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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Organic Solar Cells, Conjugated Polymers, Organic Electronics / Journal articles

Journal articles on the topic 'Organic Solar Cells, Conjugated Polymers, Organic Electronics'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Mdluli, Siyabonga B., Morongwa E. Ramoroka, Sodiq T. Yussuf, Kwena D. Modibane, Vivian S. John-Denk, and Emmanuel I. Iwuoha. "π-Conjugated Polymers and Their Application in Organic and Hybrid Organic-Silicon Solar Cells." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040716.

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The evolution and emergence of organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells have been deemed as promising sustainable future technologies, owing to the use of π-conjugated polymers. In this regard, the scope of this review article presents a comprehensive summary of the applications of π-conjugated polymers as hole transporting layers (HTLs) or emitters in both organic solar cells and organic-silicon hybrid heterojunction solar cells. The different techniques used to synthesize these polymers are discussed in detail, including their electronic band structure and doping mechanisms. The general architecture and principle of operating heterojunction solar cells is addressed. In both discussed solar cell types, incorporation of π-conjugated polymers as HTLs have seen a dramatic increase in efficiencies attained by these devices, owing to the high transmittance in the visible to near-infrared region, reduced carrier recombination, high conductivity, and high hole mobilities possessed by the p-type polymeric materials. However, these cells suffer from long-term stability due to photo-oxidation and parasitic absorptions at the anode interface that results in total degradation of the polymeric p-type materials. Although great progress has been seen in the incorporation of conjugated polymers in the various solar cell types, there is still a long way to go for cells incorporating polymeric materials to realize commercialization and large-scale industrial production due to the shortcomings in the stability of the polymers. This review therefore discusses the progress in using polymeric materials as HTLs in organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells with the intention to provide insight on the quest of producing highly efficient but less expensive solar cells.

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R. Murad, Ary, Ahmed Iraqi, Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Sozan N. Abdullah, and Mohamad A. Brza. "Conducting Polymers for Optoelectronic Devices and Organic Solar Cells: A Review." Polymers 12, no. 11 (November 9, 2020): 2627. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12112627.

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In this review paper, we present a comprehensive summary of the different organic solar cell (OSC) families. Pure and doped conjugated polymers are described. The band structure, electronic properties, and charge separation process in conjugated polymers are briefly described. Various techniques for the preparation of conjugated polymers are presented in detail. The applications of conductive polymers for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs), and organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are explained thoroughly. The architecture of organic polymer solar cells including single layer, bilayer planar heterojunction, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) are described. Moreover, designing conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications and optimizations of highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels are discussed. Principles of bulk heterojunction polymer solar cells are addressed. Finally, strategies for band gap tuning and characteristics of solar cell are presented. In this article, several processing parameters such as the choice of solvent(s) for spin casting film, thermal and solvent annealing, solvent additive, and blend composition that affect the nano-morphology of the photoactive layer are reviewed.

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Mikheeva, Aleksandra N., Ilya E. Kuznetsov, Marina M. Tepliakova, Aly Elakshar, Mikhail V. Gapanovich, Yuri G. Gladush, Evgenia O. Perepelitsina, et al. "Novel Push-Pull Benzodithiophene-Containing Polymers as Hole-Transport Materials for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells." Molecules 27, no. 23 (November 29, 2022): 8333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27238333.

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Donor-acceptor conjugated polymers are considered advanced semiconductor materials for the development of thin-film electronics. One of the most attractive families of polymeric semiconductors in terms of photovoltaic applications are benzodithiophene-based polymers owing to their highly tunable electronic and physicochemical properties, and readily scalable production. In this work, we report the synthesis of three novel push–pull benzodithiophene-based polymers with different side chains and their investigation as hole transport materials (HTM) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It is shown that polymer P3 that contains triisopropylsilyl side groups exhibits better film-forming ability that, along with high hole mobilities, results in increased characteristics of PSCs. Encouraging a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.4% was achieved for P3-based PSCs that outperformed the efficiency of devices based on P1, P2, and benchmark PTAA polymer. These findings feature the great potential of benzodithiophene-based conjugated polymers as dopant-free HTMs for the fabrication of efficient perovskite solar cells.

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Li, Zijie, Yusheng Chen, Pan Ye, Xiangli Jia, Xiaoxi Wu, Jianfei Wu, Qinqin Shi, Aidong Peng, and Hui Huang. "Microwave-Assisted Classic Ullmann C–C Coupling Polymerization for Acceptor-Acceptor Homopolymers." Polymers 11, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 1741. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111741.

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Developing cheap, clean and atomic-efficient synthetic methodologies for conjugated polymers are always critical for the field of organic electronics. Herein, classic Ullmann coupling polymerization is developed to synthesize a series of Acceptor-Acceptor (A-A) type homopolymers with microwave-assistance, which are supported by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF), elemental analysis (EA) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The physicochemical properties of these polymers are studied by UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and density functional theory (DFT) calculation. Furthermore, these A-A homopolymers are used as acceptors for all-polymer solar cells (All-PSCs), affording a promising efficiency of 3.08%, which is the highest value for A-A-homopolymer-based organic solar cells.

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Tieke, Bernd, A. Raman Rabindranath, Kai Zhang, and Yu Zhu. "Conjugated polymers containing diketopyrrolopyrrole units in the main chain." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 6 (August 31, 2010): 830–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.6.92.

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Research activities in the field of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based polymers are reviewed. Synthetic pathways to monomers and polymers, and the characteristic properties of the polymers are described. Potential applications in the field of organic electronic materials such as light emitting diodes, organic solar cells and organic field effect transistors are discussed.

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6

Al-Azzawi, Ahmed G. S., Shujahadeen B. Aziz, Elham M. A. Dannoun, Ahmed Iraqi, Muaffaq M. Nofal, Ary R. Murad, and Ahang M. Hussein. "A Mini Review on the Development of Conjugated Polymers: Steps towards the Commercialization of Organic Solar Cells." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 29, 2022): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010164.

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This review article covers the synthesis and design of conjugated polymers for carefully adjusting energy levels and energy band gap (EBG) to achieve the desired photovoltaic performance. The formation of bonds and the delocalization of electrons over conjugated chains are both explained by the molecular orbital theory (MOT). The intrinsic characteristics that classify conjugated polymers as semiconducting materials come from the EBG of organic molecules. A quinoid mesomeric structure (D-A D+ = A−) forms across the major backbones of the polymer as a result of alternating donor–acceptor segments contributing to the pull–push driving force between neighboring units, resulting in a smaller optical EBG. Furthermore, one of the most crucial factors in achieving excellent performance of the polymer is improving the morphology of the active layer. In order to improve exciton diffusion, dissociation, and charge transport, the nanoscale morphology ensures nanometer phase separation between donor and acceptor components in the active layer. It was demonstrated that because of the exciton’s short lifetime, only small diffusion distances (10–20 nm) are needed for all photo-generated excitons to reach the interfacial region where they can separate into free charge carriers. There is a comprehensive explanation of the architecture of organic solar cells using single layer, bilayer, and bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices. The short circuit current density (Jsc), open circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (FF) all have a significant impact on the performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). Since the BHJ concept was first proposed, significant advancement and quick configuration development of these devices have been accomplished. Due to their ability to combine great optical and electronic properties with strong thermal and chemical stability, conjugated polymers are unique semiconducting materials that are used in a wide range of applications. According to the fundamental operating theories of OSCs, unlike inorganic semiconductors such as silicon solar cells, organic photovoltaic devices are unable to produce free carrier charges (holes and electrons). To overcome the Coulombic attraction and separate the excitons into free charges in the interfacial region, organic semiconductors require an additional thermodynamic driving force. From the molecular engineering of conjugated polymers, it was discovered that the most crucial obstacles to achieving the most desirable properties are the design and synthesis of conjugated polymers toward optimal p-type materials. Along with plastic solar cells (PSCs), these materials have extended to a number of different applications such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and field-effect transistors (FETs). Additionally, the topics of fluorene and carbazole as donor units in conjugated polymers are covered. The Stille, Suzuki, and Sonogashira coupling reactions widely used to synthesize alternating D–A copolymers are also presented. Moreover, conjugated polymers based on anthracene that can be used in solar cells are covered.

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Campaioli, Francesco, and Jared H. Cole. "Exciton transport in amorphous polymers and the role of morphology and thermalisation." New Journal of Physics 23, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 113038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1367-2630/ac37c7.

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Abstract Understanding the transport mechanism of electronic excitations in conjugated polymers is key to advancing organic optoelectronic applications, such as solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes and flexible electronics. While crystalline polymers can be studied using solid-state techniques based on lattice periodicity, the characterisation of amorphous polymers is hindered by an intermediate regime of disorder and the associated lack of symmetries. To overcome these hurdles we have developed a reduced state quantum master equation approach based on the Merrifield exciton formalism. This new approach allows us to study the dynamics of excitons’ centre of mass and charge separation (CS), going beyond the standard model of charge-neutral Frenkel excitons. Using this model we study exciton transport in conjugated polymers and its dependence on morphology and temperature. Exciton dynamics consists of a thermalisation process, whose features depend on the relative strength of thermal energy, electronic couplings and disorder, resulting in remarkably different transport regimes. By applying this method to representative systems based on poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) we obtain insight into the role of temperature and disorder on localisation, CS, non-equilibrium dynamics, and experimental accessibility of thermal equilibrium states of excitons in amorphous polymers.

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Predeep, P., and Anisha Mary Mathew. "INTRINSICALLY CONDUCTING RUBBERS: TOWARD MICRO APPLICATIONS." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2011): 366–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3592283.

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Abstract More than three decades after the major breakthrough in the efforts to develop intrinsic electric conductivity in conjugated polymers, which culminated in the year 2000 Nobel Prize for Shirakawa et al., conducting plastics hold the promise of providing a cost effective and unique alternative material solution for applications ranging from consumer electronics to optoelectronics, solar cells, lighting, memory, and a host of new photonic applications. It would not be an exaggeration to mention conducting polymers as the materials for the next century. The notion of conjugation as a pre-condition for a polymer to be made intrinsically conducting was challenged when a conjugated polymer such as natural rubber was doped to increase its electrical conductivity by more than 10 orders in magnitude. This discovery by Thakur et al., triggered a spate of investigations on the phenomenon and mechanism of conduction in nonconjugated polymers such as Elastomers. The discovery that rubbers could be doped like conjugated polymers raised the hope of finding extremely different micro applications hitherto unknown for natural rubber as well as synthetic rubbers. Investigations point toward the possibility of conducting rubbers, unlike the conjugated polymers having easy processability and cost effectiveness, finding wide applications in organic electronics and photonic applications. A critique of the early and current efforts in developing intrinsic electric conductivity in natural rubber as well as synthetic elastomers in the context of the investigations made by the authors in this direction is reviewed and presented.

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Luceño, J. A., A. M. Díez-Pascual, R. Peña, and P. García-Díaz. "Synthesis of hexamethylene diisocyanate-functionalized graphene oxide for solar cell applications." E3S Web of Conferences 57 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20185702005.

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Graphene (G), an allotrope of carbon with exceptional optical, electronic, thermal and mechanical properties, and its oxidized form graphene oxide (GO), show huge potential for a broad range of applications. In particular, their high conductivity, transparency, flexibility, and abundance make them suitable for polymer solar cells (PSCs). However, their insolubility in common organic solvents hinders their applications. Consequently, novel functionalization approaches are pursued. The present work is devoted to the preparation of hexamethylene diisocyante-functionalized graphene oxide (HDI-GO). The synthesized nanomaterial shows a highly hydrophobic nature and can be dispersed in organic non-polar solvents, hence is a prospective candidate to be combined with conjugated polymers for solar cell applications.

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Zhao, Chaowei, Fan Yang, Dongdong Xia, Zhou Zhang, Yuefeng Zhang, Nanfu Yan, Shengyong You, and Weiwei Li. "Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione-based conjugated polymers for organic solar cells." Chemical Communications 56, no. 72 (2020): 10394–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0cc04150e.

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Thieno[3,4-c]pyrrole-4,6-dione (TPD) based conjugated polymers as an electron donor, acceptor and single-component for application in organic solar cells in the past ten years have been intensively reviewed in this Feature Article.

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Yildirim, Onur, Matteo Bonomo, Nadia Barbero, Cesare Atzori, Bartolomeo Civalleri, Francesca Bonino, Guido Viscardi, and Claudia Barolo. "Application of Metal-Organic Frameworks and Covalent Organic Frameworks as (Photo)Active Material in Hybrid Photovoltaic Technologies." Energies 13, no. 21 (October 26, 2020): 5602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215602.

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are two innovative classes of porous coordination polymers. MOFs are three-dimensional materials made up of secondary building blocks comprised of metal ions/clusters and organic ligands whereas COFs are 2D or 3D highly porous organic solids made up by light elements (i.e., H, B, C, N, O). Both MOFs and COFs, being highly conjugated scaffolds, are very promising as photoactive materials for applications in photocatalysis and artificial photosynthesis because of their tunable electronic properties, high surface area, remarkable light and thermal stability, easy and relative low-cost synthesis, and structural versatility. These properties make them perfectly suitable for photovoltaic application: throughout this review, we summarize recent advances in the employment of both MOFs and COFs in emerging photovoltaics, namely dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) organic photovoltaic (OPV) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). MOFs are successfully implemented in DSSCs as photoanodic material or solid-state sensitizers and in PSCs mainly as hole or electron transporting materials. An innovative paradigm, in which the porous conductive polymer acts as standing-alone sensitized photoanode, is exploited too. Conversely, COFs are mostly implemented as photoactive material or as hole transporting material in PSCs.

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Ma, Lanchao, Shuixing Dai, Xiaowei Zhan, Xinyang Liu, and Yu Li. "Convenient fabrication of conjugated polymer semiconductor nanotubes and their application in organic electronics." Royal Society Open Science 5, no. 8 (August 2018): 180868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180868.

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Organic heterojunction is indispensable in organic electronic devices, such as organic solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes and so on. Fabrication of core–shell nanostructure provides a feasible and novel way to prepare organic heterojunction, which is beneficial for miniaturization and integration of organic electronic devices. Fabrication of nanotubes which constitute the core–shell structure in large quantity is the key for the realization of application. In this work, a simple and convenient method to prepare nanotubes using conjugated copolymer of perylene diimide and dithienothiophene (P(PDI-DTT)) was demonstrated. The relationship between preparation conditions (solvent atmosphere, solution concentration and pore diameter of templates) and morphology of nanostructure was studied systematically. P(PDI-DTT) nanotubes could be fabricated in regular shape and large quantity by preparing the solution with appropriate concentration and placing anodic aluminium oxide template with nanopore diameter of 200 nm in the solvent atmosphere. The tubular structure was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy. P(PDI-DTT) nanotubes exhibited electron mobility of 0.02 cm 2 V –1 s –1 in field-effect transistors under ambient condition. Light-emitting nanostructures were successfully fabricated by incorporating tetraphenylethylene into polymer nanotubes.

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Mumyatov, Alexander V., and Pavel A. Troshin. "A Review on Fullerene Derivatives with Reduced Electron Affinity as Acceptor Materials for Organic Solar Cells." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041924.

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Organic solar cells (OSCs) represent a promising emerging photovoltaic technology offering such benefits as light weight, mechanical flexibility, semitransparency, environmental friendliness and aesthetic design of solar panels. Furthermore, organic solar cells can be produced using scalable and high-throughput solution-based printing and coating technologies, which are expected to lead to very low product costs. Fullerene derivatives have been used as acceptor materials in virtually all efficient organic solar cells for more than two decades, following the demonstration of the first proof-of-concept devices in the middle of 1990s. Still, the power conversion efficiencies of fullerene-based organic solar cells became stuck at around 12% due to the suboptimal optoelectronic properties of conventional fullerene acceptors. Therefore, the latest efficiency records (>18%) for organic solar cells were set using different types of non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) materials with tailorable properties. However, NFA materials appeared to be very sensitive to light, thus impairing the operational stability of OSCs. On the contrary, there is growing evidence that rationally designed fullerene-based acceptors enhance the photostability of conjugated polymers and also NFAs, when used in ternary blends. Hence, a renaissance of fullerene-based materials is currently expected in the context of their use in multicomponent organic solar cells (e.g., as stabilizers) and also lead halide perovskite solar cells, where they play an important role of electron transport materials. The success in both of these applications requires the tunability of optoelectronic characteristics of fullerene derivatives. In particular, electron affinity of the fullerene cage has to be reduced in many cases to match the energy levels of other absorber material(s). Herein, we present a systematic review of different strategies implemented to reduce the acceptor strength of the fullerene derivatives and the results of their performance evaluation in OSCs with model conjugated polymers. Particular attention is paid to correlations between the chemical structure of organic addends and their influence on the electronic properties of the fullerene core. We believe this review would be valuable to researchers working on the rational design of new fullerene-based materials with tailored properties for photovoltaic and other electronic applications.

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Gopalakrishnan, Varun, Dhakshain Balaji, and Milind Shrinivas Dangate. "Review—Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Materials: Performance and Applications of Organic Semiconductors in Photovoltaics." ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology 11, no. 3 (February 28, 2022): 035001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/2162-8777/ac53f5.

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Silicon based inorganic semiconductors were preferred to make solar cells for a long time until scalability and actual commercialization of inorganic photovoltaics at reasonable costs became a problem. The coming of organic semiconductor based technologies proved beneficial as the fabrication of unique optoelectronic devices were achieved at relatively lower costs and new device functionalities like improved optical transparency, enhanced mechanical flexibilities became a possibility. The usage of organic polymers as electron donors and acceptors multiplied the benefits of synthesizing organic photovoltaics by several folds, although only a power conversion efficiency of over 18% has been achieved so far. Putting together various inferences made through the years, this review aims at establishing a comprehensive understanding of organic photovoltaics and the science of bulk heterojunction solar cells. The need for low-bandgap photoactive materials and the different ways to synthesize them has been elaborated and a detailed review of the various donor and acceptor semiconducting polymers has been done. Towards the end, this paper provides a comprehension of the specific strategies that might improve the industrial scalability of organic photovoltaics, following which the challenges and the future of organic photovoltaics-based research have also been highlighted.

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Bricaud, Quentin, Antonio Cravino, Philippe Leriche, and Jean Roncali. "Terthiophene-cyanovinylene π-conjugated polymers as donor material for organic solar cells." Synthetic Metals 159, no. 23-24 (December 2009): 2534–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2009.09.002.

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Jessop, Ignacio A., Aylin Chong, Linda Graffo, María B. Camarada, Catalina Espinoza, Felipe A. Angel, Cesar Saldías, Alain Tundidor-Camba, and Claudio A. Terraza. "Synthesis and Characterization of a 2,3-Dialkoxynaphthalene-Based Conjugated Copolymer via Direct Arylation Polymerization (DAP) for Organic Electronics." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 19, 2020): 1377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061377.

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Poly[(5,5’-(2,3-bis(2-ethylhexyloxy)naphthalene-1,4-diyl)bis(thiophene-2,2′-diyl))-alt-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)] (PEHONDTBT) was synthesized for the first time and through direct arylation polymerization (DAP) for use as p-donor material in organic solar cells. Optimized reaction protocol leads to a donor-acceptor conjugated polymer in good yield, with less structural defects than its analog obtained from Suzuki polycondensation, and with similar or even higher molecular weight than other previously reported polymers based on the 2,3-dialkoxynaphthalene monomer. The batch-to-batch repeatability of the optimized DAP conditions for the synthesis of PEHONDTBT was proved, showing the robustness of the synthetic strategy. The structure of PEHONDTBT was corroborated by NMR, exhibiting good solubility in common organic solvents, good film-forming ability, and thermal stability. PEHONDTBT film presented an absorption band centered at 498 nm, a band gap of 2.15 eV, and HOMO and LUMO energy levels of −5.31 eV and −3.17 eV, respectively. Theoretical calculations were performed to understand the regioselectivity in the synthesis of PEHONDTBT and to rationalize its optoelectronic properties. Bilayer heterojunction organic photovoltaic devices with PEHONDTBT as the donor layer were fabricated to test their photovoltaic performance, affording low power-conversion efficiency in the preliminary studies.

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Leclerc, Mario, Ahmed Najari, and Serge Beaupré. "2008 Macromolecular Science and Engineering Division Award Lecture — Conjugated polymers: From micro-electronics to genomics." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 87, no. 9 (September 2009): 1201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v09-086.

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Conjugated polymers have received a lot of attention, since they combine the best features of metals or semiconductors with those of synthetic polymers. For instance, solar cells based on poly(2,7-carbazole) derivatives have revealed power-conversion efficiencies up to 6%. This class of materials could lead to printable and flexible photovoltaic devices. Moreover, water-soluble luminescent polythiophenes have allowed the specific, rapid, and ultra-sensitive detection of unlabelled DNA, RNA, or proteins. This new optical detection mechanism is based on electrostatic interactions between a cationic polythiophene derivative and negatively charged oligonucleotides. This method makes now possible the rapid assessment of the identity of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genes, and pathogens without the need for nucleic acid amplification.

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Ahmad, Shamim. "Organic semiconductors for device applications: current trends and future prospects." Journal of Polymer Engineering 34, no. 4 (June 1, 2014): 279–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0267.

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Abstract With the rich experience of developing silicon devices over a period of the last six decades, it is easy to assess the suitability of a new material for device applications by examining charge carrier injection, transport, and extraction across a practically realizable architecture; surface passivation; and packaging and reliability issues besides the feasibility of preparing mechanically robust wafer/substrate of single-crystal or polycrystalline/amorphous thin films. For material preparation, parameters such as purification of constituent materials, crystal growth, and thin-film deposition with minimum defects/disorders are equally important. Further, it is relevant to know whether conventional semiconductor processes, already known, would be useable directly or would require completely new technologies. Having found a likely candidate after such a screening, it would be necessary to identify a specific area of application against an existing list of materials available with special reference to cost reduction considerations in large-scale production. Various families of organic semiconductors are reviewed here, especially with the objective of using them in niche areas of large-area electronic displays, flexible organic electronics, and organic photovoltaic solar cells. While doing so, it appears feasible to improve mobility and stability by adjusting π-conjugation and modifying the energy band-gap. Higher conductivity nanocomposites, formed by blending with chemically conjugated C-allotropes and metal nanoparticles, open exciting methods of designing flexible contact/interconnects for organic and flexible electronics as can be seen from the discussion included here.

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Lin, Kaiwen, Qingwu Yin, Zhenfeng Wang, Boming Xie, Chunhui Duan, Fei Huang, and Yong Cao. "Direct arylation polycondensation towards water/alcohol-soluble conjugated polymers as the electron transporting layers for organic solar cells." Chemical Communications 57, no. 47 (2021): 5798–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc01128f.

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Two water/alcohol soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs), based on naphthalenediimide and amino-functionalized 3,4-(propylenedioxy)thiophene, were synthesized via direct arylation polycondensation (DArP).

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Ltayef, Mariem, Maha M. Almoneef, Walid Taouali, Mohamed Mbarek, and Kamel Alimi. "Conception and Theoretical Study of a New Copolymer Based on MEH-PPV and P3HT: Enhancement of the Optoelectronic Properties for Organic Photovoltaic Cells." Polymers 14, no. 3 (January 27, 2022): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14030513.

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A new copolymer has been studied, which is formed by Poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene-vinylene) (MEH-PPV) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The choice of these π-conjugated polymers was based on their semiconductor characters and their great applicability in electronic organic devices. The structure and vibrational and optoelectronic properties were simulated by calculations based on DFT, TD-DFT, and ZINDO. This material shows original and unique properties compared to the basic homopolymers. Thus, the obtained results reveal that this copolymer can be mixed with the (6,6)-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) to give existence to a new composite that can be used as an active layer for an organic solar cell.

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Squeo, Benedetta Maria, Wojciech Mróz, Umberto Giovanella, and Mariacecilia Pasini. "Anionic Low Band Gap-Conjugated Polyelectrolytes as Hole-Transporting Layer in Optoelectronics Devices." Chemistry Proceedings 3, no. 1 (November 14, 2020): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-24-08406.

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In the last years, interfacial engineering has played a critical role in promoting the performance of optoelectronic devices as organic solar cells (OSC) and organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) since interfacial layers help to form an ohmic contact between the electrodes and the active layers, which is of great importance for charge collection/injection. Conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), which are conjugated polymers bearing side-chain ionic functionalities such as anionic, cationic, or zwitterionic groups, have emerged as a new class of interfacial materials in thin film-based electronic devices thanks to their ability to reduce the barrier between electrode and active layer. In view of this, we designed and synthesized two novel low bandgap anionic copolymers with different anionic pendant groups and different conjugated backbones to obtain hole-transporting layer (HTL) materials as an alternative to commonly used poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate). The functional behavior of these copolymers as anode modifiers is herein preliminarily investigated in an OLED prototype.

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Funahashi, Masahiro. "Chiral Liquid Crystalline Electronic Systems." Symmetry 13, no. 4 (April 13, 2021): 672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040672.

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Liquid crystals bearing extended π-conjugated units function as organic semiconductors and liquid crystalline semiconductors have been studied for their applications in light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and solar cells. However, studies on electronic functionalities in chiral liquid crystal phases have been limited so far. Electronic charge carrier transport has been confirmed in chiral nematic and chiral smectic C phases. In the chiral nematic phase, consisting of molecules bearing extended π-conjugated units, circularly polarized photoluminescence has been observed within the wavelength range of reflection band. Recently, circularly polarized electroluminescence has been confirmed from devices based on active layers of chiral conjugated polymers with twisted structures induced by the molecular chirality. The chiral smectic C phase of oligothiophene derivatives is ferroelectric and indicates a bulk photovoltaic effect, which is driven by spontaneous polarization. This bulk photovoltaic effect has also been observed in achiral polar liquid crystal phases in which extended π-conjugated units are properly assembled. In this manuscript, optical and electronic functions of these chiral π-conjugated liquid crystalline semiconductors are reviewed.

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Yamanari, Toshihiro, Tetsuya Taima, Jun Sakai, and Kazuhiro Saito. "Origin of the open-circuit voltage of organic thin-film solar cells based on conjugated polymers." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 93, no. 6-7 (June 2009): 759–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.09.022.

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Pang, Bo, Zhonghai Tang, Yongchun Li, Huifeng Meng, Ying Xiang, Yuqing Li, and Jianhua Huang. "Synthesis of Conjugated Polymers Containing B←N Bonds with Strong Electron Affinity and Extended Absorption." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 9, 2019): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101630.

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The B←N is isoelectronic to the C–C, with the former having stronger dipole moment and higher electron affinity. Replacing the C–C bonds in conjugated polymers with B←N bonds is an effective pathway toward novel polymers with strong electron affinity and adjustable optoelectronic properties. In this work, we synthesize a conjugated copolymer, namely, BNIDT-DPP, based on a B←N embedded unit, BNIDT, and a typical electron-deficient unit, diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP). For comparison, the C–C counterpart, i.e., IDT-DPP, is also synthesized. In contrast to IDT-DPP, the B←N embedded polymer BNIDT-DPP shows an extended absorption edge (836 versus 978 nm), narrowed optical bandgap (1.48 versus 1.27 eV), and higher electron affinity (3.54 versus 3.74 eV). The Gaussian simulations reveal that the B←N embedded polymer BNIDT-DPP is more electron-deficient in contrast to IDT-DPP, supporting the decreased bandgap and energy levels of BNIDT-DPP. Organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) tests indicate a well-defined p-type characteristic for both IDT-DPP and BNIDT-DPP. The hole mobilities of IDT-DPP and BNIDT-DPP tested by OTFTs are 0.059 and 0.035 cm2/V·s, respectively. The preliminary fabrication of all-polymer solar cells based on BNIDT-DPP and PBDB-T affords a PCE of 0.12%. This work develops a novel B←N embedded polymer with strong electron affinity and extended absorption, which is potentially useful for electronic device application.

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Алексеев, Владимир Георгиевич, Павел Олегович Бабуркин, Shih-Huang Tung, and Павел Вячеславович Комаров. "COMPUTER SIMULATION OF INTERACTIONS OF TETRATHIOPHENE MOLECULES." Physical and Chemical Aspects of the Study of Clusters, Nanostructures and Nanomaterials, no. 13 (December 23, 2021): 534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.26456/pcascnn/2021.13.534.

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Надмолекулярная организация сопряженных полимеров сильно влияет на подвижность носителей заряда и, следовательно, на свойства производимых электронных устройств на их основе. Поэтому является важным научится строить вычислительные модели способные воспроизводить структуру таких полимеров с максимально возможной точностью. Одной из главных движущих сил процесса самосборки надмолекулярных структур в сопряженных полимерах является п - п взаимодействие. Его учет является достаточно трудной задачей, особенно при построении мезомасштабных моделей. В данной работе мы используем теорию функционала электронной плотности для отработки методики расчета сопряженных полимеров с учетом п - п взаимодействия. Были изучены геометрические характеристики пачек из четырех молекул тетратиофена. Выполненные расчеты показывают, что использование функционала M06-2X-D3 позволяет корректно моделировать взаимодействия молекул олиготиофенов и структуру образующихся агрегатов, в то время как полуэмпирические расчёты методом PM7 сопряженных полимеров пригодны лишь для быстрой предварительной оптимизации моделей. Разработанная методика расчетов имеет важное значение для параметризации мезомасштабных схем моделирования. The properties of the supramolecular organization of conjugated polymers strongly affect the mobility of charge carriers and, consequently, the properties of produced electronic devices based on them. Therefore, it is important to learn how to build computational models capable of reproducing the structure of such polymers with the highest possible accuracy. One of the main driving forces of the self-assembly of supramolecular structures in conjugated polymers is п-п interaction. Taking it into account is a rather difficult task, especially when constructing mesoscale models. In this work, we use the electron density functional theory to develop a methodology for calculating conjugated polymers taking into account п-п interaction. The geometric characteristics of stacks of four tetra thiophene molecules were studied. The performed calculations show that the use of the M06-2X-D3 functional makes it possible to correctly model the interactions of oligothiophene molecules and the structure of the resulting aggregates, while semiempirical calculations by the PM7 method of conjugated polymers are suitable only for rapid preliminary optimization of models. The tested calculation technique is of great importance for the parametrization of mesoscale modeling schemes. Keywords: organic solar cells, organic polymers, thiophenes, quantum chemical calculations, п-п stacking interaction.

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Lu, Lili, Qian Kang, Chenyi Yang, Bowei Xu, and Jianhui Hou. "Conjugated Polymers Containing Sulfonic Acid Fluorene Unit for Achieving Multiple Interfacial Modifications in Fullerene-free Organic Solar Cells." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 122, no. 34 (July 31, 2018): 19328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b04093.

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27

Xiao, Shengqiang, Andrew C. Stuart, Shubin Liu, Huaxing Zhou, and Wei You. "Conjugated Polymer Based on Polycyclic Aromatics for Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: A Case Study of Quadrathienonaphthalene Polymers with 2% Efficiency." Advanced Functional Materials 20, no. 4 (February 22, 2010): 635–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200901407.

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28

Liu, Fuchuan, Hang Wang, Yangqian Zhang, Xin Wang, and Shiming Zhang. "Synthesis of low band-gap 2D conjugated polymers and their application for organic field effect transistors and solar cells." Organic Electronics 64 (January 2019): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2018.09.032.

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29

Yen, Yung-Sheng, and Velu Indumathi. "Effect of π-Conjugated Spacer in N-Alkylphenoxazine-Based Sensitizers Containing Double Anchors for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 16, 2021): 1304. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081304.

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A series of novel double-anchoring dyes for phenoxazine-based organic dyes with two 2-cyanoacetic acid acceptors/anchors, and the inclusion of a 2-ethylhexyl chain at the nitrogen atom of the phenoxazine that is connected with furan, thiophene, and 3-hexylthiophene as a linker, are used as sensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells. The double-anchoring dye exhibits strong electronic coupling with TiO2, provided that there is an efficient charge injection rate. The result showed that the power conversion efficiency of DP-2 with thiophene linker-based cell reached 3.80% higher than that of DP-1 with furan linker (η = 1.53%) under standard illumination. The photovoltaic properties are further tuned by co-adsorption strategy, which improved power conversion efficiencies slightly. Further molecular theoretical computation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis of the dyes provide further insight into the molecular geometry and the impact of the different π-conjugated spacers on the photophysical and photovoltaic performance.

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Wang, Gang, Liang-Wen Feng, Wei Huang, Subhrangsu Mukherjee, Yao Chen, Dengke Shen, Binghao Wang, et al. "Mixed-flow design for microfluidic printing of two-component polymer semiconductor systems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 30 (July 9, 2020): 17551–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2000398117.

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The rational creation of two-component conjugated polymer systems with high levels of phase purity in each component is challenging but crucial for realizing printed soft-matter electronics. Here, we report a mixed-flow microfluidic printing (MFMP) approach for two-componentπ-polymer systems that significantly elevates phase purity in bulk-heterojunction solar cells and thin-film transistors. MFMP integrates laminar and extensional flows using a specially microstructured shear blade, designed with fluid flow simulation tools to tune the flow patterns and induce shear, stretch, and pushout effects. This optimizes polymer conformation and semiconducting blend order as assessed by atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS), resonant soft X-ray scattering (R-SoXS), photovoltaic response, and field effect mobility. For printed all-polymer (poly[(5,6-difluoro-2-octyl-2H-benzotriazole-4,7-diyl)-2,5-thiophenediyl[4,8-bis[5-(2-hexyldecyl)-2-thienyl]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl]-2,5-thiophenediyl]) [J51]:(poly{[N,N′-bis(2-octyldodecyl)naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5′-(2,2′-bithiophene)}) [N2200]) solar cells, this approach enhances short-circuit currents and fill factors, with power conversion efficiency increasing from 5.20% for conventional blade coating to 7.80% for MFMP. Moreover, the performance of mixed polymer ambipolar [poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT):N2200] and semiconducting:insulating polymer unipolar (N2200:polystyrene) transistors is similarly enhanced, underscoring versatility for two-componentπ-polymer systems. Mixed-flow designs offer modalities for achieving high-performance organic optoelectronics via innovative printing methodologies.

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31

Yan, Juchao, David C. Grills, and Tomoyasu Mani. "Dynamic Excitons in Nitrile-Functionalized Ladder-Type Oligo(p-Phenylene)s By Pulse Radiolysis Coupled with Time-Resolved Infrared Spectroscopy." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 13 (July 7, 2022): 885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-0113885mtgabs.

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Research and development efforts toward organic solar cells (OSCs) for large-scale power generation have continued unabated throughout the world. In recent years, OSCs based on π-conjugated polymers and small molecules have received increasing interest due to favorable electronic properties, component versatility, and low production and installation costs. Despite the progress, many improvements are still needed prior to widespread commercialization, involving device efficiency, lifetime, and cost. Of these, increasing device efficiency, particularly power conversion efficiency (PCE), is the most challenging task. The currently achievable PCE, for example, is only 17.3%.1 The key to achieving high PCE is the search for new organic conjugated molecules that are capable of harvesting light, and transferring and transporting charges promptly and efficiently. This requires a full understanding of how electrons and holes are localized and delocalized in organic conjugated molecules. Using time-resolved infrared (TRIR) detection combined with pulse radiolysis, Mani and co-workers2 have measured experimentally the degree of localization of an excess electron in a series of nitrile-functionalized oligofluorenes by the spectral shifts of nitrile vibrations. The nitrile vibrational bands in anions respond sensitively to the degree of electron delocalization (IR shifts) and the structural changes (IR linewidth). The electron is found to move back and forth within the oligomers, likely controlled by the movement of dihedral angles between monomer units. Unlike the non-coplanarity of the fluorenyl-fluorenyl backbone in oligofluorenes, the rigid and planar structure of ladder-type, oligo(p-phenylene)s (Scheme 1)3 would facilitate π-electron delocalization and thus improve the multiphoton absorption response. Such a structure would also increase photoluminescence efficiency with enhanced thermal and photochemical stability. To investigate the coupling between charge distribution and vibrational motion and vibronic coupling, we incorporate nitrile group in each compound as the infrared reporter group. In this talk, we report our molecular syntheses and characterizations of two of the title compounds (L3PCN and L4PCN, both neutral compounds and their radical anions) by TRIR followed by pulse radiolysis. Having no flexible dihedral angles, L3PCN and L4PCN exhibit sharper IR bands of the nitrile vibration than the oligofluorenes with the same number of benzene rings and some dihedral angles. Our results further demonstrate that the linewidth of the nitrile vibration, together with the IR shifts and intensities, reports on structural and accompanying electronic fluctuations,2 that is, on the dynamic excitons. References (1) Meng, L. X.; et al. Science 2018, 361, 1094. (2) Mani, T.; et al. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2015, 137, 10979. (3) Scherf, U.; et al. Makromolekulare Chemie-Rapid Communications 1991, 12, 489. Figure 1

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32

Du, Mengzhen, You Chen, Jianfeng Li, Yanfang Geng, Hongru Ji, Gongqiang Li, Ailing Tang, Qiang Guo, and Erjun Zhou. "Wide-Band-Gap Phthalimide-Based D-π-A Polymers for Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells: The Effect of Conjugated π-Bridge from Thiophene to Thieno[3,2-b]thiophene." Journal of Physical Chemistry C 124, no. 1 (December 5, 2019): 230–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b10580.

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33

Chung, Do, Nguyen Dinh, Tran Thao, Nguyen Nam, Tran Trung, and David Hui. "Study of nanostructured polymeric composites used for organic light emitting diodes and organic solar cells." World Journal of Engineering 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.9.5.399.

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Polymeric nanocomposite films from PEDOT and MEH-PPV embedded with surface modified TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared, respectively for the hole transport layer (HTL) and emission layer (EL) in Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED). The composite of MEH-PPV + nc-TiO2 was used for Organic Solar Cells (OCS). The results from the characterization of the properties of the nanocomposites and devices showed that electrical (I-V characteristics) and spectroscopic (photoluminescent) properties of the conjugate polymers were enhanced due to the incorporation of nc-TiO2 in the polymers. The OLEDs made from the nanocomposite films would exhibit a larger photonic efficiency and a longer lasting life. For the OSC made from MEH-PPV + nc-TiO2 composite, the fill factor (FF) reached a value as high as 0.34. Under illumination of light with a power density of 50 mW/cm2, the photoelectrical conversion efficiency (PEC) was found to be of 0.15% corresponding to an open circuit voltage VOC = 1.15 V and a short-cut circuit current density JSC = 0.125 mA/cm2.

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34

Wang, Chao, Feng Liu, Qiao-Mei Chen, Cheng-Yi Xiao, Yong-Gang Wu, and Wei-Wei Li. "Benzothiadiazole-based Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells." Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 39, no. 5 (January 5, 2021): 525–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10118-021-2537-8.

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35

Islam, Amjad, Zhi-yang Liu, Rui-xiang Peng, Wei-gang Jiang, Tao Lei, Wang Li, Lei Zhang, Rong-juan Yang, Qian Guan, and Zi-yi Ge. "Furan-containing conjugated polymers for organic solar cells." Chinese Journal of Polymer Science 35, no. 2 (December 30, 2016): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10118-017-1886-9.

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36

Yu, Fei, M. Bahner, and Vikram K. Kuppa. "On the Role of Graphene in Polymer-Based Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells." Key Engineering Materials 521 (August 2012): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.521.47.

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As a new material, graphene is considered to have great potential in photovoltaic applications, due to its superior physical and electronic properties. In this manuscript, the behavior of graphene nanosheets prepared by different processing methods were investigated in order to probe their applicability in polymer-based bulk heterojunction optoelectronic devices. Raman spectroscopy was employed to study the formation of interfaces between the conjugated polymer and graphene, while photoluminescence quenching was used to investigate charge transfer from P3HT to graphene. The current-voltage characteristics of fabricated cells were investigated to elucidate the role of graphene in their performance. We demonstrate that the addition of small quantities of graphene promotes exciton dissociation and charge transport in P3HT:PCBM BHJ devices, leading to a novel paradigm for organic solar cells.

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Xu, Cheng, Matthew Wright, Naveen Kumar Elumalai, Md Arafat Mahmud, Vinicius R. Gonçales, Mushfika B. Upama, and Ashraf Uddin. "Optimization of conjugated polymer blend concentration for high performance organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 29, no. 19 (July 25, 2018): 16437–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10854-018-9735-3.

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38

HOU Lin-tao, 侯林涛, 王标 WANG Biao, and 王二刚 WANG Er-gang. "Study of Conjugated Polymer as Electron-acceptor in Organic Photovoltaic Solar Cells." Chinese Journal of Luminescence 33, no. 3 (2012): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/fgxb20123303.0322.

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Zhu, Dangqiang, and Renqiang Yang. "Conjugated Polymers and Their Applications in Organic Solar Cells." Journal of Nano Energy and Power Research 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 73–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnepr.2013.1020.

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40

Patra, Asit, Rachana Kumar, and Suresh Chand. "Selenium-Containing π-Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells." Israel Journal of Chemistry 54, no. 5-6 (June 2014): 621–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijch.201400052.

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41

Hsu, Fang-Chi, Yu-An Lin, and Chi-Ping Li. "Stable polymer solar cells using conjugated polymer as solvent barrier for organic electron transport layer." Organic Electronics 89 (February 2021): 106008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2020.106008.

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42

Zhao, Chaowei, Yiting Guo, Yuefeng Zhang, Nanfu Yan, Shengyong You, and Weiwei Li. "Diketopyrrolopyrrole-based conjugated materials for non-fullerene organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 17 (2019): 10174–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta01976f.

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43

Meyer, Franck. "Fluorinated conjugated polymers in organic bulk heterojunction photovoltaic solar cells." Progress in Polymer Science 47 (August 2015): 70–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.04.007.

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44

Tong, Fei, Kyusang Kim, Daniel Martinez, Resham Thapa, Ayayi Ahyi, John Williams, Dong-Joo Kim, et al. "Flexible organic/inorganic hybrid solar cells based on conjugated polymer and ZnO nanorod array." Semiconductor Science and Technology 27, no. 10 (August 1, 2012): 105005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0268-1242/27/10/105005.

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45

Hwang, Hyeongjin, Hyomin Ko, Sangsik Park, Sanjaykumar R. Suranagi, Dong Hun Sin, and Kilwon Cho. "Fluorine-functionalization of an isoindoline-1,3-dione-based conjugated polymer for organic solar cells." Organic Electronics 59 (August 2018): 247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2018.05.009.

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46

Hoppe, H., N. Arnold, N. S. Sariciftci, and D. Meissner. "Modeling the optical absorption within conjugated polymer/fullerene-based bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 80, no. 1 (October 2003): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-0248(03)00137-5.

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47

Rech, Jeromy James, Justin Neu, Yunpeng Qin, Stephanie Samson, Jordan Shanahan, Richard F. Josey, Harald Ade, and Wei You. "Designing Simple Conjugated Polymers for Scalable and Efficient Organic Solar Cells." ChemSusChem 14, no. 17 (June 10, 2021): 3561–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.202100910.

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48

Kim, Hwajeong, Sungho Nam, Jaehoon Jeong, Sooyong Lee, Jooyeok Seo, Hyemi Han, and Youngkyoo Kim. "Organic solar cells based on conjugated polymers : History and recent advances." Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering 31, no. 7 (July 2014): 1095–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11814-014-0154-8.

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49

Zhou, Huaxing, Liqiang Yang, and Wei You. "Rational Design of High Performance Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells." Macromolecules 45, no. 2 (January 11, 2012): 607–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma201648t.

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Parenti, Francesca, Pasquale Morvillo, Eugenia Bobeico, Rosita Diana, Massimiliano Lanzi, Claudio Fontanesi, Francesco Tassinari, Luisa Schenetti, and Adele Mucci. "(Alkylsulfanyl)bithiophene-alt-Fluorene: π-Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells." European Journal of Organic Chemistry 2011, no. 28 (September 1, 2011): 5659–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejoc.201100738.

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