Academic literature on the topic 'Organic development strategies'
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Journal articles on the topic "Organic development strategies"
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Murdayanti, Maulida, Jabal Tarik Ibrahim, and Istis Baroh. "Farmer Empowerment Strategies Through Organic Vegetables Development." SOCA: Jurnal Sosial, Ekonomi Pertanian 15, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/soca.2021.v15.i01.p10.
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Organic vegetable cultivation system is a system for growing vegetables that is safe for consumption. The aims of this study were to conduct external and internal analysis of Mulyo Santoso Farmers Group Association using SWOT analysis, to find out effective strategies in empowering farmers through vegetable development, and to compile strategies for empowering farmers through organic vegetable development by Mulyo Santoso Farmers Group Association. This study is a descriptive study using quantitative descriptive approach. The data used were primary data obtained through interviews using questionnaires. This research used SWOT analysis method. The sampling technique used was census, using all members of the population as samples. Internal factor analysis results show the acquisition of a strength indicator score of 1.53 and a weak indicator score of 1.04. The results of the analysis on external factors acquisition show the opportunity indicator score of 1.32 and the threat indicator score of 1.20. The resulting value of SWOT diagram analysis on the X axis for internal factors is 0.49 and Y axis on external factors is 0.12. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis, it is known that the strategy used by Mulyo Santoso Farmers Group Association is an aggressive or progressive strategy, by using the power to take advantage of opportunities by creating, producing and developing businesses of processed agricultural products, such as processed chips and catering services of healthy foods, as well as adding more varieties of cultivated vegetables and sell organic fertilizer to supplement the income
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Leksono, Amin Setyo, Irfan Mustafa, Zulfaidah Penata Gama, Aminudin Afandhi, and Anisa Zairina. "Organic cocoa farming in Indonesia: constraints and development strategies." Organic Agriculture 11, no. 3 (April 2, 2021): 445–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13165-021-00351-5.
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Dos Santos, Alcindo A. "Applied organic synthesis in action: strategies and process development." Tetrahedron 70, no. 20 (May 2014): 3230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2014.02.053.
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Lambert, Tristan H. "Development of a Hydrazine-Catalyzed Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis Reaction." Synlett 30, no. 17 (June 5, 2019): 1954–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1689924.
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Carbonyl-olefin metathesis is a potentially powerful yet underexplored reaction in organic synthesis. In recent years, however, this situation has begun to change, most notably with the introduction of several different catalytic technologies. The development of one of those new strategies, based on hydrazine catalysts and a novel [3+2] paradigm for double bond metathesis, is discussed herein. First, the stage is set with a description of some potential applications of carbonyl-olefin metathesis and a discussion of alternative strategies for this intriguing reaction.1 Introduction2 Potential Applications of Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis3 Carbonyl-Olefin Metathesis Strategies4 Direct (Type I): Non-Catalytic5 Direct (Type I): Acid-Catalyzed6 Indirect (Type II): Metal Alkylidenes7 Indirect (Type III): Hydrazine-Catalyzed8 Conclusion
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Lähdesmäki, Merja, Marjo Siltaoja, Harri Luomala, Petteri Puska, and Sami Kurki. "Empowered by stigma? Pioneer organic farmers’ stigma management strategies." Journal of Rural Studies 65 (January 2019): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2018.10.008.
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WÜLFERT, Ernst. "TREATMENT DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE." European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 30 (1995): 147s—162s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0223-5234(23)00121-6.
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Kunz, S., A. Schmitt, and P. Haug. "DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES FOR FIRE BLIGHT CONTROL IN ORGANIC FRUIT GROWING." Acta Horticulturae, no. 896 (May 2011): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.896.62.
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LARINA, YAROSLAVA, VIRA FOMISHYNA, and OLENA SHAPORENKO. "MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR PROMOTION OF ORGANIC FOODSTUFFS ON FOREIGN MARKETS." Economic innovations 23, no. 3(80) (August 20, 2021): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/ei.2021.23.3(80).195-204.
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Topicality. Marketing becomes a necessary and effective tool for doing business, the basis of enterprise management, which is strategically focused on achieving market success. However, domestic companies - participants in the market of organic products have not yet fully realized the need to implement modern principles and tools of marketing. Special attention needs to be paid to the strategic aspects of the operation of such enterprises, in particular, the development of marketing strategies for promotion in domestic and foreign markets. Commercial and communication effects will depend on the correct choice of basic, foreign economic, competitive and functional strategies, promotion channels, formation of communication appeal, amount of invested funds, etc. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to develop theoretical and methodological foundations for the formation and implementation of strategies for promoting organic food products in foreign markets, taking into account changes in consumer needs and demand dynamics. The objectives of the study include: identifying key trends in the consumption of organic products on the world market; clarification of the stages of formation of the marketing strategy of promotion of organic food products on foreign markets. Research results. The results of the research give grounds to claim that insufficient dynamics of growth of the domestic market of organic products transforms foreign economic activity into the main component of effective development of producers of organic food products. It is proved that the largest consumers of organic food are countries with a high level of socio-economic development and a high standard of living of the majority of the population. The following regularities of development of foreign markets of organic products are revealed: expansion of the range of organic products, steady tendency of growth of sales volumes, supported by import; high quality requirements, mandatory certification. The main markets for organic products are European markets, China, Canada, USA, Latin America. It was found that in foreign markets the most important problems in the field of promotion are the complexity of studying the marketing environment, identifying key characteristics of the target consumer and compliance with standards in a particular country. Conclusion. Based on the study, conclusions about the following stages formation of marketing strategy of advancement of organic foodstuff on foreign markets were made: defining the goals of promotion; assessment of factors influencing the strategy and complex of promotion; the actual development of the strategy; the choice of means of influencing consumers; budget calculation. The most important factors for the formation of marketing strategy to promote organic food products to foreign markets and ensure high performance of companies exporting organic products are: determining the type of buyer, target audience, product type, stage of the life cycle. It has been proven that in the process of bringing organic food products to the foreign market, it is advisable to apply a push strategy at the beginning, as intermediaries better understand the specifics of demand and local consumers. and in the future for the development of the market you can also use the strategy of attraction or mixed.
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Predygier, Agnieszka. "ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES OF SELECTED ŚWIĘTOKRZYSKIE CLUSTERS." Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Humanitas Zarządzanie 21, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 41–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4507.
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Strategies for increasing the competitiveness of entities are created by building multilevel inter-organizational relations. These ties take on the character of clusters or clusters. Entities seek new competitive opportunities in a global cooperation network and take advantage of location advantages. Integrating into clusters creates new competitive opportunities, innovative opportunities and eliminates location defects. Scenarios for the development of clusters together with the determinants of the competitive success of entities will be described in the organic concept of cluster creation. In favorable conditions, clusters can transform into strands or multigrons. The bands eliminate or limit location defects of entities and open competitive opportunities on the global market. The organic concept of creating grapes was observed on the competitive success of the Świętokrzysko-Podkarpackie Construction Cluster INNOWATOR and Grona Targowe Kielce. Competitive chances of entities operating in clusters have been subject to questionnaire surveys, the results of which will be presented in subsequent articles.
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Budiani, Ni Putu Ariesta, Ni Luh Suastuti, and Lidjah Magdalena Massenga. "MARKETING STRATEGIES FOR ORGANIC RESTAURANT IN UBUD TOURIST AREA - BALI." Journal of Business on Hospitality and Tourism 2, no. 1 (January 6, 2017): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.22334/jbhost.v2i1.74.
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Public awareness of the importance of adopting a healthy lifestyle continues to increase. One indicator can be seen is an increase in the consumption of organic food. Likewise, the high interest of the global community in organic food is expected to impact on the restaurant business in Bali, especially in Ubud Tourist Area. At this time there are some marketing difficulties facing the restaurant business that sells food made from organic. The purpose of research is exploring the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats organic restaurant in Ubud Tourist Area - Bali. It is also to investigate the marketing strategy to increase tourists visiting an organic restaurant in Region Ubud - Bali.Methods of data collection using observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, and then analyzed using SWOT analysis. The results of this study are the internal condition of organic restaurants in Ubud Tourist Area is excellent for tourists and managers of restaurants, as well as external environmental conditions in Ubud. Based on a combination of analysis and IE Matrix Matrix position, the right strategy is applied industry Organic restaurant in Ubud Tourist Area is a strategy of market penetration, product development, and market development is limited.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Organic development strategies"
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Mastandrea, Marco Michele. "Harnessing Visible Light for the Development of Novel Synthetic Strategies." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670605.
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L'objectiu principal d'aquesta tesi és el desenvolupament de noves estratègies sintètiques que aprofitin la irradiació amb llum visible. La catàlisi fotoredox en combinació amb catalitzadors orgànics i metàl·lics, així com la fotoquímica dels complexos pi-aniò, seran els principals conceptes emprats per explorar noves vies de reacció. Després d’una introducció general, es recullen tres projectes de recerca en aquesta tesi.
El primer projecte de recerca, inclòs al capítol II, mostra el desenvolupament d’una metodologia per a l’acoblament asimètric deshidrogenatiu creuat d’aldehids i xantens. La característica clau d’aquest enfocament es troba en el procés de dos passos emprat per oxidar els xantens als carbocations corresponents, que seran atrapats per una enamina formada in situ. La suavitat i selectivitat que permet la catàlisi fotoredox permet assolir alts nivells d’estereocontrol, bons rendiments i una àmplia tolerància de grup funcionals.
El segon projecte, que es mostra al capítol III, il·lustra una nova estratègia fotoredox per a la síntesi d’una àmplia gamma d’amines i èters al·lílics a partir d’àcids i alquins carboxílics. Aquesta aproximació es basa en l’activació d’alquins terminals mitjançant la fotoexcitació d’intermedis d’acetilur de coure formats in situ. Aquest procés té lloc mitjançant catàlisi cooperativa de coure i fotoredox orgànica i es pot dur a terme de manera estereodivergent. La metodologia desenvolupada s’ha aplicat a l’acoblament estereoselectiu de radicals alquils primaris, secundaris i terciaris amb alquins terminals (hetero)aromàtics.
Finalment, les interaccions anió-pi s’han identificat com el pas habilitant per a l’amidació de sistemes aromàtics promoguda per llum. Les proves disponibles indiquen que es produeix un complex anió entre un carbonat i una ariloxi amida pobra en electrons, permetent l'absorció de llum visible. Després de la irradiació, es produeix una transferència espontània d’electrons intracomplex, que condueix finalment a la generació de radicals amidil. Aquests radicals han estat atrapats eficientment per (hetero)arens rics en electrons o de manera intramolecular, proporcionant els corresponents productes amidats.El principal objetivo de esta tesis es el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias sintéticas que aprovechen la irradiación con luz visible. La catálisis fotoredox en combinación con catalizadores órganicos y metálicos, así como la fotoquímica de complejos pi-anión, serán los conceptos principales que permitirán explorar nuevas vías de reacción. Tras una introducción general, en esta tesis se recogen tres proyectos de investigación. El primer proyecto de investigación, incluido en el Capítulo II, muestra el desarrollo de una metodología para el acoplamiento cruzado deshidrogenativo asimétrico de aldehídos y xantenos. La característica clave de esta aproximación se encuentra en el proceso de dos pasos empleado para oxidar los xantenos a sus correspondientes carbocationes, posteriormente atrapados por una enamina formada in situ. La suavidad y selectividad que permite la catálisis fotoredox permite alcanzar altos niveles de estereocontrol, buenos rendimientos y una amplia tolerancia de grupos funcionales. El segundo proyecto, que se muestra en el Capítulo III, ilustra una nueva estrategia fotoredox para la síntesis de una amplia gama de aminas alílicas y éteres a partir de ácidos carboxílicos y alquinos. Este enfoque se basa en la activación de alquinos terminales a través de la fotoexcitación de intermedios de acetiluro de cobre formados transitoriamente. Este proceso se lleva a cabo mediante catálisis cooperativa de cobre y un catalizador orgánico fotoredox y se puede realizar de manera estereodivergente. La metodología desarrollada se ha aplicado al acoplamiento estereoselectivo de radicales alquilo primarios, secundarios y terciarios con alquinos terminales (hetero)aromáticos. Finalmente, las interacciones anión-pi se han identificado como el paso habilitador en la amidación de sistemas aromáticos promovida por la luz. La evidencia disponible indica que se produce un complejo anión-pi entre el carbonato y una ariloxi amida pobre en electrones, lo que facilita la absorción de la luz visible. Tras la irradiación, tiene lugar una transferencia de electrones intracomplejo espontánea, que conduce finalmente a la generación de radicales amidilo. Estos radicales han sido atrapados eficazmente por (hetero)arenos ricos en electrones o de forma intramolecular, proporcionando los correspondientes productos amidados.
The main goal of this thesis is the development of new synthetic strategies harnessing visible light irradiation. Cooperative organo- and metal photoredox catalysis, as well as anion-pi complexes photochemistry, will be the main concepts exploited to explore new reaction pathways. After a general introduction, three research projects are collected in this thesis. The first research project, included in Chapter II, shows the development of a methodology for the asymmetric cross-dehydrogenative coupling of aldehydes and xanthenes. The key feature of this approach stands in the two-step process employed to oxidize xanthenes to their corresponding carbocations, subsequently trapped by an in situ formed enamine. The mildness and selectivity enabled by photoredox catalysis allows to reach high levels of stereocontrol, good yields and wide functional group tolerance. The second project, shown in Chapter III, illustrates a novel photoredox strategy for the synthesis of a wide range of allylic amines and ethers from carboxylic acids and alkynes. This approach relies on the activation of terminal alkynes through the photoexcitation of transiently formed copper acetylide intermediates. This process takes place through cooperative copper and organic photoredox catalysis and can be carried out in stereodivergent manner. The developed methodology has been applied to the stereoselective coupling of primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl radicals with (hetero)aromatic terminal alkynes. Finally, anion–pi interactions have been identified as the enabling step in the light-promoted amidation of aromatic systems. The available evidence indicates that an anion pi-complex between carbonate and an electron-poor aryloxy amide is elicited, facilitating the absorption of visible light. Upon irradiation, a spontaneous intracomplex electron transfer takes place, leading ultimately to the generation of amidyl radicals. These radicals have been efficiently trapped by electron-rich (hetero)arenes or in an intramolecular fashion, affording the corresponding amidated products.
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Alishahi, Samira. "Versatile synthetic strategies towards the development of novel neuroblastoma inhibitors and their analogues." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:61ab7c50-6f19-48c3-b604-91cb77d024e0.
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The aim of this thesis was to identify and develop anti-neuroblastoma agents via two strategies. The first involves a targeted therapy approach towards the synthesis of new drug-like PTP inhibitors (Chapter 2 and 3) and the second involved devising a new versatile synthetic route to the recently established anti-tumour natural-product lead, methyl jasmonates and its analogues (Chapter 4). From a unique proprietary screening library of 5000 drug-like compounds targeted towards PTPs, three compounds from two distinct chemical series, tetrahydroquinolines P00104 and P00341, and thiobarbituric acid P00337, were identified as PTPN22 inhibitors (IC50 = 5 μM) with moderate potency in vitro. A synthetic route to each chemical series was established and optimised and the procedure was used to synthesize a series of rationally-designed analogues for detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies. The compounds were tested for PTP inhibitory activity against PTPN22 via two experimentally optimised protein assays and were tested for cytotoxicity in a number of neuroblastoma cell lines. However, none of the compounds including the resynthesized hits displayed any promising biological activity, and further investigation on these chemical series was abandoned and another strategy for developing anti-neuroblastoma agents was pursued. During the last decade, many studies have reported the cytotoxic effects of methyl jasmonate, a plant stress hormone, against various tumours both in vitro and in vivo. As the research on the anti-tumour properties of methyl jasmonate is still at early stages, and also due to the lack of a versatile synthetic procedure for the preparation of its structural derivatives, detailed SAR studies of this compound have not yet been conducted. In the course of this project, a novel versatile synthetic route to methyl jasmonate and its analogues has been developed, which allows substituents to be readily introduced at the α- and β-position of cyclopentenone. This synthetic procedure will facilitate future extensive SAR studies of methyl jasmonate in tumour cells. The cytotoxic activity of the synthesized methyl jasmonate was confirmed against a range of neuroblastoma cell lines including SK-N-SH, SHSY5Y, LAN5 and the Kelly cells, and a further study on the mechanism by which methyl jasmonate induces neuroblastoma cell death is currently underway.
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LONGONI, MARGHERITA. "THE NON-INVASIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIC MATERIALS IN CULTURAL HERITAGE: DEVELOPMENT OF STRATEGIES BASED ON MOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPIES." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/898103.
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The importance of scientific analyses on artworks has become more and more crucial in the articulate processes of conservation and restoration. Moreover, the complexity of artistic materials, composed by organic and inorganic substances mixed together and often aged, requires extremely sensitive but user-friendly analytical tools. For this reason, the request of effective non-invasive diagnostic techniques is steadily increasing. In particular, a challenging task is represented by organic compounds, which can be found in the artistic field with a wide range of applications: they are binders used to spread pigments in paintings, varnishes, coatings and adhesives applied by the artist himself or during the restoration works, and colouring substances. Among the latter two different typologies can be individuated, namely natural dyes, used from the antiquity to dye textiles and in paintings in form of lakes, and a quite recent family of pigments, the synthetic organic ones. The detection of such materials can be hardly achieved by the non-invasive and in-situ appliable analytical techniques commonly employed in the field of conservation science. Briefly, X-ray fluorescence cannot provide useful information as it detects only elements with medium to high atomic number, while infrared and Raman spectroscopies are affected by the problem of fluorescence emission and of the matrix interference respectively.
This Ph.D. thesis work was intended to develop innovative strategies based on molecular spectroscopies, pursuing the objective of non-invasively identifying the most common organic materials which can be found in museum objects, mainly focusing the attention on paintings (binders and synthetic organic pigments) and ancient textiles (natural dyes).
In particular, spectrofluorimetry was proposed for the identification of synthetic organic pigments, a quite recent category of colourants since they were introduced by Perkin in the second half of the 19th century. The fluorescence emission upon visible excitation exhibited by several organic pigments used in contemporary artworks was successfully demonstrated and an analytical approach combining visible-induced spectrofluorimetry and visible-reflectance spectroscopy with a multivariate processing of data was established. The effectiveness of the method was finally confirmed by its application to three contemporary paintings. In addition, the possibility of exploiting fluorescence emission induced by UV radiation was considered, as well as the prospect of investigating such materials by ultraviolet fluorescence (UVF), visible and infrared luminescence (VIVF and VIL) images.
The use of near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was proposed for the detection of organic binders and to understand the complex stratigraphy in paintings. This spectral region, in particular in the range 6500-4000 cm-1, is dominated by combination and overtone bands due to functional groups typical of the lipidic and proteinaceous materials used as binding media, therefore it can be exploited for identification purposes. Moreover, it was demonstrated that the greater penetration depth of the NIR radiation in comparison with the mid-infrared (MIR) one allows the investigation of the preparatory layers possibly applied by the artist on the painting support. In this respect, an exhaustive study was carried out at first on a consistent number of reference mock-up samples, prepared on the basis of ancient recipes, and then on eight paintings, dating from the end of the 15th century to the end of the 18th century and exemplifying different artistic techniques on different supports.
Finally, the main part of the work was dedicated to surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) for the identification of natural dyes in textiles. This technique, which exploits the strong intensification by several orders of magnitude of the Raman scattering of organic molecules in the proximity of metal nanoparticles and nanostructured surfaces, is a well-established method for the detection of dyes, but generally requires the extraction of the target analyte from a sample. Many experiments were performed therefore performed to develop SERS-sensors suitable for performing measurements directly from dyed fibres in dry-state condition, i.e without requiring extraction protocols or the placement of a wet substrate in contact with the artefact. In this respect, a general, easy-to-apply protocol involving the deposition of colloidal nanoparticles on glass supports was developed. The importance of hot spots, areas of strong SERS intensification of the Raman signal formed between close nanoparticles or on anisotropic structures rich in tips, leads to experiment different aggregation procedures and nanoparticle shapes, ranging from nanospheres to nanostars and nanorods. The final aim was to create reproducible and homogeneous sensors, able to provide a high SERS enhancement when just put in contact in dry-state conditions with the artistic object under investigation. In this respect silver was demonstrated to be the best metal in comparison with gold and the most effective substrates, allowing the identification of four historical dyes from dyed wool yarn, were those obtained from silver nanostars. Finally, also some related issues are faced, such as the release of metal on the sample and the cleaning of the substrate surface exploiting the photochemical properties of titanium dioxide.
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Stütz, Lena [Verfasser], and Wolfgang [Akademischer Betreuer] Schwack. "Development of strategies for the prioritization of organic trace substances in water by effect-directed analysis / Lena Stütz ; Betreuer: Wolfgang Schwack." Hohenheim : Kommunikations-, Informations- und Medienzentrum der Universität Hohenheim, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1219574155/34.
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Volakakis, Nikolaos. "Development of strategies to improve the quality and productivity of organic and 'low input' olive production systems in semi-arid Mediterranean regions." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610977.
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The project reported here took place in Messara plain, Crete, Greece, a semi-arid Mediterranean region. It involved a literature review (Chapter 1), a field survey (Chapter 2), two field experiments (Chapters 3 and Chapter 4) and associated laboratory analyses. The survey took place in three crop years using pairs of neighbouring organic and conventional commercial olive orchards of the cultivar Koroneiki at the valley and the surrounding hills. Both field experiments took place in a 2.4 ha table olive orchard consisted of trees of Kalamon and Manzanila olive cultivars for three crop years. Results from the field survey (Chapter 2) indicate that organic olive oil production systems developed in the Messara plain can produce the same or higher yields of oil than conventional production in the same area. Although olive oil produced from both systems is of similar quality, slightly but significantly higher levels of acidity were detected in organic olive oil. Pesticide contamination was identified as a problem in both organic and conventional production with endosulphan sulphate being the main pesticide residue. This will have to be resolved to preserve the reputation of the region for high quality oil production. Improvement in cover cropping was the main target in the 1st field experiment (Chapter 3). There were few significant effects of cover crops/cover crop mixtures on nutrient availability, invertebrate activity, and yield parameters. Rhizobium inoculation had a negative effect on Vicia sativa establishment but did not affect any of the nodulation parameters assessed. The highest levels of Hymenoptera activity were found in the cover crop mixture consisting of vetch, peas and barley. Also, the non-inoculated vetch and the cover crop mixture reduced the concentrations of olive leaf boron. The development of improved olive fruit fly management strategies was the main target in the 2nd field experiment (Chapter 4). Wind direction, humidity, rainfall and temperature were identified as important potential environmental drivers for olive fly pest pressure in the Messara region. Also, results indicate that soil survival is probably not an important over-wintering mechanism for the olive fly in the Messara plain and other semiarid Mediterranean regions. The two mass trapping systems compared differ significantly with respect to number of non-target invertebrates killed, but caught similar numbers of olive fruit flies. Results also indicated that the dates for placing mass-traps into orchard may need to be revised and related to the drivers of olive fly pressure.
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Cross, Richard Matthew. "Lead Discovery and Optimization Strategies Towards the Development of 4(1H)-Quinolones and 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroacridone Analogs with Antimalarial Activity." Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3051.
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The goal of our research endeavor was to successfully employ modern lead discovery and optimization strategies towards the development and identification of compounds possessing antimalarial activity. Preliminary data from in vitro screening at the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research identified several chemotypes including 4(1H)-quinolones and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridones to have potent antimalarial activities. Multiple synthetic routes were devised and implemented which enabled the rapid preparation and isolation of over 400 structurally diverse 4(1H)-quinolones and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridones.
Our research towards discovering and optimizing antimalarials was inspired from the severe impact malaria has had on our planet especially on impoverished countries. There are over 300 million cases annually and over one million deaths. The staggering mortality rates combined with the global emergence of chemical resistance that the parasite Plasmodium falciparum has developed towards many of the common antimalarials compelled us to extend our research efforts to this growing problem. The need for identifying and developing new antimalarial drugs is very important. However, our approach focuses on the optimization of historic antimalarials such as endochin, floxacrine, or ICI 56,780 which possess liabilities such as lack of poor solubility, poor in vivo activity or lingering toxicity issues. Through these optimization efforts using both SAR and structure-property relationship (SPR) studies, a more suitable candidate was developed that had superior physicochemical properties.
Our drug design approach included not only the identification of liabilities of historic compounds but also the synthesis and optimization of numerous analogs guided by SAR. All compounds were tested in vitro for antimalarial activity and characterized in parallel for physicochemical properties such as solubility, permeability, and logD7.4. Insights from both the antimalarial activity as well as the physicochemical properties determined which analogs would be advanced in the design process.
Based on our early investigations, 6-chloro-7-methoxy-3-phenyl-4(1H)-quinolone emerged as a promising hit. Compared to endochin, which possesses EC50s of 8.6 nM and 46.6 nM against drug resistant strains W2 and TM90C2B, and a solubility of less than 2 µM, 6-chloro-7-methoxy-3-pheny-4(1H)-quinolone was superior with a 4-fold improvement in solubility (6 µM) as well as slightly improved antimalarial activity (EC50s of 26.2 nM and 15.3 nM against W2 and TM90C2B, respectively). Unfortunately, this compound failed to reduce parasitemia levels in P. berghei infected mice. Hit-to-lead optimization lead to the discovery of 6-chloro-7-methoxy-2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(1H)-quinolone which was shown to reduce parasitemia levels by 41% at day 6 post-exposure (PE) in P. berghei infected mice at a 50 mg/kg dose. The observed in vivo activity of 6-chloro-7-methoxy-2-methyl-3-o-tolyl-4(1H)-quinolone was believed to relate to the 3-fold increase in solubility (19 µM) over the 3-phenyl-susbtituted analogue. Continuation of SAR and SPR studies identified additional 4(1H)-quinolones suggesting that the microsomal stability of the compounds is as important for in vivo efficacy as the aqueous solubility. Several of the analogs that showed minimal degradation in human microsomal stability studies demonstrated increased in vivo activity in the ranges of 72-98% parasitemia reductions on day 6PE in P. berghei infected mice at 50 mg/kg. These results helped refine the final SAR and SPR optimization identifying a compound with radical curative activity in mice (99% parasitemia reductions on day 6PE in P. berghei infected mice at 50 mg/kg with five out of five mice surviving beyond 30 days).
Theses studies not only highlight the effectiveness of detailed SAR and SPR strategies used in drug discovery programs, but they also showcase the importance of re-evaluating historic antimalarials and exploiting their shortcomings. These studies have opened the doors to several possibilities regarding the 4(1H)-quinolone scaffold optimization for future antimalarial development. Several of the compounds described in this work are currently being subjected to stringent head-to-head comparative studies to determine the analog best suited for pre-clinical trials.
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Vinelli, Alessandra <1982>. "Development of bionanotechnological strategies for signal enhancement in nucleic acids biosensors." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3751/1/vinelli_alessandra_tesi.pdf.
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Nucleic acid biosensors represent a powerful tool for clinical and environmental pathogens detection. For applications such as point-of-care biosensing, it is fundamental to develop sensors that should be automatic, inexpensive, portable and require a professional skill of the user that should be as low as possible. With the goal of determining the presence of pathogens when present in very small amount, such as for the screening of pathogens in drinking water, an amplification step must be implemented. Often this type of determinations should be performed with simple, automatic and inexpensive hardware: the use of a chemical (or nanotechnological) isothermal solution would be desirable.
My Ph.D. project focused on the study and on the testing of four isothermal reactions which can be used to amplify the nucleic acid analyte before the binding event on the surface sensor or to amplify the signal after that the hybridization event with the probe.
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and ligation-mediated rolling circle amplification (L-RCA) were investigated as methods for DNA and RNA amplification.
Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and Terminal deoxynucleotidil transferase-mediated amplification were investigated as strategies to achieve the enhancement of the signal after the surface hybridization event between target and probe.
In conclusion, it can be said that only a small subset of the biochemical strategies that are proved to work in solution towards the amplification of nucleic acids does truly work in the context of amplifying the signal of a detection system for pathogens. Amongst those tested during my Ph.D. activity, recombinase polymerase amplification seems the best candidate for a useful implementation in diagnostic or environmental applications.
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Vinelli, Alessandra <1982>. "Development of bionanotechnological strategies for signal enhancement in nucleic acids biosensors." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2011. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/3751/.
Full textAbstract:
Nucleic acid biosensors represent a powerful tool for clinical and environmental pathogens detection. For applications such as point-of-care biosensing, it is fundamental to develop sensors that should be automatic, inexpensive, portable and require a professional skill of the user that should be as low as possible. With the goal of determining the presence of pathogens when present in very small amount, such as for the screening of pathogens in drinking water, an amplification step must be implemented. Often this type of determinations should be performed with simple, automatic and inexpensive hardware: the use of a chemical (or nanotechnological) isothermal solution would be desirable.
My Ph.D. project focused on the study and on the testing of four isothermal reactions which can be used to amplify the nucleic acid analyte before the binding event on the surface sensor or to amplify the signal after that the hybridization event with the probe.
Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and ligation-mediated rolling circle amplification (L-RCA) were investigated as methods for DNA and RNA amplification.
Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) and Terminal deoxynucleotidil transferase-mediated amplification were investigated as strategies to achieve the enhancement of the signal after the surface hybridization event between target and probe.
In conclusion, it can be said that only a small subset of the biochemical strategies that are proved to work in solution towards the amplification of nucleic acids does truly work in the context of amplifying the signal of a detection system for pathogens. Amongst those tested during my Ph.D. activity, recombinase polymerase amplification seems the best candidate for a useful implementation in diagnostic or environmental applications.
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NORI, VALERIA. "Development of novel and sustainable catalytic strategies for the synthesis of pharmacologically interesting compounds." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11697/192075.
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Organic chemistry has seen a tremendous growth over the past decades and nowadays it is routinely used for a variety of applications in countless fields. Nevertheless, a major concern that is hindering its development is the negative impact that organic synthetic methodologies may have on the environment. Therefore, great effort has been devoted to the development of novel efficient and sustainable synthetic approaches. In this scenario, catalysis has played a crucial role in the preparation of organic molecules as drugs, natural products, and agrochemicals to improve the greenness of a synthetic process. Although it moved its first steps in organic chemistry in the 18th century, catalysis is still considered a hot topic, especially because it stood out as a valuable and efficient tool to access economical, energy-saving, and sustainable chemical processes. The aim of this doctoral thesis is to devise and employ a variety of novel catalytic approaches as means to efficiently access relevant pharmacologically active molecules. With this aim in mind, we developed different methodologies to improve the sustainability of the proposed synthetic processes without sacrificing efficiency.
A cascade cyclocarbopalladation of the readily available aryl/alkyl-substituted propargylic amides followed by Suzuki–Miyaura coupling with arylboronic acids or aminopalladation reacting with 2-alkynyltrifluoroacetanilides allowed an efficient regio- and stereoselective synthesis of dihydroisoquinolinones differently substituted. The usefulness of this cascade approach is determined by the high number of bonds formed in a single synthetic step, that leads to the increased structural complexity of desired products and to the improvement of the greenness of the whole process, avoiding numerous subsequent purification steps and reducing wastes.
Then, a novel metal-free protocol to perform N-alkylation reactions of a wide variety of amine substrates was developed. This mild boron Lewis acid-catalysed synthetic methodology gives access to a broad range of pharmacologically appealing N-alkylated products in good to excellent yields. Moreover, a fruitful collaboration between Dr Melen’s and Prof. Dr Carlone’s groups was established to develop convenient methods for the quick construction of chiral boron Lewis acids. With this purpose, the synthesis of several chiral ligands was carried out to pave the way to a novel asymmetric metal-free approach.
Exploiting organocatalysis as greener catalytic strategy, a novel and safe reaction protocol for the enantioselective enamine-catalysed addition of acetaldehyde to nitroalkenes was performed. This protocol makes use of a safe masked acetaldehyde to access important intermediates to Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) improving the industrial feasibility of the entire process. Using water as a reaction medium allows us to further improve this synthetic protocol. Crucial to the success of this approach was the application of chemometrics-assisted ‘Design of Experiments’ (DoE) optimisation during the development of the presented approach. DoE allows to investigate the chemical space in a rational way, reducing the number of the experiments.
Moreover, a library of phosphoric acids was synthesised to develop an organocatalysed eco-friendly approach to the enantioselective cyclobutane-containing molecules preparation.
An efficient alternative protocol for the synthesis of a valuable API precursor developed in collaboration with the pharmaceutical industry Dipharma is also reported. We designed and developed an alternative approach to improve the well-established methodology by limiting the waste production as much as possible exploiting immobilised catalysts.
The last catalytic methodology investigated is a combination of the previous ones, known as synergistic catalysis. A critical review about current and past literature is reported.
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SACCO, GIOVANNI. "DEVELOPMENT OF NOVEL STRATEGIES TO ENHANCE THE AFFINITY OF CYCLIC PEPTIDE LIGANDS FOR INTEGRIN RECEPTORS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/919134.
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The impact of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in current pharmaceutical research is due to their unique ability to bind biological targets with very high affinity. On the other hand, there is a considerable interest in the development of small molecule ligands with antibody-like affinities, which may overcome some limitations of mAbs.
This PhD work describes the development of general strategies to increase the binding affinity of peptide ligands bearing the Arg-Gly-Asp motif, i.e. the well-known recognition sequence of specific tumor-associated integrin receptors. In our first approach, we designed a bicyclic peptide bearing two RGD motifs that displayed an enhanced inhibition of ECM protein binding to integrin receptors αvβ3 and α5β1 and marked biological effects in U-373 MG glioblastoma cells.
Later on, we focused on the 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde tag (2HB), which can engage ϵ‐amino groups of Lys residues in stable imines. After investigating the 2HB installation to different types of reactive handles, we conjugated the 2HB tag to the N-side and on the C-side of a cyclic RGD peptide. The resulting conjugates have been investigated as novel αvβ3 integrin ligands and the nature of the ligand-protein interaction has been investigated performing in silico experiments. For both the 2HB-RGD conjugates, the biological results and the computational outcomes demonstrated to be coherent with each other, proving the feasibility of the reversible covalent engagement of Lys residues with the 2HB tag to enhance the affinity of a well-known small ligand.
Books on the topic "Organic development strategies"
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Katherine, Kitson, ed. School development theories and strategies : an international handbook. London: Cassell, 1998.
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Groshev, Igor', and Evgeniy Korchagin. Tourism for the elderly. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1027444.
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The monograph proposes a methodology of new marketing, structural and economic-management approaches for tourism organizations in the modern conjuncture of tourism for the elderly. Approaches that take into account the consumer behavior of older people and other age groups, retired, proposed in this paper, can be more effectively used to involve these categories in tourism.
The aging of the population and demographic changes in the structure of consumers of tourist products require Russian travel companies to optimize their approaches and strategies, rebuild the tourism infrastructure to organize the supply of products in demand in the world tourism market that meet the needs of older people. The assessment of relevance of tourist products and their elements to requirements of elderly tourists is presented.
It is intended for teachers, postgraduates and students of higher educational institutions, specialists in the organization of tourist activities, heads of travel agencies, researchers and all those who are interested in the development of tourism activities.
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Organic Growth Disciplines: A New Framework for Building Organic Growth Strategies. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019.
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School Development: Theories and Strategies (School Development). Cassell, 1997.
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Sudharshan, Devanathan. Organic Growth Disciplines: A Strategic Framework for Imagining Business Growth Opportunities. Emerald Publishing Limited, 2019.
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Dobb, Geoffrey J. Diarrhoea and constipation in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0183.
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The diagnosis of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH)/abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS ) relies on accurate IAP measurement. The current gold standard for measurement is intermittently every 4–6 hours via the bladder. IAP monitoring should be performed in all critically-ill or injured patients exhibiting ≥1 risk factors for the development of IAH, and continued until risk factors are resolved and intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) has remained normal for 24–48 hours. IAH and ACS cause organ dysfunction through direct compression of the heart, compression of both arterial and venous perfusion of the abdominal organs, and abdomino-thoracic pressure transmission. All organ systems are affected by IAH-induced injury. Standard surgical treatment of established ACS not responding to non-invasive management consists of decompressive laparotomy via midline or transverse incision. Promising alternative surgical strategies are being developed to avoid the complications of the open abdomen.
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Denton, Christopher P., and Pia Moinzadeh. Systemic sclerosis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0121.
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The term 'scleroderma' describes a group of conditions in which the development of thickened, fibrotic skin is a cardinal feature. This includes localized forms of scleroderma (e.g. morphoea) and also systemic forms of the disease that are more correctly termed systemic sclerosis. Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multiorgan, autoimmune disease that has a high clinical burden and mortality, due to affecting the skin as well as internal organs. As with other related diseases there is a female predominance and marked clinical diversity. The pathogenesis of SSc is not fully elucidated; it includes endothelial cell injury fibroblast activation and autoimmunity that lead to skin and internal organ manifestations. The majority of cases exhibit characteristic serum autoantibodies. Some of these antibodies are scleroderma-specific reactivities including anti-centromere (ACA), anti-topoisomerase-1 (ATA or Scl 70) or anti-RNA polymerase III antibodies. These anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) patterns are generally mutually exclusive and serve as useful clinical markers of disease subgroups. Additional subsetting of scleroderma cases, based on the extent of skin sclerosis, permits classification into limited and diffuse subsets. Because of the heterogeneity of the disease patients may suffer from different organ manifestations, such as lung fibrosis, hypertensive renal crisis, severe cardiac disease, gastrointestinal involvement, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although outcomes have improved recently, systemic sclerosis still has the highest case-specific mortality of any of the autoimmune rheumatic diseases and requires careful and systematic investigation, management and follow-up. Treatment includes symptomatic strategies with attention to each involved organ system; it is still an area where therapeutic progress and better understanding of pathogenesis is increasingly anticipated.
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Mehan, Hugh, Lea Hubbard, and Amanda Datnow. Extending Educational Reform (Educational Change and Development Series). RoutledgeFalmer, 2002.
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Geri, Guillaume, and Jean-Paul Mira. Host–pathogen interactions in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0306.
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Infection by a pathogenic micro-organism triggers a coordinated activation of both innate and adaptive immune responses. The innate immune response quickly triggers an antimicrobial response that will initiate development of a pathogen-specific, long-lasting adaptive immune response. Accurate recognition of microbial-associated molecular patterns by pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) is the cornerstone of this immediate response. Most studied PRRs are Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their kinase signalling cascades that activate nuclear transcription factors, and induce gene expression and cytokine production. Deficiencies or genetic variability in these different signalling pathways may lead to recurrent pyogenic infections and severe invasive diseases. After initial contact between the host and pathogen, numerous factors mediate the inflammatory response, as pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Apart from host genetic variability, pathogen diversity also influences the phenotypic features of various infectious diseases. Genomic analysis may assist in the development of targeted therapies or new therapeutic strategies based on both patient and microorganism genotype.
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Yang, Jingduan, and Daniel A. Monti. Therapeutic Strategy of Acupuncture. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190210052.003.0014.
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This chapter discusses the development of treatment strategies after readers have learned energetic anatomy, physiology, psychology, pathophysiology, and diagnostic techniques and formulations. It provides details on balancing excesses or deficiencies of Yin, Yang, Qi, and Blood; on managing excesses of wind, heat, phlegm, and dampness; on dealing with stagnation of Qi and stasis of Blood; and on treating multiple organ energy imbalances. It provides advice on how to manage acute and chronic conditions and how to manage symptoms and treat underlying causes simultaneously. It discusses the specifics that are unique to treating women, children, adolescents, and the elderly because their energetic natures are different from one another.
Book chapters on the topic "Organic development strategies"
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Kumarasamy Sivasamy, Raghuvandhanan, Kumaresan Kuppamuthu, Lokesh Krishnasamy Nagaraj, Sakkthy Pradhieksha Manikandan, Raghul Kulandaivel, and Jenifer Gabriella Bastin. "Utilizing Organic Wastes for Probiotic and Bioproduct Development: A Sustainable Approach for Management of Organic Waste." In Strategies and Tools for Pollutant Mitigation, 3–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98241-6_1.
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Van Keulen, H. "Sustainability and long-term dynamics of soil organic matter and nutrients under alternative management strategies." In Systems Approaches for Sustainable Agricultural Development, 353–75. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0121-9_18.
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Stouvenakers, Gilles, Peter Dapprich, Sebastien Massart, and M. Haïssam Jijakli. "Plant Pathogens and Control Strategies in Aquaponics." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems, 353–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_14.
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AbstractAmong the diversity of plant diseases occurring in aquaponics, soil-borne pathogens, such as Fusarium spp., Phytophthora spp. and Pythium spp., are the most problematic due to their preference for humid/aquatic environment conditions. Phytophthora spp. and Pythium spp. which belong to the Oomycetes pseudo-fungi require special attention because of their mobile form of dispersion, the so-called zoospores that can move freely and actively in liquid water. In coupled aquaponics, curative methods are still limited because of the possible toxicity of pesticides and chemical agents for fish and beneficial bacteria (e.g. nitrifying bacteria of the biofilter). Furthermore, the development of biocontrol agents for aquaponic use is still at its beginning. Consequently, ways to control the initial infection and the progression of a disease are mainly based on preventive actions and water physical treatments. However, suppressive action (suppression) could happen in aquaponic environment considering recent papers and the suppressive activity already highlighted in hydroponics. In addition, aquaponic water contains organic matter that could promote establishment and growth of heterotrophic bacteria in the system or even improve plant growth and viability directly. With regards to organic hydroponics (i.e. use of organic fertilisation and organic plant media), these bacteria could act as antagonist agents or as plant defence elicitors to protect plants from diseases. In the future, research on the disease suppressive ability of the aquaponic biotope must be increased, as well as isolation, characterisation and formulation of microbial plant pathogen antagonists. Finally, a good knowledge in the rapid identification of pathogens, combined with control methods and diseases monitoring, as recommended in integrated plant pest management, is the key to an efficient control of plant diseases in aquaponics.
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Handayani, Alfina. "Strategies to Enhance the Development of Organic Coffee to Support Local Economic Resource Growth. The Case of Wonokerso Village, Temanggung Regency, Central Java, Indonesia." In Community Empowerment, Sustainable Cities, and Transformative Economies, 639–56. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5260-8_35.
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Regiani, Inacio, Renan Lima Novais, and João Jorge Sousa dos Santos. "Differences in Pyrocarbon Matrices Made by Fb-Cvi with Organic Precursors." In Developments in Strategic Materials and Computational Design V, 237–44. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119040293.ch21.
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Kuhn, Andreas, José Carmona, and Elvira Thonhofer. "Research Design and Evaluation Strategies for Automated Driving." In Energy-Efficient and Semi-automated Truck Platooning, 41–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88682-0_4.
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AbstractAutomated driving, in general, and platooning, in particular, represent a highly active field of research. The idea to automate traffic is closely related to high expectations in both individual and public transport. However, the complexity of automated driving requires methods beyond the traditional development approaches. This chapter describes a state-of-the-art methodology to organise and systematically address a comprehensive set of research questions in the context of truck platooning. Following best practices, an evaluation design is presented, which ensures the alignment of research efforts with the actual research agenda, that is, to answer the right questions. Specifically, the benefits of automated driving and their conflicting relationships are explored and the entities that affect automated driving performance and their interactions are presented. Finally, a solution concept that adequately addresses the complexity and the stochastic nature of the problem is presented. The solution concept consists of several key methods such as scenario-based design and stochastic simulation, data mining and complexity and robustness management.
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Kuhn, Andreas, José Carmona, and Elvira Thonhofer. "Research Design and Evaluation Strategies for Automated Driving." In Energy-Efficient and Semi-automated Truck Platooning, 41–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88682-0_4.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractAutomated driving, in general, and platooning, in particular, represent a highly active field of research. The idea to automate traffic is closely related to high expectations in both individual and public transport. However, the complexity of automated driving requires methods beyond the traditional development approaches. This chapter describes a state-of-the-art methodology to organise and systematically address a comprehensive set of research questions in the context of truck platooning. Following best practices, an evaluation design is presented, which ensures the alignment of research efforts with the actual research agenda, that is, to answer the right questions. Specifically, the benefits of automated driving and their conflicting relationships are explored and the entities that affect automated driving performance and their interactions are presented. Finally, a solution concept that adequately addresses the complexity and the stochastic nature of the problem is presented. The solution concept consists of several key methods such as scenario-based design and stochastic simulation, data mining and complexity and robustness management.
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Paro, Renato, Ueli Grossniklaus, Raffaella Santoro, and Anton Wutz. "Regeneration and Reprogramming." In Introduction to Epigenetics, 135–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68670-3_7.
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AbstractDuring regenerative processes, cells are required to restructure parts of a damaged or worn-out organ and tissue. Here, you will become acquainted with the strategies that organisms developed to provide the material for tissue and organ repair. On the one hand, somatic cells can become dedifferentiated to increase their developmental potential and produce the plasticity required to replace the entire cellular complexity of a damaged part. On the other hand, organisms retain organ-specific stem cells with a restricted developmental potency and use these to provide the “spare parts” for replacing damaged cells. In all cases, a substantial reprogramming of the epigenome of these cells accompanies the restructuring process. In vitro strategies have been developed to drive cells back to a pluripotent state, allowing a better understanding of the underlying chromatin adjustments and providing a rich source for cellular therapies.
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Bucholtz, Kevin M., and Benjamin L. Miller. "Chapter 7 Development of general synthetic strategies towards oligocycloalkanes." In Strategies and Tactics in Organic Synthesis, 183–220. Elsevier, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1874-6004(04)80030-3.
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Williams, David R. "The Development of Strategies and Tactics Toward the Pseudopterosin Natural Products." In Strategies and Tactics in Organic Synthesis, 135–60. Elsevier, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-811790-3.00006-7.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Organic development strategies"
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Strelnikova, I. "MODERN APPROACHES TO THE PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC CORRECTION OF ORGANIC AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: CLINICAL VIEW, PSYCHOTHERAPY AND REHABILITATION." In Scientific discoveries: projects, strategies and development. European Scientific Platform, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/25.10.2019.v2.03.
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Grunewald Nichele, Aline, and Letícia Zielinski do Canto. "STRATEGIES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING ORGANIC CHEMISTRY SUPPORTED BY APPS." In 12th International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2018.2100.
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Wang, S. K., and T. C. Hung. "Renewable energy from the sea - organic Rankine Cycle using ocean thermal energy conversion." In International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Development: Issues and Strategies (ESD 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/esd.2010.5598775.
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Kim, Yun-Hi. "Development of high efficient and color pure blue emitting materials by various design strategies (Conference Presentation)." In Organic and Hybrid Light Emitting Materials and Devices XXIII, edited by Franky So, Chihaya Adachi, and Jang-Joo Kim. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2530390.
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Vargas-Hernández, José G., Ricardo Arechavala Vargas, and Luz Alicia Pulido García. "Mexican SMEs in Organic Sector in the Asia Pacific Market: Internationalization Strategies." In 36. mednarodna konferenca o razvoju organizacijskih znanosti, Portorož, Slovenija / 36th International Conference on Organizational Science Development, Portorož, Slovenia. Univerzitetna založba Univerze v Mariboru / University of Maribor Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-020-2.99.
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Atak, Şermin, Sibel Tan, and Ümran Şengül. "The Role in the Rural Development of Organic Agriculture Potential in Turkey: The Case of Gökçeada." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.01012.
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Organic agriculture in Turkey has been put on the agenda in accordance with external demands since 1980. These demands initially started with traditional products such as raisin and fig and then the number of requested products has increased rapidly. Including the transition process, approximately 24,354 farmers produced 665.550 tons organic products in 251.899-hectare field in Turkey. Gökçeada, becoming an organic island, is a region where significant projects are implemented. With a total of 101 varieties of organic products, Gökçeada has a potential of up to 50% of the number of varieties in Turkey. On the other hand, 390 producers carry out organic agricultural activity on the island. Gökçeada has 1.35% of the organic agriculture land of in Turkey and 1.47% of the production. The positive effects of organic agriculture on rural poverty reduction and on the environment and its effect on tourism potential will be examined by using field studies conducted on the island as a method in this study. In the light of the findings, policy and strategy recommendations on the development of Gökçeada with organic agriculture will be conveyed. In this study, the institutional structure of organic agriculture in Turkey and Gökçeada, government policies towards organic agriculture, the importance of the organic agriculture in terms of the projects conducted and rural development will be examined. Results of the study Gökçeada going to have rural development strategies about future.
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Amsad, Lusia Narsia, Jukwati, and Dolfina Costansah Koirewoa. "Profile of logical reasoning ability of student in solving organic chemistry problems." In THE 3RD INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON SCIENCE EDUCATION (ICoSEd 2021): Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) 2030: The Impacts, Challenges, and Strategies in Science Education. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0114041.
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Lyubenov, Lyubomir, Atanas Atanasov, and Ivaylo Hristakov. "Profitableness and perspective of the apiculture in North-eastern Bulgaria." In Research for Rural Development 2021 : annual 27th International scientific conference proceedings. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/rrd.27.2021.024.
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The trends in the change of the profitability of Bulgarian beekeeping starting from the country’s accession to the European Union (EU) in 2007 to the present 2020, are being studied, depending on the changes in the market price of honey and its prime cost. The survey was conducted among selected apiaries in North-eastern Bulgaria. It has been found that they achieve a small net profit when selling conventional honey in the organizational markets – EUR 3.78 kg-1. The realization of organic honey as a raw material in the organizational markets is not profitable for them. The apiaries have a net profit of EUR 7.98 kg-1 for conventional and EUR 7.91 kg-1 for organic honey, with distribution to a consumer market sale. The apiaries in Ruse district achieve 10.26% profitability of turnover in sales on conventional consumer markets, 8.83% in organic consumer markets and 8.2% in organizational conventional markets. Improving their profitability requires: 1) marketing strategies, through regional and cross-sectoral integration; 2) the production of royal jelly, pollen and propolis with high added value; 3) introduction of new technologies, increase in labour productivity, and 4) state subsidies to a hive for ecosystem pollination service.
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Cao, Tao, Yunho Hwang, Reinhard Radermacher, and Ho-Hwan Chun. "Development of an Optimization Framework for Micro-Grid Energy Conversion Systems." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65371.
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A comprehensive optimization study considering both system configurations and control strategies is needed for micro-grid energy systems. In order to address this need, this study provides an advanced optimization framework that extends existing energy system optimization studies in following four aspects: complete system optimization from scratch; comprehensive energy conversion equipment modeling for heating, cooling and power generations; modeling of cascaded configurations such as a cascaded absorption-compression refrigeration system and a cascaded organic Rankine cycle-direct heating system; and consideration of transient loads and weather profiles. The optimization framework aims to find optimum system configurations and control strategies for any given equipment options, and load- and weather-profiles in order to minimize life cycle cost. First, correlation based equipment models and cascaded system models were developed. Then the optimization framework was established using a genetic algorithm solver built in Matlab. The framework was presented through a case study on an oceanic container transportation application under transient loads and weather profiles. It was found that the optimized system was able to reduce life cycle cost by 40%. The optimized system is in favor of cascaded organic Exploring waste heat from the main engine that is used for main propulsion is the key to reduce life cycle cost. The developed optimization framework can be used for any applications as an efficient tool to search for novel energy system designs and their evaluations.
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Voicu, Mirelacatrinel. "ONLINE MARKETING STRATEGIES USED TO DEVELOP ONLINE COURSES." In eLSE 2018. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-18-251.
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In this paper we present a study on some online marketing strategies which can help us in developing online courses. We include components such as: Design & Development, Content marketing, Social Media, Reputation, Affiliate Marketing, Analytics, Email marketing, SEO, PPC, and even E-commerce components.For example, using Google Trends or Keyword Planner tool of Google AdWords, we can find out if there are people interested in the topic that we treat in our courses. At the same time, we can have information about their geographic location, such as countries or cities. With Google Analytics we can see the traffic on our website, containing useful information about the visitors: demographic data, how they have get on our website (direct, organic search, social, etc.), what kind of devices they use, etc. To find if there are people interested on our offer of courses, we also present how we can obtain such an information from YouTube of Facebook. We are focused on the increasing using of the Internet on mobile devices – and for this reason, on the importance of developing websites for mobile or even mobile apps. In the case of mobile apps, we also point out observations on some mobile marketing strategies which must be considered. We present some observations on the electronic format of course content: text, image, video, or interactive platforms and how it can use in the best forms on small devices and how different cloud computing technologies and services can improve the quality of our online courses.
Reports on the topic "Organic development strategies"
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Villacis, Alexis, Victor Barrera, Jeffrey Alwang, Carlos Caicedo, and James Quiroz. Strategies to strengthen Ecuador's high-value cacao value chain. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003960.
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Since the early nineteenth century, cacao has been an important export earner for Ecuador. Today the importance of this sector remains, as Ecuador is the main producer and exporter of Fine and Flavor cacao worldwide. Motivated by the main transformations of the global food systems and the increasing demand for multidimensional credence attributes, this study examines the present state of Ecuador's cacao industry, identifies areas of opportunity, and discusses how the private and public sectors can work together to meet existing and emerging challenges. Findings are supported by interviews conducted with the principal actors in the Ecuadorian cacao industry and two case studies. The first case study focuses on how associativity can help cacao farmers producing high-quality beans to differentiate themselves and succeed in modern agri-food markets. The second case study explores the success of a local chocolate firm and its links with local cacao farmers. Findings suggest that market trends have created new business opportunities for cacao producers and chocolate processors. These opportunities are most open to firms who can personalize and differentiate their products, for example, through the use of quality certifications such as organic, fair trade, reduced carbon load, etc. More importantly, market developments are driving exporters to enhance the performance of cacao value chains in the country, but the sector requires coordination to capture reputation and credence-based demands for the local cacao.
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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Jeffrey Mower. Novel strategies to induce male sterility and restore fertility in Brassicaceae crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604267.bard.
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Abstract Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for rRNAs, tRNAs and some mitochondrial proteins. Although all mitochondria have probably evolved from a common alpha-proteobacterial ancestor, notable genomic reorganizations have occurred in the mtDNAs of different eukaryotic lineages. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger and more variable in size (ranging from 70~11,000 kbp in size) than the mrDNAs in higher animals (16~19 kbp). Another unique feature of plant mitochondria includes the presence of both circular and linear DNA fragments, which undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. DNA-seq data indicate that such recombination events result with diverged mitochondrial genome configurations, even within a single plant species. One common plant phenotype that emerges as a consequence of altered mtDNA configuration is cytoplasmic male sterility CMS (i.e. reduced production of functional pollen). The maternally-inherited male sterility phenotype is highly valuable agriculturally. CMS forces the production of F1 hybrids, particularly in predominantly self-pollinating crops, resulting in enhanced crop growth and productivity through heterosis (i.e. hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement). CMS lines have been implemented in some cereal and vegetables, but most crops still lack a CMS system. This work focuses on the analysis of the molecular basis of CMS. We also aim to induce nuclear or organellar induced male-sterility in plants, and to develop a novel approach for fertility restoration. Our work focuses on Brassicaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes Arabidopsis thaliana, a key model organism in plant sciences, as well as many crops of major economic importance (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and various seeds for oil production). In spite of the genomic rearrangements in the mtDNAs of plants, the number of genes and the coding sequences are conserved among different mtDNAs in angiosperms (i.e. ~60 genes encoding different tRNAs, rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and subunits of the respiratory system). Yet, in addition to the known genes, plant mtDNAs also harbor numerous ORFs, most of which are not conserved among species and are currently of unknown function. Remarkably, and relevant to our study, CMS in plants is primarily associated with the expression of novel chimericORFs, which likely derive from recombination events within the mtDNAs. Whereas the CMS loci are localized to the mtDNAs, the factors that restore fertility (Rfs) are identified as nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins. Interestingly, nearly all of the Rf’s are identified as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that mediate several aspects of gene expression primarily in plant organelles. In this project we proposed to develop a system to test the ability of mtORFs in plants, which are closely related to known CMS factors. We will induce male fertility in various species of Brassicaceae, and test whether a down-relation in the expression of the recombinantCMS-genes restores fertility, using synthetically designed PPR proteins.
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Chejanovsky, Nor, and Bruce D. Hammock. Enhancement of Baculoviruses' Insecticidal Potency by Expression of Synergistic Anti-Insect Scorpion Toxins. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7573070.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The extensive use or non-specific, hazardous, chemical insecticides demands the development of "healthier" alternative means for pest control. Insect-specific, baculoviruses expressing anti-insect toxin genes (from mites or scorpions) demonstrated in laboratory assays and field trials enhanced insecticidal activity and provided some protection from lepidopterous larvae to agricultural plantations. To utilize recombinant baculoviruses as commercial biopesticides in row crop agriculture, further increase in their speed of kill should be achieved and the reduction in crop damage should be comparable to the levels obtained with organic insecticides (the problem). In this project we developed strategies to improve further the efficacy of recombinant baculoviruses which included: I) Synergism among baculoviruses expressing different anti-insect toxins: a) Synergism among two complementary anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins each expressed by a separate recombinant baculovirus, both regulated by the same or a different viral promoter. b) Synergism among two complementary anti-insect scorpion neurotoxins expressed by the same recombinant virus, both regulated by the same or a different viral promoter respectively. The above included two classes of pharmacologically complementary toxins: i) toxins with strictly anti-insect selectivity (excitatory and depressant); ii) toxins with preferential anti-insect activity (anti-insect alpha toxins). c) Synergism among wild type viruses, recombinant baculoviruses and chemicals (insecticides and phytochemicals) II) Identification of more potent toxins against lepidopterous pests for their expression by baculoviruses. Our approach was based on the synergistic effect displayed by the combined application of pairs of anti-insect toxins to blowfly and lepidopterous larvae that resulted in 5 fold increase in their insecticidal activity without apparent increase in their anti-mammal toxicity (toxins LqhIT2 and LqhaIT, LqhIT2 and AaIT, and LqhaIT and AaIT (1). Thus, we developed new concepts and produced a "second generation" of recombinant baculoviruses with enhanced potencies and speeds of kill comparable to classical insecticides. These achievements contribute to make these biopesticides a viable alternative to minimize the use of hazardous chemicals in pest control. Also, our project contributed new tools and model systems to advance the study of insect sodium channels.
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Carreras, Marco, Stephany Griffith-Jones, José Antonio Ocampo, Jiajun Xu, and Anne Henow. Implementing Innovation Policies: Capabilities of National Development Banks for Innovation Financing. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004390.
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This comparative note describes common and distinct practices on capabilities to support the innovation activities of seven national development banks (NDB): BNDES (Brazil), CORFO (Chile), China Development Bank, CDB (China), BANCOLDEX (Colombia), Bpifrance (France), Korean Development Bank, KDB (South Korea), and NAFINSA (Mexico). The analysis studies the strategies followed by the selected NDBs for the design and implementation of innovation support programs and the capacities they need to be successful. Little is known about the experience of these NDBs in the world that have been the most successful in designing and implementing programs to support innovation. Building on the primary data collected through flexible semi-structured interviews with current or former NDBs officials, validated and supplemented by interviews with stakeholders outside the NDB, this study asks the following research questions: (i) What priority do NDBs assign to the financing of innovation projects?; (ii) Which operational models would be most effective in financing high-potential innovation projects, avoiding capture? Should they operate on the first and/or second tier?; (iii) What capabilities(a) governance; (b) technical (financial and technological); and (c) operational (implementation and sustainability)should NDBs develop to support innovation credit?; (iv) how, based on their contact with clients, can NDBs help identify market failures faced by innovative companies and thus produce and organize information on potential projects with high social returns?; and (v) What is the best framework for coordinating the work of the NDBs with the innovation agencies?
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Lers, Amnon, and Pamela J. Green. LX Senescence-Induced Ribonuclease in Tomato: Function and Regulation. United States Department of Agriculture, September 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586455.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Natural leaf senescence, which occurs even when growth conditions are near optimal, has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. However, the successful design of such strategies requires a better insight into the senescence machinery and control in higher plants. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as ribonucleases (RNases) and proteases. Previously we had identified and characterized the tomato LX RNase gene demonstrating its transcript to be highly and specifically induced during senescence. This reported study was focused on LX but also had broadened our research to other senescence-associated nucleic acids degrading enzymes to learn about their function and the regulation of their encoding genes. Beside tomato we used parsley and Arabidopsis for the study of: the bi-functional nuclease which has a role in senescence. The study of different senescence- associated nucleases in few plant systems will allow a more general view on function and regulation of these enzymes in senescence. The specific original proposed objectives included: 1. Study the consequences of alterations in LX RNase level on tomato leaf senescence and general development; 2. Analyze stimuli which may participate in senescence-specific activation of the LX gene; 3. Clone the senescence-associated BFNI nuclease gene homologue from tomato. 4. Further characterize the sequences required for senescence-specific gene expression. Homozygous transgenic plants in which LX gene was either inhibited or over-expressed were generated. In both of these LX mutated plants no major phenotypic consequences were observed, which may suggests that LX is not essential for plant growth under optimal growth conditions. Lack of any abnormalities in the LX over-expressing lines suggests that special system exist to allow function of the RNase only when needed. Detailed analyses of growth under stress and consequences to RNA metabolism are underway. We have analyzed LX expression on the protein level demonstrating that it is involved also in petal senescing. Our results suggest that LX is responding to complex regulation involving developmental, organ dependent factors and responds differently to hormonal or environmental stimuli in the different plant organs. The cloned 1.4 kb promoter was cloned and its analysis revealed that probably not all required elements for senescence induction are included. Biochemical analysis of senescence-associated be-functional nucleases in the different plants, tomato, parsley and Arabidopsis, suggests they belong to a sub-class within the type I plant nucleases. The parsley PcNUC1/2 nuclease protein was purified from senescing leaves its and activity was studied in vitro revealing endo-, double strand, nucleolytic activity and exo-nucleolytic activity. Its encoding gene was cloned and found to be induced on the mRNA level. The promoter of the related Arabidopsis BFNI nuclease was shown in both tomato and Arabidopsis to be able and direct senescence-specific expression suggesting that, at least part, the gene is regulated on the transcriptional level and that the mechanism for this senescence-specific regulation is conserved between different plants. Few plants in which the BFNI gene is mutated were identified which are subjected now to detailed analysis. Our results suggest that the senescence-related nucleic acid degrading enzymes share similarities in both function and regulation between different plants and possibly have important functions in processes un-related to senescence. Still, the function of these enzymes, at least in some cases is not essential to plant development under optimal growth conditions. We are now at the stage which permits in depth investigation of the specific functions and mode of molecular regulation of senescence-associated nucleases with the aid of the research tools developed. The isolated senescence-specific promoter, shown to be active in heterologous plant system, could be utilized in agricultural-related biotechnological applications for retardation of senescence.
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Brophy, Kenny, and Alison Sheridan, eds. Neolithic Scotland: ScARF Panel Report. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, June 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.06.2012.196.
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The main recommendations of the Panel report can be summarised as follows: The Overall Picture: more needs to be understood about the process of acculturation of indigenous communities; about the Atlantic, Breton strand of Neolithisation; about the ‘how and why’ of the spread of Grooved Ware use and its associated practices and traditions; and about reactions to Continental Beaker novelties which appeared from the 25th century. The Detailed Picture: Our understanding of developments in different parts of Scotland is very uneven, with Shetland and the north-west mainland being in particular need of targeted research. Also, here and elsewhere in Scotland, the chronology of developments needs to be clarified, especially as regards developments in the Hebrides. Lifeways and Lifestyles: Research needs to be directed towards filling the substantial gaps in our understanding of: i) subsistence strategies; ii) landscape use (including issues of population size and distribution); iii) environmental change and its consequences – and in particular issues of sea level rise, peat formation and woodland regeneration; and iv) the nature and organisation of the places where people lived; and to track changes over time in all of these. Material Culture and Use of Resources: In addition to fine-tuning our characterisation of material culture and resource use (and its changes over the course of the Neolithic), we need to apply a wider range of analytical approaches in order to discover more about manufacture and use.Some basic questions still need to be addressed (e.g. the chronology of felsite use in Shetland; what kind of pottery was in use, c 3000–2500, in areas where Grooved Ware was not used, etc.) and are outlined in the relevant section of the document. Our knowledge of organic artefacts is very limited, so research in waterlogged contexts is desirable. Identity, Society, Belief Systems: Basic questions about the organisation of society need to be addressed: are we dealing with communities that started out as egalitarian, but (in some regions) became socially differentiated? Can we identify acculturated indigenous people? How much mobility, and what kind of mobility, was there at different times during the Neolithic? And our chronology of certain monument types and key sites (including the Ring of Brodgar, despite its recent excavation) requires to be clarified, especially since we now know that certain types of monument (including Clava cairns) were not built during the Neolithic. The way in which certain types of site (e.g. large palisaded enclosures) were used remains to be clarified. Research and methodological issues: There is still much ignorance of the results of past and current research, so more effective means of dissemination are required. Basic inventory information (e.g. the Scottish Human Remains Database) needs to be compiled, and Canmore and museum database information needs to be updated and expanded – and, where not already available online, placed online, preferably with a Scottish Neolithic e-hub that directs the enquirer to all the available sources of information. The Historic Scotland on-line radiocarbon date inventory needs to be resurrected and kept up to date. Under-used resources, including the rich aerial photography archive in the NMRS, need to have their potential fully exploited. Multi-disciplinary, collaborative research (and the application of GIS modelling to spatial data in order to process the results) is vital if we are to escape from the current ‘silo’ approach and address key research questions from a range of perspectives; and awareness of relevant research outside Scotland is essential if we are to avoid reinventing the wheel. Our perspective needs to encompass multi-scale approaches, so that ScARF Neolithic Panel Report iv developments within Scotland can be understood at a local, regional and wider level. Most importantly, the right questions need to be framed, and the right research strategies need to be developed, in order to extract the maximum amount of information about the Scottish Neolithic.
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Davis, Robert E., Edna Tanne, James P. Prince, and Meir Klein. Yellow Disease of Grapevines: Impact, Pathogen Molecular Detection and Identification, Epidemiology, and Potential for Control. United States Department of Agriculture, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568792.bard.
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Grapevine yellows diseases characterized by similar symptoms have been reported in several countries including Israel, the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Australia. These diseases are among the most serious known in grapevine, but precise knowledge of the pathogens' identities and modes of their spread is needed to devise effective control stratgegies. The overall goals of this project were to develop improved molecular diagnostic procedures for detection and identification of the presumed mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) pathogens, now termed phytoplasmas, and to apply these procedures to investigate impact and spread and potential for controlling grapevine yellows diseases. In the course of this research project, increased incidence of grapevine yellows was found in Israel and the United States; the major grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel was identified and tis 16S rRNA gene characterized; leafhopper vectors of this grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel were identified; a second phytoplasma was discovered in diseased grapevines in Israel; the grapevine yellows disease in the U.S. was found to be distinct from that in Israel; grapevine yellows in Virginia, USA, was found to be caused by two different phytoplasmas; both phytoplasmas in Virginia grapevines were molecularly characterized and classified; commercial grapevines in Europe were discovered to host a phytoplasma associated with aster yellow disease in the USA, but this phytoplasma has not been found in grapevine in the USA; the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma was found to be distinct from the grapevine phytoplasmas in Israel, the United States and Europe and was described and named "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense", and weed host plants acting as potential reservoirs of the grapevine phytoplasmas were discovered. These and other findings from the project should aid in the design and development of strategies for managing the grapevine yellows disease problem.
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Rafaeli, Ada, Russell Jurenka, and Chris Sander. Molecular characterisation of PBAN-receptors: a basis for the development and screening of antagonists against Pheromone biosynthesis in moth pest species. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7695862.bard.
Full textAbstract:
The original objectives of the approved proposal included: (a) The determination of species- and tissue-specificity of the PBAN-R; (b) the elucidation of the role of juvenile hormone in gene regulation of the PBAN-R; (c) the identificationof the ligand binding domains in the PBAN-R and (d) the development of efficient screening assays in order to screen potential antagonists that will block the PBAN-R. Background to the topic: Moths constitute one of the major groups of pest insects in agriculture and their reproductive behavior is dependent on chemical communication. Sex-pheromone blends are utilised by a variety of moth species to attract conspecific mates. In most of the moth species sex-pheromone biosynthesis is under circadian control by the neurohormone, PBAN (pheromone-biosynthesis-activating neuropeptide). In order to devise ideal strategies for mating disruption/prevention, we proposed to study the interactions between PBAN and its membrane-bound receptor in order to devise potential antagonists. Major conclusions: Within the framework of the planned objectives we have confirmed the similarities between the two Helicoverpa species: armigera and zea. Receptor sequences of the two Helicoverpa spp. are 98% identical with most changes taking place in the C-terminal. Our findings indicate that PBAN or PBAN-like receptors are also present in the neural tissues and may represent a neurotransmitter-like function for PBAN-like peptides. Surprisingly the gene encoding the PBAN-receptor was also present in the male homologous tissue, but it is absent at the protein level. The presence of the receptor (at the gene- and protein-levels), and the subsequent pheromonotropic activity are age-dependent and up-regulated by Juvenile Hormone in pharate females but down-regulated by Juvenile Hormone in adult females. Lower levels of pheromonotropic activity were observed when challenged with pyrokinin-like peptides than with HezPBAN as ligand. A model of the 3D structure of the receptor was created using the X-ray structure of rhodopsin as a template after sequence alignment of the HezPBAN-R with several other GPCRs and computer simulated docking with the model predicted putative binding sites. Using in silico mutagenesis the predicted docking model was validated with experimental data obtained from expressed chimera receptors in Sf9 cells created by exchanging between the three extracellular loops of the HezPBAN-R and the Drosophila Pyrokinin-R (CG9918). The chimera receptors also indicated that the 3ʳᵈ extracellular loop is important for recognition of PBAN or Diapause hormone ligands. Implications: The project has successfully completed all the objectives and we are now in a position to be able to design and screen potential antagonists for pheromone production. The successful docking simulation-experiments encourage the use of in silico experiments for initial (high-throughput) screening of potential antagonists. However, the differential responses between the expressed receptor (Sf9 cells) and the endogenous receptor (pheromone glands) emphasize the importance of assaying lead compounds using several alternative bioassays (at the cellular, tissue and organism levels). The surprising discovery of the presence of the gene encoding the PBAN-R in the male homologous tissue, but its absence at the protein level, launches opportunities for studying molecular regulation pathways and the evolution of these GPCRs. Overall this research will advance research towards the goal of finding antagonists for this important class of receptors that might encompass a variety of essential insect functions.
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Hunter, Fraser, and Martin Carruthers. Iron Age Scotland. Society for Antiquaries of Scotland, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.193.
Full textAbstract:
The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings: Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age. Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v Landscapes and regions: Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change? Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial. Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth. Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs. Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully. Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people. The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world
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Werny, Rafaela, Marie Reich, Miranda Leontowitsch, and Frank Oswald. EQualCare Policy Report Germany : Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone. Frankfurter Forum für interdisziplinäre Alternsforschung, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/gups.69905.
Full textAbstract:
The policy review is part of the project EQualCare: Alone but connected? Digital (in)equalities in care work and generational relationships among older people living alone, a three-year international project involving four countries: Finland, Germany, Latvia and Sweden. EQualCare interrogates inequalities by gender, cultural and socio-economic background between countries, with their different demographics and policy backgrounds. As a first step into empirical analysis, the policy review aims to set the stage for a better understanding of, and policy development on, the intersections of digitalisation with intergenerational care work and care relationships of older people living alone in Germany. The policy review follows a critical approach, in which the problems policy documents address are not considered objective entities, but rather discursively produced knowledge that renders visible some parts of the problem which is to be solved as other possible perspectives are simultaneously excluded. Twenty publicly available documents were studied to analyse the processes in which definitions of care work and digital (in)equalities are circulated, translated and negotiated between the different levels of national government, regional governments and municipalities as well as other agencies in Germany. The policy review consists of two parts: a background chapter providing information on the social structure of Germany, including the historical development of Germany after the Second World War, its political structure, information on the demographic situation with a focus on the 60+ age group, and the income of this age group. In addition, the background presents the structure of work and welfare, the organisation of care for old people, and the state of digitalisation in Germany. The analysis chapter includes a description of the method used as well as an overview of the documents chosen and analysed. The focus of this chapter is on the analysis of official documents that deal with the interplay of living alone in old age, care, and digitalisation. The analysis identified four themes: firstly, ageing is framed largely as a challenge to society, whereas digitalisation is framed as a potential way to tackle social challenges, such as an ageing society. Secondly, challenges of ageing, such as need of care, are set at the individual level, requiring people to organise their care within their own families and immediate social networks, with state support following a principle of subsidiarity. Thirdly, voluntary peer support provides the basis for addressing digital support needs and strategies. Publications by lobby organisations highlight the important work done by voluntary peer support for digital training and the benefits this approach has; they also draw attention to the over-reliance on this form of unpaid support and call for an increase in professional support in ensuring all older people are supported in digital life. Fourthly, ageing as a hinderance to participation in digital life is seen as an interim challenge among younger old people already online.