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Journal articles on the topic 'Organic electron donors'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Lowe, Grace A. "Enabling artificial photosynthesis systems with molecular recycling: A review of photo- and electrochemical methods for regenerating organic sacrificial electron donors." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 19 (August 8, 2023): 1198–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.19.88.

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This review surveys advances in the literature that impact organic sacrificial electron donor recycling in artificial photosynthesis. Systems for photocatalytic carbon dioxide reduction are optimized using sacrificial electron donors. One strategy for coupling carbon dioxide reduction and water oxidation to achieve artificial photosynthesis is to use a redox mediator, or recyclable electron donor. This review highlights photo- and electrochemical methods for recycling amines and NADH analogues that can be used as electron donors in artificial photosynthesis. Important properties of sacrificial donors and recycling strategies are also discussed. Compounds from other fields, such as redox flow batteries and decoupled water splitting research, are introduced as alternative recyclable sacrificial electron donors and their oxidation potentials are compared to the redox potentials of some model photosensitizers. The aim of this review is to act as a reference for researchers developing photocatalytic systems with sacrificial electron donors, and for researchers interested in designing new redox mediator and recyclable electron donor species.

2

Murphy, John A. "ChemInform Abstract: Organic Electron Donors." ChemInform 43, no. 37 (August 16, 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201237244.

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3

Garnier, Jean, Douglas W. Thomson, Shengze Zhou, Phillip I. Jolly, Leonard E. A. Berlouis, and John A. Murphy. "Hybrid super electron donors – preparation and reactivity." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 8 (July 3, 2012): 994–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.8.112.

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Neutral organic electron donors, featuring pyridinylidene–imidazolylidene, pyridinylidene–benzimidazolylidene and imidazolylidene–benzimidazolylidene linkages are reported. The pyridinylidene–benzimidazolylidene and imidazolylidene–benzimidazolylidene hybrid systems were designed to be the first super electron donors to convert iodoarenes to aryl radicals at room temperature, and indeed both show evidence for significant aryl radical formation at room temperature. The stronger pyridinylidene–imidazolylidene donor converts iodoarenes to aryl anions efficiently under appropriate conditions (3 equiv of donor). The presence of excess sodium hydride base has a very important and selective effect on some of these electron-transfer reactions, and a rationale for this is proposed.

4

Broggi, Julie, Marion Rollet, Jean-Louis Clément, Gabriel Canard, Thierry Terme, Didier Gigmes, and Patrice Vanelle. "Polymerization Initiated by Organic Electron Donors." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 55, no. 20 (April 8, 2016): 5994–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201600327.

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Broggi, Julie, Marion Rollet, Jean-Louis Clément, Gabriel Canard, Thierry Terme, Didier Gigmes, and Patrice Vanelle. "Polymerization Initiated by Organic Electron Donors." Angewandte Chemie 128, no. 20 (April 8, 2016): 6098–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201600327.

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6

Martin, Julien D., and C. Adam Dyker. "Facile preparation and isolation of neutral organic electron donors based on 4-dimethylaminopyridine." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 96, no. 6 (June 2018): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2017-0526.

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A number of new neutral bis-2-(4-dimethylamino)pyridinylidene electron donors featuring N-akyl groups of varying lengths (propyl, butyl, hexyl, dodecyl) have been prepared from 4-dimethylaminopyridine by means of a simple two-step procedure. Each derivative could be isolated in high yield and could be stored indefinitely under inert atmosphere. The electron donors were chemically oxidized to the corresponding bipyridinium ions, and all compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. As an emerging class of electron transfer agents, the availability of the isolated neutral bispyridinylidenes should be beneficial for cases that are incompatible with generating the electron donor in situ.

7

Broggi, Julie, Thierry Terme, and Patrice Vanelle. "Organic Electron Donors as Powerful Single-Electron Reducing Agents in Organic Synthesis." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 53, no. 2 (November 24, 2013): 384–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201209060.

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8

Zhou, Feng, Jing-Hui He, Quan Liu, Pei-Yang Gu, Hua Li, Guo-Qin Xu, Qing-Feng Xu, and Jian-Mei Lu. "Tuning memory performances from WORM to flash or DRAM by structural tailoring with different donor moieties." J. Mater. Chem. C 2, no. 36 (2014): 7674–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4tc00943f.

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Four donor–acceptor organic molecules (HATT, HDTT, HETT and HRTT) consisting of different electron donors (phenol, triphenylamine, benzene and carbazole) and the same electron acceptor (triazole) were used as the active layer in NVM (nonvolatile memory) devices.

9

Xu, Tongle, Yuying Chang, Cenqi Yan, Qianguang Yang, Zhipeng Kan, Ranbir Singh, Manish Kumar, Gang Li, Shirong Lu, and Tainan Duan. "Fluorinated oligothiophene donors for high-performance nonfullerene small-molecule organic solar cells." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 6 (2020): 2680–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00335b.

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Two oligothiophenes were synthesized and used as electron donors in organic solar cells. The devices with a fluorinated donor (2FDC5T) achieved power conversion efficiencies of up to ca. 9.02% (vs. ca. 7.03% for the non-halogenated donor DC5T).

10

Zhou, Shengze, Hardeep Farwaha, and John A. Murphy. "The Development of Organic Super Electron Donors." CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry 66, no. 6 (June 27, 2012): 418–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2012.418.

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11

Rohrbach, Simon, Rushabh S. Shah, Tell Tuttle, and John A. Murphy. "Neutral Organic Super Electron Donors Made Catalytic." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, no. 33 (August 12, 2019): 11454–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201905814.

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12

Onitsch, Christine, Arnulf Rosspeintner, Gonzalo Angulo, Markus Griesser, Milan Kivala, Brian Frank, François Diederich, and Georg Gescheidt. "Donor-Substituted Diphenylacetylene Derivatives Act as Electron Donors and Acceptors." Journal of Organic Chemistry 76, no. 14 (July 15, 2011): 5628–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo2005022.

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13

Payne, Rayford B., Darren M. Gentry, Barbara J. Rapp-Giles, Laurence Casalot, and Judy D. Wall. "Uranium Reduction by Desulfovibrio desulfuricans Strain G20 and a Cytochrome c3 Mutant." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 6 (June 2002): 3129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.6.3129-3132.2002.

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ABSTRACT Previous in vitro experiments with Desulfovibrio vulgaris strain Hildenborough demonstrated that extracts containing hydrogenase and cytochrome c 3 could reduce uranium(VI) to uranium(IV) with hydrogen as the electron donor. To test the involvement of these proteins in vivo, a cytochrome c 3 mutant of D. desulfuricans strain G20 was assayed and found to be able to reduce U(VI) with lactate or pyruvate as the electron donor at rates about one-half of those of the wild type. With electrons from hydrogen, the rate was more severely impaired. Cytochrome c 3 appears to be a part of the in vivo electron pathway to U(VI), but additional pathways from organic donors can apparently bypass this protein.

14

Saputra, Beny, Agus Sutanto, Mia Cholvistaria, Suprayitno Suprayitno, and Nala Rahmawati. "IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI PEREDUKSI SULFAT PADA KAWAH AIR PANAS NIRWANA SUOH LAMPUNG BARAT." BIOLOVA 2, no. 2 (August 30, 2021): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.24127/biolova.v2i2.1089.

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Abstrak: Bakteri pereduksi sulfat atau Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) adalah jenis bakteri obligat anaerob kemolitrotof memanfaatkan donor electron H2. Kemampuan SRB mereduksi sulfat menjadi sulfida mampu mengendapkan logam toksik meliputi Cd, Cu, dan Zn sebagai logam sulfida. SRB memerlukan substrat organik seperti asam piruvat yang dihasilkan oleh aktivitas anaerob lainnya. Mekanisme SRB dalam melakukan reduksi sulfat, sulfat digunakan sebagai sumber energi sebagai akseptor elektron dan menggunakan sumber karbon (C) sebagai donor elekton dalam metabolisme dan bahan penyusun sel. Pada kondisi anaerob bahan organik akan berperan sebagai donor elektron. Pembentukan senyawa sulfida melalui proses reduksi yang ditandai oleh penambahan elektron dari bahan organik yang menyebabkan turunnya konsentrasi sulfat dan naiknya pH lingkungan. SRB pada kawah air panas nirwana ini hidup secara anaerob pada suhu lingkungan 600C - 1000C dengan pH 7,4 tingkat kekeruhan air cukup keruh dan kandungan air yang mengandung blerang dengan indikator bau seperti telur busuk dan lingkungan sekitar terdiri dari sedimen batu kapur. Abstract : Sulfate-reducing bacteria (BPS) is a type of chemolithotroph obligate anaerobic bacteria that utilize H2 electron donors. The ability of BPS to reduce sulfate to sulfide is able to precipitate toxic metals including Cd, Cu, and Zn as metal sulfides. BPS requires organic substrates such as pyruvic acid which is produced by other anaerobic activities. The BPS mechanism in reducing sulfate, sulfate is used as an energy source as an electron acceptor and uses a carbon source (C) as an electron donor in metabolism and cell building material. Under anaerobic conditions, organic matter will act as an electron donor. The formation of sulfide compounds through a reduction process is characterized by the addition of electrons from organic matter which causes a decrease in sulfate concentration and an increase in environmental pH. BPS in this nirvana hot spring crater lives anaerobically at an environmental temperature of 600C - 1000C with a pH of 7.4 the level of turbidity of the water is quite cloudy and the water content contains sulfur with an indicator of smell like rotten eggs and the surrounding environment consists of limestone sediments

15

Nocera, Giuseppe, and John A. Murphy. "Ground State Cross-Coupling of Haloarenes with Arenes Initiated by Organic Electron Donors, Formed in situ: An Overview." Synthesis 52, no. 03 (September 13, 2019): 327–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690614.

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Many reactions have been discovered that lead to coupling of haloarenes to arenes using potassium tert-butoxide as the base, and one of a variety of organic compounds as an additive. The organic additive reacts with the base to form a strong organic electron donor in situ that initiates a base-induced homolytic aromatic substitution (BHAS) coupling reaction, by converting the haloarene into an aryl radical. This brief report presents an overview of the wide range of organic additives that can be used, and the organic electron donors that they form.

16

Miao, Junhui, Bin Meng, Jun Liu, and Lixiang Wang. "Small-Molecule Donor/Polymer Acceptor Type Organic Solar Cells: Effect of Terminal Groups of Small-Molecule Donors." Organic Materials 01, no. 01 (November 2019): 088–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3401017.

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Small-molecule donor/polymer acceptor type (MD/PA-type) organic solar cells (OSCs) have the great advantage of superior thermal stability. However, very few small molecular donors can match polymer acceptors, leading to low power conversion efficiency (PCE) of MD/PA-type OSCs. In this work, we studied the effect of terminal groups of small molecular donors on the optoelectronic properties and OSC device performance of MD/PA-type OSCs. We select a benzodithiophene unit bearing carbazolyl substituents as the core, terthiophene as the bridging unit, and electron-withdrawing methyl 2-cyanoacetate, 3-ethylrhodanine, and 2H-indene-1,3-dione as the terminal groups to develop three small-molecule donors. With the increase of the electron-withdrawing capability of the terminal groups, the small molecular donors exhibit redshifted absorption spectra and downshifted LUMO levels. Among the three small-molecule donors, the one with 3-ethylrhodanine terminal group exhibits the best photovoltaic performance with the PCE of 8.0% in MD/PA-type OSCs. This work provides important guidelines for the design of small-molecule donors for MD/PA-type OSC applications.

17

Murata, Tsuyoshi, Kazuki Kariyazono, Shusaku Ukai, Akira Ueda, Yuki Kanzaki, Daisuke Shiomi, Kazunobu Sato, Takeji Takui, and Yasushi Morita. "Trioxotriangulene with carbazole: a donor–acceptor molecule showing strong near-infrared absorption exceeding 1000 nm." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 6, no. 17 (2019): 3107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qo00663j.

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A donor–acceptor type trioxotriangulene neutral radical derivative having three carbazolyl groups as electron-donors was newly synthesized, and exhibited a strong near-infrared photo absorption over 1000 nm.

18

Murphy, John A. "Discovery and Development of Organic Super-Electron-Donors." Journal of Organic Chemistry 79, no. 9 (March 25, 2014): 3731–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo500071u.

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19

Rohrbach, Simon, Rushabh S. Shah, Tell Tuttle, and John A. Murphy. "Corrigendum: Neutral Organic Super Electron Donors Made Catalytic." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 58, no. 43 (October 21, 2019): 15183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910425.

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20

Rohrbach, Simon, Rushabh S. Shah, Tell Tuttle, and John A. Murphy. "Berichtigung: Neutral Organic Super Electron Donors Made Catalytic." Angewandte Chemie 131, no. 43 (October 14, 2019): 15325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ange.201910425.

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21

Broggi, Julie, Thierry Terme, and Patrice Vanelle. "ChemInform Abstract: Organic Electron Donors as Powerful Single-Electron Reducing Agents in Organic Synthesis." ChemInform 45, no. 19 (April 23, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201419251.

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22

Yamashita, Yoshiro, and Masaaki Tomura. "Highly polarized electron donors, acceptors and donor–acceptor compounds for organic conductors." Journal of Materials Chemistry 8, no. 9 (1998): 1933–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/a803151g.

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23

Zhao, Yuan, Huan Wang, Weixuan Zeng, Shengpeng Xia, Feng Zhou, Hui Chen, Feng He, and Chuluo Yang. "Regulating the optoelectronic properties of small molecule donors with multiple alternative electron-donor and acceptor units for organic solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 17 (2018): 8101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01353e.

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24

Liu, Shi-Yong, Jae Woong Jung, Chang-Zhi Li, Jiang Huang, Jianyuan Zhang, Hongzheng Chen, and Alex K. Y. Jen. "Three-dimensional molecular donors combined with polymeric acceptors for high performance fullerene-free organic photovoltaic devices." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 44 (2015): 22162–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta06639e.

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Two novel diketopyrrolopyrrole-based 3D electron donors are synthesized via direct arylation. Fullerene-free OPVs based on the 3D molecular donor : polymer acceptor show a respectable power conversion efficiency of 4.64%, which outperforms OPVs derived from PC71BM.

25

Anderson, Greg M., Iain Cameron, John A. Murphy, and Tell Tuttle. "Predicting the reducing power of organic super electron donors." RSC Advances 6, no. 14 (2016): 11335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra26483a.

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26

Li, Shuixing, Zhongqiang Zhang, Minmin Shi, Chang-Zhi Li, and Hongzheng Chen. "Molecular electron acceptors for efficient fullerene-free organic solar cells." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 5 (2017): 3440–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cp07465k.

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27

Doni, Eswararao, and John A. Murphy. "Evolution of neutral organic super-electron-donors and their applications." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 46 (2014): 6073–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3cc48969h.

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28

Himmel, Hans-Jörg. "Guanidines as Reagents in Proton-Coupled Electron-Transfer Reactions and Redox Catalysts." Synlett 29, no. 15 (June 8, 2018): 1957–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610156.

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Redox-active guanidines are ideal proton-coupled electron-transfer (PCET) reagents, since they combine a high Brønsted basicity with a low and tunable redox potential. In this article, the development of redox-active guanidines (especially guanidino-functionalized aromatics, GFAs) in the last ten years is summarized, and their properties compared to other organic Brønsted bases and organic electron donors. First, some applications in organic chemistry that purely use the redox activity (formation of organic donor–acceptor materials and photochemical reductive C–C coupling reactions) are presented. Then, reactions that involve both proton and electron transfer are reviewed. In stoichiometric reactions, redox-active guanidines are used for the dehydrogenative coupling of thiols and phosphanes. The first redox catalytic applications are discussed, using dioxygen as green oxidizing reagent.1 Introduction2 Redox-Active Amines and Guanidines3 Brønsted Basicity of Amines and Guanidines4 Variations of GFA Compounds5 GFA Compounds in Organic Donor–Acceptor Materials and as Reducing Reagents in Organic Synthesis6 Stoichiometric Dehydrogenative Coupling Reactions with Redox-Active Guanidines7 Guanidines as Redox Catalysts8 Conclusions and Outlook

29

Kushto, Gary P., Antti J. Makinen, and Paul A. Lane. "Organic Photovoltaic Cells Using Group 10 Metallophthalocyanine Electron Donors." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics 16, no. 6 (November 2010): 1552–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstqe.2010.2052354.

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30

Guidi, Vanina V., Zhou Jin, Devin Busse, William B. Euler, and Brett L. Lucht. "Bis(phosphine Imide)s: Easily Tunable Organic Electron Donors." Journal of Organic Chemistry 70, no. 19 (September 2005): 7737–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo051196u.

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31

Zhou, Shengze, Hardeep Farwaha, and John A. Murphy. "ChemInform Abstract: The Development of Organic Super Electron Donors." ChemInform 43, no. 44 (October 4, 2012): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201244258.

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32

Sethio, Daniel, Vytor Oliveira, and Elfi Kraka. "Quantitative Assessment of Tetrel Bonding Utilizing Vibrational Spectroscopy." Molecules 23, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23112763.

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A set of 35 representative neutral and charged tetrel complexes was investigated with the objective of finding the factors that influence the strength of tetrel bonding involving single bonded C, Si, and Ge donors and double bonded C or Si donors. For the first time, we introduced an intrinsic bond strength measure for tetrel bonding, derived from calculated vibrational spectroscopy data obtained at the CCSD(T)/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory and used this measure to rationalize and order the tetrel bonds. Our study revealed that the strength of tetrel bonds is affected by several factors, such as the magnitude of the σ-hole in the tetrel atom, the negative electrostatic potential at the lone pair of the tetrel-acceptor, the positive charge at the peripheral hydrogen of the tetrel-donor, the exchange-repulsion between the lone pair orbitals of the peripheral atoms of the tetrel-donor and the heteroatom of the tetrel-acceptor, and the stabilization brought about by electron delocalization. Thus, focusing on just one or two of these factors, in particular, the σ-hole description can only lead to an incomplete picture. Tetrel bonding covers a range of −1.4 to −26 kcal/mol, which can be strengthened by substituting the peripheral ligands with electron-withdrawing substituents and by positively charged tetrel-donors or negatively charged tetrel-acceptors.

33

Santos, Fabiano S., Elamparuthi Ramasamy, V. Ramamurthy, and Fabiano S. Rodembusch. "Correction: Photoinduced electron transfer across an organic molecular wall: octa acid encapsulated ESIPT dyes as electron donors." Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences 16, no. 8 (2017): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7pp90026k.

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Correction for ‘Photoinduced electron transfer across an organic molecular wall: octa acid encapsulated ESIPT dyes as electron donors’ by Fabiano S. Santos et al., Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 840–844.

34

Wang, Jinfeng, Siwei Liu, Kai Chang, Qiuyan Liao, Sheng Li, Hongwei Han, Qianqian Li, and Zhen Li. "Synergy effect of electronic characteristics and spatial configurations of electron donors on photovoltaic performance of organic dyes." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 41 (2020): 14453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc02556a.

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35

Truong, K. D., A. D. Bandrauk, J. ZAUHAR, and C. Carlose. "Vibrational spectra of two new organic semiconductors: tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF) salts of paranitrophenylmalononitrile (PNMA)." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 69, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 901–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v91-132.

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Two new complexes of stoichiometry 2:1 are reported for the donors tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) and tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene (TMTSF) with the acceptor paranitrophenylmalononitrile (PNPMA). Both compounds are semiconductors with a resistivity of about 4 × 10−4 Ω m for (TMTSF)2PNPMA and 0.58 Ω m for (TTF)2PNPMA. The larger conductivity of the first complex can be attributed to the disorder of the PNPMA anions. Vibrational spectra were obtained by FTIR and Raman spectroscopy, in order to determine the degree of charge transfer in these systems. Both complexes have the electron distribution (D+0.4)2A−0.8. As a result the donors D stack in tetramerized units and exhibit vibronic activation of certain symmetric monomer modes, thus indicating the presence of strong electron–vibrational interactions in the donor stacks. Key words: TTF and TMTSF salts, charge transfer complexes, IR and Raman spectra, degree of charge transfer, paranitrophenylmalononitrile (PNPMA).

36

Mohamed El Amine, Boudia, Yi Zhou, Hongying Li, Qiuwang Wang, Jun Xi, and Cunlu Zhao. "Latest Updates of Single-Junction Organic Solar Cells up to 20% Efficiency." Energies 16, no. 9 (May 4, 2023): 3895. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16093895.

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Single-junction organic solar cells have reached a power conversion efficiency of 20% with narrow bandgap non-fullerene electron acceptor materials such as Y6, as well as with large band gap electron donor materials and their derivatives. The power conversion efficiency improvement of single-junction organic solar cells is a result of highly efficient light harvesting in the near-infrared light range and reduced energy losses with the most promising active layer layout currently available, Bulk-Heterojunction. Ternary blending is known to be the most advanced strategy to construct Bulk-Heterojunction structures in organic solar cells at present. In this review, we examine different devices based on Bulk-Heterojunction structures with efficient electron donors and acceptors. Then, we review the performance of binary and ternary organic solar cells with high power conversion efficiency, in conjunction with different anode and cathode interfaces used in recent studies of high-power conversion efficiency. Finally, we present perspectives on the future development of single-junction organic solar cells.

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Zhou, T. F., X. Y. Ma, W. X. Han, X. P. Guo, R. Q. Gu, L. J. Yu, J. Li, Y. M. Zhao, and Tao Wang. "D–D–A dyes with phenothiazine–carbazole/triphenylamine as double donors in photopolymerization under 455 nm and 532 nm laser beams." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 31 (2016): 5039–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py00918b.

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38

Jiang, Xudong, Yunhua Xu, Xiaohui Wang, Yang Wu, Guitao Feng, Cheng Li, Wei Ma, and Weiwei Li. "Non-fullerene organic solar cells based on diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers as electron donors and ITIC as an electron acceptor." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 19, no. 11 (2017): 8069–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp00494j.

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Non-fullerene organic solar cells based on diketopyrrolopyrrole polymers as electron donors and ITIC as an electron acceptor were studied to show power conversion efficiencies of 4% with external quantum efficiencies above 0.4.

39

YAMASHITA, Yoshiro. "Novel electron acceptors and donors containing fused-heterocycles." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 47, no. 12 (1989): 1108–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.47.1108.

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40

Hoffman, Robert V. "THE OXIDATION OF ELECTRON DONORS WITH SULFONYL PEROXIDES." Organic Preparations and Procedures International 18, no. 3 (June 1986): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00304948609458139.

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41

Galani, Andriani, Daniel Mamais, Constantinos Noutsopoulos, Petra Anastopoulou, and Alexia Varouxaki. "Biotic and Abiotic Biostimulation for the Reduction of Hexavalent Chromium in Contaminated Aquifers." Water 14, no. 1 (January 4, 2022): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14010089.

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Hexavalent chromium is a carcinogenic heavy metal that needs to be removed effectively from polluted aquifers in order to protect public health and the environment. This work aims to evaluate the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) in a contaminated aquifer through the stimulation of indigenous microbial communities with the addition of reductive agents. Soil-column experiments were conducted in the absence of oxygen and at hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) groundwater concentrations in the 1000–2000 μg/L range. Two carbon sources (molasses and EVO) and one iron electron donor (FeSO4·7H2O) were used as ways to stimulate the metabolism and proliferation of Cr(VI) reducing bacteria in-situ. The obtained results indicate that microbial anaerobic respiration and electron transfer can be fundamental to alleviate polluted groundwater from hazardous Cr(VI). The addition of organic electron donors increased significantly Cr(VI) reduction rates in comparison to natural soil attenuation rates. Furthermore, a combination of organic carbon and iron electron donors led to a longer life span of the remediation process and thus increased total Cr(VI) removal. This is the first study to investigate biotic and abiotic Cr(VI) removal by conducting experiments with natural soil and by applying biostimulation to modify the natural existing microbial communities.

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Davydov, Alexandr S., and Ivan I. Ukrainskii. "Electron states and electron transport in quasi-one-dimensional molecular systems." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 63, no. 7 (July 1, 1985): 1899–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v85-314.

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It is shown that the concept of electron pairs may be introduced in conducting quasi-one-dimensional systems with electron delocalization such as (CH)x and the stacks of molecule-donors and acceptors of electrons TMTSF, TTT, TCNQ, etc. The introduction of pairing proves to be useful and electronic structure and electronic processes can be easily visualized. The two causative factors in the appearance of pairs in a many-electron system with repulsion are pointed out. The first one is the electron Fermi-statistics that does not allow a spatial region to be occupied by more than two electrons. The second one is the interaction of electrons with a soft lattice. The first of these factors is important at large and intermediate electron densities ρ ≥ 1, the second one dominates at [Formula: see text]. The kink-type excitation parameters in (CH)x are considered with a non-linear potential obtained in an electron-pair approach for the many-electron wave function of (CH)x.

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Murphy, John A. "ChemInform Abstract: Discovery and Development of Organic Super-Electron-Donors." ChemInform 45, no. 28 (June 26, 2014): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.201428243.

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Doni, Eswararao, and John A. Murphy. "Reductive decyanation of malononitriles and cyanoacetates using photoactivated neutral organic super-electron-donors." Org. Chem. Front. 1, no. 9 (2014): 1072–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4qo00202d.

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Dell’Armi, Edoardo, Marta Maria Rossi, Lucia Taverna, Marco Petrangeli Papini, and Marco Zeppilli. "Evaluation of the Bioelectrochemical Approach and Different Electron Donors for Biological Trichloroethylene Reductive Dechlorination." Toxics 10, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10010037.

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) and more in general chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) can be removed from a contaminated matrix thanks to microorganisms able to perform the reductive dechlorination reaction (RD). Due to the lack of electron donors in the contaminated matrix, CAHs’ reductive dechlorination can be stimulated by fermentable organic substrates, which slowly release molecular hydrogen through their fermentation. In this paper, three different electron donors constituted by lactate, hydrogen, and a biocathode of a bioelectrochemical cell have been studied in TCE dechlorination batch experiments. The batch reactors evaluated in terms of reductive dechlorination rate and utilization efficiency of the electron donor reported that the bio-electrochemical system (BES) showed a lower RD rate with respect of lactate reactor (51 ± 9 µeq/d compared to 98 ± 4 µeq/d), while the direct utilization of molecular hydrogen gave a significantly lower RD rate (19 ± 8 µeq/d), due to hydrogen low solubility in liquid media. The study also gives a comparative evaluation of the different electron donors showing the capability of the bioelectrochemical system to reach comparable efficiencies with a fermentable substrate without the use of other chemicals, 10.7 ± 3.3% for BES with respect of 3.5 ± 0.2% for the lactate-fed batch reactor. This study shows the BES capability of being an alternative at classic remediation approaches.

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Deng, Qinghui, Keju Wang, Wang Xu, Xinfan Yu, Jie Feng, Shuangfei Li, and Huirong Chen. "Enhancement of Microbial and Metabolic Mechanisms in an Aerobic Bioreactor with Immobilized Microflora by Simple and Complex Electron Donors." Water 15, no. 14 (July 12, 2023): 2548. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15142548.

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Microflora immobilization is promising for nutrient removal applications in sewage; however, the metabolic and microbial mechanism needs to be further explored. Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacterium and efficient nitrogen (N) removal bacteria were selected and immobilized on corncob particles using alginate polymer to prepare microbe–organic complex beads. The complex beads were then added into activated sludge under a continuous-flow aerobic bioreactor with sufficient sodium acetate also applied as a simple electron donor. The role of polymer electron donors under carbon-rich conditions was then studied. Results showed that the total nitrogen removal rate improved by 8.3% (reaching 91.2%) and ammonium nitrogen removal rates were approximately 98%. Only 0.59 mg/L of nitrate nitrogen was detected in the treatment group. 16S rRNA gene sequencing results showed that bacterial richness in activated sludge within the treatment group was significantly higher than within the control group (p < 0.05), and KEGG pathways analysis indicated that carbon (C) metabolism gene and N-cycle-related genes were also improved. This suggested that polymer electron donors generated complex C sources that nourished diverse bacterial species related to N cycles so that the N removal rate could be strengthened and further improved by simple electron donors and the microflora.

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Rueping, Magnus, Pavlo Nikolaienko, Yury Lebedev, and Alina Adams. "Metal-free reduction of the greenhouse gas sulfur hexafluoride, formation of SF5 containing ion pairs and the application in fluorinations." Green Chemistry 19, no. 11 (2017): 2571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7gc00877e.

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Sierra-Alvarez, R., F. Guerrero, P. Rowlette, S. Freeman, and J. A. Field. "Comparison of chemo-, hetero- and mixotrophic denitrification in laboratory-scale UASBs." Water Science and Technology 52, no. 1-2 (July 1, 2005): 337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0536.

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This study investigated removal of sulfide and p-cresol linked to denitrification in laboratory-scale upflow anaerobic granular sludge bed (UASB) bioreactors. Three parallel denitrification bioreactors were run for nine months, which were operated under chemolithoautotrophic conditions (i.e., using sulfide as electron donor –e-donor- and bicarbonate as C source); heterotrophic conditions (with p-cresol as e-donor and C source), and mixotrophic conditions (utilizing both sulfide and p-cresol as electron donors), respectively. The average hydraulic retention time and nitrate load applied to the bioreactors was 13.4 h and 1,240 mg N-NO3/l/day, respectively. The nitrate removal efficiency was 89, 95 and 99%, respectively, for the chemo-, hetero- and mixotrophic reactors. The mixotrophic UASB removed both sulfide and p-cresol almost completely, indicating that simultaneous removal of the inorganic and organic e-donors occurred. Nitrite was seldom observed as an intermediate. N2O gas and methane concentrations in the biogas were also negligible. These results indicate that mixotrophic denitrification with phenols and sulfide is feasible in high rate UASB reactors.

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Tintori, Guillaume, Arona Fall, Nadhrata Assani, Yuxi Zhao, David Bergé-Lefranc, Sébastien Redon, Patrice Vanelle, and Julie Broggi. "Generation of powerful organic electron donors by water-assisted decarboxylation of benzimidazolium carboxylates." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 8, no. 6 (2021): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0qo01488e.

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Chen, Yao, Weigang Zhu, Jianglin Wu, Yan Huang, Antonio Facchetti, and Tobin J. Marks. "Recent Advances in Squaraine Dyes for Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells." Organic Photonics and Photovoltaics 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2019): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oph-2019-0001.

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Abstract Squaraine (SQ) dyes are an important class of electron-donating (donors or p-type) semiconductors for organic solar cells (OSC) due to their facile synthetic access, broad optical absorption with high oscillator strengths, and chemical robustness. Blending them with compatible electron-acceptors (acceptors or n-type) yields OSC devices known as bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) small molecule donor organic solar cells (SMD-OSCs). Through extensive research on materials design, synthesis, characterization, and device optimization over the past ˝ve years, SMD-OSCs employing SQ-based structures have achieved remarkable increases in device power conversion e˚ciency (PCE), now approaching 8%. Although these PCEs have not yet equaled the performance of state- of-the art donor polymers and some other SMD semiconductors, SQ-based OSC progress highlights successful and generalizable strategies for small molecule solar cells that should lead to future advances. In this review, recent developments in SQ-based OSCs are discussed and analyzed.