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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Organic compounds Synthesis

Academic literature on the topic 'Organic compounds Synthesis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 6 September 2023

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Contents

Journal articles
Dissertations / Theses
Books
Book chapters
Conference papers
Reports

Journal articles on the topic "Organic compounds Synthesis":

1

Ariefin, Mokhamat, and Vety Sri Harlinda Ayudha. "Synthesis and Characterization of Benzodithiophene (BDT) Quinoid Compounds as a Potential Compound for n-Type Organic Thin-Film Transistors (OTFT)." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 7 (July 17, 2020): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.7.261-266.

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Two potential compounds as an n-Type organic thin-film transistor (OTFT) from benzodithiophene (BDT) derivatives have been synthesized and characterized. BDT was chosen as the core because it has π-conjugated bonds, rigid structures, and planar. Quinoid structure with end-cap (terminal group) in the form of dicyanomethylene is used because it can lower the LUMO value of the compound, and side chains are selected in the form of alkoxy so that two BDT derivatives are obtained namely BDTQ-6 (hexyloxy) and BDTQ-10 (decyloxy). Based on the results of TGA, BDTQ-6 and BDTQ-10 have decomposition points of 183°C and 203°C, which indicate the compound has excellent thermal stability. From the UV-Vis measurement, the λmax value of the two compounds is 599 nm with optical gap energy (Eg°pt) of 1.7 eV. From the DPV measurement, the LUMO value for the two compounds is -4.3 eV, with an energy gap (Eg) of 1.69 eV (BDTQ-6) and 1.70 eV (BDTQ-10). Based on observations of the crystal structure through x-ray diffraction, it was found that the BDTQ-10 crystal has a "brick type" layer arrangement with a distance between layers of 3.55 Å. With excellent thermal stability and suitable LUMO values and energy gaps, it is expected that BDTQ-6 and BDTQ-10 compounds have the potential to be n-Type OTFT materials.

2

Lobzhanidze, Tea. "Synthesis, Study and Use of New Type Biologically Active Arsenic-Organic Complex Compounds." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 6, no. 4 (December 20, 2012): 371–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht06.04.371.

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Gholami, Fateme, Faeze Yousefnejad, Bagher Larijani, and Mohammad Mahdavi. "Vinyl azides in organic synthesis: an overview." RSC Advances 13, no. 2 (2023): 990–1018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06726a.

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MURAHASHI, Shun-Ichi, and Takeshi NAOTA. "Organic synthesis using ruthenium compounds." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 46, no. 10 (1988): 930–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.46.930.

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KUSAMA, Hiroyuki, and Koichi NARASAKA. "Rhenium Compounds in Organic Synthesis." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 54, no. 8 (1996): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.54.644.

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SHINOKUBO, Hiroshi, and Koichiro OSHIMA. "Organic Synthesis Using Organomanganese Compounds." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 57, no. 1 (1999): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.57.13.

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Negishi, Ei-ichi, and Tamotsu Takahashi. "Organozirconium Compounds in Organic Synthesis." Synthesis 1988, no. 01 (1988): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1988-27453.

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Sadekov, Igor D., B. B. Rivkin, and Vladimir I. Minkin. "Organotellurium Compounds in Organic Synthesis." Russian Chemical Reviews 56, no. 4 (April 30, 1987): 343–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc1987v056n04abeh003275.

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Khusnutdinov, R. I., T. M. Oshnyakova, and U. M. Dzhemilev. "Molybdenum compounds in organic synthesis." Russian Chemical Reviews 86, no. 2 (February 28, 2017): 128–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rcr4617.

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Jiao, Jiao, and Yasushi Nishihara. "Alkynylboron compounds in organic synthesis." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 721-722 (December 2012): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2012.05.027.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Organic compounds Synthesis":

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Newington, Ian M. "Azo-anions in organic synthesis." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:690ab891-be13-4582-a029-47974d20adac.

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Novel synthetic applications of ambident azo-anions derived from hindered hydrazones have been investigated. Reaction with electrophiles occurred predominantly at carbon as the N-addition pathway was sterically retarded. Trityl, diphenyl-4-pyridylmethyl (DPP) benzhydryl, and t-butyldiphenylmethyl (BDP) hydrazones of various aldehydes and ketones were prepared in good yields from the corresponding hydrazines and carbonyls in aqueous methanol. The lithium salts derived from trityl and DPP hydrazones, by treatment with methyl lithium at -55°C, reacted with aldehydes and ketones to generate azo-alkoxides. These could be diverted to alcohols,by sequential protonation and spontaneous homolysis (about -20°C) in the presence of ethanethiol, or to alkenes,by treatment with phosphorus trichloride at -78 G followed by azo-homolysis. The reactions enabled efficient reductive cross-coupling of aldehydes and ketones. The mechanism of the alkene forming reaction was investigated. Anions of benzhydryl hydrazones were found to react inefficiently by a G-addition pathway giving mainly N-addition products. Anions of BDP hydrazones conveniently gave excellent yields of azo-alkanes upon treatment with alkyl halides,but no products were obtained on reaction with carbonyl electrophiles. The azo-alkanes could be isolated and purified and acted as key intermediates for several synthetically useful transformations. Homolysis in refluxing benzene with thiophenol gave alkanes in good yields. Phenylselenenyl-, bromo-, and chloro-alkanes,and β-alkylstyrenes were generated when thiol was replaced by diphenyl diselenide, N-bromosuccinimide, N-chlorosuccinimide and β-nitrostyrene respectively. Treatment of the azo-alkanes with trifluoroacetic acid generated benzophenone alkylhydrazones. These were dissolved in ethanol with concentrated hydrochloric acid, thereafter hydrolysis yielded alkylhydrazines or treatment with hydrogen (1 atm., 50°C, 20h) over 10% Pd/C generated primary amines by a novel use of carbonyls as α-aminocarbanion equivalents.

2

Esfandiarfard, Keyhan. "Novel Organophosphorus Compounds for Materials and Organic Synthesis." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Molekylär biomimetik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-328295.

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This thesis is devoted to the development of new organophosphorus compounds for potential uses in material science and as reagents in Organic Chemistry. Organophosphorus compounds in a single molecule or organic electronics context are appealing as the phosphorous centers perturb the electronic properties of the π-conjugated systems while at the same time provide synthetic handles for subsequent synthetic modifications. As such, new synthetic methodology to such compounds and the exploration of new building blocks is of considerable interest. In a different study, novel organophosphorus compounds are synthesized and shown to promote a reaction in Organic Chemistry that has previously not been possible, i.e. the stereoselective reductive coupling of aldehydes to alkenes. Such developments enlarge the toolkit of reactions that are available to Organic Chemists, and may impact the synthetic routes to pharmaceuticals and other important commodity chemicals. A general introduction of the key structural unit of this thesis, phosphaalkenes, is given in the first chapter. The synthesis, reactivity, properties and applications of these P=C double bond containing compounds are highlighted. The Wittig reaction and its variations as well as the phosphorus analogues that produce phosphaalkenes are outlined in detail. The second chapter is dedicated to the synthesis of a precursor that is used for the preparation of novel π-conjugated, organophosphorus compounds. C,C-Dibromophosphaalkenes are prepared and the halide substituents are used for the selective introduction of acetylene units. Besides the phosphaalkenes, the successful syntheses of two new diphosphenes is presented, indicating a broad applicability of the precursors. The third chapter is dedicated to the isolation of a metal-free phosphanylphosphonate that transforms aldehydes quantitatively to their corresponding E-phosphaalkenes in a transition metal-free phospha-HWE (Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons) reaction. The reaction benefits from mild conditions, high E-stereoselectivity, and a broad substrate scope. In the last chapter, a novel method for the reductive coupling of aldehydes to olefins is introduced. The reaction, which is a vast improvement over the McMurry coupling, allows for the selective synthesis of symmetrical and most importantly unsymmetrical E-alkenes. The phosphanylphosphonate mentioned above is the reagent that facilitates the coupling of the aldehydes via a phosphaalkene intermediate. This one-pot reaction benefits from mild conditions, good conversions, and high E-stereoselectivity. In summary, the thesis presents novel aspects of organophosphorus chemistry. These include the preparations and exploration of interesting precursors for the construction of π-conjugated organophosphorus compounds, and the use of organophosphorus reagents for unprecedented transformations in Organic Chemistry.

3

Reynolds, Stephen J. "Carbamoylcobalt (III) compounds in organic synthesis." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.280294.

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This thesis describes the development and use of organocobalt (III) compounds in the formation of carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds and, in particular, details the application of this chemistry for the synthesis of functionalised amides and ~, 1" and 8-lactams. Organocobalt chemistry was born from the isolation and characterisation of the vitamin B12 coenzyme (2) in the 1950s and early 1960s. The introduction to this thesis covers the search for vitamin B12 and briefly describes its biological role. Next, the considerable development of the simple vitamin B12 analogues, i.e. organocobalt (II) salophens (10), is outlined. Finally, the exploitation of organocobalt (III) complexes in synthetic organic chemistry is detailed. The preparation of nitrogen heterocycles is initially addressed, with a study of the viability of carbamoylcobalt (III) salophen compounds, i.e. (68), as sources of carbamoyl radicals, i.e. (73), in Chapter 1 of the thesis. Thus, radical quenching, employing several heteroatom trapping agents, successfully afforded the amide derivatives (74) and (75). In addition, carbamoyl radicals were induced to undergo intermolecular oxidative additions to deactivated alkenes, under both thermal and photolytic conditions, to secure the cinnamamides (77) and (78). A unique approach to /3-, y- and o-lactams using cobalt-mediated radical chemistry is described in Chapter 2. Thus, the carbamoylcobalt (m) salophen (111) underwent sequential homolysis, 4-exo-trigonal radical cyclisation, and radical-cobalt (II) recombination, to create the unusual azetidin-2-one (114), which was subsequently transformed into the alcohol (125). Computer generated molecular modelling calculations supporting the novel radical cyclisation are presented. Next, analogous cyclisations are described with the homologous carbamoylcobalt (III) salophens (138) and (150). Subsequent in situ dehydrocobaltation secured the y-lactams (140) and (141), and the 8-lactams (151) and (152). Results concerning the introduction of oxygenation in tandem with cyclisation are also presented in Chapter 2. Chapter 3 of the thesis describes a novel synthetic approach to the broad-spectrum antibiotic (+)-thienamycin (56), harnessing a cobaltmediated 4-exo radical cyclisation as the key step. Model studies showed that the cyclisation would tolerate a range of substitution around the precursor, i.e. (165) and (179), and that the stereochemical outcome delivers the required 3,4-trans geometry for thienamycin, i.e. (187)~(182). Our initial synthetic target towards (56) was the acid (196), but the route was abandoned when the carbamoyl chloride (193) failed to yield the organocobalt (III) compound (194) on treatment with sodium cobalt (I) salophen (12). However, our second approach was successful and culminated in the preparation of the /J-lactam (200), which constituted a fonnal synthesis of (+)-thienamycin. Our synthetic route to (200) involved: (i) the preparation of the amine (197) via Wittig methodology, i.e. (203)~(205); (ii) conversion of (197) to the radical precursor (198); (iii) a 4-exo radical cyclisation to afford the 3,4-transazetidin- 2-one (199) and finally, (iv) a two step sequence to yield the /3- lactam (200).

4

Kim, Byeongmoon 1957. "Asymmetric organic synthesis using organoboron compounds." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14679.

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Sharma, Y. "Continuous flow synthesis of organic compounds." Thesis(Ph.D.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 2017. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/4520.

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6

Haughey, Simon Anthony. "Chemoenzymatic synthesis of organosulfur compounds." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318731.

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7

Kou, Xiaodi. "Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of organic bismuth compounds." Fort Worth, Tex. : Texas Christian University, 2007. http://etd.tcu.edu/etdfiles/available/etd-07312007-125631/unrestricted/kou.pdf.

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8

Wallner, Olov. "Palladium-Catalyzed Synthesis and Transformations of Organometallic Compounds." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Dept. of Organic Chemistry, Stockholm University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-804.

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9

Wang, Haofan. "Synthesis and reactions of organoiron compounds." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289994.

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The multistep synthesis of the redox active adenine analog [e]-ferrocenyl-4-aminopyrimidine is reported. The redox active system will be incorporated into oligonucleotides to study the electron transfer through the molecular pi-system of DNA in future studies. Attempts were made to synthesize a cyclopenta-4-aminopyrimidine derivative which possesses an endocyclic double bond in the cyclopentane ring. This intermediate can be subsequently coupled with cyclopentadienyl iron dicarbonyl (Fp) group and, after thermal decarbonylation, form the desired ferrocene ring. Many double bond precursors are prepared, including dibromide, acetate, alcohol, ketone and phenylseleno derivatives of cyclopentapyrimidine. However efforts to form an endocyclic double bond turned out to be unsuccessful. Exocyclic double bond derivatives of cyclopentapyrimidine have also been prepared. An improved chiral synthesis of [e]-ferrocenyl-4-aminopyrimidine is achieved, in which a Curtius rearrangement to form an O-benzylcarbamate was done using a formyl ferrocene carboxylic acid. The yield of the final cyclization step was also greatly improved. The synthesis of methyl-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-fluorophenyl)-acetate, a thymine isostere precursor, is reported. It will be used as a substitute for a thymine base in a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) synthesis in the future. Regioselective bromination of 2-fluoro-hydroquinone introduced a bromo group at the desired position. After protection of hydroxyl groups in this product, a carboxylic acid ethyl ester group was introduced. Finally, an Arndt-Eistert reaction was used to extend the carboxylic acid by one carbon to the corresponding phenyl acetic acid ethyl ester. A chemical model mimicking the biosynthesis of the cyanide ligand in the enzyme hydrogenase is developed. In this model a thiocarbamate is first formed and subsequently dehydrated by polyphosphate ethyl ester(PPE) to make a thiocyanate. Finally, the cyanide moiety is transferred to the metal center. The direct dehydration of a carboxamidoiron species to form a cyano ligand is also reported.

10

Buckley, Anne Margaret. "Inorganic-organic layer compounds : synthesis and properties." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253398.

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Books on the topic "Organic compounds Synthesis":

1

1944-, Mulzer J., and Waldmann H, eds. Organic synthesis highlights. Weinheim: VCH, 1991.

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Hans-Günther, Schmalz, and Wirth Thomas 1964-, eds. Organic synthesis highlights V. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003.

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Smith, Michael. Organic synthesis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

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Willis, Christine L. Organic synthesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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Michael, Smith. Organic synthesis. 2nd ed. Boston: McGraw-Hill, 2002.

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M, Trost Barry, and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry., eds. Stereocontrolled organic synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1994.

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Smith, Michael B. Organic synthesis. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.

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Larock, Richard C. Organomercury compounds in organic synthesis. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1985.

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Pereyre, Michel. Tin in organic synthesis. London: Butterworths, 1987.

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Poupon, Erwan, and Bastien Nay. Biomimetic organic synthesis. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2011.

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Book chapters on the topic "Organic compounds Synthesis":

1

Ahluwalia, V. K. "Stereoselective Synthesis." In Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds, 505–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84961-0_18.

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Volke, Jiří, and František Liška. "Reactions of Organic Compounds at Electrodes." In Electrochemistry in Organic Synthesis, 45–139. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78699-0_3.

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Fagnoni, Maurizio. "CHAPTER 6. Colored Compounds for Eco-sustainable Visible-light Promoted Syntheses." In Sustainable Organic Synthesis, 150–80. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781839164842-00150.

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Norman, Richard, and James M. Coxon. "The syntheses of some naturally occurring compounds." In Principles of Organic Synthesis, 728–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2166-8_22.

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Ahluwalia, V. K. "Reduction of Specific Types of Organic Compounds." In Reduction in Organic Synthesis, 55–113. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-37686-3_3.

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Norman, Richard, and James M. Coxon. "The synthesis of five-and six-membered heterocyclic compounds." In Principles of Organic Synthesis, 676–727. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2166-8_21.

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Carl, Elena, and Dietmar Stalke. "Structure-Reactivity Relationship in Organolithium Compounds." In Lithium Compounds in Organic Synthesis, 1–32. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527667512.ch1.

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Shimizu, Masaki. "Lithium Compounds in Cross-Coupling Reactions." In Lithium Compounds in Organic Synthesis, 463–90. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527667512.ch16.

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Liang, Huan, and Marco A. Ciufolini. "Biomimetic Synthesis of Alkaloids Derived from Tyrosine: The Case of FR-901483 and TAN-1251 Compounds." In Biomimetic Organic Synthesis, 61–89. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527634606.ch2.

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Brunner, Henri. "Enantioselective Synthesis of Organic Compounds with Optically Active Transition Metal Catalysts and Transition Metal Compounds." In Organometallics in Organic Synthesis 2, 277–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74269-9_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "Organic compounds Synthesis":

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Monçalves, Matias, Mariana M. Bassaco, Marcos A. Villetti, and Claudio C. Silveira. "Novel Divinyl Sulfides: Potential Luminescent Compounds." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0308-1.

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Martins, Lucimara J., Wanessa F. Altei, Cristiane S. Schwalm, Adriano D. Andricopulo, and Fernando Coelho. "Synthesis of new biologically actived azaspiro compounds." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_2013917144424.

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Ali, Bakhat, Hélio A. Stefani, and Fernando P. Ferreira. "Addition of Amino Acids to oxopyrrolidin compounds." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_20131014161751.

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Silva, Anderson B. da, and Juliana A. Vale. "Rapid synthesis of di-1,2,4-oxadiazoles pyridyl compounds." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0031-1.

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Silva, Anderson B. da, and Juliana A. Vale. "Rapid synthesis of di-1,2,4-oxadiazoles pyridyl compounds." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0317-1.

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Carneiro, Paula F., Maria do Carmo F. R. Pinto, Tatiane S. Coelho, Antonio V. Pinto, Kelly C. G. Moura, Pedro A. da Silva, and Eufrânio N. da Silva Júnior. "Quinonoid and phenazine compounds: synthesis of new antimycobacterial prototypes." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0224-1.

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Barbosa, Flavio A. R., Rômulo F. S. Canto, and Antonio L. Braga. "Synthesis of novel 6-seleno-dihydropyrimidinones: Potentially bioactive compounds." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_2013819222620.

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Rafique, Jamal, Sumbal Saba, Rômulo F. S. Canto, Waseem Hassan, João B. T. Rocha, and Antonio L. Braga. "Synthesis of Diselenide Based Picolylamide Derivatives: Biologically Potential Compounds." In 15th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-15bmos-bmos2013_2013822125235.

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Valdomir, Guillermo, Juan Ignacio Padrón, Jenny Saldaña, José Manuel Padrón, Gloria Serra, Eduardo Manta, Victor S. Martín, and Danilo Davyt. "Synthesis of hybrids compounds by Click Chemistry and their bioactivities." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0081-1.

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Brondani, Patrícia B., Gonzalo de Gonzalo, Marco W. Fraaije, and Leandro H. Andrade. "Selective oxidations of organoboron compounds catalyzed by Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases." In 14th Brazilian Meeting on Organic Synthesis. São Paulo: Editora Edgard Blücher, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5151/chempro-14bmos-r0097-2.

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Reports on the topic "Organic compounds Synthesis":

1

Singh, Anjali. Amino Acids: Building Blocks of Proteins. ConductScience, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/cs20220612.

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Amino acids are essential organic compounds serving as protein building blocks. Recognized for their biological roles, they underpin proteins' structure and interactions. Classified by polarity and nutritional necessity, essential amino acids, not synthesized by the body, include histidine, leucine, lysine, and more, while non-essential ones are produced internally. These molecules exhibit diverse functions, from neurotransmitter precursor synthesis to immune support. Industries leverage amino acids in animal feed, artificial sweeteners, flavor enhancers, and drug manufacturing, highlighting their vital role in various applications beyond biological systems.

2

Wiemers, K. D., H. Babad, R. T. Hallen, L. P. Jackson, and M. E. Lerchen. An Assessment of the Stability and the Potential for In-Situ Synthesis of Regulated Organic Compounds in High Level Radioactive Waste Stored at Hanford, Richland, Washington. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2535.

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Jung, Carina, Karl Indest, Matthew Carr, Richard Lance, Lyndsay Carrigee, and Kayla Clark. Properties and detectability of rogue synthetic biology (SynBio) products in complex matrices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45345.

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Synthetic biology (SynBio) aims to rationally engineer or modify traits of an organism or integrate the behaviors of multiple organisms into a singular functional organism through advanced genetic engineering techniques. One objective of this research was to determine the environmental persistence of engineered DNA in the environment. To accomplish this goal, the environmental persistence of legacy engineered DNA building blocks were targeted that laid the foundation for SynBio product development and application giving rise to “post-use products.” These building blocks include genetic constructs such as cloning and expression vectors, promoter/terminator elements, selectable markers, reporter genes, and multi-cloning sites. Shotgun sequencing of total DNA from water samples of pristine sites was performed and resultant sequence data mined for frequency of legacy recombinant DNA signatures. Another objective was to understand the fate of a standardized contemporary synthetic genetic construct (SC) in the context of various chassis systems/genetic configurations representing different degrees of “genetic bioavailability” to the environmental landscape. These studies were carried out using microcosms representing different environmental matrices (soils, waters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) liquor) and employed a novel genetic reporter system based on volatile organic compounds (VOC) detection to assess proliferation and persistence of the SC in the matrix over time.

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Zhirov, Nikita, Akim Akimov, and Sergei Zhuravkov. Synthesis and properties of bicomponent complex systems based on organic acid and polyoxometalate compound. Peeref, July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54985/peeref.2307p9790614.

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Chefetz, Benny, and Baoshan Xing. Sorption of hydrophobic pesticides to aliphatic components of soil organic matter. United States Department of Agriculture, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7587241.bard.

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Sorption of hydrophobic compounds to aliphatic components of soil organic matter (SOM) is poorly understood even though these aliphatic carbons are a major fraction of SOM. The main source of aliphatic compounds in SOM is above- and below-ground plant cuticular materials (cutin, cutan and suberin). As decomposition proceeds, these aliphatic moieties tend to accumulate in soils. Therefore, if we consider that cuticular material contributes significantly to SOM, we can hypothesize that the cuticular materials play an important role in the sorption processes of hydrophobic compounds (including pesticides) in soils, which has not yet been studied. The overall goal of this research was to illustrate the mechanism and significance of the refractory aliphatic structures of SOM in sorbing hydrophobic compounds (nonionic and weakly polar pesticides). The importance of this study is related to our ability to demonstrate the sorption relationship between key pesticides and an important fraction of SOM. The specific objectives of the project were: (1) To isolate and characterize cuticular fractions from selected plants; (2) To investigate the sorption mechanism of key hydrophobic pesticides and model compounds to cuticular plant materials; (3) To examine the sorption mechanisms at the molecular level using spectroscopic techniques; (4) To investigate the sorption of key hydrophobic pesticides to synthetic polymers; (5) To evaluate the content of cuticular materials in agricultural soils; and (6) To study the effect of incubation of plant cuticular materials in soils on their sorptive capabilities. This project demonstrates the markedly high sorption capacity of various plant cuticular fractions for hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) and polar organic pollutants. Both cutin (the main polymer of the cuticle) and cutan biopolymers exhibit high sorption capability even though both sorbents are highly aliphatic in nature. Sorption by plant cuticular matter occurs via hydrophobic interactions and H-bonding interactions with polar sorbates. The cutin biopolymer seems to facilitate reversible and noncompetitive sorption, probably due to its rubbery nature. On the other hand, the epicuticular waxes facilitate enhance desorption in a bi-solute system. These processes are possibly related to phase transition (melting) of the waxes that occur in the presence of high solute loading. Moreover, our data highlight the significance of polarity and accessibility of organic matter in the uptake of nonpolar and polar organic pollutants by regulating the compatibility of sorbate to sorbent. In summary, our data collected in the BARD project suggest that both cutin and cutan play important roles in the sorption of HOCs in soils; however, with decomposition the more condensed structure of the cutin and mainly the cutan biopolymer dominated sorption to the cuticle residues. Since cutin and cutan have been identified as part of SOM and humic substances, it is suggested that retention of HOCs in soils is also controlled by these aliphatic domains and not only by the aromaticrich fractions of SOM.

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Sisler, Edward C., Raphael Goren, and Akiva Apelbaum. Controlling Ethylene Responses in Horticultural Crops at the Receptor Level. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580668.bard.

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Ethylene is a plant hormone that controls many plant responses, such as growth, senescence, ripening, abscission and seed germination. Recently, 1-methy- cyclopropene (1-MCP), was shown to bind to ethylene receptor for a certain period of time and prevent ethylene action. The objectives of this research were to synthesize analogues of 1-MCP and test their potency to block the ethylene receptor and inhibit ethylene action. During the course of this project, procedures for synthesis and shipment of the cyclopropene compounds were developed as well assay procedures for each compound were worked out. Thirteen new compounds were synthesized. All of them are structural analogues of 1-MCP, with substitution in the 1-position and a side chain containing 2 to 10 carbons. After preliminary studies, nine promising compounds were selected for in-depth study. The potency of the compounds to inhibit ethylene action was tested on a wide scope of systems like: climacteric fruits (banana, avocado and tomato), the triple response (etiolated peas), and leaf abscission (citrus). As the putative inhibitors are suspected to compete for the site of binding and a competitive type of inhibition could be considered, a high concentration of ethylene (300 m1.L-1) was used to induce ripening and other physiological processes. The tests were conducted under extreme conditions which hasten ripening like treatment and storage at 22 to 25oC. There were fluctuations in the responses as related to the concentrations of the inhibitors. Some required much higher concentration to exert the same effect, while some, when applied at the same concentration, blocked the receptor for a longer period of time than the others. Some fruits and other plant organs responded differently to the same inhibitor, indicating differences in characteristics and availability of the ethylene receptors in the various tissues. The potency of the putative inhibitors was found to be greatly affected by their molecular structural and size. In addition, it was found that treatment with the inhibitor should be given before the onset of ethylene action In the case of fruit, treatment should be carried out before the pre-climacteric stage. Simultaneous treatment with ethylene and the inhibitors reduced the inhibitors' effect. The relationship between ethylene and the inhibitors is of a non-competitive nature. All the fruits treated with the putative inhibitors resumed normal ripening after recovery from the inhibition. This fact is of great importance when considering the inhibitors for practical use. The advantage of using inhibitors of ethylene action over inhibitors of ethylene production lies in the ability of the inhibitors of ethylene action to protect the tissue against both endogenous and exogenous ethylene, thus providing better overall protection. Our findings indicate that 1-MCP and its structural analogues are potent inhibitors of ethylene action capable of providing good protection against endogenous and exogenous ethylene. The fact that the compounds are in a gas phase and are non-phytotoxic, odorless and effective at minute concentrations, renders them promising candidates for commercial use. However, the development of water-soluble inhibitors will expand the potential use of the inhibitors in agriculture.

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Amir, Rachel, David J. Oliver, Gad Galili, and Jacline V. Shanks. The Role of Cysteine Partitioning into Glutathione and Methionine Synthesis During Normal and Stress Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7699850.bard.

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The objective of this research is to study the nature of the competition for cysteine (Cys), the first organic sulfur-containing compound, between its two main metabolites, glutathione (GSH) and methionine (Met). GSH plays a central role in protecting plants during various stresses, while Met, an essential amino acid, regulates essential processes and metabolites in plant cells through its metabolite S-adenosyl-Met. Our results, which are based on flux analysis and measurements of Met- metabolites, show that the flux towards Met synthesis is high during non-stress conditions, however the flux is significantly reduced under stress conditions, when there is high synthesis of GSH. Under oxidative stress the expression level of the regulatory enzyme of Met synthesis, cystathionine g-synthase (CGS) was reduced. By using three different systems, we have found that that GSH down regulates the expression level of CGS, thus reducing Met synthesis. We have found that this regulation occurs at the post-transcriptional level, and further studies have shown that it occurs at post-translationaly. To reveal how oxidative stress affects the flux towards Met and GSH, flux analysis was performed. We have found that the level of Met is significantly reduced, while the level of glutathione significantly increases during stress. Under stress conditions most of the glutathione is converted from GSH to GSSG (the oxidised form of glutathione). These results suggest that under normal growth conditions, Cys is channelled towards both pathways to support GSH accumulation and the synthesis of growth-essential Met metabolites. However, during oxidative stress, when a high level of GSH is required to protect the plants, the levels of GSH increase while those of CGS are reduced. This reduction leaves more Cys available for GSH synthesis under stress conditions. In addition we have also studied the effects of high GSH level on the transcriptome profile. The analysis revealed that GSH affects the expression level of many major genes coding to enzymes or proteins associated with photosynthesis, starch degradation, hormone metabolism (especially genes associated with jasmonate), biotic stress (especially genes associated with PR-proteins), cytochrome P450 genes, regulation of transcription and signaling (especially genes associated with receptor kinases and calcium). These results suggest that indeed GSH levels affect different pathways and metabolites in plants.

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Corscadden, Louise, and Anjali Singh. Metabolism And Measurable Metabolic Parameters. ConductScience, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55157/me20221213.

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Metabolism is the sum of chemical reactions involved in sustaining the life of organisms.[1] It constantly provides your body with the energy to perform essential functions. The process is categorized into two groups:[2] Catabolism: It’s the process of breaking down molecules to obtain energy. For example, converting glucose to pyruvate by cellular respiration. Anabolism: It’s the process of synthesis of compounds required to run the metabolic process of the organisms. For example, carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.[2] Metabolism is affected by a range of factors, such as age, sex, muscle mass, body size, and physical activity affect metabolism or BMR (the basal metabolic rate). By definition, BMR is the minimum amount of calories your body requires to function at rest.[2] Now, you have a rough idea about the concept. But, you might wonder why you need to study it. What and how metabolic parameters are measured to determine the metabolism of the organism? Find the answer to all these questions in this article.

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Trace elements and synthetic organic compounds in biota and streambed sediment of the Western Lake Michigan Drainages, 1992-1995. US Geological Survey, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri974192.

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Synthetic organic compounds and carp endocrinology and histology in Las Vegas Wash and Las Vegas and Callville Bays of Lake Mead, Nevada, 1992 and 1995. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri964266.

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