sea during a flash flood event, in the settling particles of two sediment traps deployed into the southern flank of the Cap de Creus canyon; and in the surficial sediments along 4 transects perpendicular to the continental shelf during March 2011. The obtained results will help us to understand land-sea exchanges
Bopp, Judith [Verfasser], and Frauke [Gutachter] Kraas. "New momentum to Bangkok's organic food movement: interspersed scenes led by mindful pioneers / Judith Bopp ; Gutachter: Frauke Kraas." Köln : Universitäts- und Stadtbibliothek Köln, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1115374036/34.
Full textNguyen, Phuong Thanh. "Study of the aquatic dissolved organic matter from the Seine River catchment (France) by optical spectroscopy combined to asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0154/document.
Full textThe main goal of this thesis was to investigate the characteristics of dissolvedorganic matter (DOM) within the Seine River catchment in the Northern part of France. ThisPhD thesis was performed within the framework of the PIREN-Seine research program. Theapplication of UV/visible absorbance and EEM fluorescence spectroscopy combined toPARAFAC and PCA analyses allowed us to identify different sources of DOM andhighlighted spatial and temporal variations of DOM properties. The Seine River wascharacterized by the strongest biological activity. DOM from the Oise basin seemed to havemore "humic" characteristics, while the Marne basin was characterized by a third specifictype of DOM. For samples collected during low-water periods, the distributions of the 7components determined by PARAFAC treatment varied between the studied sub-basins,highlighting different organic materials in each zone. A homogeneous distribution of thecomponents was obtained for the samples collected in period of flood.Then, a semi-quantitative asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) methodology wasdeveloped to fractionate DOM. The following optimized parameters were determined: across-flow rate of 2 ml min-1 during the focus step with a focusing time of 2 min and anexponential gradient of cross-flow from 3.5 to 0.2 ml min-1 during the elution step. Thefluorescence properties of various size-based fractions of DOM were evaluated by applyingthe optimized AF4 methodology to fractionate 13 samples, selected from the three sub-basins.The fluorescence properties of these fractions were analysed, allowing us to discriminatebetween the terrestrial or autochthonous origin of DOM
Umasangaji, Halikuddin. "Contamination des calanques par les micropolluants organiques (Cortiou) zone côtière de Marseille, France." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0520/document.
Full textDemographic explosion has led to increase intensively environmental contaminants issued from different anthropogenic release e.g. petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and also other domestic waste such as detergents as household cleaner. Due to their persistence and the toxicological point of view, the remnants of these organic contaminants, which can be detected in the different environmental matrices (water, sediment, air and biota), sometimes with very low concentration (micropollutants), has gained the public attention. This study aims to determine the concentration levels of selected contaminants in surficial sediments and identifying the source of these chemicals in Cortiou Creek. The results showed high contamination by hydrocarbons in the studied area. Additionally, these results probably reflected that biodegradation processes occurred concomitantly with a chronic apportionment of untreated sewage loading. These organic pollutants also confirmed an adverse effect for marine biota and more particularly for benthic communities for some stations
Lanzafame, Grazia Maria. "Understanding organic aerosol formation processes in atmosphere using molecular markers : a combined measurements-model approach." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS519.
Full textOrganic aerosols (OA) account for a large fraction of ambient air particulate matter and have strong impacts on air quality and climate. As their sources and atmospheric formation processes, notably for secondary OA (SOA), are still not fully understood, their concentrations are often underestimated by air quality models. This work aimed at improving OA modelling by implementing specific organic molecular marker emissions and formation processes into the chemistry-transport model CHIMERE. It was based on the comparison of model outputs with measurements from field studies performed in the Paris region (suburban site of SIRTA, 25 km SW of Paris) over 2015 and 10 French urban locations in winter 2014-2015. 25 biogenic and anthropogenic SOA markers have been quantified in both, particulate and gas phases and the formation pathways of 10 have been developed and simulated using CHIMERE. The evolution of levoglucosan concentrations (biomass burning marker) has been also modeled. The results obtained showed that sources and precursor emissions (missing or underestimated), radical concentrations (NO, HO2 and RO2) and the lack of formation pathways, are key parameters for the simulation of SOA markers. Gas/particle partitioning seemed poorly linked to the T°C while the inclusion of hydrophilic non-ideal partitioning, usually neglected, seemed essential. Levoglucosan was well simulated, even if some underestimations existed in some regions. A significant theoretical gaseous fraction was also highlighted. The model/measurements comparison of molecular markers is a powerful tool to evaluate precursor emissions, physicochemical processes and in the end, to estimate OA sources
Jeanneau, Laurent. "Approche moléculaire quantitative appliquée à l'étude du transfert de micropolluants organiques à la confluence entre la Fensch et la Moselle (France)." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00221452.
Full textSchmidt, Natascha. "Environmental occurrence and fluxes of organic contaminants of emerging concern in the coastal NW Mediterranean sea and the Rhône river." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0270.
Full textOrganic contaminants of emerging concern, such as phthalates (PAEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), bisphenols (BPs), perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) and microplastics (MPs) are nowadays widely distributed in aquatic environments. Their occurrence in the Bay of Marseille, the Rhône River and the tropical North Atlantic was investigated in this study. The Rhône River is shown to be a source of MP and plastic additive inputs to the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean Sea) and intrusions of its waters are shown to be enough to attain PFC concentrations exceeding the annual average Environmental Quality Standard in the Bay of Marseille. In the Bay of Marseille, zooplankton samples exhibit particularly high PAE concentrations, raising questions concerning the consequences for the marine food web and local marine resources. Finally, the possibility of long-range OPE transport is examined at the scale of the tropical North Atlantic
Daussy, Juliane. "Les effets du changement climatique sur les émissions volatiles des grandes cultures et forêts du Sud de la France." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG010.
Full textSince the twentieth century, the mean temperature and atmospheric concentration of CO2 have been constantly increasing and climate models suggest even greater future increases. The modification of climatic factors impacts Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted by terrestrial vegetation. These compounds are essential for plants’ interactions with their biotic and abiotic environment and are involved in multiple chemical reactions in the atmosphere since they modify the concentrations of greenhouse gases and participate in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. The degree of involvement of VOCs in climate change and the importance of its feedback on volatile emissions need to be clarified. Isoprenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) are the most emitted VOCs by terrestrial vegetation and the most reactive species in the atmosphere. The individual and combined effects of temperature and CO2 concentration are relatively well known on isoprene emissions, but it remains unclear for monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes: the emission of these compounds can vary according to the presence or the absence of storage structures in the plant and can be modified by the induction of biotic stress.The main aim of this thesis was therefore to clarify the short-term and long-term effects of an increase in temperature and CO2 concentration on the VOCs emitted by 3 plants typical of agroecosystems in the south of France and whose emission strategies differ: sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), a strong emitter of constituent VOCs stored in glandular trichomes, holm oak (Quercus ilex), a strong emitter of novo-synthesized constituent VOCs and maize (Zea mays) strong emitter of VOCs induced by biotic stress. The plants were grown in air-conditioned greenhouses under 4 different climatic scenarios: 2 temperature regimes (25 - 30 °C) were associated with 2 CO2 concentrations (400 - 800 ppm) in a 2x2 factorial plan. VOC emissions from plants in different greenhouses were then measured under different assay conditions according to the same design to separate the short- and long-term effects of the 2 parameters. Secondly, we looked at the variability of VOC emissions within the same species, maize. The emissions of 21 maize genotypes were quantified before and after the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant hormone simulating biotic stress.The results of these experiments show that overall the short-term increase in temperature increases volatile emissions, the increase in CO2 concentration decreases them, and that the increase in the two parameters increases them. There is however an effect of the presence of storage structures on the response to CO2 and of the category of VOCs on the response of emissions to temperature. The long-term impact of climate parameters on emissions is more vague: no effect of growth under elevated temperature was found on emissions, a negative effect of growth under elevated CO2 was found on VOCs emitted by Artemisia annua, and the growth under elevated temperature and elevated CO2 does not modify the total quantity but modifies the proportions of VOCs induced in Zea mays. The study of intraspecies variability has shown that there are qualitative and quantitative differences between the emissions of maize genotypes and that the amplitude of response of emissions to biotic stress depends on the genotype. Overall, MeJA induced the synthesis and release of new VOCs and increased the amount of VOCs emitted. These results provide new information on the possible repercussions of the choice of variety on the atmospheric load of VOCs in agroecosystems and suggest that the quantity and quality of VOCs emitted in response to climate change are dependent on the species but also on possible biotic stress
Cresson, Pierre. "Fonctionnement trophique des récifs artificiels de la baie du Prado (Marseille, France) : Origine et devenir de la matière organique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4017.
Full textArtificial reefs are a classical tool used to sustain small scale fisheries. In Marseille's Bay, the largest Mediterranean artificial reef system was deployed for this purpose. This system is a valuable opportunity to better understand the trophic functioning of artificial reefs, by (1) characterizing the organic matter (OM) sources, (2) determining how they are used by low trophic level consumers and (3) following their fate in the trophic networks. These issues were assessed by three approaches:C and N stable isotope ratios, biochemical composition of OM sources and fish stomach content.OM sources display isotopic and biochemical differences reflecting their functioning. Suspended POM is variable, under the influence of allochtonous inputs and controlled by climatic forcing. POM represents the main OM source of the artificial reef food webs. The benthic primary production has heterogeneous C and N stable isotope ratios and exhibits mainly high insoluble carbohydrates contents. Benthic primary production is integrated into trophic networks mainly in the form of detritus. Eventually the sediment organic matter is a detrital pool, characterized by a low variability and a poor nutritional quality.Artificial reefs do modify the organization and the functioning of natural fish communities, and provide diversified and important food resources. Stable isotope and stomach content analyses confirm the consumption of artificial reef invertebrates by small carnivorous fishes, preyed themselves by piscivorous predators. All these results confirm that artificial reefs can efficiently increase fish biomass by local production based on phytoplanktonic and local benthic OM sources
Le, Meur Mathieu. "Matières en suspension de la Moselle (Lorraine, France) : caractérisation minérale et organique et réactivité vis-à-vis des contaminants métalliques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0161/document.
Full textSuspended Particulate Matter (SPM) in rivers, are constituted of colloidal and particulate matter, and described as heterogeneous aggregates of mineral, organic and biological phases which display high and reactive surface area. This study aimed to investigate the spatial and temporal composition evolution (Mineral and organic) of SPM along the Moselle River (Lorraine, France). SPM were collected at different stations along the river and at different regime flow. Macroscopic and microscopic studies were performed in order to characterize natural SPM. The second objective was to investigate the reactivity of SPM toward metallic contaminants. The results showed that the grain size distribution, elemental composition and mineralogy of SPM along the Moselle River and during different regime flow showed only slight variations, except for the Fensch and Orne tributaries, two rivers that were impacted by inherited steel making industrialization and different land use. The results also revealed that the catchment geology greatly contributed to the SPM composition in the river and highlighted the fact that SPM play a high contribution in TMEs and REEs transportation. The SPM organic matter characterization also showed slight variations through the catchment revealing the diffuse pollution in a catchment of this size. Seasonal variations were observed with strong autochthonous production during low flow level in summer. Regime flow increase resulted in the decrease of TOC content and in the presence of more degraded OM. Except for Fensch and Orne stations, surface properties of SPM are similar in relation with SPM composition. This study also showed that Zn association mode differed with different Zn concentrations. The comparison between Zn association mode on lab controlled particles and natural SPM revealed the contribution of phyllosilicates in zinc transport
Benoit, Marie. "Les fuites d'azote en grandes cultures céréalières : Lixiviation et émissions atmosphériques dans des systèmes biologiques et conventionnels du bassin de la Seine (France)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066540/document.
Full textIn the past decades, intensive conventional farming (CF) has led to nitrogen (N) losses in the environment, due to nitrate (NO3-) leaching and to nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. We assumed that organic farming (OF) could contribute in reducing these losses. Therefore, the main aim of this PhD study is to measure and quantify N losses in different spatial scales (process, farm, catchment) and different arable cops systems (OF/CF) in the Seine basin.At the farm scale, the OF rotation reduce by 28% N2O emissions and by 25% NO3 leached. At the processes scale, nitrification, denitrification and their N2O emissions associated, according to a range of temperatures (5-45°C) showed Gaussian curves. At the Orgeval basin scale, the N balance showed OF system (a preventive measure) would allow to reduce diffused N pollution without increasing N2O emissions, differently from the implementation of ponds (a curative measure).Finally, 18 arable crop systems (8 OF, 10 CF) have been equipped with ceramic cups in the Seine basin. At the rotation scale, the sub-root concentrations means were 10.1 ± 3.4 mg N l-1 for the OF systems (with alfalfa in the head of the rotation) and 16.6 ± 10.3 mg N l-1 for the CF systems. The sub-root concentrations converted in the N flow led to 15.3 ± 9.7 kg N ha-1 in OF and 27 ± 24.7 kg N ha-1 in CF, depending on farms in different soil and climate conditions
Célérier, Frédérique. "Vins et vignerons biologiques en France, une approche territoriale : les exemples du Bordelais et de la Vallée du Rhône." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30054/document.
Full textOrganic viticulture, which emerged in France after the Second World War and long remained marginal, has been booming for ten years now. The craze for organic wines, in terms of both production and consumption, is driven by the increase of environmental concerns regarding the use of pesticides, and by growing criticism of the standardization of wine manufacturing methods. Yet, organic viticulture is still struggling to emerge in the wine sector as a relevant solution to these current issues. Its mixed results question the ability of stakeholders in wine territories to embrace organic viticulture. This thesis explores the spatial and temporal processes at work in the dissemination of organic viticulture in France, as a groundswell whose transformations go beyond environmental purposes. Organic viticulture addresses plural determinants, – economics, tastes, ethics, health – as symptoms of an overall renewal of the relationships between wine, viticulture and territory. It reflects the shifting aspirations of urban societies concerning wine, wineries and rural areas. The geographical analysis of its dissemination, scope and limitations reveals that organic viticulture is both the witness and the driving force of deep transformations in the wine world. The latter is analyzed within a broader framework of issues in French rural and wine geography, currently undergoing a major upheaval. The territorial approach of this research analyses the dissemination of organic viticulture through the lens of increasingly numerous and varied relationships between actors in vineyards. Our grid focuses on winemakers, considered the main drivers of the spread of organic viticulture and whose role is representative of the changing relationship between urban and rural areas. The study of practices, discourses and representations is at the center of our approach. The undergoing processes are analysed in the whole French vineyard. The specific study of two wine regions, the Bordelais and the Rhône Valley, captures the complex territorial dynamics of this dissemination
Kinzounza, Jean-René. "La biogéochimie du minerai de fer de Lorraine." Nancy I, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10300.
Full textMaufrangeas, Adrien. "Dynamique sédimentaire au Paléocène en contexte précoce de bassin d’avant pays dans le domaine Nord-Pyrénéen." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BOR30018/document.
Full textDuring the Paleocene, the North Pyrenean Foreland Basin is an open bay on the Atlantic Ocean. This gulf consists of a shallow carbonate platform in the Petites-Pyrenees area, and mainly continental sediments in the Corbières area (Aude). We collected sedimentological data, through 10 sections, on a west-east transect of 150 km, parallel to the present-day Pyrenees. The facies analysis of these sections allowed us to define sequences but the lack of stratigraphical data, particularly in the continental deposits of the Corbières, made correlations uncertain. To overcome this problem, an analysis of the δ13Corg variations was carried out. It provided a geochemical curve for the whole Paleocene that was then compared with marine reference sections which made possible to refine the stratigraphy of the continental succession and more largely of the study area. Coupled with sequential analysis, these data have also enabled the reconstruction of Paleocene architecture. Our approach allowed us to (1) draw paleogeographic map for each of the Paleocene three stages, to (2) propose a model of tectono-stratigraphical evolution and to (3) discuss the control factors of Paleocene sedimentation in the North Pyrenean Basin
Parazols, Marius. "Caractérisation physico-chimique et réactivité de la phase aqueuse des nuages prélevée au sommet du puy de Dôme." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00718563.
Full textMoretto, Robert. "Étude sédimentologique et géochimique des dépôts de la série salifère paléogène du bassin de Bourg-en-Bresse (France)." Nancy 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NAN10393.
Full textBrunet, René-Claude. "Rôle de la zone inondable des Barthes de l'Adour dans la rétention des matières en suspension et des nutriments." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30263.
Full textRakotovololona, Lucia. "Quantification expérimentale et modélisation de la production, des flux d'eau et d'azote en systèmes de culture biologiques." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IAVF0024.
Full textNowadays, in a context of global changes, addressing the interlinked challenges of food security and environmental impacts is fundamental for the sustainability of agricultural systems. Therefore, the thesis aimed to assess agronomic and environmental performances of organic systems, by coupling the experimental monitoring of a 35 organic fields network in the Northern region of France with modeling the soil-crop continuum, to better understand the underlying processes in water and nitrogen dynamics within those systems, and to promote a more sustainable management.Water drainage and nitrate leaching were assessed by coupling soil, crop and climate data within LIXIM model. Then we analyzed N leaching pattern under diverse organic arable fields to explain its main driving factors. Leaving aside the strong soil type effect and the importance of climatic conditions on drainage, the combination of previous crops and autumn field management appeared to be a key determinant of nitrate leaching in the studied organic systems, as they both drive the amount of soil mineral nitrogen before draining period and explain the position of nitrate in the soil profile. We also showed the dichotomous role of legumes as preceding crop in organic cropping systems and the poor performance of the standard catch crops, sown in late summer in this context.Yield gap of cereals was investigated using a deterministic modeling approach as a diagnosis tool, to contribute in improving the productivity of organic agriculture. The soil-crop model STICS was used to estimate the potential yields of each studied winter wheat and winter triticale crop fields in their given soil and climate conditions. Our results reasserted how nitrogen stress could explain a major part of the yield gap occurring in organic crops and outweigh biotic limiting factors impacts, for cropping systems relying on few or no manures for nitrogen supply.Lastly, we aimed to address the challenge of nitrogen supply in organic arable systems for a better nitrogen use efficiency and improved crop yields. We used the model STICS to simulate the impact of alternative nitrogen management practices by carrying out a numerical experiment in a participatory approach involving farmers, technical advisors and researchers. The findings emphasized the importance of crop succession design and management practices, particularly the implementation of catch crops and the timing of the destruction of perennial legume crops. Optimizing the farmer’s actual practices could then be possible, reducing the potential emissions of nitrogen via leaching or gaseous losses, without decreasing the nitrogen supply for the following crop.Organic arable cropping systems, within the studied soil, technics and climate contexts, can achieve agronomic performances combined with low environmental impacts, with well-managed nitrogen practices
Foti, Ludovic. "Évaluation des effets de la pression urbaine sur la qualité des sols de la région Île-de-France sous deux types de végétations (pelouses et bois)." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066481/document.
Full textIn a world where more than half of the world's population lives in cities, green spaces are a fundamental component of the urban landscape, providing many environmental services (e.g. air and water purification, wind and noise filtering, urban heat island attenuation), but also social and psychological services (e.g. development of social bonds, stress reduction) which are of crucial importance for the habitability of modern cities and the well-being of urban dwellers. The effectiveness of ecological services provided by green areas in the city depends on the quality of their soils and their general functioning, but also on the abiotic and biotic conditions in which they are located. Numerous studies have highlighted the direct and indirect impact of human activities on urban soils. The anthropogenic pressures they undergo alter their characteristics in a complex way, thus affecting their quality. Urban soil quality is therefore a major challenge for the sustainability of the cities of tomorrow. This thesis project sought to assess the urban pressure effects on the soil quality components of the Paris region public green spaces through the use of an innovative urban pressure gradient, and according to two land-use types (lawns and woods). Secondly, this work also sought to determine whether differential scanning calorimetry coupled with evolved gaz analyzer (DSC–EGA) was a suitable method for assessing the organic matter of urban soils (SOM), and on a regional scale. All soils selected in this thesis project are classified as Anthrosol
Fernandez, mena Hugo. "Modélisation des flux de biomasse et de nutriments dans les territoires agricoles : simulation et évaluation de scénarios appliqués à un cas d’étude en France." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0960/document.
Full textFeeding the growing global population in a context of global change raises new challenges for agriculture regarding its production efficiency and impacts on natural resources. Solutions for towards farming sustainability require to improve nutrient and biomass recycling in agro-food systems, i.e. to move from linear to more circular flows of fertilizers, crop products, feedstuff, by-products and organic wastes. Innovative tools exploring material exchanges between farms and their upstream and downstream partners in agro-food systems at the local scale are needed. In the present work, the state of the art about analysis methods, models and environmental tools addressing nutrient and biomass flows at different scales is reviewed. The FAN (“Flows in Agricultural Network”) model, an agent-based model that simulates a range of material flows among farms and their partners within agricultural districts is developed. FAN processes are explained in details and a sensitivity analysis to some key variables is performed. In addition, the FAN model is applied to a French case-study to assess the performances of contrasted scenarios aiming to enhance nutrient use efficiency, recycling strategies, biogas production and system redesign. The outcomes from the scenario simulation are analyzed are assessed in terms of food provisioning, nutrient cycling and greenhouse gas emissions. This work shows the usefulness of prospective, agent-based tools for greater farming and food-chain sustainability, to design and evaluate collective solutions for circular economy and to account for interactions among economic actors within complex agro-food systems
Delarue, Frédéric. "Dynamique des matières organiques labiles et récalcitrantes dans la tourbière de Frasne (Jura) : impact des conditions hydriques et d'un réchauffement simulé in situ." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00574496.
Full textQuesada-Embid, Mercedes Chamberlain. "Dwelling, Walking, Serving: Organic Preservation Along the Camino de Santiago Pilgrimage Landscape." [Yellow Springs, Ohio] : Antioch University, 2008. http://etd.ohiolink.edu/view.cgi?acc_num=antioch1229963115.
Full textTitle from PDF t.p. (viewed March 26, 2010). "A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Environmental Studies at Antioch University New England (2008)."--from the title page. Advisor: Alesia Maltz, Ph.D. Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-308).
Nobile, Cécile. "Phytodisponibilité du phosphore dans les sols agricoles de La Réunion fertilisés sur le long-terme avec des résidus organiques : la dose d’apport est-elle le seul déterminant à prendre en compte ?" Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0059/document.
Full textApplication of organic residues (OR) on agricultural soils could reduce the use of mineral phosphorus (P) fertilizers, but this implies to determine the efficiency of OR to meet crop requirements. We thus aimed to study mechanisms determining the effects of OR on P bioavailability to plants (phytoavailability). Our work was based on five field trials with decadal organic or mineral fertilization located in Réunion island, and on incubations and plant growth experiments under controlled conditions. Available inorganic P (Pi) and organic P (Po) was determined using extractions (water, Olsen), the diffusive gradients in thin films technique (DGT) and the isotopic dilution associated to anion exchange membranes (EAEM). Phytoavailable P was determined as the plant P uptake. Soil Pi sorption capacity was determined using sorption curves. For all soil types studied (andosol, andic cambisol, nitisol, and arenosol), RO increased mainly available Pi and had few effects on available Po, which suggests that mineralization of Po applied with RO does not limit Pi availability. Application of RO increased available Pi mainly by increasing soil pH and consequently by decreasing soil Pi sorption capacity. Phytoavailable P increased with soil available Pi, but decreased with increasing soil pH. Our work suggests that except the dose of P applied, effect of RO on P phytoavailability depends mainly on soil pH changes induced
Vincent, Audrey. "L’agriculture biologique comme réponse à la pollution de l’eau : apports de la géographie pour comprendre les dynamiques en cours." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2050/document.
Full textThe conservation of water resources is a major issue in France because of the increasing problem of water pollution by nitrates and pesticides used in agriculture. In this context, organic farming is seen as a promising solution to this problem because of its Regulation that prohibits the use of chemical fertilisers and pesticides. In 2009, the Grenelle Law stated that priority should be given to organic farming in water catchment areas. This research aims at analysing why and how organic farming has been called in to tackle water pollution problems. It is based on a multi-level analysis. Firstly, the evolution over time of water and agriculture policies (as well as the sectorial paradigms that underly them) is analysed in order to understand how « organic farming » and « the protection of water ressources » came to be associated in public policies. Secondly, a case study is carried out to analyse how local stakeholders take up this idea in setting up projects aimed at developing organic farming toprotect water quality. Particular attention is paid to investigating the stakeholder networks andthe geographical scales at which the projects are implemented. Thirdly, social representations that farmers have of the water question and of organic farming are studied. To conclude, this work examines the contribution of geography to the understanding of an emerging feature: the place-based development of organic farming to tackle environmental problems. It creates new research perspectives related to the analysis of ecological transitions of agriculture, a topic that was so far largely ignored by geographers
Pernot, Audrey. "Réactivité des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques dans une terre de cokerie : influence de réparation des contaminants et de l'introduction de matière organique fraîche." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0237/document.
Full textThe end of industrial activities associated to coal exploitation left many huge areas of wastelands especially in the Northeast of France. A former coking plant soil was studied with a combination of soil science and organic geochemistry tools in order to understand the evolution of the contaminants dynamic. In a first step, the soil and its pollution were characterized. The results showed that the fine silt fraction (2-20 µm) was the most reactive with the highest PAH concentration (extractable or occluded) and the lowest PAH availability. This fraction played a protective role toward the pollution. Moreover, solvent extractions of the anthropogenic organic matter showed that the anthropogenic organic matter was not a structuring agent between the particles in the soil. These observations were confirmed by SEM observations. In a vegetation growth context, (i) under controlled conditions with incubation of organic residue during 15 months and (ii) in situ in lysimetric plots planted with alfalfa during 6 years, the soil structure and the microbial biomass were promoted and the fresh organic matter was preferentially incorporated and stored in the fine silts. However, the pollution was not affected by the fresh organic matter addition. Both PAH concentration and availability showed a trend to decrease with the time of experiment. Thus, the fresh organic matter did not appear as a mobilizing agent for the pollution and would most probably contribute to pollution stabilization on the long term
Minaudo, Camille. "Analyse et modélisation de l'eutrophisation de la Loire." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4047/document.
Full textThis thesis aims at studying the physical and chemical causes and consequences that result from excessive phytoplankton growth in the Loire River. The analysis identified some parameters characterizing river eutrophication and was conducted on several spatial and temporal scales. This was based on long-term water quality time-series (1980-2012), a daily survey carried out during this work (2012-2014), and the numerical modeling of the river biogeochemical functioning with an hourly resolution. Phytoplankton development in summer was reduced 2.5-fold in the Loire River and in the main tributaries, synchronously with the generalized reduction 3-fold of bioavailable phosphorus as a result of controlling and limiting phosphorus point sources. However, the Loire River remains sensitive to eutrophication, with a significant urban and agricultural pressure, low water levels in summer, and its multiple channels morphology slowing down the water velocity. All these factors combined favor phytoplankton development. When hydrological conditions are favorable, phytoplankton grows and significantly affects the ecosystem functioning, with an impact on nutrients, carbon and oxygen biogeochemical cycles
Ait, ballagh Fatima Ezzahra. "Dynamique du phosphore dans les sédiments à l’interface fleuve-mer : couplage modèle – données." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASV020.
Full textPhosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for life, playing a key role in the primary production regulation at the river-sea interface, and closely to carbon and nitrogen global cycles. The burial of phosphorus in sediments of the river-sea interface occurs in association with organic matter and mineral particles. This burial represents the long-term removal pathway for the phosphorus. However, sediments role in dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) recycling, is poorly quantified in eutrophic estuaries. Therefore, the main purpose of this thesis is to refine our understanding about sediments response to DIP recycling in Elorn and Aulne estuarine sediments (Brittany, France). In addition, we aim to contrast it with deltaic sediments (Rhône River delta) in the oligotrophic Mediterranean Sea. Secondly, all these ecosystems are highly dynamic, characterized by intense loads of organic matter and nutrients (N, P), leading to their intense fall on the sea floor, burial below the sediment-water interface (SWI) and mineralization. Therefore, involved biogeochemical processes can change largely the chemistry of upper layer of these sediments. We aim to clarify and to quantify the depth sequences of diagenetic processes, controlling the fate of sedimentary organic matter, transformation of phosphorus and induced DIP fluxes to the overlying water. To this end, we used a coupled field data with an existing model (OMEXDIA), extended with phosphorus (P) benthic cycle, to study P dynamics and to evaluate the sediments capacity as sinks or sources of P in the eutrophic Elorn and Aulne estuaries and the Rhône River prodelta. First of all, the OMEXDIA-P model was fitted to the porewater (oxygen, nitrate, ammonium, Oxygen Demand Units (Mn2+, Fe2+ and H2S, reduced during the anoxic mineralization; ODU) and DIP) and solid (organic P, Fe-bound P and Ca-bound P) data from four seasons (February, May, July and October 2009) in upstream, midstream and downstream stations of Elorn and Aulne estuaries. Secondly, the model was fitted to the same state variables, in addition to sulfate and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) for nine stations located in Rhône River outlet, prodelta and its adjacent continental shelf and sampled in May 2018. Both model’s applications showed a good agreement with the vertical distribution of porewater and solid phases in all stations and seasons. The combined use of these two datasets with the present model revealed that organic C fluxes deposited in the SWI of Elorn and Aulne estuaries (23 to 98 mmol m-2 d-1) and Rhône River prodelta (10 to 160 mmol m-2 d-1) were intense, especially in the River outlet. Therefore, the organic P mineralization represented the main source of internally produced DIP in both estuaries (77% of total DIP production) and in Rhône River prodelta (>90%). The contribution of mineralization pathways highlighted an increase of anoxic mineralization contribution due to saline gradient from upstream to downstream estuaries. While this mineralization pathways showed a decrease from Rhône River outlet to the continental shelf, as a function of the decrease of organic matter inputs with distance. The model’s calculation of sedimentary P budget indicated also that Fe-bound P played a key role in the P cycle, by retaining DIP in sediments from diffusion to overlying water and promoting the Ca-bound P precipitation. Moreover, Fe-bound P represented an additional source of DIP in sediments, especially in Elorn and Aulne estuaries. The largest proportion of released DIP was recycled to overlying water in these estuarine (85%) and deltaic (72%) sediments, while the burial as an authigenic Ca-bound P was a minor fraction. Overall, the model’s results presented here also demonstrated that these estuarine and deltaic sediments played a key role in the benthic P cycle and acted as sources of DIP to the water column. Moreover, the internally produced DIP inputs in Elorn and Aulne sediments was higher the external inputs
Petit, Caroline. "Transitions des exploitations agricoles vers l'agriculture biologique dans un territoire : approche par les interactions entre systèmes techniques et de commercialisation. Application aux aires d'alimentation de captages en Île-de-France." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00876309.
Full textQueste, Jérôme. "Concertation et changements : le cas du recyclage desdéchets organiques à la Réunion." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH009/document.
Full textImproving the interactions between economic activities and the environment is a contemporary challenge and has been a major research topic for the last decades. Current trends recommend to implement dialogue processes to contribute to adaptive governance systems, ensuring both sustainable use of natural resources and protection of ecosystems. Despite growing empirical case studies, political ideologies and emerging analytical framework, the relationships between dialogue processes and effective observed changes in the human-nature interactions still remain unclear.This research explored the mechanisms through which a dialogue process may contribute to effectives changes in the way human-nature interactions were organized. To address this question, we did apprehend human-nature interactions as economic activities and focused on the organization of the markets involving natural resources. Two hypothesis of contribution of dialogue processes to market organization change based on literature were set: The improvement of organizations and individuals actors skills, knowledge and information through collective learning and the evolution of market organization through institutional change.Our research was conducted using the Girovar project as a case-study. In la Réunion, this project implemented a dialogue process to explore collectively large-scale recycling scenarios to solve a growing environmental issue of organic waste treatment. Parallel ethnographic studies were conducted to analysis both the dialogue process and evolutions of effective economic transactions involving two types of organic wastes: poultry litter and green-waste compost.Our main results are that dialogue processes provide resources to operational actors but do not trigger change. These resources include knowledge exchange and technical learning but exclusively to dialogue participants. At a broader scale, assessing the credibility, saliency and legitimacy of the recycling solution provides a “rational myth” that contributes to institutional change at both institutional and operational level. These mechanisms, whose genericity should be further assessed, qualify dialogue processes as a relevant component of a broader adaptive governance system
Graz, Yann. "Production et devenir du carbone organique fossile libéré par les altérations mécaniques et chimiques des formations marneuses : exemple des "terres noires" des bassins versants expérimentaux de Draix (Alpes de Haute Provence, France)." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00426401.
Full textBaqué, David. "Perturbations anthropiques du réseau hydrographique du Bassin de la Garonne, cas des métaux et des nitrates." Toulouse 3, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00128208.
Full textThe Garonne’s basin, the second largest French basin (52000 km2 at Mas d’Agenais), is subject to anthropogenic pressures dues to agricultural, domestics and industrials humans activities. A one-year hydrological sampling of the Garonne’s and if its tributary’s water highlights significant enrichments for a large type of trace metal elements (TME : Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn…). It appears that most of those metals elements in trace quantity (ppb) have a particular transport in the river. Many arguments speaking in favour for a one major diffuse source pollution origin of those enrichments: the rains. However, some specific enrichments due to local industrial activities are observed (case of Cr in the Agout). The balance flux [enter : rains), out : the outlet of the catchment basin] show a storage of some metals, probably in soil and in the river bed sediments. The follow-up of majors flux elements (NO3-, Cl-, SO42-, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, Na+) and especially of nitrate, in a Garonne stretch upstream to downstream of the Toulouse urban area was performed at a summer low water level period. The anthropic contribution to the river water composition from the urban area was estimated and indicated that NO3-, Cl-, K+ and Na+ represent the most important contributions of the anthropic inputs. Some of those elements, nitrates and potassium, are partially eliminated along this stretch. This looses may be attributed to biological activity (grow of biofilms) that appears in the Garonne river bed, especially in this critical period of anoxic water conditions (less oxygen). .
Djoudi, El Aziz. "Structuration multi-échelle des communautés d'Arthropodes en agro-écosystèmes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B056.
Full textIn this study, we got interested in quantifying how local and landscape metrics structure arthropod communities in agro-ecosystems. For that, we used a long-term monitoring design located in ‘Ille-Et-Vilaine’ (Brittany, France), composed by spatially pair-matched fields under organic vs. conventional farming systems. First, we found that landscape heterogeneity, also interacting with farming systems, drives the diversity and abundance of trophic groups for both ground- and vegetation-dwelling arthropods. In a second chapter, we showed the importance of landscape context in shaping assemblages of predatory arthropods, and suggested that mechanisms behind the distribution of individual species strongly differ between spiders and carabids. Lastly, we highlighted the importance of distinguishing between resident (emergent) and mobile (circulating) individuals when assessing the differential role of local vs. landscape factors in community assembly. Overall, our results show a strong and positive effect of organic farming on arthropod populations, assemblages and communities, both at local and landscape scales, as well as in interaction with other landscape metrics. We also highlighted the relevance of using different levels of biological organization, and related response variables, when assessing the structure and functioning of arthropod communities in agroecosystems
Watson, Marie. "Valorisation par voie microbiologique d’un coproduit de l’industrie réunionnaise de la canne à sucre : la vinasse de distillerie." Thesis, La Réunion, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LARE0038.
Full textTo bring value to by-products from the sugar industry and to contribute to a bio-refinery approach, the V2ARUN project revolves around the aconitic acid, which is the major organic acid in sugarcane. This thesis aims to produce aconitic acid and/or to convert other organic acids present in the stillage through biological ways in order to combine bioremediation and bioconversion. The evolution of the growth of filamentous fungi in stillage has shown that particular strains of the Aspergillus family grow very well (30 gL-1 of biomass) leading to a reduction rate of COD around 50%. However, the complex composition of the stillage, especially in polyphenols, prevents some strains of fungi to grow. For this reason, the screening of strains that can enhance the vinasse has been extended to a two step fungal culture: a preliminary culture in a malt medium followed by the transfer of the biomass produced in the stillage. This process promotes the development of more micro-organisms in stillage and allows to increase the physico-chemical quality of the stillage that which obtained in conventional batch cultivation. Thereafter, the fermented musts obtained are analysed for the purpose of studying the evolution of organic acids and especially the aconitic acid. The results indicate that micro-organisms consume organic acids to grow and no organic acid is produced by this method. Even though, this technique does not respond to the industrial requirements of the V2ARUN project, other metabolites such as lignocellulosic enzymes have been identified and have thus allowed to consider new applications
Voltz, Baptiste. "Dynamique de la matière organique au sein dans les estuaires picards : caractérisation des faciès biosédimentaires et quantification des processus de minéralisation benthique." Thesis, Littoral, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020DUNK0579.
Full textEstuaries ensure a high production and transfer a large amount of organic matter (OM) from continent to ocean. To understand OM exchanges at the continent-ocean interface along the eastern English Channel coast, it is primordial to establish a mass balance OM budget in the three main estuaries : the Canche, the Authie and the Somme estuaries. In this frame, the sedimentary OM distribution and origin were studied by coupling a sedimentological description of surficial sediments and an elemental and isotopic characterization of the sedimentary OM. Such approach was carried out from near from subtidal to supratidal stages, along transects transversal to the main river channel, resulting in a sampling of 36, 37 and 39 stations respectively from the Canche, the Authie and the Somme estuaries. Based on this mapping approach, a representative transect was selected in the Canche and the Authie estuaries in order to quantify the sedimentary OM benthic mineralization along the tidal gradient and finally to establish an OM mineralization budget at the estuarine scale. Based on the sedimentological and biological characterization of sediments, the estuarine landscape was described according to four biosedimentary facies : sand flats, mud flats, low and high marshes. This study evidenced that the distribution of OM at the estuary scale is mainly controlled by the distribution of these biosedimentary facies. Indeed, sand flats are subject to intense hydrodynamic conditions in which sedimentary OM deposition is limited. On the other hand, OM is preferentially deposited in fine-grained sediments such as mud flats and salt marshes. Both of these sedimentary environments are subjected to lower hydrodynamic conditions, especially salt marshes, where vegetation enhances deposition and limits the resuspension of sedimentary OM. Indeed, the high quantities of sedimentary OM measured in salt marshes mainly originate from C3 halophytes dominating high marsh areas. Nevertheless, our study also evidenced that the deposition of sedimentary OM along the tidal gradient depends on the contribution of particulate OM from fluvial and marine/estuarine phytoplankton communities. Moreover, this study has demonstrated that various evolutions of the geomorphological features, with a mature salt marsh present in the Cancheestuary, a seaward prograding salt marsh on the north shore of the Authie estuary, a salt marsh retreat on the north shore of the Somme estuary resulting from an advanced sand infilling. The OM benthic mineralization campaigns demonstrated that during immersion and emersion periods, mud flats and salt marshes are the main contributors to total OM mineralization along the tidal gradient in contrast to sand flats. The spatial variation mainly depended on the sedimentological characteristics of each of biosedimentary facies but also on biological factors such as benthic macrofauna, microphytobenthos and root system of halophytes. The OM mineralization budget at the estuarine scale showed a significant contribution of sand flats in the Authie estuary given their wide distribution. This thesis contributes to a better definition of the role of "Picard" estuaries in the OM cycling and allows a first step towards the quantification of a mass balance OM budget in the three main estuaries of the eastern English Channel coast
Favreau, Jean-Luc. "Durabilité des exploitations en agriculture biologique : une analyse de la diversité des situations et des trajectoires d'évolution en Midi-Pyrénées." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058072.
Full textThibault, Alexandre. "Dynamique de la matière organique dans la Seine : approche globale et moléculaire." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS284.
Full textEstuaries are important ecosystems from environmental and economical point of views and are the place of numerous transformations of organic matter (OM). The dynamics of OM in estuarine systems is complex and was only rarely investigated at the structural or molecular level. The aim of this study was to constrain the sources and fate of the OM in the Seine Estuary. The spatiotemporal dynamics of the OM along the estuary was investigated by comparing the bulk (elemental and isotopic composition), structural (solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance) and molecular (lipids and thermochemolysis) features of the different pools of OM – dissolved OM (DOM), particulate OM (POM) and sediment OM collected during five sampling campaigns. All analyses show that each compartment has different chemical properties: DOM is enriched in degraded aquatic OM, while POM and sediment OM are enriched in terrigenous OM. The maximum turbidity zone has an impact on OM quality with a high bacterial activity leading to the degradation of terrigenous OM and a higher proportion of aquatic OM. This study shows that sediment OM does not reflect the composition of the POM in the water column and is enriched in terrigenous OM. Moreover, when the sediment is aging, the proportion of terrigenous OM is increasing
Flüeler, Marie-Josèphe. "Etude des macroinvertébrés -surtout des diptères- pour trois ruisseaux de plaine." Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10045.
Full textCombrade, Bertrand-Léo. "L'obligation d'étude d'impact des projets de loi." Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010259.
Full textThe draft bill's impact assessment requirement, enshrined in article 39 third subparagraph of the Constitution by reference to an organic law enacted on April the 15th 2009, establishes a rationalization tool of law making. This rationalization displays two sides. In terms of legislative procedure, the impact assessment requirement is a tool of rationalized parliamentarism which shows evidence of the surfacing of an authentic Governmental Law. The tool's misreading can lead to a sanction imposed by the Council of State, the Constitutional Council and the Conference of Presidents of the first House to which the bill has been referred. In terms of law drafting, the impact assessment requirement forms a substantial rationalization mechanism which sets the method rules framing the draft bill's righting. The analysis of six years of practice shows a phenomenon of progressive appropriation of the impact assessment requirement as part of law drafting. This appropriation contributes to the readjustment of the relations between Government and Parliament and enables to apply a positive pressure in favour of the law quality enhancement. However, the breadth of those changes should not be overestimated and the mechanism still has a lot of room for improvement