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Journal articles on the topic 'Organic matter'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 6 July 2024

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1

Zhang, Futao, Yunfa Qiao, Xiaozeng Han, and Bin Zhang. "Variation of soil organic matter depends on light-fraction organic matter under long-term monocropping of different crops." Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 10 (October 20, 2021): 588–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/350/2021-pse.

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Cultivating crops influences soil organic matter (SOM), but the effect of different crops remains unclear, particularly under long-term monocropping. The objective of this study was to identify how different crops influence the content and chemical structures of SOM under long-term monocropping. Here, soils were sampled (0–20 cm) under 27-year soybean and maize monocropping and separated into different physical fractions. The content and chemical structures of SOM in all fractions were determined. SOM contents were higher under soybean than maize in bulk soil and macroaggregates and their light-fractions instead of microaggregates and silt and clay. The difference in SOM chemical structure was observed in aggregates and density fractions rather than bulk soils and supported by the result of principal component analysis. The proportion of O-alkyl C in macro- and microaggregates and all free light fractions and that of aromatic C in mineral-associated fractions were higher, while that of carbonyl C was lower under maize than soybean. These results demonstrated that different crops monocropping influences the content and chemical structures of SOM, and the variations were mainly in the light-fraction SOM and highlight a higher sensitivity of physical fractions than bulk soil to different crops.
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2

Balík, Jiří, Ondřej Sedlář, Martin Kulhánek, Jindřich Černý, Michaela Smatanová, and Pavel Suran. "Effect of organic fertilisers on glomalin content and soil organic matter quality." Plant, Soil and Environment 66, No. 11 (November 2, 2020): 590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/385/2020-pse.

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Glomalin is one of the factors with an important role at forming and stabilising soil aggregates. Long-term stationary experiments were carried out to observe the influence of various fertilisation treatments on the content of glomalin in topsoil. The content of easily extractable glomalin (EEG) and total glomalin (TG) were determined. Moreover, glomalin was also determined by using the near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (G<sub>NIRS</sub>). Both mineral and organic fertilisation significantly increased the content of glomalin compared to the unfertilised control. However, observed differences among individual fertilisation treatments were not significant. A significant correlation was determined between the content of EEG, TG, G<sub>NIRS</sub>, and the content of humic substances as well as humic acids. Both methods used (EEG, TG) can equally reflect soil organic matter quality. A significant correlation was also recorded between the G<sub>NIRS</sub> and extraction methods (EEG, TG).
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3

Yang, Xiaoyan, Chuandong Zhang, Haiping Gu, Xiangwei Chen, and Erhui Guo. "Organic acids promote phosphorus release from Mollisols with different organic matter contents." Soil and Water Research 16, No. 1 (December 11, 2020): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/140/2019-swr.

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Organic acids could improve the phosphorus (P) availability through enhancing the release of inorganic phosphorus (P<sub>i</sub>) in the soil. However, the effects of organic acids on the P<sub>i</sub> release are still poorly understood, especially from soils with different organic matter contents. Here, a biochemically produced humic acid and P fertiliser were added to the soil to modify the content of the soil organic matter (SOM) and soil P, respectively. And then the soil samples were incubated at 25 °C for 30 days. The release of P<sub>i</sub> fractions (such as H<sub>2</sub>O-P<sub>i</sub>, NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-P<sub>i</sub>, NaOH-P<sub>i</sub>, HCl-P<sub>i</sub>, and Residual-P) from the soils with different organic matter contents in the presence of citric, oxalic, and malic acids was evaluated using a sequential chemical fractionation method. The results showed that the release of the NaHCO<sub>3</sub>-P<sub>i</sub>, NaOH-P<sub>i</sub>, and HCl-P<sub>i</sub> fractions also showed a decreasing trend with an increasing content of soil organic matter, and more NaOH-P<sub>i</sub> than the other P<sub>i</sub> fractions was generally released in the presence of organic acids. Considering the types of organic acids, oxalic acid and malic acid most effectively and least effectively released P<sub>i</sub>, respectively. The path analysis indicated that the NaOH-P<sub>i</sub> release had the highest direct and indirect effects on the total inorganic P (TP<sub>i</sub>) release. NaOH-P<sub>i</sub> was, therefore, the most effective source of P<sub>i</sub> in the Mollisols.
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4

Šimon, T. "The influence of long-term organic and mineral fertilization on soil organic matter." Soil and Water Research 3, No. 2 (May 20, 2008): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2008-swr.

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Parameters evaluating soil organic matter quantity (organic C and N content) and quality (hot water extractable C content, aliphatic compounds, microbial biomass C content, basal respiration activity) were determined in soils differently fertilized (NPK &ndash; mineral fertilization 64.6 kg N/ha/year, FYM &ndash; farmyard manure 38.6 kg N/ha/year, FYM + NPK &ndash; 103.3 kg N/ha/year) in long-term field experiment established in 1955 in Prague. Variant without any fertilization was used as a control. Nine years crop rotation (45% cereals, 33% root crops, 22% fodder crops) is practiced in this long-term experiment. Soil samples were taken from the arable layer (0&ndash;20 cm) in spring over the period of 1994&ndash;2004. Continual application of FYM and FYM + NPK increased the organic carbon content, hot water extractable C (HWC) content, aliphatic compounds content and microbial biomass C content significantly compared to control variant. Mineral fertilization (NPK) increased only organic C content significantly compared to control variant; HWC content, aliphatic compounds content and microbial biomass C content were increased not significantly. Basal respiration activity did not differ significantly between the variants but the influence of plants cropped in individual years on the basal respiration was observed. The total N content was increased significantly only in FYM + NPK variant as compared to control variant. Presence of lucerne in crop rotation contributed positively to the total nitrogen content in soil of all variants due to the symbiotic N<sub>2</sub> fixation. C:N ratio varied from 9.96 to 10.46. Significant positive relationships (r = 0.30 to 0.68; P &lt; 0.05) among the all parameters were determined with exception of basal respiration activity. The most of measured characteristics tended to be constant or slightly increase in the period of observation that shows evidence of stability of this soil management system.
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5

Bretschko, G., and M. Leichtfried. "The determination of organic matter in river sediments." Veröffentlichungen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Donauforschung 7, no. 3-4 (May 6, 1987): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/7/1987/403.

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6

Al Namazi, Mohammed, Sheng Li, Noreddine Ghaffour, TorOve Leiknes, and Gary Amy. "A Fouling Comparison Study of Algal, Bacterial and Humic Organic Matters in Seawater Desalination Pretreatment Using Ceramic UF Membranes." Membranes 13, no. 2 (February 15, 2023): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13020234.

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This study investigates three types of organic matter, namely algal organic matter (AOM), bacterial organic matter (BOM), and humic organic matter (HOM). These organics are different in properties and chemical composition. AOM, BOM and HOM were compared in terms of organic content, fouling behavior, and removal efficiency in ceramic UF filtration. UF experiments were conducted at a constant flux mode using 5 kDa and 50 kDa ceramic membranes. Results showed that 5 kDa membrane removed more transparent exopolymer particles (TEP)/organics than 50 kDa membranes, but less fouling formation for all the three types of organic matters tested. Membranes exhibited the lowest trans-membrane pressure (TMP) during the filtration of HOM, most probably due to the high porosity of the HOM cake layer, contributed by big HOM aggregates under Ca bridging effect. AOM shows the highest MFI-UF (modified fouling index-ultrafiltration) and TMP (transmembrane pressure) values among the three organics and during all filtration cycles for both membranes. The AOM fouling layer is well known for having high fouling potential due to its compressibility and compactness which increase the TMP and eventually the MFI values. AOM and BOM organics exhibited a similar fouling behavior and mechanism. Furthermore, the divalent cations such as calcium showed a significant impact on membrane fouling. That is probably because calcium ions made the membranes and organic matter less negatively charged and easier to deposit on membranes, thus, enhancing the membrane fouling significantly.
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7

Laskri, Nabila, Oualid Hamdaoui, and Nawel Nedjah. "Anaerobic Digestion of Waste Organic Matter and Biogas Production." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 3, no. 3 (2015): 181–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/jocet.2015.v3.192.

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8

Feichtinger, F., E. Erhart, and W. Hartl. "Net N-mineralisation related to soil organic matter pools." Plant, Soil and Environment 50, No. 6 (December 10, 2011): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4032-pse.

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Soil organic matter and its turnover rate are key parameters for agricultural management practice as well as for environmental issues. In a field experiment comparing organic (compost) and mineral fertilisation and combinations of both the amount of inorganic nitrogen in the soil and the nitrogen uptake by the plants were measured. Considering these data and the fertilisation practice the net N-mineralisation during the vegetation periods 1996&ndash;2001 was estimated for six fertilisation treatments. Simultaneously the nitrogen dynamics in the soil were calculated using the STOTRASIM model, which takes into account four soil organic matter pools of different turnover rate. A close relation was found between the amount of a slow decomposable fraction and the net N-mineralisation during the vegetation period. &nbsp;
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9

Irham, Muhammad, Saidatul Adhla, and Chitra Octavina. "Analisis kimia sedimen di sekitar ekosistem mangrove desa Lambadeuk, Peukan Bada, Aceh Besar." Depik 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.13170/depik.9.1.15163.

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Abstract. Research on analysis of sediments chemistry around the mangrove ecosystem of Lambadeuk village, Peukan Bada Subdistrict aimed to the analyze nutrient content of sediments around mangrove ecosystem which grows in Lambadeuk, Aceh Besar. The study was conducted in April 2018 - May 2019. Research stations were determined by using purposive random sampling method then sediment samples were taken by coring technic. The results of the analysis showed that there are two types of sediments; muddy sand and sandy mud type of sediment. Sandy mud sediment has higher organic matter than muddy sand. The percentage value of total organic matters ranged from 27.89% - 42.41%, while C-Organic was between 0.08% - 1.28%. The percentage of dominant C-organic was found in places that are overgrown with mangroves, while the total organic matter content is more in places that does not have mangroves. In addition to the presence of mangroves that affect the amount of organic sediment and type of sediment, oceanographic factors such as currents, topography, organic matter content, and C-Organic are also affect the type of existing sediment.Keywords: Mangroves, Sediment, Organic matter, C-Organic.Abstrak. Penelitian mengenai analisis kimia sedimen di sekitar ekosistem mangrove Desa Lambadeuk, Kecamatan Peukan Bada bertujuan untuk menganalisis kandungan unsur hara sedimen di sekitar ekosistem mangrove yang tumbuh di daerah Lambadeuk, Aceh Besar. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada bulan April – Mei 2019. Metode penentuan stasiun penelitian menggunakan metode purposive random sampling kemudian sampel sedimen diambil dengan menggunakan coring. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa tipe sedimen yang ada di Desa Lambadeuk, Kecamatan Peukan Bada terdapat dua tipe sedimen yaitu pasir berlumpur (muddy sand) dan lumpur berpasir (sandy mud). Tipe sedimen lumpur berpasir memiliki kandungan bahan organik lebih tinggi daripada pasir berlumpur. Nilai persentase kandungan bahan organik total berkisar yaitu berkisar antara 27,89 % - 42,41 %, sedangkan C-organik berkisar antara 0,08 % - 1,28 %. Persentase C-organik lebih banyak terdapat di tempat yang banyak ditumbuhi mangrove, sedangkan kandungan bahan organik total lebih banyak di tempat yang tidak ditumbuhi mangrove sama sekali. Disamping keberadaan mangrove yang mempengaruhi besarnya bahan organic sedimen, faktor-faktor oseanografi seperti arus, topografi, kandungan bahan organik, dan C-organik juga mempengauhi tipe sedimen yang ada.Kata Kunci: Mangrove, Sedimen, Bahan Organik, C-organik.
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10

Maslukah, Lilik, Elis Indrayanti, and Azis Rifai. "Sebaran Material Organik dan Zat Hara Oleh Arus Pasang Surut di Muara Sungai Demaan, Jepara (The Distribution of Organic Matter and Nutrients by Tidal Current at Demaan Estuary, Jepara)." ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 19, no. 4 (July 27, 2015): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.19.4.189-194.

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Arus pasang surut di muara sungai dapat mempengaruhi penyebaran material organik dan zat hara. Keberadaan material organik dan zat hara di perairan dapat menentukan kualitas suatu perairan. Kandungan material organik dan zat hara dalam jumlah berlebihan dapat menyebabkan terjadinya eutrofikasi pada badan air dan menyebabkan kandungan oksigen di perairan menjadi rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat sebaran material organik, nitrat dan fosfat oleh pengaruh arus pasang surut. Penelitian dilakukan di muara Sungai Demaan, Jepara. Penentuan konsentrasi material organik dalam contoh air laut menggunakan metode titrasi permanganate, sementara nitrat dan fosfat ditentukan dengan menggunakan metode spektrofometrik. Sebaran material organik, nitrat dan fosfat digambarkan dengan software ArGIS, sedangkan simulasi arus pasang surut menggunakan software SMS. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi material organik dan zat hara lebih tinggi saat surut dibanding saat pasang. Sebaran material organik dan fosfat mengikuti arus pasang surut yaitu mengarah ke utara saat surut dan kembali mengarah ke arah selatan pada saat pasang. Disimpulkan bahwa material organik dan fosfat bersumber dari sungai. Kata kunci : arus pasang surut, material organik, zat hara The distribution of organic matter and nutrients in the estuary can be influenced by tidal current. The presence of organic matter and nutrients can determine the water quality. However, the exceed amount of organic matter and nutrient in the water could lead to eutrofication that caused the depletion of dissolved oxygen. The research was aimed to determine the distribution of organic matter and nutrients (i.e. phophate and nitrate) due to the tidal current in Demaan estuary, Jepara. The titration method with permanganate was used to measure the organic matter concentration in the samples. Meanwhile, the spectrophotometric method was used to measure nitrate and phosphate concentration in the samples. Tidal current was simulated by Surface water Modelling System (SMS) software, and the distribution of organic matter, nitrate and phosphate was plotted using ArGIS software. The result showed that the concentration of organic matter and nutrients is higher at ebb tide than flood tide. The distribution of organic matter and phosphate followed the tidal current, flowing to the north at ebb tide and back to south at flood tide. It is concluded that organic matter and phosphate sourced from the rivers. Keywords : tidal current, organic matter, nutrient
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11

Hill, Alan R., and Angela M. Brooks. "Coarse particulate organic matter inputs to a headwater swamp stream." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 137, no. 1 (July 18, 1996): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/137/1996/25.

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12

Vlček, Vítězslav, and Miroslav Pohanka. "Glomalin – an interesting protein part of the soil organic matter." Soil and Water Research 15, No. 2 (March 11, 2020): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2019-swr.

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The negative effects of the current agricultural practices include erosion, acidification, loss of soil organic matter (dehumification), loss of soil structure, soil contamination by risky elements, reduction of biological diversity and land use for non-agricultural purposes. All these effects are a huge risk to the further development of soil quality from an agronomic point of view and its resilience to projected climate change. Organic matter has a crucial role in it. Relatively significant correlations with the quality or the health of soil parameters and the soil organic matter or some fraction of the soil organic matter have been found. In particular, Ctot, Cox, humic and fulvic acids, the C/N ratio, and glomalin. Our work was focused on glomalin, a glycoprotein produced by the hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), which we classify as Glomeromycota. Arbuscular mycorrhiza, and its molecular pathways, is not a well understood phenomenon. It appears that many proteins are involved in the arbuscular mycorrhiza from which glomalin is probably one of the most significant. This protein is also responsible for the unique chemical and physical properties of soils and has an ecological and economical relevance in this sense and it is a real product of the mycorrhiza. Glomalin is very resistant to destruction (recalcitrant) and difficult to dissolve in water. Its extraction requires specific conditions: high temperature (121°C) and a citrate buffer with a neutral or alkaline pH. Due to these properties, glomalin (or its fractions) are very stable compounds that protect the soil aggregate surface. In this review, the actual literature has been researched and the importance of glomalin is discussed.
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13

Kolář, L., S. Kužel, J. Horáček, V. Čechová, J. Borová-Batt, and J. Peterka. "Labile fractions of soil organic matter, their quantity and quality." Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 6 (July 16, 2009): 245–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/87/2009-pse.

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The objective of the present paper is to contribute to the evaluation of quantity and quality of non-humified part of soil organic matter (SOM). In samples of soil organic matter from the humus profile of Šumava forest soils and forest meadows, taxonomically designated as mor and moder forms, the fractions of labile soil carbon C<sub>cws</sub>, C<sub>hws</sub>, C<sub>PM</sub> and fraction of stable carbon represented by carbon of humus acids C<sub>HA</sub> and C<sub>FA</sub> were determined. Organic matter of samples was fractionated according to the degrees of hydrolyzability by two different methods in particle-size fractions of 2.00–0.25 mm and < 0.25 mm. The quality of labile fraction C<sub>hws</sub> was expressed on the basis of reaction kinetics as the rate constant of biochemical oxidation K<sub>bio</sub> and rate constant of chemical oxidation K<sub>chem</sub> of the first order reaction from a reduction in the concentration of C-compounds. The highest values of labile forms of carbon were determined in samples with the least favorable conditions for transformation processes of SOM, and these samples also had the highest content of labile forms in hydrolyses by both methods and the most labile fractions at the same time. The degree of SOM humification was strictly indirectly proportional to the lability of SOM and its hydrolyzability. The quality of labile fraction C<sub>hws</sub> can be expressed by both K<sub>bio</sub> and K<sub>chem</sub> while the sensitivity of K<sub>bio</sub> is higher but the reproducibility of K<sub>chem</sub> is better. K<sub>bio</sub> corresponds with the degree of SOM transformation, K<sub>chem</sub> with the proportion of C<sub>PM</sub> in total C<sub>ox</sub>.
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14

Wissel, Björn, and Brian Fry. "Sources of Particulate Organic Matter in the Mississippi River, USA." Large Rivers 15, no. 1-4 (December 19, 2003): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/15/2003/105.

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15

Kholodov, V. A., V. A. Ivanov, Ju R. Farkhodov, N. A. Safronova, Z. S. Artemyeva, and N. V. Jaroslavceva. "The Optical Characteristics of Aggregates Organic Matter Fractions in Typical Chernozems." Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, no. 90 (September 1, 2017): 56–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2017-90-56-72.

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The consumption specters of organic matter fractions in ultraviolet and visible parts of specter (UV-visible specters) were investigated. The specters of soluted organic matter, as well as labile humic matters and humic matters itselves, which were extracted from small, medium and large aggregates from typical chernozems of long-term experiments were investigated. The samples of undisturbed chernozems, which are annually collected in the annually hayed steppe and from the chernozem with extreme organic matter degradation, were used (variant of long-termed experiment - irreplaceable black fallow since 1964). On the basis of specters obtained the parameters of optical indices SUVA254, E2/E3, E4/E6 were calculated. The highest differences between the aggregates were revealed in extracts of organic matter. The differences were lower for labile humic matters. There were no differences revealed for humic matters between the optical indices for different aggregates of one type of chernozems use. It is shown that all of the three parameters are not changed symbasically. Hence, all of the three parameters should be used for complete spectral characteristic.
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16

Kolář, L., M. Maršálek, J. Frelich, S. Kužel, P. Smetana, J. Zedníková, and M. Švecová. "Changes in methane release from organic matter passing through the digestive tract of horses." Czech Journal of Animal Science 54, No. 3 (March 20, 2009): 112–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/1677-cjas.

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Using the tests of methanogenic activity (TMA) changes in methane yield (Y<sub>CH4</sub>) and anaerobic degradability (D<sub>c</sub>) of organic matter of feeds and excrements were studied in an experimental group of six horses while complete analytical methods were applied (N-compound matters, proteins, non-protein N-compound matters, fat, nitrogen-free extract, ash, crude fibre, organic matter, NDF, ADF, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin and chemical oxygen demand COD) and the material balance was determined. The horses utilised 48.8% of organic matter of feeds in dry matter while the daily weight of droppings was 21 kg with 5.20% of dry matter and 4 kg of urine with 7% of organic matters. It is important that the theoretical methane yield per 24 hours corresponding to the organic matter of ingested feeds which was transferred to excrements is 1.771 m<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> at 0°C and 1 013.25 hPa while the actual daily methane yield of droppings is 1.739 m<sup>3</sup> CH<sub>4</sub> at 0°C and 1 013.25 hPa, i.e. practically identical, because the yield from urine organic matters was not included in the actual daily methane yield. Because the anaerobic degradability of the used feed mixture and horse droppings is practically identical, it is obvious that besides the enteric fermentation according to the reaction CO<sub>2</sub> + 4 H<sub>2</sub> → CH<sub>4</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O by hydrogenotrophic methanogens no classical anaerobic digestion takes place in the digestive tract of horses; it means that the horse breeding sector is not a factor contaminating the atmosphere by methane.
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17

Oades, JM. "Krasnozems - organic-matter." Soil Research 33, no. 1 (1995): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9950043.

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Virgin krasnozems contain about 6% C from 0-15 cm and, while the C content is less at depth, the total C reserves may exceed 200 t ha(-1) to about Im depth. Highest organic matter contents occur where the annual rainfall is 1500 � 200 mm. At higher rainfalls, the C contents are less. There is a negative correlation between organic C and N content and mean annual temperature. Krasnozems contain more C than other soils in the same climate and are comparatively more fertile. Correlations of C contents with clay contents are confounded by the contents of free iron oxides. While data are fragmented, it is evident that the clearing of rainforests and replacement by pastures or other agricultural and horticultural pursuits have led to losses of up to 50% of the organic C over several decades. A simple model illustrates that this is caused by lower inputs of C to the soil in most situations except perhaps long term productive pastures where inputs may be greater than under rainforests. Studies using natural isotopes of C have shown the persistence of some C in krasnozems for hundreds of years. Some of this is particulate organic matter occluded in aggregates but most of it appears to be associated with clays, particularly at depth. The chemistry of organic matter in krasnozems appears similar to that of other soils, although solid state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance has shown more aliphatic materials in krasnozems than other soils, but the reason for this is not clear. There is little information on biota in krasnozems. The deep well structured soils are a good habitat for organisms and their high fertility guarantees a good supply of substrate for fauna and flora. It is important to maintain the organic matter contents of krasnozems to maintain cation exchange capacity, mineralization of N and other elements, to decrease phosphate sorption and to stabilize larger aggregates and thus macro porosity.
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18

CHESHIRE, M. V. "Soil Organic Matter." Soil Science 144, no. 4 (October 1987): 304–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198710000-00011.

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19

EGEBERG, P. "Natural organic matter." Environment International 25, no. 2-3 (April 1999): 143–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0160-4120(98)00120-2.

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20

Li, Chao, Ping’an Peng, Guoying Sheng, and Jiamo Fu. "Precambrian organic matter." Chinese Science Bulletin 45, no. 4 (February 2000): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02909757.

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21

Lee, J. Y., S. R. Ha, I. H. Park, S. C. Lee, and J. H. Cho. "Characteristics of DOC concentration with storm density flows in a stratified dam reservoir." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 11 (December 1, 2010): 2467–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.537.

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Among natural organic matter (NOM) defined as the complex matrix of organic materials abundant in natural waters, a gradual accumulation of recalcitrant organic matter (ROM) has been observed in impounded water bodies such as a lake or dam reservoir in spite of extensive efforts made to curtail organic pollutant loadings generated in their catchment areas. This paper aims to identify the effect of diffuse pollution resulting from allochthonous organic matters on the temporal and spatial characteristics of organic matters in a stratified dam reservoir, Daecheong Dam, using both intensive observation and CE-QUAL-W2 model simulation. With the limitation of observation data in terms of organic matters of inflow waters from boundary tributaries and impounded water in the reservoir, organic matter was represented by organic carbon including labile particular organic carbon (LPOC), refractory organic carbon (RPOC), labile dissolved organic carbon (LDOC), and refractory organic carbon (RDOC). Both autochthonous and allochthonous origins of organic carbon were considered in the modeling of eutrophication of the reservoir water using CE-QUAL-W2. The result of simulation during the period from 2001 to 2005 was observed to be a gradual accumulation of particular organic carbon (POC). It is clear that the model calculation results enable the explanation of the internal and external movement of constituents in the reservoir. In particular turbidity and NOM were well related in the upper region of the reservoir according to flow distance, gradually changing to dissolved form of organic matter, DOC affected organic matter concentration of reservoir water quality compared to turbidity.
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22

Maulana, Dick Dick, and Suli Suswana. "The Organic Fertilizers Residuals and Earthworm Introduction on Growth and Yield of Upland Rice." Agrotechnology Research Journal 2, no. 2 (December 27, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/agrotechresj.v2i2.24726.

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<p>In modern agriculture, over use of inorganik fertilizers causes dangerous effects on environment, human health and loss of soil fertility. Soil organic matter is a main indicator of the quality and healthy soils. Organic matter mineralization is a key process that releasing the available nutrients to the plants. There are many organisms involved in the mineralization processes. Earthworm enable to digest soil organik matters, and the excretion’s have more available nutrients content, that potential to increase nutrients absorption. This research intended to study influences of organic fertilizers residuals and earthworm introduction on growth of the upland rice in pots. The experiment was conducted in Agricultural Faculty of Universitas Islam Nusantara (UNINUS), from January – June 2017, with RBD that comprised of two factors: (1) earthworm; and (2) residual of kinds and rates of the organik fertilizers. The results showed that aren’t significantly interaction influences of the organik fertilizers residuals and earthworm introduction on growth and yield of upland rice also to increase yield components of upland rice.</p>
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Son, H. J., Y. D. Hwang, J. S. Roh, K. W. Ji, P. S. Sin, C. W. Jung, and L. S. Kang. "Application of MIEX® pre-treatment for ultrafiltration membrane process for NOM removal and fouling reduction." Water Supply 5, no. 5 (December 1, 2005): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0034.

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In this study, pretreatment of organic matters with MIEX® was evaluated using bench-scale experimental procedures on three organic matters to determine its effect on subsequent UF or MF membrane filtration. For comparison, a coagulation process was also used as a pretreatment of UF or MF membrane filtration. Moreover, the membrane fouling potential was identified using different fractions and molecular weights (MW) of organic matter. From the removal property of MW organic matter by the coagulation process for the sample water NOM and AOM, the removal efficiencies of high MW organic matter were much higher than those of low MW organic matter. It was shown that the removal efficiency of high MW organic matter (more than 10 kDa) was lower than that of low MW organic matter for the MIEX® process. For the change of permeate flux by the pretreatment process, the MIEX®-UF process showed high removal efficiency of organic matter compared with the coagulation-UF processes, but a high reduction rate of permeate flux was presented through the reduction of removal efficiency of high MW organic matter. From sequential filtration test results to examine the effect of MW of organic matter on membrane fouling, we found that the membrane fouling occurred with high MW organic matter, and the DOC of organic matter less than 0.5 mg/L was acting as the membrane foulant. In sample water composed of low MW organic matter (less than 10 kDa), because the low MW organic matter of less than 10 kDa has a high removal efficiency by MIEX®, a low reduction rate of permeate flux is obtained compared with the coagulation-UF processes. In summary, research on the physical/chemical characteristics of original water is needed before a membrane pretreatment process is selected, and a pertinent pretreatment process should be used based on the physical/chemical characteristics of the original water.
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Ladislav, Kolář, Ledvina Rostislav, Kužel Stanislav, and Štindl František Klimeš and Pavel. "Soil Organic Matter and its Stability in Aerobic and Anaerobic Conditions." Soil and Water Research 1, No. 2 (January 7, 2013): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/6506-swr.

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In eight samples of organic and organomineral surface horizons we studied the stability of soil organic matter in aerobic and anaerobic conditions expressed by the rate constant of its biochemical oxidation, total biochemical oxygen demand, substrate production of methane and degradability in anaerobic conditions. In the eight very different samples no relationship was found between aerobic and anaerobic stability of their organic matter; nor was the expected relationship between total biochemical oxygen demand and &ldquo;active carbon&rdquo; Chws proved. Methods of determination are described.
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MF, Qayyum, D. Steffens, Reisenauer HP, and S. Schubert. "Biochars influence differential distribution and chemical composition of soil organic matter." Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 8 (August 10, 2014): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/768/2013-pse.

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In the present study, three soils (Ferralsol, Luvisol topsoil, and Luvisol subsoil) were amended with biochars (charcoal, hydrothermal carbonization coal (HTC) of bark, and low-temperature conversion coal of sewage sludge), wheat straw and a control (no amendment) and incubated over a period of 365 days. Each amendment was applied at a rate of 11.29 g C/kg soil. After incubation, the soils were analyzed to retrieve three density fractions (free fraction (FF), intra-aggregate fraction (IAF), and heavy fraction) which were analyzed for total carbon (TC) contents and scanned by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The biochars and straw significantly increased the TC contents of soils as compared to control. Among soil organic matter (SOM) density fractions, higher TC contents were documented in the FF and IAF from biochar treatments as compared to the straw. The FTIR spectra of the FF from the charcoal and HTC treatments showed the presence of aluminosilicate minerals on surfaces of SOM. There were slight changes in the FF of straw and HTC treatments as compared to spectra of original amendments. The study suggests that the stability of charcoal and HTC in soils is due to the recalcitrant nature of biochar followed by occlusion into soil micro-aggregates.
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Kolář, L., S. Kužel, J. Peterka, P. Štindl, and V. Plát. "Agrochemical value of organic matter of fermenter wastes in biogas production." Plant, Soil and Environment 54, No. 8 (August 12, 2008): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/412-pse.

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We performed 28-day mesophilic fermentation of a mixture of pig slurry and primary (raw) sludge from the sedimentation stage of a wastewater treatment plant at a 1:1 ratio. The components and the original and fermented mixture of slurry and sludge were subjected to acid hydrolysis. Dry matter of the solid phase of both components and both mixtures was incubated with sandy-loamy Cambisol at a weight ratio 3:1 at 25°C for 20 weeks; in 14-day intervals lipids, crude protein, hemicelluloses, cellulose, lignin, total nitrogen and hot-water-insoluble solids were determined. Changes in ion-exchange and buffering capacity of the test materials were recorded. Labile organic matters were determined after 20 weeks of incubation. Liquid fractions of both components and their mixtures were analysed before and after anaerobic fermentation. It was concluded that beneficial effects of wastes as fertilisers from anaerobic digestion could be attributed to their liquid fraction. After anaerobic digestion the solid fraction of these wastes has relatively increased ion exchange capacity as well as buffering capacity but it is very stable, hardly degradable organic matter, and therefore it cannot play the role of organic matter in soil. This is the reason why it should not be considered as an organic fertiliser.
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Medvedev, Pavel, Mikhail Philippov, Alexander Romashkin, and Norbert Vávra. "Primary organic matter and lithofacies of siliceous shungite rocks from Karelia." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 2001, no. 11 (November 12, 2001): 641–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/2001/2001/641.

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Chrost, Ryszard J., Ryszarda Wcislo, and Grazyna Z. Halemejko. "Enzymatic decomposition of organic matter by bacteria in an eutrophic lake." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 107, no. 2 (August 21, 1986): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/107/1986/145.

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29

Lu, Yan Jun. "Characteristics of Municipal Solid Waste Composting and Determination of Composting Maturation." Advanced Materials Research 671-674 (March 2013): 2644–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.671-674.2644.

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The characteristics of thermophilic aerobic composting process for municipal solid waste were studied. The changes of pH and organic matter content, the infrared spectra of organic matter before and after composting, the development of humification, and the toxicity for the seed were investigated. The results indicated that: the pH quickly increased and then decreased, stabilized in the neutral range; organic matter degradation occurred mainly in the first 30 days of high temperature rapid composting stage, indicating the high temperature phase played the main role in the organic matter degradation; the increases of humus, fulvic acid, humic acid and humic acid/fulvic acid ratio also showed the conversion of organic matters to humus. Composting decreased the matters inhibiting seed germination and weakened the toxicity for the plant, and the sample reached maturity through composting.
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30

Wang, Yong, Jie Nian Jie, Zhi Yong Li, Li Guo Wang, Jiang Wu, Ye Tao, and Li Chun You. "Study on Mechanism of Removing the Organic Matter in Heavy Oil Sewage by the Electric Flocculation Method." Advanced Materials Research 535-537 (June 2012): 2201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.535-537.2201.

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Oily sewage is one of the wastes produced in the oil industry production process and its quantity has been increasing year by year, which influences the environment and human health severely. Electric flocculation method is one of the wide application electrochemical treatment technologies for the oily wastewater treatment at home and abroad, which has higher efficiency than other technologies at the aspect of the organic pollutants degradation. A simulative experiment device dealing with heavy oil sewage by the electric flocculation method has been designed in this paper. The mechanism of the electric flocculation method in removing organic matter of the heavy oil sewage by analyzing the change of the composition and content of the organic matter in water samples before and after the process of the electric flocculation has been studied. Research results show: the carbon/tin dioxide electrode is better than the carbon/ ruthenium dioxide electrode in removing organic matter; most alkanes matters in the oily wastewater have been removed in the dispersing oil form by the electric flocculation; as the current density increases, the types and quantity of the response organic matter can be improved while types of the new synthetic organics increase. At the same time, this paper provides a theory support in specific optimization of the electricity flocculation flotation in oily wastewater treatment technology and process.
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Warsa, Andri, and Lismining Pujiyani Astuti. "Estimasi Beban Cemar dan Laju Dekomposisi Bahan Organik di Waduk Ir. H. Djuanda, Jawa Barat." Jurnal Teknologi Lingkungan 21, no. 1 (January 30, 2020): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29122/jtl.v21i1.3345.

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ABSTRACTIr. H. Djuanda or Jatiluhur reservoir as a multifunction water body with one of utilization as fish cultivation activity. Uneaten feed and fish excretion were organic matter sources. The number of floating net cages was increasing and it caused increasing in organic matter load. The objective of the research was to known organic matter load and decomposition rate (k) and BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) ultimate (Lo) at Jatiluhur Reservoir. The research was done in February and August 2018 at three locations were Astap, Pasir Canar and Pulau Aki. The result of the research shown was organic load from cultivation activity was 70,595 tons/year. The decomposition rate of organic matter around 0.10-0.25 per day with BOD ultimate around 6.80-8.11 mg/L. The value of Lo was affected by organic matter concentration.Keywords: Ir. H. Djuanda Reservoir, organic matter, decomposition rate, BOD ultimateABSTRAKWaduk Ir. H. Djuanda atau yang dikenal dengan Waduk Jatiluhur merupakan waduk multifungsi yang salah satu pemanfaatannya untuk kegiatan budidaya ikan. Sisa pakan yang terbuang dan ekresi ikan merupakan sumber masukkan bahan organik. Jumlah keramba jaring apung (KJA) yang semakin bertambah akan menyebabkan beban masukkan bahan organik meningkat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui beban masukkan bahan organik dari kegiatan budidaya dan laju dekomposisi bahan organik (k) serta BOD (Biochemical oxygen demand) ultimate (Lo) di Waduk Jatiluhur. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Februari dan Agustus 2018 pada tiga lokasi yaitu Astap, Pasir Canar dan Pulau Aki. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penentuan nilai k dan Lo adalah metode Grafik Thomas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa beban masukkan bahan organik dari kegiatan budidaya sebesar 70.595 ton/tahun. Beban masukkan bahan organik telah melebihi daya dukung perairan. Nilai k untuk dekomposisi bahan organik di Waduk Jatiluhur berkisar 0,10-0,25 per hari dengan nilai Lo berkisar 6,80-8,11 mg/L. Nilai Lo dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi bahan organik di perairan. Kata kunci: Waduk Ir. H. Djuanda, bahan organik, laju peluruhan, BOD ultimate
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Paul, Niladri, Jayeeta Chakraborty, Dipankar Saha, Rajib Ranjan Chakraborty, and Saradindu Das. "Stages of Organic Matter Addition vs. N Transformation in Soil." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 3, no. 2 (July 30, 2013): 183–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jbt.v3i2.5036.

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FYM and mustard cake, the two variable source of organic matter, were used as amendments and N sources in a typic ustifluvent soil. Organic matters were added at two modes i.e 21 days’ before and on the day of actual start of the experiment. Inorganic N as urea was added as treatment material. Results of the experiment reveal that comparatively higher amount of inorganic N was accumulated in soil incubated at 21 days compared to soils amended with organic matter upto 90 days period. Compared to the sources of organic matters, it was observed that the amount of inorganic N was recorded much higher in mustard cake amended soil than that of the soil amended with FYM. However, the amount of organic N content did not vary much and also did not show any definite trend of changes. The overall result showed that mustard cake proved superior results over that of FYM with regard to accumulation of inorganic N in soil. Addition of organic matters 21 days before the start of the experiment showed better results with regards to availability of N in soils.
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Batten, David J. "Sedimentary organic matter. Organic facies and palynofacies." Marine and Petroleum Geology 13, no. 5 (August 1996): 595–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-8172(96)88335-8.

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Largeau, C., and J. W. De Leeuw. "Sedimentary organic matter: Organic facies and palynofacies." Organic Geochemistry 23, no. 10 (October 1995): 995–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0146-6380(95)90073-x.

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35

Roelofs, G. J. "A GCM study of organic matter in marine aerosol and its potential contribution to cloud drop activation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 2 (April 27, 2007): 5675–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-5675-2007.

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Abstract. With the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM we investigate the potential influence of organic aerosol originating from the ocean on aerosol mass and chemical composition and the droplet concentration and size of marine clouds. We present sensitivity simulations in which the uptake of organic matter in the marine aerosol is prescribed for each aerosol mode with varying organic mass and mixing state, and with a geographical distribution and seasonality similar to the oceanic emission of dimethyl sulfide. Measurements of aerosol mass and chemical composition serve to evaluate the representativity of the model initializations. Good agreement with the measurements is obtained when organic matter is added to the Aitken, accumulation and coarse modes simultaneously. Representing marine organics in the model leads to higher cloud drop number concentrations, smaller cloud drop effective radii, and a better agreement with remote sensing measurements. The mixing state of the organics and the other aerosol matter, i.e., internal or external depending on the formation process of aerosol organics, is an important factor for this. We estimate that globally about 75 Tg C yr−1 of organic matter from marine origin enters the aerosol phase. An approximate 35% of this occurs through formation of secondary organic aerosol and 65% through emission of primary particles.
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36

Roelofs, G. J. "A GCM study of organic matter in marine aerosol and its potential contribution to cloud drop activation." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 8, no. 3 (February 13, 2008): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-8-709-2008.

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Abstract. With the global aerosol-climate model ECHAM5-HAM we investigate the potential influence of organic aerosol originating from the ocean on aerosol mass and chemical composition and the droplet concentration and size of marine clouds. We present sensitivity simulations in which the uptake of organic matter in the marine aerosol is prescribed for each aerosol mode with varying organic mass and mixing state, and with a geographical distribution and seasonality similar to the oceanic emission of dimethyl sulfide. Measurements of aerosol mass, aerosol chemical composition and cloud drop effective radius are used to assess the representativity of the model initializations. Good agreement with the measurements is obtained when organic matter is added to the Aitken, accumulation and coarse modes simultaneously. Representing marine organics in the model leads to higher cloud drop number concentrations and thus smaller cloud drop effective radii, and this improves the agreement with measurements. The mixing state of the organics and the other aerosol matter, i.e. internal or external depending on the formation process of aerosol organics, is an important factor for this. We estimate that globally about 75 Tg C yr−1 of organic matter from marine origin enters the aerosol phase, with comparable contributions from primary emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation.
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37

Hamawi, Mahmudah, and Enik Akhiriana. "Karakterisasi POC (Pupuk Organik Cair) Berbasis Limbah Dapur Dari Universitas Darussalam Gontor Kampus Putri." Jurnal Agrinika : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Agribisnis 6, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/agrinika.v6i1.1987.

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Kitchen waste, either the organic or the inorganic ones, accumulated on landfills causes environmental and health problems. Composting is an alternative that reduces environmental problems while producing Liquid Organic Fertilizers (LOF). This research was aimed to examine the LOF character made of organic kitchen waste from Darussalam Gontor University, Girls Campus. The research was conducted by composting 10 kg of kitchen waste (comprised of banana peel, rotten watermelon, and vegetable waste), 20 liters of rice washing water, 10 kg of eggshell, 1 kg of sugar, 1 liter of EM4 (decomposing microorganism), and 80 liters of water. The liquid fertilizer produced was analyzed physically, namely from the color, smell, and presence of insect larvae. Chemical analysis was carried out for the content of C-organic, organic matter N, P, and K). C-organic and other organic matter content were analyzed using the Walkley & Black method. Total N content was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method. The content of P and K were analyzed by the extraction method of HNO3 and HClO4. The liquid fertilizer produced was yellowish-brown in color, did not have a bad smell, and did not contain insect larvae. Its nutrient content, respectively C-organic, other organic matters, N, P, and K were 0.74%; 1.27%; 0.13%; 0.015%; and 0.10%. The fertilizer produced had not met the standards of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 261 of 2019. Further studies are needed with the addition of animal manure and the composition of the ratio of organic matter to water. Limbah organik dapur yang dibuang di tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) menimbulkan permasalahan lingkungan dan kesehatan. Pengomposan sebagai salah satu alternatif mengurangi masalah lingkungan dari limbah organik dapur dan menghasilkan POC (Pupuk Organik Cair). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakter POC limbah organik dapur dari Universitas Darussalam Gontor Kampus Putri. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara mengomposkan limbah dapur 10 kg (kulit pisang, semangka busuk dan limbah sayuran), air cucian beras 20 L, cangkang telur 10 kg, gula 1 kg, EM4 1 L dan air 80 L. POC yang dihasilkan dianalisa secara fisik (warna, bau dan kehadiran larva serangga) dan analisa kimia (kandungan C-organik, bahan organik, N, P dan K). Kandungan C-organik dan Bahan organik dianalisa dengan metode Walkley & Black. Kandungan N total dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode Kjeldhal. Kandungan P dan K dianalasi dengan metode ekstraksi HNO3 dan HClO4. POC yang dihasilkan berwarna coklat kekuningan, tidak berbau busuk dan tidak mengandung larva serangga. Kandungan unsur hara POC yaitu: C organik 0,74%; bahan organik 1,27%; N 0,13%; P 0,015%; K 0,10%. POC yang dihasilkan belum memenuhi standar Permentan No. 261 Tahun 2019, sehingga perlu kajian lebih lanjut dengan komposisi penambahan kotoran hewan dan komposisi perbandingan bahan organik dengan air.
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38

Hamawi, Mahmudah, and Enik Akhiriana. "Karakterisasi POC (Pupuk Organik Cair) Berbasis Limbah Dapur Dari Universitas Darussalam Gontor Kampus Putri." Jurnal Agrinika : Jurnal Agroteknologi dan Agribisnis 6, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.30737/agrinika.v6i1.1987.

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Kitchen waste, either the organic or the inorganic ones, accumulated on landfills causes environmental and health problems. Composting is an alternative that reduces environmental problems while producing Liquid Organic Fertilizers (LOF). This research was aimed to examine the LOF character made of organic kitchen waste from Darussalam Gontor University, Girls Campus. The research was conducted by composting 10 kg of kitchen waste (comprised of banana peel, rotten watermelon, and vegetable waste), 20 liters of rice washing water, 10 kg of eggshell, 1 kg of sugar, 1 liter of EM4 (decomposing microorganism), and 80 liters of water. The liquid fertilizer produced was analyzed physically, namely from the color, smell, and presence of insect larvae. Chemical analysis was carried out for the content of C-organic, organic matter N, P, and K). C-organic and other organic matter content were analyzed using the Walkley & Black method. Total N content was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method. The content of P and K were analyzed by the extraction method of HNO3 and HClO4. The liquid fertilizer produced was yellowish-brown in color, did not have a bad smell, and did not contain insect larvae. Its nutrient content, respectively C-organic, other organic matters, N, P, and K were 0.74%; 1.27%; 0.13%; 0.015%; and 0.10%. The fertilizer produced had not met the standards of the Ministry of Agriculture No. 261 of 2019. Further studies are needed with the addition of animal manure and the composition of the ratio of organic matter to water. Limbah organik dapur yang dibuang di tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) menimbulkan permasalahan lingkungan dan kesehatan. Pengomposan sebagai salah satu alternatif mengurangi masalah lingkungan dari limbah organik dapur dan menghasilkan POC (Pupuk Organik Cair). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji karakter POC limbah organik dapur dari Universitas Darussalam Gontor Kampus Putri. Penelitian dilakukan dengan cara mengomposkan limbah dapur 10 kg (kulit pisang, semangka busuk dan limbah sayuran), air cucian beras 20 L, cangkang telur 10 kg, gula 1 kg, EM4 1 L dan air 80 L. POC yang dihasilkan dianalisa secara fisik (warna, bau dan kehadiran larva serangga) dan analisa kimia (kandungan C-organik, bahan organik, N, P dan K). Kandungan C-organik dan Bahan organik dianalisa dengan metode Walkley & Black. Kandungan N total dianalisa dengan menggunakan metode Kjeldhal. Kandungan P dan K dianalasi dengan metode ekstraksi HNO3 dan HClO4. POC yang dihasilkan berwarna coklat kekuningan, tidak berbau busuk dan tidak mengandung larva serangga. Kandungan unsur hara POC yaitu: C organik 0,74%; bahan organik 1,27%; N 0,13%; P 0,015%; K 0,10%. POC yang dihasilkan belum memenuhi standar Permentan No. 261 Tahun 2019, sehingga perlu kajian lebih lanjut dengan komposisi penambahan kotoran hewan dan komposisi perbandingan bahan organik dengan air.
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39

Cherni, Amor. "Brute Matter and Organic Matter in Buffon." Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal 22, no. 1 (2000): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/gfpj20002216.

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40

Tan, David T., Hanna R. Temme, William A. Arnold, and Paige J. Novak. "Estrone Degradation: Does Organic Matter (Quality), Matter?" Environmental Science & Technology 49, no. 1 (December 11, 2014): 498–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es504424v.

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41

Gallardo, J. F., J. Saavedra, T. Martin‐Patino, and A. Millan. "Soil organic matter determination." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 18, no. 6 (June 1987): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103628709367852.

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42

Martin, J. K. "Organic matter and rice." Field Crops Research 14 (January 1986): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(86)90075-4.

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43

Volk, Christian J., and Mark W. LeChevallier. "Assessing biodegradable organic matter." Journal - American Water Works Association 92, no. 5 (May 2000): 64–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.2000.tb08945.x.

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44

Molla, Salvador, Leonardo Maltchik, Carmen Casado, and Carlos Montes. "Particulate organic matter and ecosystem metabolism dynamics in a temporary Mediterranean stream." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 137, no. 1 (July 18, 1996): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/137/1996/59.

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45

Nixdorf, B., H. Arndt, and E. Schierhorn. "Short-term response in the microbial food web to organic matter loading." Acta Ichthyologica et Piscatoria 21, S (December 31, 1991): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3750/aip1991.21.s.17.

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46

Mathieu, Jacques, Khadija Essafi, and Sylvain Doledec. "Dynamics of particulate organic matter in bed sediments of two karst streams." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 122, no. 2 (September 9, 1991): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/122/1991/199.

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47

Jaglic, Z., D. Červinková, H. Vlková, E. Michu, G. Kunová, and V. Babák. "Bacterial biofilms resist oxidising agents due to the presence of organic matter." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 30, No. 2 (March 9, 2012): 178–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/214/2011-cjfs.

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This study evaluated the susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm cells of Staphylococcus spp. (n = 87), Klebsiella spp. (n = 30), and Escherichia coli (n = 74) isolates originating from food contact surfaces of milk and meat processing plants to benzalkonium chloride (BAC), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chloramine B (CAB), and peracetic acid (PAA). Bacterial growth and reduction of viable cells in the presence of disinfectants were determined in tryptone soya broth (TSB) and water, respectively. Biofilm positive isolates (n = 73) were tested for the presence of selected qac genes. Unlike BAC, chlorine‑based disinfectants and PAA were poorly efficient in TSB, especially in the case of biofilms. However, when tested in water, the efficacy of NaClO, CAB and PAA substantially increased, which was particularly evident in biofilms. In water, staphylococcal biofilms were even more susceptible to CAB than planktonic cells. A part (23.3%) of the biofilm positive staphylococci carried the qac genes but did not express an increased resistance to BAC. This study showed that bacterial biofilms protected with organic matter could be one of the main reasons for disinfection failure. &nbsp;
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Słowakiewicz, Mirosław. "Characteristic biomarkers in organic matter from three Zechstein (Late Permian) carbonate units." Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Geowissenschaften 167, no. 2-3 (September 1, 2016): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zdgg/2016/0061.

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49

Gaupp, R., and D. J. Batten. "Maturation of organic matter in Cretaceous strata of the Northern Calcareous Alps." Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie - Monatshefte 1985, no. 3 (March 26, 1985): 157–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/njgpm/1985/1985/157.

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Wetzel, Robert G., Amelia K. Ward, and Marsha Stock. "Effects of natural dissolved organic matter on mucilaginous matrices of biofilm communities." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 139, no. 3 (June 6, 1997): 289–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/139/1997/289.

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