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Journal articles on the topic 'Organic/polymeric Solar Cells'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Mdluli, Siyabonga B., Morongwa E. Ramoroka, Sodiq T. Yussuf, Kwena D. Modibane, Vivian S. John-Denk, and Emmanuel I. Iwuoha. "π-Conjugated Polymers and Their Application in Organic and Hybrid Organic-Silicon Solar Cells." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040716.

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The evolution and emergence of organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells have been deemed as promising sustainable future technologies, owing to the use of π-conjugated polymers. In this regard, the scope of this review article presents a comprehensive summary of the applications of π-conjugated polymers as hole transporting layers (HTLs) or emitters in both organic solar cells and organic-silicon hybrid heterojunction solar cells. The different techniques used to synthesize these polymers are discussed in detail, including their electronic band structure and doping mechanisms. The general architecture and principle of operating heterojunction solar cells is addressed. In both discussed solar cell types, incorporation of π-conjugated polymers as HTLs have seen a dramatic increase in efficiencies attained by these devices, owing to the high transmittance in the visible to near-infrared region, reduced carrier recombination, high conductivity, and high hole mobilities possessed by the p-type polymeric materials. However, these cells suffer from long-term stability due to photo-oxidation and parasitic absorptions at the anode interface that results in total degradation of the polymeric p-type materials. Although great progress has been seen in the incorporation of conjugated polymers in the various solar cell types, there is still a long way to go for cells incorporating polymeric materials to realize commercialization and large-scale industrial production due to the shortcomings in the stability of the polymers. This review therefore discusses the progress in using polymeric materials as HTLs in organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells with the intention to provide insight on the quest of producing highly efficient but less expensive solar cells.

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2

Lim, Kyung-Geun, Soyeong Ahn, Young-Hoon Kim, Yabing Qi, and Tae-Woo Lee. "Universal energy level tailoring of self-organized hole extraction layers in organic solar cells and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 3 (2016): 932–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03560k.

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Tailoring the interface energetics between a polymeric hole extraction layer (HEL) and a photoactive layer (PAL) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PrSCs) is very important to maximize open circuit voltage (V_oc), power conversion efficiency (PCE), and device lifetime.

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3

A., Venkateswararao, Shun-Wei Liu, and Ken-Tsung Wong. "Organic polymeric and small molecular electron acceptors for organic solar cells." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 124 (February 2018): 1–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2018.01.001.

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4

Seco, Cristina Rodríguez, Anton Vidal-Ferran, Rajneesh Misra, Ganesh D. Sharma, and Emilio Palomares. "Efficient Non-polymeric Heterojunctions in Ternary Organic Solar Cells." ACS Applied Energy Materials 1, no. 8 (July 6, 2018): 4203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b00828.

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5

Hahn, T., C. Saller, M. Weigl, I. Bauer, T. Unger, A. Köhler, and P. Strohriegl. "Organic solar cells with crosslinked polymeric exciton blocking layer." physica status solidi (a) 212, no. 10 (June 10, 2015): 2162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201532040.

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6

Thao, Tran Thi, Do Ngoc Chung, Nguyen Nang Dinh, and Vo Van Truong. "Photoluminescence Quenching of Nanocomposite Materials Used for Organic Solar Cells." Communications in Physics 24, no. 3S1 (November 7, 2014): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/24/3s1/5073.

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In this work, we have studied the photoluminescence (PL) quenching of two polymeric composites, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in presence of nc-TiO\(_{2}\) particles by PL- spectroscopy. PL quenching values are 19.2\(\text{\%}\) and 45.5\(\text{\%}\), for MEH-PPV+nc-TiO\(_{2}\) and P3HT+nc-TiO$_{2}$, respectively. The obtained results on the relationship of PL quenching and photoelectrical efficiency (PCE) of an OSC showed that the quenching coefficient of a semiconducting polymer can be considered as apreliminarycriterion for choosing an appropriate polymeric composite being used for OSC preparation. Under illumination of solar energyof 56 mW/cm\(^{2}\), P3HT+TiO\(_{2}\) based OSC possess FF, V$_{OC}$, J$_{SC}$ and PCE of 0.64, 0.243 V, 1.43 mA/cm\(^{2}\) and 0.45\(\text{\%}\), respectively.

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7

Ye, Huaiying, Wen Li, and Weishi Li. "Progress in Polymeric Electron-Donating Materials for Organic Solar Cells." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 32, no. 2 (2012): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc1104062.

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8

Liu, Feng, Zachariah A. Page, Volodimyr V. Duzhko, Thomas P. Russell, and Todd Emrick. "Conjugated Polymeric Zwitterions as Efficient Interlayers in Organic Solar Cells." Advanced Materials 25, no. 47 (September 18, 2013): 6868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302477.

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9

Chen, Lung-Chien. "Organic and Polymeric Thin-Film Materials for Solar Cells: A New Open Special Issue in Materials." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 6664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196664.

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10

Lee, You-Sun, Ji Young Lee, Su-Mi Bang, Bogyu Lim, Jaechol Lee, and Seok-In Na. "A feasible random copolymer approach for high-efficiency polymeric photovoltaic cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 29 (2016): 11439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta04920f.

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11

Zhou, Yinhua, Canek Fuentes-Hernandez, Jae Won Shim, Talha M. Khan, and Bernard Kippelen. "High performance polymeric charge recombination layer for organic tandem solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 5, no. 12 (2012): 9827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ee23294d.

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12

Aizawa, Naoya, Canek Fuentes-Hernandez, Vladimir A. Kolesov, Talha M. Khan, Junji Kido, and Bernard Kippelen. "Simultaneous cross-linking and p-doping of a polymeric semiconductor film by immersion into a phosphomolybdic acid solution for use in organic solar cells." Chemical Communications 52, no. 19 (2016): 3825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc01022a.

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13

He, Yakun, Ning Li, and Christoph J. Brabec. "Single-Component Organic Solar Cells with Competitive Performance." Organic Materials 03, no. 02 (April 2021): 228–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1727234.

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Organic semiconductors with chemically linked donor and acceptor units can realize charge carrier generation, dissociation and transport within one molecular architecture. These covalently bonded chemical structures enable single-component organic solar cells (SCOSCs) most recently to start showing specific advantages over binary or multi-component bulk heterojunction concepts due to simplified device fabrication and a dramatically improved microstructure stability. The organic semiconductors used in SCOSCs can be divided into polymeric materials, that is, double-cable polymers, di-block copolymers as well as donor–acceptor small molecules. The nature of donor and acceptor segments, the length and flexibility of the connecting linker and the resultant nanophase separation morphology are the levers which allow optimizing the photovoltaic performance of SCOSCs. While remaining at 1–2% for over a decade, efficiencies of SCOSCs have recently witnessed significant improvement to over 6% for several materials systems and to a record efficiency of 8.4%. In this mini-review, we summarize the recent progress in developing SCOSCs towards high efficiency and stability, and analyze the potential directions for pushing SCOSCs to the next efficiency milestone.

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14

Dinh, Nguyen Nang, Do Ngoc Chung, Tran Thi Thao, and David Hui. "Study of Nanostructured Polymeric Composites Used for Organic Light Emitting Diodes and Organic Solar Cells." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/190290.

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Polymeric nanocomposite films from PEDOT and MEH-PPV embedded with surface modified TiO2nanoparticles for the hole transport layer and emission layer were prepared, respectively, for organic emitting diodes (OLEDs). The composite of MEH-PPV+nc-TiO2was used for organic solar cells (OSCs). The characterization of these nanocomposites and devices showed that electrical (I-Vcharacteristics) and spectroscopic (photoluminescent) properties of conjugate polymers were enhanced by the incorporation of nc-TiO2in the polymers. The organic light emitting diodes made from the nanocomposite films would exhibit a larger photonic efficiency and a longer lasting life. For the organic solar cells made from MEH-PPV+nc-TiO2composite, a fill factor reached a value of about 0.34. Under illumination by light with a power density of 50 mW/cm2, the photoelectrical conversion efficiency was about 0.15% corresponding to an open circuit voltageVoc= 0.126 V and a shortcut circuit current densityJsc= 1.18 mA/cm2.

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15

Cao, Yang, Yunlong Li, Thomas Morrissey, Brian Lam, Brian O. Patrick, David J. Dvorak, Zhicheng Xia, Timothy L. Kelly, and Curtis P. Berlinguette. "Dopant-free molecular hole transport material that mediates a 20% power conversion efficiency in a perovskite solar cell." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 12 (2019): 3502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02983d.

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Organic molecular hole-transport materials (HTMs) are appealing for the scalable manufacture of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because they are easier to reproducibly prepare in high purity than polymeric and inorganic HTMs.

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16

Wen, Jianguo, Dean J. Miller, Wei Chen, Tao Xu, Luping Yu, Seth B. Darling, and Nestor J. Zaluzec. "Visualization of Hierarchical Nanodomains in Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells." Microscopy and Microanalysis 20, no. 5 (June 20, 2014): 1507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927614001615.

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AbstractTraditional electron microscopy techniques such as bright-field imaging provide poor contrast for organic films and identification of structures in amorphous material can be problematic, particularly in high-performance organic solar cells. By combining energy-filtered corrected transmission electron microscopy, together with electron energy loss and X-ray energy-dispersive hyperspectral imaging, we have imaged PTB7/PC61BM blended polymer optical photovoltaic films, and were able to identify domains ranging in size from several hundred nanometers to several nanometers in extent. This work verifies that microstructural domains exist in bulk heterojunctions in PTB7/PC61BM polymeric solar cells at multiple length scales and expands our understanding of optimal device performance providing insight for the design of even higher performance cells.

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17

Lee, Donggu, Junmo Kim, Gyeongtae Park, Hyeong Woo Bae, Myungchan An, and Jun Young Kim. "Enhanced Operating Temperature Stability of Organic Solar Cells with Metal Oxide Hole Extraction Layer." Polymers 12, no. 4 (April 24, 2020): 992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040992.

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Organic solar cells (OSCs) are promising renewable energy sources for replacing fossil fuels. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OSCs has increased based on tremendous effort in material and device engineering. Still, the stability of OSC, such as long lifetime, negative temperature coefficient, must be enhanced for commercialization. In this study, we investigated OSC performance at a high operating temperature near 300–420 K, which are typical temperature regions in photovoltaic applications, with a different hole-extraction layer (HEL). The metal oxide-based HEL, MoO3, exhibited stable operating properties with a PCE drop rate of −0.13%/°C, as compared to polymeric HEL, PEDOT:PSS (−0.20%/°C). This performance reduction of polymeric HEL originated from the degradation of the interface in contact with PEDOT:PSS, as compared to the robust inorganic metal oxide HEL.

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18

Chung, Do, Nguyen Dinh, Tran Thao, Nguyen Nam, Tran Trung, and David Hui. "Study of nanostructured polymeric composites used for organic light emitting diodes and organic solar cells." World Journal of Engineering 9, no. 5 (October 1, 2012): 399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1708-5284.9.5.399.

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Polymeric nanocomposite films from PEDOT and MEH-PPV embedded with surface modified TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared, respectively for the hole transport layer (HTL) and emission layer (EL) in Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED). The composite of MEH-PPV + nc-TiO2 was used for Organic Solar Cells (OCS). The results from the characterization of the properties of the nanocomposites and devices showed that electrical (I-V characteristics) and spectroscopic (photoluminescent) properties of the conjugate polymers were enhanced due to the incorporation of nc-TiO2 in the polymers. The OLEDs made from the nanocomposite films would exhibit a larger photonic efficiency and a longer lasting life. For the OSC made from MEH-PPV + nc-TiO2 composite, the fill factor (FF) reached a value as high as 0.34. Under illumination of light with a power density of 50 mW/cm2, the photoelectrical conversion efficiency (PEC) was found to be of 0.15% corresponding to an open circuit voltage VOC = 1.15 V and a short-cut circuit current density JSC = 0.125 mA/cm2.

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19

Chen, Xianjie, Qian Zhang, Di Wang, Xin Xu, Zukun Wang, Yuhao Li, Haiming Zhu, et al. "High‐Efficiency Ternary Organic Solar Cells Based on the Synergized Polymeric and Small‐Molecule Donors." Solar RRL 4, no. 11 (September 22, 2020): 2000537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/solr.202000537.

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20

Jeon, Il, Clement Delacou, Hiroshi Okada, Graham E. Morse, Tae-Hee Han, Yuta Sato, Anton Anisimov, et al. "Polymeric acid-doped transparent carbon nanotube electrodes for organic solar cells with the longest doping durability." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 30 (2018): 14553–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03383h.

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21

Kim, Joo-Hyun, Yeon Joo Choi, Jaewon Lee, and Seung Goo Lee. "Highly transparent antireflection coatings on fullerene-free organic solar cells using polymeric nanoparticles." Thin Solid Films 742 (January 2022): 139043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2021.139043.

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22

Ohnishi, Satomi, and Yoshihito Osada. "Electroconductive organogel. 5. Organic solar cells based on polymeric charge-transfer complex gel." Macromolecules 24, no. 25 (December 1991): 6588–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00025a007.

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23

Tamilavan, Vellaiappillai, Yanliang Liu, Jihoon Lee, Insoo Shin, Yun Kyung Jung, Bo Ram Lee, Jung Hyun Jeong, and Sung Heum Park. "Efficient Polymeric Donor for Both Visible and Near-Infrared-Absorbing Organic Solar Cells." ACS Applied Energy Materials 2, no. 6 (May 8, 2019): 4284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.9b00520.

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24

Ko, Jongkuk, Jiyun Song, Won Tae Choi, Tae-Hwan Kim, Young-Soo Han, Jeewoo Lim, Changhee Lee, and Kookheon Char. "Significance of Polymeric Nanowire-Network Structures for Stable and Efficient Organic Solar Cells." Macromolecular Research 26, no. 7 (June 7, 2018): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13233-018-6088-y.

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25

Thiedmann, Ralf, Aaron Spettl, Ole Stenzel, Thomas Zeibig, James C. Hindson, Zineb Saghi, Neil C. Greenham, Paul A. Midgley, and Volker Schmidt. "NETWORKS OF NANOPARTICLES IN ORGANIC – INORGANIC COMPOSITES: ALGORITHMIC EXTRACTION AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS." Image Analysis & Stereology 31, no. 1 (March 15, 2012): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5566/ias.v31.p27-42.

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The rising global demand in energy and the limited resources in fossil fuels require new technologies in renewable energies like solar cells. Silicon solar cells offer a good efficiency but suffer from high production costs. A promising alternative are polymer solar cells, due to potentially low production costs and high flexibility of the panels. In this paper, the nanostructure of organic–inorganic composites is investigated, which can be used as photoactive layers in hybrid–polymer solar cells. These materials consist of a polymeric (OC1C10-PPV) phase with CdSe nanoparticles embedded therein. On the basis of 3D image data with high spatial resolution, gained by electron tomography, an algorithm is developed to automatically extract the CdSe nanoparticles from grayscale images, where we assume them as spheres. The algorithm is based on a modified version of the Hough transform, where a watershed algorithm is used to separate the image data into basins such that each basin contains exactly one nanoparticle. After their extraction, neighboring nanoparticles are connected to form a 3D network that is related to the transport of electrons in polymer solar cells. A detailed statistical analysis of the CdSe network morphology is accomplished, which allows deeper insight into the hopping percolation pathways of electrons.

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26

Wan, Juanyong, Xi Fan, Huihui Huang, Jinzhao Wang, Zhiguo Zhang, Junfeng Fang, and Feng Yan. "Metal oxide-free flexible organic solar cells with 0.1 M perchloric acid sprayed polymeric anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 8, no. 40 (2020): 21007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta07934k.

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A small amount of HClO₄ spraying treatment can pull the flexible anode's Fermi level down, substantially decrease the sheet resistance, and induce an intimate contact at interfaces, suitable for fabricating high-performance flexible organic solar cells.

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27

Zhao, Chaoyue, Lihong Wang, Guoping Zhang, Yajie Wang, Ruiyu Hu, Hui Huang, Mingxia Qiu, Shunpu Li, and Guangye Zhang. "Sequential Processing Enables 17% All-Polymer Solar Cells via Non-Halogen Organic Solvent." Molecules 27, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 5739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175739.

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All-polymer solar cells (All-PSCs), whose electron donor and acceptors are both polymeric materials, have attracted great research attention in the past few years. However, most all-PSC devices with top-of-the-line efficiencies are processed from chloroform. In this work, we apply the sequential processing (SqP) method to fabricate All-PSCs from an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent, toluene, and obtain efficiencies up to 17.0%. By conducting a series of characterizations on our films and devices, we demonstrate that the preparation of SqP devices using toluene can effectively reduce carrier recombination, enhance carrier mobility and promote the fill factor of the device.

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28

Kulshreshtha, Chandramouli, Arul Clement, Torbjörn Pascher, Villy Sundström, and Piotr Matyba. "Investigating ultrafast carrier dynamics in perovskite solar cells with an extended π-conjugated polymeric diketopyrrolopyrrole layer for hole transportation." RSC Advances 10, no. 11 (2020): 6618–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra10009a.

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29

Marin, Veronica, Elisabeth Holder, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "Polymeric ruthenium bipyridine complexes: New potential materials for polymer solar cells." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 42, no. 2 (2003): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.11024.

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30

Díez-Pascual, Ana M. "Development of Graphene-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites: A Brief Overview." Polymers 13, no. 17 (September 2, 2021): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172978.

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Graphene (G) and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced GO (rGO), have outstanding electrical, mechanical, thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties, owed to their 2D structure and large specific surface area. Further, their combination with polymers leads to novel nanocomposites with enhanced structural and functional properties due to synergistic effects. Such nanocomposites are becoming increasingly useful in a wide variety of fields ranging from biomedicine to the electronics and energy storage applications. In this review, a brief introduction on the aforementioned G derivatives is presented, and different strategies to develop polymeric nanocomposites are described. Several functionalization methods including covalent and non-covalent approaches to increase their interaction with polymers are summarized, and selected examples are provided. Further, applications of this type of nanocomposites in the field of energy are discussed, including lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, transparent conductive electrodes, counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells, and active layers of organic solar cells. Finally, the challenges and future outlook for G-based polymeric nanocomposites are discussed.

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31

Heo, Jin Hyuck, Sang Hyuk Im, Jun Hong Noh, Tarak N. Mandal, Choong-Sun Lim, Jeong Ah Chang, Yong Hui Lee, et al. "Efficient inorganic–organic hybrid heterojunction solar cells containing perovskite compound and polymeric hole conductors." Nature Photonics 7, no. 6 (May 5, 2013): 486–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.80.

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32

Do, Hung, Manuel Reinhard, Henry Vogeler, Andreas Puetz, Michael F. G. Klein, Wilhelm Schabel, Alexander Colsmann, and Uli Lemmer. "Polymeric anodes from poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) for 3.5% efficient organic solar cells." Thin Solid Films 517, no. 20 (August 2009): 5900–5902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2009.03.212.

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33

Sharma, Anirudh, Zandra George, Trystan Bennett, David A. Lewis, Gregory F. Metha, Gunther G. Andersson, and Mats R. Andersson. "Stability of Polymer Interlayer Modified ITO Electrodes for Organic Solar Cells." Australian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 7 (2016): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch15806.

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Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) electrode surfaces were modified using thin polymeric films of ethoxylated polyethylenimine (PEIE) and poly(3,3′-([(9′,9′-dioctyl-9H,9′H-[2,2′-bifluorene]-9,9-diyl)bis(4,1-phenylene)]bis(oxy))bis(N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine)) (PFPA-1) to investigate the resultant work function and its stability in ambient atmosphere. Both PEIE and PFPA-1 were found to significantly reduce the ITO work function, as a result of a surface dipole at the ITO–polymer interface. After aging for two weeks in ambient air atmosphere, the N-side groups and OH groups in PEIE-modified ITO were found to realign themselves away from the polymer surface, resulting in an orientation more parallel to the surface normal and thus in an increase in work function from 3.5 to 3.8 eV. The work function of PFPA-1-modified ITO was found to increase from 3.65 to 4.1 eV after two weeks of aging in air due to a complete re-orientation of the polar side chains away from the surface, aligning the dipoles more parallel to the surface normal. In both PEIE and PFPA-1 samples, the hydrophobic aliphatic carbon was found to dominate the polymer surface, after aging.

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34

Marinelli, Martina, Massimiliano Lanzi, Filippo Pierini, Yasamin Ziai, Alberto Zanelli, Debora Quadretti, Francesca Di Maria, and Elisabetta Salatelli. "Ionic Push–Pull Polythiophenes: A Further Step towards Eco-Friendly BHJ Organic Solar Cells." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 22, 2022): 3965. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14193965.

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Four new conjugated polymers alternating benzothiadiazole units and thiophene moieties functionalized with ionic phosphonium or sulfonic acid salts in the side chains were synthesized by a postfunctionalization approach of polymeric precursors. The introduction of ionic groups makes the conjugated polymers soluble in water and/or polar solvents, allowing for the fabrication of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells using environmentally friendly conditions. All polymers were fully characterized by spectroscopic, thermal, electrochemical, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron, and atomic force techniques. BHJ solar cells were obtained from halogen-free solvents (i.e., ethanol and/or anisole) by blending the synthesized ionic push–pull polymers with a serinol-fullerene derivative or an ionic homopolymer acting as electron-acceptor (EA) or electron-donor (ED) counterparts, respectively. The device with the highest optical density and the smoothest surface of the active layer was the best-performing, showing a 4.76% photoconversion efficiency.

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35

Nitti, Andrea, Riccardo Po, Gabriele Bianchi, and Dario Pasini. "Direct Arylation Strategies in the Synthesis of π-Extended Monomers for Organic Polymeric Solar Cells." Molecules 22, no. 1 (December 26, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22010021.

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36

Mishra, Amaresh, Mukhamed L. Keshtov, Annika Looser, Rahul Singhal, Matthias Stolte, Frank Würthner, Peter Bäuerle, and Ganesh D. Sharma. "Unprecedented low energy losses in organic solar cells with high external quantum efficiencies by employing non-fullerene electron acceptors." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 28 (2017): 14887–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ta04703g.

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Non-fullerene molecular acceptors in combination with a polymeric donor gave well performing BHJSCs with energy losses below 0.4 eV concomitant with outstanding external quantum efficiencies in the NIR-regime.

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37

Abdu‐Aguye, Mustapha, Nutifafa Y. Doumon, Ivan Terzic, Jingjin Dong, Giuseppe Portale, Katja Loos, L. Jan Anton Koster, and Maria Antonietta Loi. "Can Ferroelectricity Improve Organic Solar Cells?" Macromolecular Rapid Communications 41, no. 11 (May 5, 2020): 2000124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.202000124.

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38

Völker, Sebastian F., Shinobu Uemura, Moritz Limpinsel, Markus Mingebach, Carsten Deibel, Vladimir Dyakonov, and Christoph Lambert. "Polymeric Squaraine Dyes as Electron Donors in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 211, no. 10 (May 11, 2010): 1098–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200900670.

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39

Liu, Ming, Jing Yang, Caili Lang, Yong Zhang, Erjun Zhou, Zhitian Liu, Fengyun Guo, and Liancheng Zhao. "Fused Perylene Diimide-Based Polymeric Acceptors for Efficient All-Polymer Solar Cells." Macromolecules 50, no. 19 (September 29, 2017): 7559–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01539.

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40

Li, Xiaodong, Sheng Fu, Wenxiao Zhang, Shanzhe Ke, Weijie Song, and Junfeng Fang. "Chemical anti-corrosion strategy for stable inverted perovskite solar cells." Science Advances 6, no. 51 (December 2020): eabd1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abd1580.

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One big challenge for long-lived inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is that commonly used metal electrodes react with perovskite layer, inducing electrode corrosion and device degradation. Motivated by the idea of metal anticorrosion, here, we propose a chemical anticorrosion strategy to fabricate stable inverted PSCs through introducing a typical organic corrosion inhibitor of benzotriazole (BTA) before Cu electrode deposition. BTA molecules chemically coordinate to the Cu electrode and form an insoluble and polymeric film of [BTA-Cu], suppressing the electrochemical corrosion and reaction between perovskite and the Cu electrode. PSCs with BTA/Cu show excellent air stability, retaining 92.8 ± 1.9% of initial efficiency after aging for 2500 hours. In addition, >90% of initial efficiency is retained after 85°C aging for over 1000 hours. PSCs with BTA/Cu also exhibit good operational stability, and 88.6 ± 2.6% of initial efficiency is retained after continuous maximum power point tracking for 1000 hours.

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41

Krassas, Miron, Christos Polyzoidis, Pavlos Tzourmpakis, Dimitriοs M. Kosmidis, George Viskadouros, Nikolaos Kornilios, George Charalambidis, et al. "Benzothiadiazole Based Cascade Material to Boost the Performance of Inverted Ternary Organic Solar Cells." Energies 13, no. 2 (January 17, 2020): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020450.

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A conjugated, ladder-type multi-fused ring 4,7-dithienbenzothiadiazole:thiophene derivative, named as compound ‘T’, was for the first time incorporated, within the PTB7:PC71BM photoactive layer for inverted ternary organic solar cells (TOSCs) realization. The effective energy level offset caused by compound T between the polymeric donor and fullerene acceptor materials, as well as its resulting potential as electron cascade material contribute to an enhanced exciton dissociation, electron transfer facilitator and thus improved overall photovoltaic performance. The engineering optimization of the inverted TOSC, ITO/PFN/PTB7:Compound T(5% v/v):PC71BM/MoO3/Al, resulted in an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.34%, with a short-circuit current density (Jsc) of 16.75 mA cm−2, open-circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.74 V and a fill factor (FF) of 68.1%, under AM1.5G illumination. This photovoltaic performance was improved by approximately 12% with respect to the control binary device.

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42

Li, Yang, Wei Huang, Dejiang Zhao, Lu Wang, Zhiqiang Jiao, Qingyu Huang, Peng Wang, Mengna Sun, and Guangcai Yuan. "Recent Progress in Organic Solar Cells: A Review on Materials from Acceptor to Donor." Molecules 27, no. 6 (March 10, 2022): 1800. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27061800.

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In the last few decades, organic solar cells (OSCs) have drawn broad interest owing to their advantages such as being low cost, flexible, semitransparent, non-toxic, and ideal for roll-to-roll large-scale processing. Significant advances have been made in the field of OSCs containing high-performance active layer materials, electrodes, and interlayers, as well as novel device structures. Particularly, the innovation of active layer materials, including novel acceptors and donors, has contributed significantly to the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improvement in OSCs. In this review, high-performance acceptors, containing fullerene derivatives, small molecular, and polymeric non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs), are discussed in detail. Meanwhile, highly efficient donor materials designed for fullerene- and NFA-based OSCs are also presented. Additionally, motivated by the incessant developments of donor and acceptor materials, recent advances in the field of ternary and tandem OSCs are reviewed as well.

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Kim, Youngkyoo, Minjung Shin, and Hwajeong Kim. "Annealing temperature effect of hole-collecting polymeric nanolayer in polymer solar cells." Macromolecular Research 16, no. 3 (April 2008): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03218850.

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Lee, Jin Hee, Yu Jung Park, Jung Hwa Seo, and Bright Walker. "Hybrid Lead-Halide Polyelectrolytes as Interfacial Electron Extraction Layers in Inverted Organic Solar Cells." Polymers 12, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12040743.

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A series of lead-halide based hybrid polyelectrolytes was prepared and used as interfacial layers in organic solar cells (OSCs) to explore their effect on the energy band structures and performance of OSCs. Nonconjugated polyelectrolytes based on ethoxylated polyethylenimine (PEIE) complexed with PbX2 (I, Br, and Cl) were prepared as polymeric analogs of the perovskite semiconductors CH3NH3PbX3. The organic/inorganic hybrid composites were deposited onto Indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates by solution processing, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) measurements confirmed that the polyelectrolytes allowed the work function of the substrates to be controlled. In addition, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results showed that Pb(II) halide complexes were present in the thin film and that the Pb halide species did not bond covalently with the cationic polymer and confirmed the absence of additional chemical bonds. The composite ratio of organic and inorganic materials was optimized to improve the performance of OSCs. When PbBr2 was complexed with the PEIE material, the efficiency increased up to 3.567% via improvements in open circuit voltage and fill factor from the control device (0.3%). These results demonstrate that lead-halide based polyelectrolytes constitute hybrid interfacial layers which provide a novel route to control device characteristics via variation of the lead halide composition.

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Vongsaysy, Uyxing, Dario M. Bassani, Laurent Servant, Bertrand Pavageau, Guillaume Wantz, and Hany Aziz. "Formulation strategies for optimizing the morphology of polymeric bulk heterojunction organic solar cells: a brief review." Journal of Photonics for Energy 4, no. 1 (June 10, 2014): 040998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.jpe.4.040998.

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46

Marsal, Lluis, Max von Delius, Michael Bothe, María Montero-Rama, Aurélien Viterisi, Werther Cambarau, Caterina Stenta, and Emilio Palomares. "Second-Generation Azafullerene Monoadducts as Electron Acceptors in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells." Synthesis 50, no. 04 (January 11, 2018): 764–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591871.

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Four new azafullerene monoadducts (DPS-C59N, HDP-C59N, DBOP-C59N, DHOP-C59N) have been prepared and applied as electron acceptors in solution-processed bulk heterojunction solar cells. The four compounds were designed so that their solubility in organic solvents was maximized and that structure–property comparisons could be drawn with a previously synthesized azafullerene electron acceptor. With the photovoltaic devices that were prepared from the four azafullerenes and polymeric electron donor PTB7 we found that only one of the four new electron acceptors resulted in a power conversion efficiency that exceeded the one observed with a previously reported azafullerene monoadduct. Atomic force microscopy and electron mobility measurements suggest that azafullerenes bearing two alkyl chains lead to non-optimal film morphologies as well as electron mobilities and that future efforts should focus on single n-alkyl substitution.

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Wang, Xue Mei. "Synthesis and Optical Properties of an Alternating Conjugated Copolymer Composed of 2,5-Divinyl-3,4-Dialkylthiophene and 2,6-Pyridine." Advanced Materials Research 347-353 (October 2011): 4012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.347-353.4012.

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An alternating conjugated copolymer composed of 2,5-divinyl-3,4-dialkylthiophene and 2,6-pyridine was synthesized by Heck coupling approach. The regioregular poly(3, 4-dialkylthiophene) was prepared by McCullough for the comparing research. The obtained polymers were evaluated with 1H NMR, FT-IR, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA), UV–vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL). The results indicate that the polymers depict outstanding thermal stabilities, low band gaps, and high PL quantum efficiency, and they might be excellent polymeric materials for applications in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), light-emitting electrochemical cells, polymer solar cells, and so on.

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48

Zhang, Qiang, Wei-Ting Wang, Cheng-Yu Chi, Tobias Wächter, Jhih-Wei Chen, Chou-Yi Tsai, Ying-Chi Huang, Michael Zharnikov, Yian Tai, and Der-Jang Liaw. "Toward a universal polymeric material for electrode buffer layers in organic and perovskite solar cells and organic light-emitting diodes." Energy & Environmental Science 11, no. 3 (2018): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ee03275g.

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Zidan, Mahmoud N., Nicola Everitt, Tawfik Ismail, and Irene S. Fahim. "Organic Solar Cells Parameters Extraction and Characterization Techniques." Polymers 13, no. 19 (September 23, 2021): 3224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13193224.

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Organic photovoltaic research is continuing in order to improve the efficiency and stability of the products. Organic devices have recently demonstrated excellent efficiency, bringing them closer to the market. Understanding the relationship between the microscopic parameters of the device and the conditions under which it is prepared and operated is essential for improving performance at the device level. This review paper emphasizes the importance of the parameter extraction stage for organic solar cell investigations by offering various device models and extraction methodologies. In order to link qualitative experimental measurements to quantitative microscopic device parameters with a minimum number of experimental setups, parameter extraction is a valuable step. The number of experimental setups directly impacts the pace and cost of development. Several experimental and material processing procedures, including the use of additives, annealing, and polymer chain engineering, are discussed in terms of their impact on the parameters of organic solar cells. Various analytical, numerical, hybrid, and optimization methods were introduced for parameter extraction based on single, multiple diodes and drift-diffusion models. Their validity for organic devices was tested by extracting the parameters of some available devices from the literature.

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Kim, Youngkyoo, Minjung Shin, Inhyuk Lee, Hwajeong Kim, and Sandrine Heutz. "Multilayer organic solar cells with wet-processed polymeric bulk heterojunction film and dry-processed small molecule films." Applied Physics Letters 92, no. 9 (March 3, 2008): 093306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2890169.

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