Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Organic destiny'

My project reflects upon our body's impermanence and our efforts to balance the enormity of the concept of mortality with living every day. It investigates the condition of being that one cannot permit oneself to know too often, that is, the condition of, inhabiting a body through which one engages meaningfully with the world as a conscious being, but aware that this body will die. Within this framework, I investigate concepts of consciousness, sentience, and impermanence. These are concepts that are not clearly delineated in experience. There is a need to grasp them by means of other concepts that are understood in clearer terms. Using the quotidian experiences of food preparation, eating and the domestic as metaphorical tools, I delve into these themes. As I worked with these ideas the wider possibilities, both material and conceptual became evident. I expanded the initial medium of food to encompass personal objects and daily bodily processes in my attempt to probe complicated feelings about the impermanence of my own body. The project matured into a closer examination of what could be read as signs in every day life, of my body's vulnerability to death. The specific areas of focus are: Skin, Reanimation of the inanimate, Mouth, Concepts of the internal, Organs, Offal, Transmogrification, Organic destiny. Beginning with the skin that we are encased in, I used my body as an armature to produce a facsimile of my own hollowed-out empty skin. In Reanimation of the inanimate, I explore the continuum from preserved food to fermented food investigating the development from food as organic material whose life had passed to food as organic material in which change is an indicator of ongoing life. In the section titled Mouth, I consider the concept of exploring the world with one's mouth and the notion of anti-food. Introduced in Concepts of the internal are three investigations of the internal human body: anatomical illustrations from the sixteenth century, a cinematic portrayal from 1966 that has included in its subtext a spiritual journey, and a current project in which the internal human body is seen as purely scientific data. In Organs I investigate the idea of ingesting 'properties of character' that can be culturally associated with internal organs and the possibility that such characteristics could permeate the person ingesting them. In the section titled Offal, I propose that the polarity of life and death inherent in food is most evident when eating a meal of offal. In Transmogrificaation, I consider the conundrum of my internal organs, that is, they are mine in fact they are 'me' and at the same time they are foreign to me. In this section, I also investigate the concept of my body as a conduit with the ability to transport and transform matter. Finally, in Organic destiny I posit the notion that as bodies we are an ongoing process, an accumulation of matter built up over time and that we are small participants in a much bigger phenomenon.

My project reflects upon our body's impermanence and our efforts to balance the enormity of the concept of mortality with living every day. It investigates the condition of being that one cannot permit oneself to know too often, that is, the condition of, inhabiting a body through which one engages meaningfully with the world as a conscious being, but aware that this body will die. Within this framework, I investigate concepts of consciousness, sentience, and impermanence. These are concepts that are not clearly delineated in experience. There is a need to grasp them by means of other concepts that are understood in clearer terms. Using the quotidian experiences of food preparation, eating and the domestic as metaphorical tools, I delve into these themes. As I worked with these ideas the wider possibilities, both material and conceptual became evident. I expanded the initial medium of food to encompass personal objects and daily bodily processes in my attempt to probe complicated feelings about the impermanence of my own body. The project matured into a closer examination of what could be read as signs in every day life, of my body's vulnerability to death. The specific areas of focus are: Skin, Reanimation of the inanimate, Mouth, Concepts of the internal, Organs, Offal, Transmogrification, Organic destiny. Beginning with the skin that we are encased in, I used my body as an armature to produce a facsimile of my own hollowed-out empty skin. In Reanimation of the inanimate, I explore the continuum from preserved food to fermented food investigating the development from food as organic material whose life had passed to food as organic material in which change is an indicator of ongoing life. In the section titled Mouth, I consider the concept of exploring the world with one's mouth and the notion of anti-food. Introduced in Concepts of the internal are three investigations of the internal human body: anatomical illustrations from the sixteenth century, a cinematic portrayal from 1966 that has included in its subtext a spiritual journey, and a current project in which the internal human body is seen as purely scientific data. In Organs I investigate the idea of ingesting 'properties of character' that can be culturally associated with internal organs and the possibility that such characteristics could permeate the person ingesting them. In the section titled Offal, I propose that the polarity of life and death inherent in food is most evident when eating a meal of offal. In Transmogrificaation, I consider the conundrum of my internal organs, that is, they are mine in fact they are 'me' and at the same time they are foreign to me. In this section, I also investigate the concept of my body as a conduit with the ability to transport and transform matter. Finally, in Organic destiny I posit the notion that as bodies we are an ongoing process, an accumulation of matter built up over time and that we are small participants in a much bigger phenomenon.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Queensland College of Art
Full Text

Le but de cette étude est d'obtenir de nouveaux matériaux polymères photostucturables pour l'enregistrement holographique. La première partie de ce travail a été consacrée à la synthèse radicalaire de copolymères carbazoliques à base d'unités carbazolylméthacylates espacées par des groupements octylméthacrylates, puis à leur purification et enfin à leur caractérisation. Une analyse approfondie de leur comportement photochimique a été menée à des longueurs d'onde d'irradiation supérieures à 300 nm représentatives du vieillissement naturel. Une étude des mécanismes photochimiques mis en jeu sous irradiation laser à 405 nm (longueur d'onde utilisée pour l'enregistrement holographique) a ensuite été réalisée avec des copolymères dopés avec de l'iodoforme. Enfin, la faisabilité des enregistrements holographiques a pu être démontrée sous irradiation laser à 480 et 532 nm en dopant les copolymères avec de la trinitrofluorénone

Em regiões agrícolas próximas dos grandes centros urbanos e onde há o uso intensivo de recursos naturais, em especial do solo, a reciclagem para fins agrícolas de lodos de esgotos aparece como alternativa promissora. Contudo, a sustentabilidade dessa prática deve ser avaliada, ainda mais se considerado a escassez de informações sobre possíveis impactos ambientais em áreas tropicais. Com esse objetivo esse trabalho avaliou os efeitos da adição de lodo de esgoto em dois solos, Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico e Latossolo Vermelho distrófico, coletados no 7º ano de um experimento em campo, instalado em 1997 na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias da Unesp, em Jaboticabal-SP. O lodo de esgoto foi proveniente da Estação de Tratamento de Esgoto da Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo, em Barueri-SP. Para observar os efeitos da adição do lodo de esgoto foram analisados os ácidos húmicos extraídos dos solos utilizando absorção de radiação no UV-Visível, infravermelho com transformada de Fourier, ressonância magnética nuclear, ressonância paramagnética eletrônica, fluorescência e análise elementar. Para a análise do solo intacto utilizou-se a fluorescência induzida por laser, e para as frações físicas e químicas a emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. Experimentos de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier e ressonância magnética nuclear forneceram espectros com bandas características de grupos alifáticos para o ácido húmico extraído do lodo, comprovando seu alto grau de alifaticidade. O nível de radicais livres do tipo semiquinona determinado por ressonância paramagnética eletrônica diminuiu significativamente para os solos submetidos à adição de lodo. Dados de fluorescência utilizando diferentes metodologias (Zolnay et al., 1999; Milori et al., 2002; Kalbitz et al., 1999) e fluorescência induzida por laser, de amostras de solo intacto, apresentaram comportamento similar. De forma geral, os resultados obtidos por análises espectroscópicas mostraram à incorporação de compostos menos humificados, com um alto grau de alifaticidade e baixo grau de aromaticidade. A análise de metais em solos tratados com lodo de esgoto em algumas situações não tem evidenciado o aumento destes elementos, mesmo quando o lodo apresenta níveis superiores aos valores encontrados no solo. Assim fica a pergunta, onde e como estão os metais pesados oriundos do lodo e que deveriam ser detectados em níveis maiores nos solos tratados. Neste trabalho procuramos ampliar as avaliações para além dos procedimentos convencionais com análises das frações físicas e químicas. Os metais pesados estudados foram: Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Co, Mn, Mo, V e Zn. Os resultados obtidos mostraram maior afinidade dos metais pelas frações físicas de menor tamanho (argila e silte fino). Contudo, maiores teores de metais foram observados nas frações químicas do solo, sugerindo maior poder de complexação das substâncias húmicas do solo. A concentração de Zn observada na água de lavagem da humina foi superior a encontrada na fração humina, mostrando maior afinidade desse metal pela matéria orgânica dissolvida. Esse resultado é importante, pois evidencia a perda desse metal durante o processo de fracionamento químico, visto que essa água é descartada. As frações de ácido fúlvico 1 e 2 apresentaram concentrações significativas de metais, principalmente Cd, Cu, Mn e Zn, sendo as maiores encontradas para o ácido fúlvico 1. O ácido húmico, devido a grande quantidade de grupos reativos (carboxílicos e fenólicos), mostrou ser um forte agente complexante de metais. Esses resultados indicam diferente afinidade dos metais pelas frações físicas e químicas do solo, ressaltando a importância do estudo do destino dos metais nas diferentes frações do solo.
In agricultural regions near big urban areas and where the intensive use of natural resources exists, in particular of the soil, recycling sewage sludge with agricultural finality appears as a promising alternative. However, the sustainability of this practice needs to be further assessed, even more so when considering there is lack of information on environmental impacts in tropical areas. The present work evaluated the effects of sewage sludge addition to two soils, Rhodic Eutrodox and Rhodic Hapludox by FAO Taxonomy) colleted from a field experiment, installed in 1997 in the city of Jaboticabal, São Paulo State. Sewage sludge was obtained from the Barueri sewage sludge treatment plant, located in the metropolitan region of São Paulo State, Brazil, operated by the Basic Sanitation Company of the State of São Paulo. In order to observe the effects of the sewage sludge addition, the humic acids extracted from soils were analyzed by absorption of ultraviolet and visible radiation, Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, eletronic paramagnetic resonance, fluorescence and elementar analyses. To analyse the intact soil laser induced fluorescence was used, and for physics and chemical inductively coupled plasma atomic emission was used. The results obtained by Fourier transformed infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance showed spectra with characteristic bands from aliphaticity groups for humic acid from sewage sludge, confirming their high aliphacitity degree. The level of the semiquinona free radicals determined by electronic paramagnetic resonance decreased for soils under sewage sludge application. Data from fluorescence utilizing different methodologies (Zolnay et al., 1999; Milori et al., 2002; Kalbitz et al., 1999) and laser induced fluorescence, from intact soil, showed similar results. In a general manner, the results obtained for spectroscopy analyses showed incorporation of less humified compounds, with high aliphaticity degree and lower aromaticity degree. Analyses of the metals in soils under sewage sludge application in some cases have not evidenced the increase of these elements, even when the sewage show higher levels to those found in the soils. Thus, the question remains, where and how are the heavy metals from sewage sludge? Which, should have been detected in higher levels in soils under sewage sludge application? The objective of this work was to amplify the valuations beyond the conventional proceedings with analyses of physics and chemical fractions. The heavy metals studied were: Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Co, Mn, Mo, V and Zn. The results obtained showed higher affinity of metals for physical fractions that have smaller size (clay and fine silt). However, higher heavy metals concentrations were observed in the chemical fractions of the soils, due to higher complexity power of the humic substances of soils. The Zn concentration observed in the water of the humin wash was higher than what was observed in the humina fraction, showing higher affinity of this metal for dissolved organic matter. This result is important, because it evidences the loss of this metal during the extraction process of the humic substances, since this water is discarded. The fractions of fulvic acids 1 and 2 showed significative concentrations of the metals, mainly Cd, Cu, Mn and Zn, being that the biggest were for humic acids, because the most quantity of the reactive groups (charboxilics and phenolics), showed to be a strong complex agent of the metals. Such results indicate different affinity of metals for physics and chemical fractions from soils, emphasizing the importance of the study of the course of heavy metals in the different fractions of the soil.

The Open Ocean has been recognized as playing a key role on global dynamics of pollutants due to its large coverage of the planet surface, its high degradation potential and its sink and accumulation capacities towards anthropogenic chemicals. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of measurements of contaminants in the Open Ocean lower atmosphere, water column and trophic chain as a result of its remoteness and wide spatial reach. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are an important class of chemical contaminants due to their particular characteristics such as persistency, bioaccumulation potential, high toxicity and long range environmental transport capacity. Even though previous studies report their occurrence in the marine environment, the processes and magnitude of their fate, transport and sinks in the Open Ocean remain uncharacterized. In this Thesis two groups of organic contaminants have been selected in order to study POPs dynamics and fate in the oceanic environment. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants generated during incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and organic matter, but as well coming from petrogenic and biogenic natural sources. PAHs are semivolatile and highly mobile between the atmosphere and aqueous systems. Perfluoroalkylated substances (PFASs) are anthropogenic halogenated pollutants, recently developed for industrial and consumer goods usage. They are extremely persistent and exhibit higher solubility and lower hydrophobicity than most POPs, which makes them prone to be found in aqueous matrixes. During the Malaspina 2010 circumnavigation cruise across the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans (35°N- 40°S), 64 PAHs were measured in the gas, aerosol, rainwater, dissolved, particulate and plankton matrixes, and 11 PFASs were quantified in dissolved phase at surface and deep chlorophyll maximum depth seawater. Degradation and atmospheric deposition of PAHs was assessed for dry deposition, wet deposition and diffusive air-water exchange, suggesting approaches for their global estimation, and proposing a global budget for PFAS, PAHs, and other semivolatile aromatic-like compounds, and their effect in the carbon global cycle. Dry deposition was obtained by direct measurements on board and parametrized for the whole tropical and subtropical Ocean; wet deposition was quantified from the precipitation rainwater gathered during the cruise; and diffusive exchange was calculated from the measured PAHs concentrations in the gas and dissolved phases, concurrently with the environmental parameters affecting volatilization and absorption (temperature, wind speed, salinity, dissolved organic carbon among others). Moreover, vertical distribution processes and influencing parameters in the surface mixed layer of the water column were assessed for PAHs and PFASs. Processes evaluated for PAHs include the vertical fluxes associated to the organic matter sinking (biological pump), biomass dilution, planktonic degradation, and air-water-particle exchange. For PFASs, the biological pump and eddy diffusive fluxes (based on turbulence eddy diffusion coefficients measured concurrently to the PFASs sampling) were assessed empirically for the first time in literature. The analysis of the complex feedback established between atmospheric depositional fluxes and the diffusive, degradative and biological pumps fluxes in the marine water column at a global scale is also covered. Furthermore, a wide array of understudied environmental parameters are reviewed as plausible factors affecting POPs fate in the Open Ocean, and a proposal of the research directions to follow and missing gaps to be filled is done. Amongst the innovative outcomes of this study, it can be highlighted the comprehensive sampling covering the tropical and subtropical global oceans, and the large amount of experimentally determined processes and influencing factors in order to better understand the global fate of chemical organic pollutants in the Open Ocean.
El Océano Abierto está reconocido como un ambiente clave en la dinámica global de la contaminación debido a que representa un gran porcentaje de la superficie terrestre, su alto potencial de degradación y su capacidad como sumidero de sustancias químicas antropogénicas. En esta Tesis dos grupos de contaminantes orgánicos han sido seleccionados para ilustrar la dinámica de los COP y su destino en el medio ambiente oceánico: los hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs) y las sustancias perfluoroalquiladas (PFASs). Durante la campaña de circunnavegación Malaspina 2010 a través de los océanos Atlántico, Pacífico e Índico (35°N- 40°S), se midieron 64 PAHs en las matrices gas, aerosol, agua de lluvia, disuelto, particulado y en el plancton; y 11 PFAS se cuantificaron en la fase disuelta de agua marina superficial y de la profundidad del máximo de clorofila. La degradación y la deposición atmosférica de los PAHs se evaluaron mediante las medidas de deposición seca, deposición húmeda e intercambio difusivo aire-agua, sugiriéndose métodos para su cuantificación global y proponiéndose un cómputo global para estos contaminantes y otros compuestos semivolátiles aromáticos, así como su efecto en el ciclo del carbono. Asimismo, se midieron los procesos de distribución vertical y los parámetros que afectan a las concentraciones de PAHs y PFASs en la capa de mezcla superficial de la columna de agua. Los procesos examinados para PAHs incluyen los flujos verticales asociados con la sedimentación de materia orgánica (bomba biológica), la biodilución, la degradación planctónica, y el equilibrio aire-agua-partícula. Para las PFASs, la bomba biológica y los flujos difusivos turbulentos (basados en medidas de los coeficientes de difusión turbulenta simultáneas con el muestreo de PFASs) fueron medidos empíricamente por primera vez en la literatura. El análisis de los complejos efectos retroactivos establecidos entre los flujos de deposición y los procesos de degradación, difusión y la bomba biológica a escala global también ha sido abordado. De la misma forma, un amplio espectro de parámetros ambientales se ha revisado para dilucidar posibles factores que pudieran afectar al destino de los COP en el Océano Abierto, y se proponen una serie de líneas de investigación y necesidades prioritarias para su futura investigación.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq)
Este trabalho buscou investigar a atua??o de organiza??es n?o governamentais (ONGs) na educa??o de crian?as e adolescentes no munic?pio de Jo?o Pessoa/PB. O estudo foi desenvolvido com sete organiza??es em seis bairros da cidade, a partir de entrevistas, observa??es e leitura dos projetos pedag?gicos. As ONGs, situadas em comunidades em situa??o de vulnerabilidade, desenvolvem a??es de forma??o com o p?blico infanto-juvenil complementando o ensino formal. A atua??o dessas institui??es sem fins lucrativos se configura como uma estrat?gia, especialmente no novo mil?nio, de combater a pobreza com a educa??o por meio da inclus?o social e qualifica??o para o trabalho. Para tanto, compartilham dessa responsabilidade o Estado, o privado e a sociedade. A perspectiva de an?lise desse estudo se deu a partir da constru??o de categorias relacionadas com a literatura. Os resultados apontam que a cidadania ? o principal foco do trabalho desenvolvido por meio de atividades nas ?reas de artes e cultura. A concep??o de educa??o se fundamenta na perspectiva de transforma??o em n?vel individual, atrav?s de inser??o social, melhoria de vida e compreens?o da realidade. A luta pelos direitos sociais constitu?dos na sociedade ? uma das bandeiras das organiza??es. Na pr?tica, atividades l?dicas e recreativas s?o realizadas em todas as ONGs e, em algumas, h? tamb?m o desenvolvimento de um trabalho reflexivo e cr?tico. Conclui-se que o trabalho das ONGs ? significativo para as crian?as e adolescentes atendidas, por terem acesso a conhecimentos e ao desenvolvimento de capacidades e habilidades art?sticas. Dessa forma, as mudan?as que as ONGs conseguem produzir acontecem atrav?s de uma educa??o que visa auxiliar no processo de empoderamento e criticidade do p?blico atendido. No entanto, limites do trabalho foram encontrados no que se refere ? dist?ncia entre o prescrito no projeto pedag?gico e o que acontece na pr?tica e nos desafios quanto ? sustenta??o dos projetos das ONGs.
This work aimed to investigate the role of non - governmental organizations (NGOs) in the education of children and adolescents in the municipality of Jo?o Pessoa/PB. The study was developed with seven organizations in six districts of the city, from interviews, observations and reading of pedagogical projects. NGOs, located in communities in vulnerable situations, develop training actions with the children and youths complementing formal education. The performance of these non-profit institutions is a strategy, especially in the new millennium, to combat poverty through education by means of social inclusion and job qualification. To this end, the State, the private sector and society share this responsibility. The analysis perspective of this study was based on the construction of categories related to literature. The results indicate that citizenship is the main focus of the work developed, through activities in the areas of arts and culture. The conception of education is based on the perspective of transformation at the individual level, through social insertion, improvement of life and understanding of the reality. The fight for social rights constituted in society is one of the flags of the organizations. In practice, recreational and playful activities are carried out in all NGOs, and in some, there is also the development of reflective and critical work. It is concluded that the work of NGOs is significant for the children and adolescents served, because they have access to knowledge and the development of artistic skills and abilities. In this way, the changes that the NGOs can produce take place through an education that aims to help the process of empowerment and criticality of the public served. However, the limits of the work were found regarding the distance between what is prescribed in the pedagogical project and what happens in practice and in the challenges regarding the sustainability of NGO projects.

Cette etude a ete consacree a la realisation d'un compteur proportionnel au tissu biologique. Ce detecteur sensible aux neutrons et aux gamma, est destine a mesurer l'equivalent de dose dans le cadre de la radioprotection. L'analyse microdosimetrique des impulsions permet de calculer la dose absorbee et le facteur de qualite, en faisant eventuellement la discrimination entre les deux types de particules

L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est l'élaboration d'une photodiode organique (OPD) destinée à être intégrée dans un biocapteur. Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre plus général de l'étude et de l'amélioration de composants organiques impliqués dans des microsystèmes de détection visant à surveiller la pollution de l'eau. Le besoin d'évaluation et de suivi de la qualité de l'eau suscite un grand intérêt pour des systèmes de détection portables de polluants ayant une réponse rapide et de faible coût. Le principe de la mesure repose sur la détection des variations de fluorescence de micro-algues en présence de substances toxiques. Excitées grâce à une diode électroluminescente (LED) bleue, les algues vont émettre un signal de fluorescence dont l'intensité, modifiée en présence de polluant (Diuron), est détectée par l'OPD optimisée. Le signal de fluorescence à détecter étant très faible, l'OPD idéale doit avoir un faible courant d'obscurité et une grande sensibilité. Cela passe par un choix judicieux des matériaux semi-conducteurs organiques (OSC) entrant dans l'élaboration de la couche active du composant. Pour accompagner le choix des matériaux, il est intéressant d'explorer leurs propriétés physico-chimiques tout en essayant de rationaliser les mécanismes mis en jeu au sein de ces matériaux lorsqu'ils sont utilisés dans l'élaboration d'OPD (phénomènes d'absorption de photons, mécanismes de transport de charges, et pertes associées aux recombinaisons de charges). Cette thèse s'articule autour de deux axes. Le premier axe consiste en une étude théorique qui vise à comprendre et à maitriser l'échange des charges à l'échelle nanométrique par des caractérisations optiques et des calculs de chimie quantique basés sur des méthodes DFT et TD-DFT. L'étude sur un système modèle (le P3HT) a permis d'établir un protocole de calcul très prometteur pour l'étude des propriétés de matériau d'intérêt, en particulier le PTB7. Le second axe est un volet à caractère expérimental. L'élaboration, la caractérisation et l'optimisation d'OPD à base de PTB7 : PC60BM a permis de concevoir un biocapteur algal apte à détecter le Diuron à des concentrations de l'ordre du nanomolaire
The aim of this thesis is to develop an organic photodiode (OPD) designed to be integrated into a biosensor. It is part of the broader framework of studying and improving organic components involved into devices devoted to water pollution monitoring. The need for such portable, fast-response, low-cost microsystems is of great interest. The measurement is based on the fluorescence detection of micro-algae under toxic substances exposure. The excited algae, under a blue light emitting diode (LED), will emit a fluorescence signal whose intensity, modified because of pollutant exposure (Diuron), is detected by the OPD. Since the fluorescence signal is very weak, the ideal OPD must have a low dark current and a high sensitivity. To achieve this performance, a judicious choice of organic semiconductor materials (OSC) used for the OPD is required. In addition, it is interesting to investigate their physico-chemical properties by rationalizing the mechanisms involved in the active layer (photon absorption phenomena, charge transport mechanisms, and losses associated with charge recombinations). This thesis is based on two axes. The first one consists in a theoretical study of the charge exchanges at a nanoscale. This have been done by both optical characterizations and quantum chemistry calculations based on DFT and TD-DFT methods. Calculations were performed on a model system (P3HT) thus providing the basis for a very promising computational protocol for studying the properties of materials of interest, for instance PTB7. The second axis concerns the experimental study of the OPD based on PTB7:PC60BM. We have developed, characterized and optimized an OPD guarantying the detection of algal fluorescence without and with Diuron at about nanomolar concentrations

La réduction de la contamination du circuit primaire des réacteurs à eau pressurisée est une préoccupation constante de l'industrie nucléaire. Une part importante de cette contamination provient du stellite, alliage base cobalt, utilisé comme revêtement dur dans les vannes de barrage du circuit primaire. L'objectif de cette étude est de qualifier des revêtements sans cobalt pour la substitution du stellite. Les revêtements étudiés peuvent être classés en trois catégories : les revêtements fins à base de chrome carbone déposés par PVD, les revêtements semi-épais déposés par détonation canon et constitués de 65% à 95% de CR3C2 et/ou WC liés par une matrice nickel chrome et enfin les revêtements épais déposés par PTA et constitués de 10% à 30% de TIC ou de NBC dans les matrices d'INCONEL 625 ou de NITRONIC 60. Ces revêtements ont été caractérisés en corrosion, en chocs thermiques et en frottement. La sollicitation la plus contraignante étant le frottement, La tribologie à constitué la majeure partie de ce travail. Deux bancs d'essais ont permis de tester ces revêtements : l'un, un tribomètre Pions/Barreau a permis de tester la tenue des revêtements et l'autre, simulant le fonctionnement d'une vanne à opercule dans les conditions de fonctionnement de pression et de température du circuit primaire des REP (160 BAR et 350C) a permis une qualification des revêtements dans les conditions réelles. A l'issus de ces essais, seuls les revêtements semi-épais offrent des nuances pouvant concurrencer les stellites

La greffe de cornée a connu plusieurs évolutions, du cadre législatif de l’activité de prélèvement, aux indications et techniques chirurgicales. L’historique allogreffe fraîche a laissé place à l’eye banking permettant des contrôles qualité et sécurité pendant la conservation des greffons. L’hypothermie à 4°C ou l’organoculture, deux mondes de conservation passive diamétralement opposés, co-habitent depuis presque 50 ans, sans pouvoir apporter de solution optimale pour les patients. Dans un contexte de besoins croissants en greffons et d’une pénurie globale déjà importante, le laboratoire BiiGC a proposé un concept innovant : une conservation active grâce à un bioréacteur cornéen.Notre travail de thèse a différents objectifs : 1/ présenter l’état de l’art de la chaîne de la greffe de cornée ; 2/ décrire notre contribution à l’évolution de ce bioréacteur, comparé au gold standard l’organoculture, d’abord sur 1 mois puis sur 3 mois, démontrant sur une large série de cornées humaines, l’ apport majeur du dispositif pour l’eye banking : plus de greffons disponibles et de meilleure qualité, une souplesse logistique plus importante pour les banques de cornées. L’industrialisation du bioréacteur prend donc tout son sens. Le bioréacteur préservant un état cornéen quasi in vivo jusqu’à 3 mois, ouvre le champ des possibles en utilisation préclinique ; 3/ rapporter l’activité nouvelle et spécifique réalisée par les coordonnateurs, avec un double rôle majeur pour l’activité de greffe et la recherche préclinique grâce aux dons ciblés, permettant des expérimentations avec des cornées fraîches comparables à celles greffées
Corneal transplantation has undergone several changes, from the legislative framework of the retrieval activity to the indications & the surgical techniques. The historic fresh allograft has given way to eye banking which allows quality and safety controls during the storage of corneal grafts. Hypothermia at 4°C or organoculture, two diametrically opposed passive conservation worlds, have coexisted for almost 50 years, without being able to provide an optimal solution for patients. In a context of growing graft needs and an already significant global shortage, the BiiGC laboratory proposed a breakthrough : an active storage thanks to a corneal bioreactor.Our thesis work has different aims : 1/ to present the state of the art of the corneal transplant chain ; 2/ to describe our contribution to the evolution of this bioreactor or active storage machine, compared to the gold standard organoculture, over 1 month then over 3 months, demonstrating on a large preclinical series of human corneal pairs the major contribution of the bioreactor to eye banking: more grafts available, better tissue quality and greater logistical flexibility for the eyebanks. The industrialization of our device thus makes sense. The bioreactor maintining a corneal state in vivo-like for up to 3 months, opens the field of possibilities for preclinical use ; 3/ to report the new and specific activity carried out by the coordinators, with a major dual role for the transplant activity, and the preclinical research thanks to targeted donation allowing experiments with fresh corneas comparable to those transplanted

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências- Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ.
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar as condições atuais do impacto da cana-de-açúcar nos sedimentos superficiais do Sistema Lagunar Mundaú- Manguaba, estado de Alagoas, litoral nordeste do Brasil. Nas ultimas três décadas, aproximadamente metade das bacias de drenagem no entorno do sistema estiveram cobertas por lavouras de cana. A utilização de marcadores geoquímicos orgânicos na determinação da origem da matéria orgânica tem-se mostrado uma ferramenta importante na avaliação da magnitude da poluição de sistemas lagunares por atividades agrícolas. Análises da composição elementar do carbono e nitrogênio orgânico (razão C:N) e isotópica do carbono (d13C), associadas à determinação de carboidratos e ligninas foram realizadas em 30 amostras de sedimentos totais ao longo das duas lagunas, canais e principais rios, bem como nas frações fina e grossa dos sedimentos. Além disso, foram analisadas 8 amostras de solo, procurando abranger todos os estágios de plantio da cana. A distribuição dos compostos analisados evidenciou a compartimentação do sistema em setores distintos, sugerindo que ocorram diferentes padrões de produção, introdução e degradação de matéria orgânica em cada região. De uma maneira geral, os valores de C:N e d13C indicam a presença de material autóctone nas partes centrais das lagunas e nos canais, a influência de fontes terrestres nos rios e uma mistura entre os dois tipos de material nas saídas dos rios. Nas amostras de solo foram verificadas o sinal característico de plantas C4, como a cana, com d13C próximo a -15‰ e razão C:N de 16, em média. A baixa razão C:N dos solos pode ser resultado, principalmente, da introdução de fertilizantes nitrogenados. As razões carboidrato:carbono foram mais elevadas nos solos e rios, indicando a presença de material vegetal. Da mesma forma, as maiores concentrações de ligninas (?) foram encontradas nas desembocaduras dos rios, evidenciando o aporte de material terrestre nesses locais. A distribuição das razões dos grupos fenólicos (S/V e C/V) não se mostrou muito distinta entre as estações, mas na maioria das amostras apresentou valores elevados da razão C/V, indicando a contribuição de angiospermas não lenhosas, tais como a cana, na composição de ligninas. Foi verificada a evidência de contribuição alóctone nas partes medianas das lagunas, mas os altos valores da relação entre as formas ácida e aldeídica do grupo vanilina [(Ad/Al)v] identificam o estágio avançado da degradação desse material, mascarando sinais específicos da cana. A entrada de matéria orgânica nas lagunas contribui para o aumento da produtividade primária, fato evidenciado pelas maiores concentrações de carboidratos nas regiões centrais. De uma maneira geral, as frações finas apresentaram-se enriquecidas em carbono e carboidratos, enquanto que valores elevados de ligninas e C:N, associados a valores de d13C mais leves, indicam que a fração grossa dos rios e região montante das lagunas é constituída principalmente por fragmentos vegetais. Os rios Paraíba do Meio e Mundaú apresentaram maior participação de cana em seus sedimentos, com 44% e 39%, respectivamente, enquanto que o rio Sumaúma apresenta aproximadamente 15% de cana em sua estação após a usina. O material lixiviado das bacias de drenagem provavelmente já é introduzido nos rios bastante processado, devido ao constante revolvimento e manejo dos solos.
This work aims to evaluate the actual conditions of sugar cane impact on the superficial sediments of Mundaú-Manguaba Lagoon System, State of Alagoas, Northeastern Brazil. During the last three decades, almost half of catchments areas around the system have been covered by sugar cane crops. Organic geochemistry tracers are currently used for the determination of organic matter origin as important tools for the pollution evaluation in lagoon systems affected by agricultural activities. Organic carbon and nitrogen analysis (ratio C:N), carbon isotopic analysis and carbohydrates and lignins determination were performed among 30 samples of course and fine fractions from two lagoons, channels and main rivers. Eight soil samples were also analyzed in order to represent all sugar cane cultivation stages. The compounds distribution showed the system partition to distinct sectors suggesting that different patterns of organic matter production, introduction and degradation occur in each regions. Overall, C:N e d13C values indicate presence of autochthonous material along central parts of lagoons and channels, influence of terrigenous source in rivers and a mixture of both materials at rivers outlets. The characteristic signal of C4 plants like sugar cane, were found in soil samples: d13C near to -15‰ and C:N ratio average 16. Lower C:N ratios may result, mainly, from the introduction of nitrogen fertilizers. Carbohydrate:carbon ratios were higher in soil and rivers, which indicate the presence of vegetal fragments. In the same way, higher lignin (?) concentrations were found at rivers outlets, showing the input of terrigenous sources at these locations. The distribution of phenoic groups ratios (S/V e C/V) were not significantly distinct between samples, but most of them had high values of C/V ratio, which indicates the contribution of non-woody angiosperms to lignins composition. There is an evidence of alochthonous contribution at median sectors, but high values of the acid:aldehyde ratios of vanillyl group [(Ad/Al)v] able the identification of advanced degradation stage of this material, hiding the specific signature of sugar cane. The input of organic matter in the lagoons improves the primary production, as showed by higher concentrations of carbohydrates in central sectors. In general, fine fractions had higher carbon and carbohydrate content. Meanwhile, higher values of lignins and C:N associated with lighter values of d13C indicate that the course fraction from rivers and month lagoons sector is constituted mainly by vegetal fragments. Paraíba do Meio and Mundaú rivers sediments presented higher sugar cane content, with 44% and 39% respectively, while sugar cane content was close to 15% in the station close to the plant in Sumaúma River. The leaching material from the cachtment area already reaches the rivers in a highlyprocessed form due to the constant mixture and management of the soils.

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A fragilidade brasileira quanto ? competitividade tur?stica ? um fato observ?vel nos dados da Organiza??o Mundial do Turismo. O Brasil caiu em 2011, da 45? para a 52? posi??o, apesar de liderar no atributo recursos naturais e estar colocado na 23? em recursos culturais. Assim, grandes interesses e esfor?os t?m sido direcionados para o estudo da competitividade dos produtos e destinos tur?sticos. O destino tur?stico ? caracterizado por um conjunto complexo e articulado de fatores tang?veis e intang?veis, apresentando alta complexidade, dados de elevada dimensionalidade, n?o linearidade e comportamento din?mico, tornando-se dif?cil a modelagem desses processos por meio de abordagens baseadas em t?cnicas estat?sticas cl?ssicas. Esta tese investigou modelos de equa??es estruturais e seus algoritmos, aplicados nesta ?rea, analisando o ciclo completo de an?lise de dados, em um processo confirmat?rio no desenvolvimento e avalia??o de um modelo hol?stico da satisfa??o do turista; na valida??o da estrutura do modelo de medida e do modelo estrutural, por meio de testes de invari?ncia de m?ltiplos grupos; na an?lise comparativa dos m?todos de estima??o MLE, GLS e ULS para a modelagem da satisfa??o e na realiza??o de segmenta??o de mercado no setor de destino tur?stico utilizando mapas auto-organiz?veis de Kohonen e sua valida??o com modelagem de equa??es estruturais. Aplica??es foram feitas em an?lises de dados no setor de turismo, principal ind?stria de servi?os do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, tendo sido, teoricamente desenvolvidos e testados empiricamente, modelos de equa??es estruturais em padr?es comportamentais de destino tur?stico. Os resultados do estudo emp?rico se basearam em pesquisas com a t?cnica de amostragem aleat?ria sistem?tica, efetuadas em Natal-RN, entre Janeiro e Mar?o de 2013 e forneceram evid?ncias sustent?veis de que o modelo te?rico proposto ? satisfat?rio, com elevada capacidade explicativa e preditiva, sendo a satisfa??o o antecedente mais importante da lealdade no destino. Al?m disso, a satisfa??o ? mediadora entre a gera??o da motiva??o da viagem e a lealdade do destino e que os turistas buscam primeiro ? satisfa??o com a qualidade dos servi?os de turismo e, posteriormente, com os aspectos que influenciam a lealdade. Contribui??es acad?micas e gerenciais s?o mostradas e sugest?es de estudo s?o dadas para trabalhos futuros.

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Dentre os in?meros fatores inerentes aos pa?ses para seu desenvolvimento tur?stico, o marketing configura-se como fator desafiador para criar marcas para seus destinos. A execu??o do marketing de um destino ? normalmente desenvolvida por empresas, conhecidas na literatura como Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs), e um dos trabalhos que s?o realizados por elas consiste na avalia??o da efic?cia da promo??o tur?stica empreendida. O presente estudo centrou-se na avalia??o da efic?cia da promo??o tur?stica do estado de Sergipe, especialmente pelo fato de o estado ser um destino em consolida??o no turismo nacional, mas que nos ?ltimos anos vem sofrendo um decr?scimo nos investimentos em promo??o, devido a fatores pol?ticos e econ?micos. Para tanto, nesta pesquisa, caracterizada como descritiva e explorat?ria, com abordagem quantitativa, foi utilizado o modelo mais recente referente a efic?cia da promo??o tur?stica: o Destination Advertising Response (DAR) Model, difundido por Stienmetz, Maxcy e Fesenmaier (2015), com a finalidade de analisar dados sobre a efic?cia de campanhas promocionais atrav?s do planejamento de viagem e gastos realizados pelos visitantes em seis facetas: passagens, hospedagem, atrativos, refei??es, eventos e compras. Foram coletados 384 question?rios e, por meio de estat?sticas descritivas, foi poss?vel tra?ar o perfil sociodemogr?fico dos respondentes. Atrav?s da an?lise de correla??o, foram identificadas as percep??es dos respondentes em rela??o aos materiais promocionais do estado. Com o uso do teste de compara??o de m?dias para amostras independentes, e as an?lises de regress?o m?ltipla, foi poss?vel identificar que, de modo geral, a promo??o tur?stica empreendida tem sido eficaz para cinco facetas de viagem, n?o sendo eficaz para a faceta ?Passagens?. Por outro lado, para os visitantes de ag?ncias f?sicas a promo??o de atrativos n?o se mostrou eficaz, ao passo que para os visitantes de ag?ncias virtuais a n?o efic?cia foi verificada na faceta ?Hospedagem?, e para os auto planejadores nas facetas ?Refei??es? e ?Compras?. Tais resultados contribu?ram para serem inferidas recomenda??es a fim de readequar o planejamento promocional do turismo do estado.
Among the many factors related to the countries for their tourism development, marketing is a challenging factor to create brands for their destinations. Companies, known in the literature as Destination Marketing Organizations (DMOs), usually develop the marketing execution of a destination, and one of jobs that they do is to evaluate the tourism promotion effectiveness. The present study focused on evaluating the tourism promotion effectiveness in the state of Sergipe, especially because the state is a destination in consolidation in national tourism, but in recent years the state has suffered a decrease in investments in promotion due to political and economic factors. This research is characterized as descriptive and exploratory with a quantitative approach. It was used the most recent model related to tourism promotion effectiveness: the Destination Advertising Response (DAR) Model, widespread by Stienmetz, Maxcy e Fesenmaier (2015), to analyse data on promotional campaign effectiveness through travel planning and money spent by visitors in six facets: tickets, accommodations, attractions, restaurants, events, and shopping. It was collected 384 questionnaires and, through descriptive statistics, it was possible to trace the sociodemographic profile of the respondents. Through the correlation analysis, the respondents' perceptions regarding the promotional materials of the state were identified. Using the independent sample test t and the multiple regression analyzes, it was possible to identify that, in general, the tourism promotion undertaken has been effective for five facets of travel, not being effective for facet "Tickets". In the group of consumers of traditional agencies, the promotion of attractions was not effective, whereas in the group of online travel agencies' consumers, non-effectiveness was verified in the "Accommodations" facet, and in the group of self-planners in the facets "Restaurants" and "Shopping". These results contributed to inferring recommendations in order to re-adjust the state's tourism promotional planning.

Dans les océans, les procaryotes sont des acteurs clés dans le cycle du carbone puisqu’ils consomment une fraction importante de la matière organique dissoute (MOD) relâchée par les producteurs primaires. Puisque cette matière organique est très complexe et de biodisponibilité variable, les communautés de procaryotes qui la consomme sont très diversifiées et spécialisées pour certains types de composés organiques. En utilisant cette matière organique, les procaryotes contribuent à réintroduire ce carbone dans le réseau trophique, une source d’énergie essentielle dans les gyres oligotrophes de l’océan. Toutefois, puisque cette consommation n’est pas parfaite, une quantité importante de carbone est relâchée sous forme de CO2 lors de la respiration, mais aussi sous forme de MOD récalcitrante, contribuant à séquestrer du carbone dans les océans. Le but de cette thèse est d’une part, de dresser un portrait global de la biodisponibilité de la MOD et d’autre part, de déterminer l’influence de la biodisponibilité de cette dernière sur la composition et le métabolisme des procaryotes dans la mer du Labrador, une mer dont le rôle est critique dans la régulation du climat. Plus spécifiquement, nous identifions pour la première fois comment la distribution spatiale des procaryotes influencent leur métabolisme et est influencée par leur préférence alimentaire dans les eaux de surface de la mer du Labrador. Finalement, nous regardons comment la matière organique produite en surface est transformée et séquestrée en profondeur suite à la convection hivernale dans la mer du Labrador. Le budget de carbone dans les océans n’est toujours pas balancé. Afin de mieux connaître les sources et la biodisponibilité du carbone dans les différents milieux aquatiques, nous avons évalué la biodisponibilité de la MOD à travers le continuum aquatique, des lacs jusqu’à l’océan. En menant une méta-analyse sur le sujet, nos résultats montrent que la proportion de matière organique labile, c’est-à-dire facilement utilisable par les procaryotes, est d’environ 6% dans tous les environnements aquatiques. Toutefois, la proportion de matière organique semi-labile, celle qui nécessite plus de transformation par les procaryotes, est grandement liée à la proximité au milieu terrestre. Les seuls écosystèmes aquatiques déviant de ces deux constats sont ceux en période d’efflorescence algale: ils contiennent beaucoup plus de carbone labile et semi-labile que ceux à l’équilibre. Nous avons estimé que le carbone semi-labile peut soutenir 62% de la biomasse de procaryotes dans les lacs et les milieux côtiers. Dans un deuxième temps, nous évaluons l’influence de la MOD sur le métabolisme et les communautés de procaryotes. Nous avons fait trois missions océanographiques sur la mer du Labrador à bord du navire Hudson pour déterminer la composition de la MOD et la communauté des procaryotes ainsi que leur métabolisme. En utilisant une approche novatrice, la modélisation de la distribution spatiale de l’abondance des procaryotes, nous avons montré à quel point celle-ci est importante pour déterminer leur préférence alimentaire ainsi que leur métabolisme. Nous avons également proposé un nouveau cadre conceptuel qui vise à faciliter la recherche à l’interface de la biogéochimie, de l’écologie microbienne et du métabolisme microbien. Dans un dernier temps, nous avons comparé la capacité des procaryotes venant de différentes profondeurs océaniques à séquestrer le carbone. Lors de la consommation de la MOD, les procaryotes en relâche une petite fraction sous forme plus récalcitrante. En répétant ce processus, le carbone résiduel devient très récalcitrant et peut résister à la consommation par les procaryotes durant des centaines d’années. Nous avons montré que les procaryotes de l’océan profond sont plus efficaces pour séquestrer le carbone de cette façon. Nos résultats montrent que ce sont les taxons rares des procaryotes qui sont les éléments clés dans cette suite de transformation qui mène à la séquestration du carbone appelée pompe microbienne. Cette thèse contribue à la compréhension du cycle du carbone dans la mer du Labrador et dans les écosystèmes aquatiques en général. Nous avons proposé une approche novatrice permettant de lier la qualité de la MOD à la composition des communautés de procaryotes qui la dégrade, un défi qui perdure depuis des dizaines d’années. De plus, nous montrons pour la première fois la que la pompe microbienne de carbone est un processus itératif fortement relié à la succession de la communauté de procaryotes. Nous montrons également que la pompe microbienne est active dans chaque strate océanique, mais que les procaryotes rares issus de l’océan profond sont plus efficaces à séquestrer le carbone. Mieux comprendre comment la composition de la MOD influence les procaryotes est primordial puisqu’ils sont centraux au cycle du carbone océanique.
Oceanic prokaryotes are key players in the carbon cycle by consuming dissolved organic mat-ter (DOM) produced by primary producers. As this organic matter is highly complex with varying degree of bioavailability, prokaryotic communities are highly diverse and different taxa target certain types of organic compounds. By consuming this organic matter, prokary-otes reintroduce this carbon into the food web, a critical energy flow in oligotrophic gyres. However, this consumption is not perfect and they release a lot of carbon as CO2 through respiration, but also as recalcitrant DOM. Thus, they contribute to carbon sequestration in aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this thesis is to characterize DOM bioavailability and its influence on the composition and metabolism of prokaryotic communities in the Labrador Sea, described as one of the Earth’s climate system tipping elements. More precisely, we quantify for the first time how the spatial abundance distribution of prokaryotes influences ecosystem metabolism and organic matter association in the surface waters of the Labrador Sea. Lastly, we look at how DOM produced at the surface is transformed and sequestered following the Labrador Sea winter convective mixing. The oceanic carbon budget is still unbalanced. In order to better understand its carbon sources and bioavailability, we characterize DOM bioavailability across the aquatic contin-uum, from lakes to the open ocean. Using a meta-analysis, our results show that the propor-tion of labile organic matter, i.e. readily available for prokaryotes, is similar at around 6% in all aquatic ecosystems. However, the proportion of semi-labile organic matter, i.e requiring transformations to be consumed by prokaryotes, is highly related to terrestrial connectivity. The only ecosystems that did not follow these patterns were in a phytoplankton bloom pe-riod and had a high proportion of labile and semi-labile organic matter as their counterparts at equilibrium. Finally, we estimated that semi-labile organic matter could sustain 62% of prokaryotic biomass in lakes and coastal zones. Second, we evaluated the influence of DOM on prokaryotic metabolism and community composition. In order to determine organic matter composition, prokaryotic community composition and metabolic rates, we did three oceanic cruises in the Labrador Sea onboard the Hudson ship. By using spatial abundance distribution modelling of prokaryotes, we identified strong associations between groups of this novel approach and organic matter composition. We also proposed a framework to bridge the gap between prokaryotic diversity, microbial ecology, and biogeochemistry among methods and across scales. Lastly, we compared how prokaryotic communities from different oceanic strata could se-quester carbon. When they consume organic matter, prokaryotes release a small amount in recalcitrant forms. Through this iterative process, called the microbial carbon pump, prokaryotes contribute to carbon sequestration by creating highly recalcitrant compounds that resist further degradation for hundreds of years. We have shown that all prokaryotes enable the microbial carbon pump, but that prokaryotes from deeper strata are more effi-cient. Our results also conclusively show that the rare prokaryotic taxa are key players in the microbial carbon pump. This thesis contributes to better understand the carbon cycle in the Labrador Sea and in all aquatic ecosystems. We proposed a novel framework to relate biogeochemistry, prokaryotic diversity and microbial ecology which has been a challenge for decades. Moreover, we con-clusively showed for the first time that the iterative process of the microbial carbon pump is related to prokaryotic succession. We also show that it happens in all oceanic strata, but that rare prokaryotes from the deep ocean are more efficient to sequester carbon. Better understanding how DOM composition influences prokaryotes is of prime importance as they are the main drivers of the oceanic carbon cycle.