Journal articles: 'Organ donors Australia Psychology'

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Lauri, Mary Anne, and Josef Lauri. "Social representations of organ donors and non-donors." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 15, no. 2 (2005): 108–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.815.

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D’Costa, Rohit L., Samuel Radford, Helen Opdam, Mark McDonald, Leanne McEvoy, and Rinaldo Bellomo. "Expedited organ donation in Victoria, Australia: donor characteristics and donation outcomes." Critical Care and Resuscitation 22, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 303–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.51893/2020.4.oa2.

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BACKGROUND: Deceased organ donation work-up typically takes 24 hours or more. Clinicians may thus discount the possibility of donation when the potential donor is physiologically unstable or family requirements do not allow this length of time. This may lead to loss of transplantable organs. In 2015, we introduced an expedited work-up guideline with the aim of facilitating donation in these circumstances and maximising donation potential. OBJECTIVE: To determine the number of expedited work-up (consent to retrieval procedure of 6 hours or less) donors from 2015 to 2018, compare their clinical and demographic characteristics with standard donors, and assess the outcome of transplanted organs and organ recipients. DESIGN: We performed a retrospective audit of the electronic database for all Victorian donors from 2015 to 2018. We obtained transplant outcome data from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (ANZDATA). RESULTS: Overall, 38 expedited pathway donors donated 78 organs for transplantation (70 kidneys, four lungs, three livers, one pancreas). Of these, 55 retrieved kidneys were successfully transplanted. The lungs, livers and pancreas retrieved were all transplanted. For the kidney recipients, early graft dysfunction requiring dialysis was more common than with organs from the standard pathway (71% v 38%; P < 0.0001); however, short and medium term graft and patient survival were similar. Three recipients from the expedited pool experienced graft failure and two subsequently died. Of the two lung recipients, one died at day 622 of chronic rejection. CONCLUSIONS: Expedited pathway donation is feasible with acceptable donation outcomes. Clinicians should consider donation even when physiological instability or family requirements preclude standard organ donation work-up times.

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Lester, David, and Domenique Hathaway. "Blood Type, Homicide, and Suicide." Psychological Reports 106, no. 2 (April 2010): 405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.106.2.405-406.

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Lester, David, and Domenique Hathaway. "Organ Donation and Suicide." Psychological Reports 107, no. 2 (October 2010): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/12.13.pr0.107.5.500.

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Lester, David, and Dominique Hathaway. "Organ Donation by Suicides: Sex and Ethnicity." Psychological Reports 115, no. 3 (December 2014): 948–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/12.13.pr0.115c29z7.

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An analysis of 2,034 actual organ donations by suicides for the years 2008–2010 indicated that women were more likely to be donors than were men and Blacks more likely to donate than were Whites. The sex difference was consistent with the responses of men and women to surveys of the general public about their willingness to become organ donors, but the ethnic difference was the reverse of the responses to surveys of the general public about their willingness to be organ donors. Future research should explore the role of the responses, positive vs negative toward organ donation, of the significant others of those dying from different causes of death, and the extent to which people have signed donor cards.

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Hyde, Melissa K., and Katherine M. White. "Student and community perceptions about organ donors, non-donors and transplant recipients." Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology 19, no. 2 (March 2009): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.979.

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McKenzie, Craig R. M., Michael J. Liersch, and Stacey R. Finkelstein. "Recommendations Implicit in Policy Defaults." Psychological Science 17, no. 5 (May 2006): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01721.x.

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Should people be considered organ donors after their death unless they request not to be, or should they not be considered donors unless they request to be? Because people tend to stay with the default in a variety of domains, policymakers' choice of default has large and often important effects. In the United States, where the organ-donation policy default is “not a donor,” about 5,000 people die every year because there are too few donors. Four experiments examined two domains—being an organ donor and saving for retirement—where default effects occur and have important implications. The results indicate that default effects occur in part because policymakers' attitudes can be revealed through their choice of default, and people perceive the default as indicating the recommended course of action. Policymakers need to be aware of the implicit messages conveyed by their choice of default.

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Bellomo, Rinaldo. "In This Issue." Critical Care and Resuscitation 23, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.51893/2020.4.iti.

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This issue of Critical Care and Resuscitation focuses on several key aspects of modern intensive care unit (ICU) practice in Australia and New Zealand. Organ donation is particularly prominent, with two original articles and a dedicatededitorial. 1, 2, 3 The first article provides strong evidence that, in more difficult organ donation family conversations (ie, when there is no evidence of organ donation registry presence and organ donation is not raised by the family), the likelihood of successful donation is significantly increased by such conversation being led by an organ donation specialist. As supported by the editorial, it is increasingly clear that in this field, like all other aspects of critical care practice, training and specialisation make a difference. The second article demonstrates that organ donation can be successfully achieved under time pressure, even for highly vasopressor-dependent donors, and with good long term outcome when applying an expedited organ donation process. The implications are clear.

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Hawthorne, Wayne J., Sussan Davies, Hee-chang Mun, Yi Vee Chew, Lindy Williams, Patricia Anderson, Natasha Rogers, and Philip J. O’Connell. "Successful Islet Outcomes Using Australia-Wide Donors: A National Centre Experience." Metabolites 11, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo11060360.

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Cold ischemia and hence travel time can adversely affect outcomes of islet isolation. The aim of this study was to compare the isolation and transplant outcomes of donor pancreata according to the distance from islet isolation facility. Principally, those within a 50 km radius of the centre were compared with those from regional areas within the state and those from interstate donors within Australia. Organ donors were categorised according to distance from National Pancreas Transplant Unit Westmead (NPTU). Donor characteristics were analysed statistically against islet isolation outcomes. These were age, BMI, cause and mechanism of death, days in ICU, gender, inotrope and steroid use, cold ischemia time (CIT) and retrieval surgical team. Between March 2007 and December 2020, 297 islet isolations were performed at our centre. A total of 149 donor pancreata were local area, and 148 non-local regions. Mean distance from the isolation facility was 780.05 km. Mean pancreas CIT was 401.07 ± 137.71 min and was significantly different between local and non-local groups (297.2 vs. 487.5 min, p < 0.01). Mean age of donors was 45.22 years, mean BMI was 28.82, sex ratio was 48:52 F:M and mean time in ICU was 3.07 days. There was no significant difference between local and non-local for these characteristics. The mean CIT resulting in islet transplantation was 297.1 ± 91.5 min and longest CIT resulting in transplantation was 676 min. There was no significant difference in islet isolation outcomes between local and non-local donors for characteristics other than CIT. There was also no significant effect of distance from the isolation facility on positive islet transplant outcomes (C-peptide > 0.2 at 1 month post-transplant). Conclusions: Distance from the isolation centre did not impact on isolation or transplant outcomes supporting the ongoing nationwide use of shipping pancreata for islet isolation and transplantation.

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Lim, Wen Hui, Kai En Chan, Cheng Han Ng, Darren Jun Hao Tan, Phoebe Wen Lin Tay, Yip Han Chin, Jie Ning Yong, et al. "A qualitative systematic review of anonymous/unspecified living kidney and liver donors’ perspectives." PLOS ONE 17, no. 12 (December 30, 2022): e0277792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277792.

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Objectives & background Anonymous live organ donors or unspecified donors are individuals willing to be organ donors for any transplant recipient with whom they have no biological or antecedent emotional relationship. Despite excellent recipient outcomes and the potential to help address organ scarcity, controversy surrounds the unconditional act of gifting one’s organs to an unrelated recipient. This qualitative systematic review provides insights into the first-hand experiences, motivations, and challenges that unspecified donors face. Methods A systematic search was conducted on Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science database for qualitative literature regarding unspecified living donors’ motivations and experiences in liver and kidney transplantation. An inductive thematic analysis was conducted to generate themes and supportive subthemes. Results 12 studies were included. The four major themes were (i) motivations, (ii) perception of risks, (iii) donor support, and (iv) benefits of donation. Unspecified donors demonstrated a deep sense of social responsibility but tended to underestimate health risks in favour of benefits for recipients. Despite the lack of emotional support from family and friends, the decision to donate was a resolute personal decision for donors. Majority benefitted emotionally and did not express regret. Conclusion This qualitative review bridges the gap in literature on unspecified living donor psychology and provides a comprehensive understanding of the decision-making matrix and experiences of donors.

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D’Aragon, Frederick, Karen E. A. Burns, Amanda Yaworski, Amanda Lucas, Erika Arseneau, Emilie Belley-Cote, Sonny Dhanani, et al. "Research Consent Models Used in Prospective Studies of Neurologically Deceased Organ Donors: A Systematic Review." Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics 15, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 244–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1556264620904627.

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Research to inform the care of neurologically deceased organ donors is complicated by a lack of standards for research consent. In this systematic review, we aim to describe current practices of soliciting consent for participation in prospective studies of neurologically deceased donors, including the frequency and justification for these various models of consent. Among the 74 studies included, 14 did not report on any regulatory review, and 13 did not report on the study consent procedures. Of the remaining 47 studies, 24 utilized a waiver of research consent. The most common justification for a waiver of research consent related to the fact that neurologically deceased donors are not considered human subjects. In conclusion, among studies of neurologically deceased donors, research consent models vary and are inconsistently reported. Consensus and standardization in the application of research consent models will help to advance this emerging field of research.

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van Haren, Frank M. P., Angus Carter, Elena Cavazzoni, Michael Chapman, Rohit L. D'Costa, Sarah L. Jones, Andrew McGee, et al. "Conflicts of interest in the context of end of life care for potential organ donors in Australia." Journal of Critical Care 59 (October 2020): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2020.06.016.

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Ferguson, Eamonn, Kun Zhao, Ronan E. O'Carroll, and Luke D. Smillie. "Costless and Costly Prosociality: Correspondence Among Personality Traits, Economic Preferences, and Real-World Prosociality." Social Psychological and Personality Science 10, no. 4 (September 5, 2018): 461–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550618765071.

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Prosociality can either be costly (e.g., donating to charity) or costless (e.g., posthumous organ donation). Whereas links between personality and costly prosociality have been explored, links with costless prosociality and personality are at present unknown. We address this in two studies: Study 1 ( N = 200) confirms the distinction between costless and costly prosociality based on willingness to engage with health and nonhealth prosociality. Study 2, using data from four samples (student and community; N = 733) shows, across incentivized and hypothetical economic games to assess costless (generosity game [GG]) and costly (dictator game [DG]) prosociality, that organ donor behavior was linked to greater allocations in the GG and that charity/volunteering behavior was linked to greater allocations in the DG. Costless and costly prosocialities are associated with different personality traits (e.g., costly with politeness and compassion and costless with intellect). Implications for cooperative phenotypes and recruiting organ donors are discussed.

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Park, Hee Sun, Doshik Yun, Ju Yeon Oh, and Chang-Ik Song. "Cross-Cultural Comparison of USA and South Korea in Estimated Rate of Organ Donation." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 43, no. 10 (November 19, 2015): 1585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.10.1585.

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In this study, we examined cultural differences in estimation of both the percentage of people who would donate organs to others when they died and the percentage of people who would discuss their decision to donate organs with their parents. Participants were 79 undergraduates at a Midwestern university in the USA and 116 undergraduates at a university in Seoul, Republic of Korea. Results showed that the South Korean participants exhibited a greater false consensus effect in regard to discussion with parents about organ donation than did the group from North America. Among those not willing to donate organs, the underestimation of the South Koreans was greater than that the North Americans regarding the willingness of others to discuss donation with their parents. These findings imply that campaigns promoting organ donation may need to be targeted at correcting people's misperceptions about relative prevalence of organ-donation-related behaviors, thereby motivating people to sign up for organ donation, and encouraging discussion by donors with their parents.

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Moloney, Gail, Michael Sutherland, Leah Upcroft, Rachel Clark, Parul Punjabi-Jagdish, Suzanne Rienks, Alison Bowling, and Iain Walker. "Respect, interaction, immediacy and the role community plays in registering an organ donation decision." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 26, 2022): e0263096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263096.

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Background Registering a donation decision is fundamental to increasing the number of people who donate the organs and tissues essential for transplantation, but the number of registered organ donors is insufficient to meet this demand. Most people in Australia support organ donation, but only a third have registered their decision on the Australian Organ Donor Register (AODR). We addressed this paradox by investigating how feelings of community, engendered through an ethic of hospitality and care and a non-proselytizing dialogue about organ donation, facilitated the decision to register. Methods An Immediate Registration Opportunity was set up in a large public hospital in NSW, Australia. The public was approached and invited to engage in an open, respectful dialogic interaction that met people where their beliefs were and allowed their concerns and fears about donation to be discussed. This included a survey that measured positive and negative beliefs about organ donation, mood, atmosphere, and feelings of community coupled with an on-the-spot opportunity to register their donation decision. Results Over four days, we interacted with 357 participants; 75.5% (210) of eligible-to-register participants registered on the AODR. Generalized Structural Equation Modelling highlighted that as connection to community increased, so did the salience of positive beliefs about organ donation. Positive beliefs, in turn, were negatively correlated with negative beliefs about donation and, as the strength of negative beliefs decreased, the probability of registration on the AODR increased. Participants who registered on the AODR reported stronger connection to the broader community than participants who did not register. Conclusion A respectful non-judgmental interaction that allows beliefs and concerns about organ donation to be discussed, coupled with an immediate opportunity to register, encouraged registration. Within this framework, feelings of belonging to a community were a key determinant that enabled many to make the decision to register.

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Holloway, Justine A. C., Kristen Ranse, Kasia Bail, Maggie Jamieson, and Frank Van Haren. "Practice and Attitudes of Donor Coordinator Roles Regarding Physical Examination of Potential Organ and Tissue Donors in Australia." Transplantation Direct 5, no. 8 (August 2019): e471. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/txd.0000000000000906.

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Thomson, Imogen Kate, James Hedley, Brenda Rosales, Patrick Kelly, Kate Wyburn, and Angela Webster. "MISSED OPPORTUNITIES FOR ORGAN DONATION FROM POTENTIAL DONORS WITH PRIMARY BRAIN TUMOURS IN AUSTRALIA; COHORT STUDY 2010-2015." Transplantation 104, S3 (September 2020): S220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000699520.63932.16.

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Bowtell, Meghan K., Melissa J. Ankravs, Timothy Fazio, Jeffrey J. Presneill, Christopher MacIsaac, Michelle Spence, Linda Bennet, Mark P. Plummer, Yasmine Ali Abdelhamid, and Adam M. Deane. "A microcosting analysis of ICU expenditure in the interval between brain death and organ donation." Critical Care and Resuscitation 23, no. 2 (June 7, 2021): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51893/2021.2.oa8.

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OBJECTIVE: The cost of providing care in an intensive care unit (ICU) after brain death to facilitate organ donation is unknown. The objective of this study was to estimate expenditure for the care delivered in the ICU between the diagnosis of brain death and subsequent organ donation. DESIGN: Cohort study of direct and indirect costs using bottom-up and top-down microcosting techniques. SETTING: Single adult ICU in Australia. PARTICIPANTS: All patients who met criteria for brain death and proceeded to organ donation during a 13-month period between 1 January 2018 and 31 January 2019. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A comprehensive cost estimate for care provided in the ICU from determination of brain death to transfer to theatre for organ donation. RESULTS: Forty-five patients with brain death became organ donors during the study period. The mean duration of post-death care in the ICU was 37.9 hours (standard deviation [SD], 16.5) at a mean total cost of $7520 (SD, $3136) per donor. ICU staff salaries were the greatest contributor to total costs, accounting for a median proportion of 0.72 of total expenditure (interquartile range, 0.68–0.75). CONCLUSIONS: Substantial costs are incurred in ICU for the provision of patient care in the interval between brain death and organ donation.

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Hohenegger, M., M. Vermes, W. Mauritz, G. Redl, P. Sporn, and P. Eiselsberg. "Serum vasopressin (AVP) levels in polyuric brain-dead organ donors." European Archives of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences 239, no. 4 (July 1990): 267–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01738582.

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Sampson, Brett G., Steven R. Wilson, Mark E. Finnis, Alison M. Hodak, Philippa N. Jones, Stephanie L. O’Connor, and Marianne J. Chapman. "A Quality Control Study of the Adherence to Recommended Physiological Targets for the Management of Brain-Dead Organ Donors in South Australian Intensive Care Units." Progress in Transplantation 28, no. 4 (September 16, 2018): 386–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1526924818800053.

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Background: The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society and the Australasian Transplant Coordinators Association provide recommendations on the physiological management of brain-dead donors. Problem statement: How often physiological targets are prescribed for brain-dead donors in Australian intensive care units (ICUs), and how well these compare to recommended targets is unknown. It is also unknown how often recommended targets are achieved, irrespective of prescribed targets. Methods: We performed a retrospective, observational quality control study in 81 adult (>18 years) brain-dead donors to describe how often physiological targets were prescribed, comparing these to current guidelines. We determined the proportion of observations within the recommended target range, irrespective of any prescribed target. We aimed to identify poor adherence to recommended targets to guide future quality improvement initiatives. Outcomes: Seventy-four (91%) donors had at least 1 prescribed physiological target written on the ICU chart, with a median of 2 (range 2-5), and a maximum of 13 targets. Prescribed targets appeared to adhere well with recommended targets. Most recommended physiological targets were met irrespective of any prescribed target. However, one-quarter of serum sodium observations and one-third of blood glucose levels were above the recommended target. Implications for practice: Quality improvement initiatives are required to improve the prescription of physiological targets in brain-dead donors in South Australia. Serum sodium and serum glucose targets were not met. However, this most likely reflects the need for current guidelines to be updated in line with current evidence.

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Chapman, Cassandra M., Winnifred R. Louis, and Barbara M. Masser. "Identifying (our) donors: Toward a social psychological understanding of charity selection in Australia." Psychology & Marketing 35, no. 12 (November 6, 2018): 980–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mar.21150.

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Hyde, Melissa K., and Katherine M. White. "Exploring Donation Decisions: Beliefs and Preferences for Organ Donation in Australia." Death Studies 34, no. 2 (January 20, 2010): 172–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481180903492604.

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Macvean, Emily, Eva YN Yuen, Gregory Tooley, Heather M. Gardiner, and Tess Knight. "Attitudes of intensive care and emergency physicians in Australia with regard to the organ donation process: A qualitative analysis." Journal of Health Psychology 25, no. 10-11 (April 4, 2018): 1601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105318765619.

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Specialized hospital physicians have direct capacity to impact Australia’s sub-optimal organ donation rates because of their responsibility to identify and facilitate donation opportunities. Australian physicians’ attitudes toward this responsibility are examined. A total of 12 intensive care unit and three emergency department physicians were interviewed using a constructionist grounded theory and situational analysis approach. A major theme emerged, related to physicians’ conflicts of interest in maintaining patients’/next-of-kin’s best interests and a sense of duty-of-care in this context. Two sub-themes related to this main theme were identified as follows: (1) discussions about organ donation and who is best to carry these out and (2) determining whether organ donation is part of end-of-life care; including the avoidance of non-therapeutic ventilation; and some reluctance to follow clinical triggers in the emergency department. Overall, participants indicated strong support for organ donation but would not consider it part of end-of-life care, representing a major obstacle to the support of potential donation opportunities. Findings have implications for physician education and training. Continued efforts are needed to integrate the potential for organ donation into end-of-life care within intensive care units and emergency departments.

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Papachristu, C. "Strategies for psychiatric-psychosomatic evaluation of organ donors and recipients: The European experience." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 74, no. 6 (June 2013): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.03.067.

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Hyde, Melissa K., and Katherine M. White. "Young Australian Adults' Knowledge and Beliefs about Organ Donation." Progress in Transplantation 17, no. 3 (September 2007): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/152692480701700310.

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Context Limited studies, particularly in Australia, are aimed at understanding young people's beliefs about organ donation. Identification of such beliefs may serve to increase donation decision registration and decision discussion rates among this age cohort. Objectives To examine young adults' knowledge about organ donation and to use a theory of planned behavior framework to determine the differences in behavioral, normative, and control beliefs between young adults who had and those who had not registered and discussed their organ donation decision with family or significant others. Participants Australian university students (N = 233) completed a questionnaire assessing knowledge about the organ donation process and beliefs related to organ donation decision registration and decision discussion. Results Young adults demonstrated knowledge deficits about the support of Western religious denominations for organ donation and the circumstances surrounding donation. Unregistered donors were more likely to focus on the costs of registering; however, no belief-based differences for decision discussion emerged. Young adults who had registered and discussed their decision were more likely to believe that family members and friends thought they should do so. Lack of motivation was reported as preventing registering and discussing, and uncertainty about how and when to raise the topic prevented young adults discussing their donation decision. Conclusions Understanding of young adults' knowledge and beliefs enables the development of strategies encouraging donation decision registration and donation decision discussion with family or significant others, thereby increasing the likelihood that the donor's wishes will be carried out.

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Walter, M., C. Papachristou, G. Danzer, BF Klapp, and J. Frommer. "289-COMMUNICATION WITH LIVE ORGAN DONORS BEFORE LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: AN IN-DEPTH INTERVIEW STUDY." Journal of Psychosomatic Research 56, no. 6 (June 2004): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2004.04.208.

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Khan, Mohammad Abdus Sayek. "A Gift of Generosity—An Explanation of Organ and Tissue Donation and Transplantation for Muslim Audiences." Religions 12, no. 10 (September 28, 2021): 815. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12100815.

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Diseased Organ and tissue donation and transplantation entails removing organ and tissues from someone (the donor) and transplanting them into another person (the recipient). Transplanting organs and tissues from one person hold the capacity to save or significantly improve the quality of life of multiple recipients. This is a rare opportunity for one to become an organ donor. In 2018, Australia had a population of 24.99 million. A total of 160,909 lives were lost that year; almost half of this death occurred in hospitals. However, a person may only be able to become a donor if their death occurs in a particular way and fulfils a defined set of special criteria—for example, while on the life support machine in an intensive care unit. Because of this, only 1211 people out of the large number of lives lost in 2018 were eligible to be potential organ donors. This is one of reasons we encourage everybody to consider the virtues of organ and tissue donation in any end-of-life discussion. Diseased organ donation occurs only when the clinician is certain that the person has died. The death is diagnosed by neurological criteria or by circulatory criteria which are discussed in detail in the article. This is an unconditional altruistic and non-commercial act. A large number of people are waiting on transplant list in Australia who are suffering from end stage organ failure; some of them will die waiting unless one receives an organ transplantation. Australians are known to be highly generous people. That is why 98% of Australian say ‘Yes’ to become an organ donor when they die. But in reality, only about 64% of families consent for organ donation on an average. There are widespread misconceptions and myths about this subject, mostly due to lack of information and knowledge. I have attempted to explain the steps of diseased organ donation in this article which, hopefully will be able to break some of those misconceptions. I have avoided to discuss living donation which is entirely a different subject. I have only touched on Islamic perspective of organ donation here as multiple Islamic scholars are going to shed lights here. We encourage everybody to ‘Discover’ the facts about organ and tissue donation, to make an informed ‘Decision’ and ‘Discuss’ this with the family. If the family knows the wishes of the loved one, it makes their decision-making process much easier during such a devastating and stressful time.

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Wotring, Amy J., Timothy R. Jordan, Barbara Saltzman, Tavis Glassman, Jennifer Holloway, and Jagdish Khubchandani. "Why Do Young Adults in the United States Have Such Low Rates of Organ Donation Registration?" Challenges 13, no. 1 (May 19, 2022): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe13010021.

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The demand for transplantable organs has outpaced the supply. Thus, 20 Americans die every day while waiting for an organ. Although most adults support organ donation, 42% are not registered. The rate is even lower among young adults who are not enrolled in/never graduated from college. The aim of this study was to use the Integrated Behavior Model (IBM) to identify factors that predicted organ donation registration among a racially diverse sample of non-student young adults. The study was observational and cross-sectional. Proportional allocation was used to identify a racially diverse sample of 550 non-student, young adults from ten states in the U.S. with the lowest registration rates. A valid and reliable survey was designed, pilot-tested, and administered. A total of 407 young adults completed the survey (74%). Only 19% were registered donors. Caucasians were more likely to be registered donors than racial minorities, χ² (3, N = 407) = 15.19, p = 0.002. Those with more positive direct attitudes toward registration were 1.5 times more likely to be registered than those who had negative direct attitudes. Among non-registrants, indirect descriptive norm and direct attitude were statistically significant predictors of behavioral intention. Moreover, those who knew someone who donated an organ and knew someone who needed a transplant were nearly three times more likely to intend to register in the next year. The IBM proved useful in elucidating factors that predicted intention to register among non-student young adults. The IBM should be used by those who desire to increase registration rates.

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Lee, Y. Y., K. Ranse, W. Silvester, A. Mehta, and F. M. P. Van Haren. "Attitudes and Self-Reported End-Of-Life Care of Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Doctors in the Context of Organ Donation after Circulatory Death." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 46, no. 5 (September 2018): 488–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1804600510.

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The incidence of organ donation after circulatory death (DCD) in Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) has steadily increased in recent years. Intensive care doctors are vital to the implementation of DCD and healthcare professionals’ attitudes to DCD can influence their participation. In order to determine ANZ intensive care doctors’ attitudes to DCD, to explore if demographic characteristics influence attitude to DCD and to assess if attitude to DCD can predict palliative prescription rationale at the end of life of DCD donors, a cross-sectional online survey was distributed to ANZ intensive care doctors and responses collected between 29 April and 10 June 2016. Exploratory factor analysis was used to define various attributes of attitude to DCD. Results were subjected to comparative statistical analyses to examine the relation between demographic data and attitude to DCD. Multiple regression models were used to examine if attitude to DCD could predict intensive care doctors’ palliative prescription rationales at the end of life of DCD donors. One hundred and sixty-one intensive care doctors responded to the survey with 69.4% having worked in intensive care for ten years or more. Respondents responded positively to the support of and perceived importance of DCD in helping those who would benefit from the donations (constructive attributes) (mean composite factor score = 3.84, standard deviation [SD] 0.83), they positively perceived that conducive and facilitative orchestration of DCD helps families cope (mean composite factor score = 3.94, SD 0.72) and that they would manage a DCD donor similar to any patient at the end of their life (mean score = 3.94, SD 0.72). Respondents responded negatively to having concerns that the circulatory death of potential DCD donors does not occur within the specified time frame (mean score = 2.28, SD 1.02). There was an association between organ donation professional education courses, familiarity with national guidelines and positive attitudes to certain attributes of attitude to DCD. Regression models demonstrated the attitude to DCD may predict intensive care doctors’ palliative medication prescription rationales at the end of life of the DCD donor. Intensive care doctors in ANZ adopt a morally neutral attitude to DCD where they recognise the importance of organ donation, and support and conduct DCD as a part of good end-of-life care.

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Ramchandani, Dilip. "Psychiatric Assessment of Living Organ Donors for Renal Transplantation: Utility of the Defensive Functioning Scale." Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 70, no. 4 (December 2006): 283–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/bumc.2006.70.4.283.

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Pei, Juan, Yeoungjee Cho, Yong Pey See, Elaine M. Pascoe, Andrea K. Viecelli, Ross S. Francis, Carolyn van Eps, et al. "Impact of deceased donor with acute kidney injury on subsequent kidney transplant outcomes–an ANZDATA registry analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): e0249000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249000.

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Background The need for kidney transplantation drives efforts to expand organ donation. The decision to accept organs from donors with acute kidney injury (AKI) can result in a clinical dilemma in the context of conflicting reports from published literature. Material and methods This observational study included all deceased donor kidney transplants performed in Australia and New Zealand between 1997 and 2017. The association of donor-AKI, defined according to KDIGO criteria, with all-cause graft failure was evaluated by multivariable Cox regression. Secondary outcomes included death-censored graft failure, death, delayed graft function (DGF) and acute rejection. Results The study included 10,101 recipients of kidneys from 5,774 deceased donors, of whom 1182 (12%) recipients received kidneys from 662 (11%) donors with AKI. There were 3,259 (32%) all-cause graft failures, which included 1,509 deaths with functioning graft. After adjustment for donor, recipient and transplant characteristics, donor AKI was not associated with all-cause graft failure (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.11, 95% CI 0.99–1.26), death-censored graft failure (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.92–1.28), death (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.98–1.35) or graft failure when death was evaluated as a competing event (sub-distribution hazard ratio [sHR] 1.07, 95% CI 0.91–1.26). Donor AKI was not associated with acute rejection but was associated with DGF (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 2.27, 95% CI 1.92–2.68). Conclusion Donor AKI stage was not associated with any kidney transplant outcome, except DGF. Use of kidneys with AKI for transplantation appears to be justified.

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Hedley, James A., Nicole De La Mata, Brenda M. Rosales, Karen M. J. Waller, Imogen K. Thomson, Patrick J. Kelly, Michael J. O’Leary, Elena Cavazzoni, Kate R. Wyburn, and Angela C. Webster. "PERCEIVED VS. VERIFIED RISK OF CANCER TRANSMISSION FROM DECEASED ORGAN DONORS: A 2010-2015 COHORT STUDY USING DATA LINKAGE IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA." Transplantation 104, S3 (September 2020): S225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000699544.18047.13.

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Sirois, Brian C., Samuel F. Sears, and Stephanie Marhefka. "Do New Drivers Equal New Donors? An Examination of Factors Influencing Organ Donation Attitudes and Behaviors in Adolescents." Journal of Behavioral Medicine 28, no. 2 (April 2005): 201–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10865-005-3669-y.

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Annuar, Sharifah Nurafizah Syed, Stephen Laison Sondoh Jr, Andreas Totu, Geoffrey Tanakinjal, and Rayner Alfred. "CELEBRITY ENDORSEMENTS IN ORGAN DONATION ADVERTISEMENTS: ALTRUISM AS A MODERATOR." Journal of Applied Structural Equation Modeling 2, no. 2 (June 15, 2018): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47263/jasem.2(2)04.

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Health and psychology literature suggests the use of celebrity endorsement in organ donation advertisement in changing the attitude to register as organ donors. However, very limited literature was found that discussed the effect of source attractiveness, expertise and trustworthiness towards attitude in the context of organ donation. In addition, there is limited knowledge established in understanding the impact of charisma and authenticity in celebrity studies. The role of altruism as a moderator in the relationship between the attributes of celebrity endorsers and attitude towards organ donation registration is also unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to fill the gaps by determining the impact of celebrity endorser attributes towards attitude towards organ donation. This paper also examines the role of altruism as a moderator to the relationship between celebrity endorser attributes and attitude towards organ donation. The target sample of this study was university students and data collection has been conducted in various universities from four regions in Malaysia. Data from 466 university students were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics 23 and SmartPLS 3.0. Of five important celebrity endorser attributes that were tested in this paper, the findings show that authenticity and charisma are great predictors to attitude towards organ donation. In addition, the relationship between charisma and attitude is found to be weakened among individuals with high altruism. The findings of this paper are beneficial as they contribute to the celebrity endorsement literature and provide insights to the relevant agencies in selecting celebrity endorsers for their social marketing campaign.

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Waller, Karen, Nicole De La Mata, Kate Wyburn, Patrick Kelly, Vidiya Ramachandran, William Rawlinson, and Angela C. Webster. "Incidence, Prevalence and Residual Infection Risk of HIV in Increased Risk Groups Presenting as Potential Organ Donors in Australia; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Transplantation 102 (July 2018): S356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.tp.0000543099.22815.1d.

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Kowal, Katarzyna, Mateusz Zatorski, and Artur Kwiatkowski. "Experiencing one’s own body and body image in living kidney donors–A sociological and psychological study." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): e0249397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249397.

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Background The aim of the study was to perform an in-depth exploratory analysis of the experience and image of one’s body among living kidney donors. Method The research was carried out using mixed methodology. The study on experiencing one’s own body was carried out using the sociological methodology of the grounded theory (qualitative research). This method was supplemented with psychometric measurement–the Body Esteem Scale (quantitative research). The basic research method was the in-depth interview. Using this method, a group of 25 living kidney donors who had not experienced any serious health or psychological problems after donation was examined. The participants of the study came from three transplant centers in Poland. Results The data from the sociological interviews indicate that the donors: 1. do not experience radical changes in the functioning of their body; 2. maintain full control over it and do not feel the absence of a kidney in the body; 3. consciously and reflectively take care of their body after donation. In addition, the sociological research indicates that caring for one’s own body also includes the transferred organ. The kidney donors experience a kind of bodily identity extension, including the recipient’s body. However, the personal and social identity of the studied kidney donors is not disturbed in any way. The psychometric data correspond to the sociological results and indicate: 1. a lack of extreme emotional assessments about one’s body; 2. awareness of one’s own body and consistency of its image; 3. reduced emotional assessment of body zones directly related to the surgery; 4. differences in body image between the sexes. Conclusions The research results presented in the text indicate not only the possibility, but also the need for triangulation of research methods in the study of the experience and image of one’s own body in living kidney donors. The proposed research approach employing mixed methodology within the fields of sociology and psychology for researching the phenomenon of living kidney donation is not very common.

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Garcia-Ochoa, Carlos, Liane S. Feldman, Christopher Nguan, Mauricio Monroy-Cuadros, Jennifer Arnold, Neil Boudville, Meaghan Cuerden, et al. "Perioperative Complications During Living Donor Nephrectomy: Results From a Multicenter Cohort Study." Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease 6 (January 2019): 205435811985771. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054358119857718.

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Background: While living kidney donation is considered safe in healthy individuals, perioperative complications can occur due to several factors. Objective: We explored associations between the incidence of perioperative complications and donor characteristics, surgical technique, and surgeon’s experience in a large contemporary cohort of living kidney donors. Design: Living kidney donors enrolled prospectively in a multicenter cohort study with some data collected retrospectively after enrollment was complete (eg, surgeon characteristics). Setting: Living kidney donor centers in Canada (n = 12) and Australia (n = 5). Patients: Living kidney donors who donated between 2004 and 2014 and the surgeons who performed the living kidney donor nephrectomies. Measurements: Operative and hospital discharge medical notes were collected prospectively, with data on perioperative (intraoperative and postoperative) information abstracted from notes after enrollment was complete. Complications were graded using the Clavien-Dindo system and further classified into minor and major. In 2016, surgeons who performed the nephrectomies were invited to fill an online survey on their training and experience. Methods: Multivariable logistic regression models with generalized estimating equations were used to compare perioperative complication rates between different groups of donors. The effect of surgeon characteristics on the complication rate was explored using a similar approach. Poisson regression was used to test rates of overall perioperative complications between high- and low-volume centers. Results: Of the 1421 living kidney donor candidates, 1042 individuals proceeded with donation, where 134 (13% [95% confidence interval (CI): 11%-15%]) experienced 142 perioperative complications (55 intraoperative; 87 postoperative). The most common intraoperative complication was organ injury and the most common postoperative complication was ileus. No donors died in the perioperative period. Most complications were minor (90% of 142 complications [95% CI: 86%-96%]); however, 12 donors (1% of 1042 [95% CI: 1%-2%]) experienced a major complication. No statistically significant differences were observed between donor groups and the rate of complications. A total of 43 of 48 eligible surgeons (90%) completed the online survey. Perioperative complication rates did not vary significantly by surgeon characteristics or by high- versus low-volume centers. Limitations: Operative and discharge reporting is not standardized and varies among surgeons. It is possible that some complications were missed. The online survey for surgeons was completed retrospectively, was based on self-report, and has not been validated. We had adequate statistical power only to detect large effects for factors associated with a higher risk of perioperative complications. Conclusions: This study confirms the safety of living kidney donation as evidenced by the low rate of major perioperative complications. We did not identify any donor or surgeon characteristics associated with a higher risk of perioperative complications. Trial registration(s): NCT00319579: A Prospective Study of Living Kidney Donation ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00319579 ) NCT00936078: Living Kidney Donor Study ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00936078 )

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Honarmand, Kimia, Ian Ball, Matthew Weiss, Marat Slessarev, Robert Sibbald, Aimee Sarti, Maureen Meade, et al. "Cardiac donation after circulatory determination of death: protocol for a mixed-methods study of healthcare provider and public perceptions in Canada." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e033932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-033932.

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IntroductionCardiac transplantation remains the best treatment for patients with end-stage heart disease that is refractory to medical or device therapies, however, a major challenge for heart transplantation is the persistent discrepancy between the number of patients on waiting lists and the number of available hearts. While other countries (eg, UK, Australia and Belgium) have explored and implemented alternative models of transplantation, such as cardiac donation after circulatory determination of death (DCDD) to alleviate transplantation wait times, ethical concerns have hindered implementation in some countries. This study aims to explore the attitudes and opinions of healthcare providers and the public about cardiac DCDD in order to identify and describe opportunities and challenges in ensuring that proposed cardiac DCDD procedures in Canada are consistent with Canadian values and ethical norms.Methods and analysisThis study will include two parts that will be conducted concurrently. Part 1 is a qualitative study consisting of semi-structured interviews with Canadian healthcare providers who routinely care for organ donors and/or transplant recipients to describe their perceptions about cardiac DCDD. Part 2 is a convergent parallel mixed-methods design consisting of a series of focus groups and follow-up surveys with members of the Canadian general public to describe their perceptions about cardiac DCDD.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Research Ethics Board at Western University. The findings will be presented at regional and national conferences and reported in peer-reviewed publications.

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Barbaro, Pasquale M., Peter J. Shaw, Melissa Gabriel, Steven Keogh, Li Zhou, Daniel Catchpole, Loretta Lau, Rebecca Dagg, Hilda A. Pickett, and Roger R. Reddel. "Age-Adjusted Telomere Length May Predict Treatment-Related Mortality in Children Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 5445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.5445.5445.

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Abstract Introduction Telomeres are specialized DNA structures found at the end of linear chromosomes. In humans, they contain the repetitive sequence (TTAGGG)nalong with its complementary strand and associated proteins. With each cell division, the telomere shortens due to incomplete replication of the lagging strand, a phenomenon known as the end replication problem. Oxidative damage, as well as the action of nucleases also leads to telomere attrition. Once the telomere reaches a critically short length, cells enter senescence or apoptosis. In the general population, telomere length (TL) varies greatly, and is seen to decline with age. Patients with Dyskeratosis Congenita (DC) have inherently short telomeres, which leads to multiple organ dysfunction. These patients suffer increased organ toxicity when given standard myeloablative conditioning regimens during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This is most likely due to the reduced ability of their cells to replicate and recover following cytotoxic treatment. It is not known whether patients without DC, who have telomere lengths at the lower end of the normal spectrum also suffer increased rates of toxicity. Thus we undertook a retrospective analysis to determine if there was an association between short TL and increased transplant-related mortality (TRM) following HSCT in children. Method Medical records of patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at the Children's Hospital at Westmead (Sydney, Australia) between 2002 to 2013 were examined and demographic, prior treatment, transplant, toxicity and transplant information was extracted. The primary outcome measured was TRM, while overall survival, relapse and graft versus host disease (GVHD) being secondary outcomes of interest. Stored DNA, extracted from bone marrow, taken within 3 months prior to HSCT was used for telomere length testing, as a surrogate marker for TL in other tissues in the body. Quantitative PCR was carried out to determine relative telomere length, which was converted to an age adjusted TL (AATL) by subtracting the expected relative TL (i.e. 50th percentile for age of the patient) from the measured relative TL, so that patients of all ages could be analyzed together. Results Between 2002 and 2013, there were 121 patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT at our institution. Of these, 78 had DNA stored, with appropriate consent and ethics approval to be used in our study. Most children were undergoing HSCT for hematological malignancies (acute lymphoblastic leukemia 52%, acute myeloid leukemia 39%), with 55% having relapse or refractory disease. Matched sibling donors made up 46% of cases. At a median follow up of 3.2 years, 64% of patients remained alive. The single leading cause of death was relapse (48%) with 52% of deaths attributable to transplant-related causes. The median AATL for the entire cohort was -0.21 (range -0.61-0.28). Telomere length was not associated with relapse or refractory disease. There was no correlation between AATL and specific organ toxicity, relapse or overall survival. When the cohort was divided into 2 groups based on AATL, there was a trend (p=0.055) towards increased TRM in patients who had AATL below the median for the cohort (Figure 1). Multivariate analysis adjusting for age at transplant, CMV status, disease status and HLA matching showed a reduced risk (HR 0.33; p value 0.072) of TRM in patients with AATL above the median for the cohort. Conclusion AATL was shorter in patients pre-HSCT compared with age matched controls. There was a trend towards increased TRM in patients with shorter telomere length, however most likely due to small sample size, this did not achieve significance. If extended to a larger cohort of patients, TL may prove to be a significant marker for children at increased risk of TRM prior to HSCT. This could influence the choice to use less myeloablative conditioning in these patients. Support: NHMRC GNT1056667 Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Ferguson, Eamonn, Abigail R. A. Edwards, and Barbara M. Masser. "Simple Reciprocal Fairness Message to Enhance Non-Donor’s Willingness to Donate Blood." Annals of Behavioral Medicine, May 29, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/abm/kaab026.

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Abstract Background Against a background of declining blood donor numbers, recruiting new donors is critical for the effective operations of healthcare providers. Thus, interventions are needed to recruit new blood donors. Purpose We provide initial evidence for Voluntary Reciprocal Altruism (VRA) to enhance nondonors’ willingness to become blood donors. VRA interventions involve asking two questions: one on accepting a blood transfusion if needed and one on willingness to donate. As early trials often use self-reports of willingness to perform blood donation behavior, we derive a correction factor to better estimate actual behavior. Finally, we explore the effect of VRA interventions on two prosocial emotions: gratitude and guilt. Methods Across three experiments (two in the UK and one in Australia: Total N = 1,208 nondonors) we manipulate VRA messages and explore how they affect both reported willingness to make a one-off or repeat blood donation and influence click through to blood donation, organ donation and volunteering registration sites (behavioral proxies). We report data from a longitudinal cohort (N = 809) that enables us to derive a correction for self-reported behavioral willingness. Results Across the three experiments, we show that exposure to a question that asks about accepting a transfusion if needed increased willingness to donate blood with some spillover to organ donor registration. We also show that gratitude has an independent effect on donation and report a behavioral correction factor of .10. Conclusions Asking nondonors about accepting a transfusion if needed is likely to be an effective strategy to increase new donor numbers.

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Dutch, Martin J., Cameron J. Patrick, Peter A. Boan, Jonathan C. Knott, and Helen I. Opdam. "Prevalence of Blood-Borne Viruses and Predictors of Risk in Potential Organ Donors in Australia." Transplant International 35 (May 3, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/ti.2022.10395.

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Internationally, the designation of a patient as an increased viral risk organ donor has been associated with lower utilisation rates. The actual prevalence of blood borne viruses in Australian potential organ donors, and the predictive performance of questionnaires administered to stratify this risk, remains unknown. We conducted a retrospective review of all patients who commenced workup for donation on the national database between 2014–2020. The prevalence of HIV, Active HBV and Active HCV in 3650 potential organ donors was 0.16%, 0.9%, and 2.2%, respectively. The behavioural risk profile was assessed in a subset of 3633 patients. Next-of-kin reported increased risk behaviours were associated with an increased prevalence of HCV but not of HIV or HBV (OR 13.8, p < 0.01, OR 0.3. p = 0.42, OR 1.5, p = 0.14). Furthermore, the majority of HIV and HBV infections occurred in potential donors without a disclosed history of increased risk behaviours. In this series, donors had a higher prevalence of HCV, and similar rates of HBV and HIV to the broader community. Behavioural transmission risks were poorly predictive of HIV and HBV. Rather than pre-transplantation behavioural risk screening, routine post-transplant recipient screening may provide a more powerful tool in mitigating the consequences of unexpected viral transmission.

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Zivkovic, Tanya Maria. "Unfinished Lives and Multiple Deaths: Bodies, Buddhists and Organ Donation." Body & Society, July 21, 2022, 1357034X2211091. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1357034x221109125.

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This article examines an Australian campaign to increase organ and tissue donation for transplantation. It analyses the use of the gift rhetoric to promote community awareness and resources, target migrant groups, and recruit cultural and religious leaders to endorse organ and tissue donation as an altruistic act. In unpacking this ‘gift of life’ approach to organ donation, it explores the convergence of medical and religious bodies and pushes beyond uniform determinations of death to reveal how multiple deaths transpire in organ donation. Drawing on recent advances in the anthropology of becoming as a critical lens to examine death and organ donation, it examines how the ‘unfinishedness’ of donor bodies produces new possibilities for understanding donation. This article thus attends to the situated, layered and contradictory sensibilities that open up multiple and malleable understandings of the donation of body parts.

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Xie, Wenzhao, Shufeng Kong, Haiyan He, Huan Xiong, Qizhen Zhu, and Panhao Huang. "A mixed-methods study of emotional support for families of organ donors in Hunan Province, China." Frontiers in Psychology 13 (September 2, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.952524.

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BackgroundFamily consent is a prerequisite for the organ donation of the deceased in China. However, a large number of donors are individuals who died due to accidental injuries or unanticipated diseases, which means that most of the families of such donors have just experienced the sudden death of their loved one and have to make a donation decision in a short time. This decision may cause psychological stress and some psychological damage to the minds of relatives of the donors. In addition, cultural sensitivity also has largely caused the relatives of donors inner conflicts and contradictions. And sometimes organ donation may still be stigmatized. However, have they received any emotional support and what is their emotional support needs are some questions that need to be answered. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the emotional support, influencing factors, and needs of the family members of organ donors in Hunan Province, China.Materials and methodsThis is mixed-methods research that combines quantitative and qualitative research methods. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 102 donor families using a questionnaire to investigate their emotional support status. To further understand their emotional support needs, 12 donor families participated in the semi-structured interview.ResultsThe results confirmed that: (1) A total of 67.7% of the 102 respondents received emotional support or psychological comfort. Thus, only a small number of respondents (31.4%) felt respected by the public. (2) Emotional support came mainly from immediate family members (73.91%), and official organizations such as the Red Cross (43.48%). (3) Marital status, health status, occupation, and coping style can affect the emotional support of the donor families (p < 0.05). (4) Interview showed that the families of donors need emotional support and psychological aid from psychological professionals mostly. And they also wish to receive the understanding and respect of the public.ConclusionMost families of organ donors received emotional support from family, Red Cross, and friends, but only a minority of families of donors reported receiving respect from the public after the donation. And families of donor showed a strong need for emotional support and professional psychological aid from institutions.

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Rochelle, Tina L., and Judy SC Ng. "Examining behavioural intention towards organ donation in Hong Kong." Journal of Health Psychology, April 20, 2022, 135910532210928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/13591053221092857.

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Although many people report favourable attitudes towards organ donation, Hong Kong has one of the lowest rates of organ donation globally. The present study examined behavioural intention towards organ donation. A convenience sample of 225 Hong Kong Chinese adults (118 = female) aged 18–82 years were recruited to an online survey. Behavioural intention, attitudes, subjective norms, self-efficacy, knowledge and altruism were examined. ANOVA was conducted to examine key differences based on behavioural intention, regression then examined predictors of behavioural intention to donate before exploratory analysis examined the mediating role of subjective norms on the relationship between self-efficacy and behavioural intention. Findings revealed over one third (38%) of respondents were actively registered as organ donors. Women were significantly more likely to be registered as organ donors. Subjective norms and self-efficacy were strong predictors of behavioural intention to donate, and subjective norms significantly mediated the relationship between self-efficacy and behavioural intention to donate.

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Okahara, Shuji, Gregory I. Snell, Bronwyn J. Levvey, Mark McDonald, Rohit D’Costa, Helen Opdam, and David V. Pilcher. "A prediction model to determine the untapped lung donor pool outside of the DonateLife network in Victoria." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, June 19, 2022, 0310057X2110700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x211070011.

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Lung transplantation is limited by a lack of suitable lung donors. In Australia, the national donation organisation (DonateLife) has taken a major role in optimising organ donor identification. However, the potential outside the DonateLife network hospitals remains uncertain. We aimed to create a prediction model for lung donation within the DonateLife network and estimate the untapped lung donors outside of the DonateLife network. We reviewed all deaths in the state of Victoria’s intensive care units using a prospectively collected population-based intensive care unit database linked to organ donation records. A logistic regression model derived using patient-level data was developed to characterise the lung donors within DonateLife network hospitals. Consequently, we estimated the expected number of lung donors in Victorian hospitals outside the DonateLife network and compared the actual number. Between 2014 and 2018, 291 lung donations occurred from 8043 intensive care unit deaths in DonateLife hospitals, while only three lung donations occurred from 1373 ICU deaths in non-DonateLife hospitals. Age, sex, postoperative admission, sepsis, neurological disease, trauma, chronic respiratory disease, lung oxygenation and serum creatinine were factors independently associated with lung donation. A highly discriminatory prediction model with area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.91 was developed and accurately estimated the number of lung donors. Applying the model to non-DonateLife hospital data predicted only an additional five lung donors. This prediction model revealed few additional lung donor opportunities outside the DonateLife network, and the necessity of alternative and novel strategies for lung donation. A donor prediction model could provide a useful benchmarking tool to explore organ donation potential across different jurisdictions, hospitals and transplanting centres.

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Waller, Karen MJ, Nicole L. De La Mata, James A. Hedley, Brenda M. Rosales, Michael J. O’Leary, Elena Cavazzoni, Vidiya Ramachandran, et al. "New Blood Borne Virus Infections Among Organ Transplant Recipients: A Data-Linked Cohort Study Examining Transmissions and De Novo Infections." International Journal of Population Data Science 5, no. 5 (December 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v5i5.1642.

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IntroductionSolid organ transplant recipients are at risk of infections, which may be either derived through transplantation or acquired later. Blood-borne viruses (BBV) are a particular concern for donor-derived transmissions. There is an increasing emphasis on biovigilance – monitoring the safety of donated organs. However, systematic surveillance to distinguish donor-transmitted infection from de novo post-transplant infection is challenging. Additional information can be obtained through linkage of administrative health data. Objectives and ApproachWe aimed to identify donor-transmitted and de novo BBV infections among organ transplant recipients. We conducted a cohort study of all solid organ donor-recipient pairs in New South Wales, Australia, 2000-2015. Donor and recipient BBV infections were identified by linking transplant registries with administrative health data. Proven/probable donor-transmissions were identified among new recipient infections within 12 months of transplant, classified according to an international algorithm. All other new BBV infections were classified as de novo infections. ResultsAmong 2,120 organ donors, 73 had a BBV infection (11/73 active, 62/73 past). Donors with BBV donated to 176 recipients, of whom 24/176 had the same BBV as their donor, and 152/176 did not; these 152 recipients were at risk of donor-transmission. Among those at risk, there were 3/152 proven/probable BBV transmissions (1 hepatitis C, 2 hepatitis B [HBV]) and 149/152 recipients with non-transmissions. All donor-transmissions were previously recognised by donation services, and were from donors with known BBV. There were no deaths from transmissions. There were 70 recipients with de novo BBV; 2/70 died from new HBV. Conclusion / ImplicationsThis work confirms the safety of Australian organ donation, with no unrecognised BBV transmissions and many non-transmissions from donors with BBV. This may support increasing targeted donation from donors with BBV. However, de novo BBV infections were substantial and preventable. Data-linkage may be a useful adjunct to current biovigilance systems.

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Symons, Xavier, and Billy Poulden. "An Ethical Defense of a Mandated Choice Consent Procedure for Deceased Organ Donation." Asian Bioethics Review, April 29, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41649-022-00206-5.

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Abstract Organ transplant shortages are ubiquitous in healthcare systems around the world. In response, several commentators have argued for the adoption of an opt-out policy for organ transplantation, whereby individuals would by default be registered as organ donors unless they informed authorities of their desire to opt-out. This may potentially lead to an increase in donation rates. An opt-out system, however, presumes consent even when it is evident that a significant minority are resistant to organ donation. In this article, we defend a mandated choice framework for consent to deceased organ donation. A mandated choice framework, coupled with good public education, would likely increase donation rates. More importantly, however, a mandated choice framework would respect the autonomous preferences of people who do not wish to donate. We focus in particular on the Australian healthcare context, and consider how a mandated choice system could function as an ethical means to increase the organ donation rate in Australia. We make the novel proposal that all individuals who vote at an Australian federal election be required to state their organ donation preferences when voting.

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Hedley, James A., Nicole De La Mata, Brenda M. Rosales, Karen M. J. Waller, Imogen K. Thomson, Patrick J. Kelly, Michael O’Leary, Elena Cavazzoni, Kate Wyburn, and Angela C. Webster. "Perceived vs. Verified Cancer Transmission Risk from Deceased Organ Donors in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, 2010-2015." International Journal of Population Data Science 5, no. 5 (December 7, 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.23889/ijpds.v5i5.1495.

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IntroductionDonor suitability assessment is often time-sensitive, with imperfect information available at referral. Opportunities for donation may be missed if donors are rejected based on inaccurate information. Objectives and ApproachWe sought to compare assessment of cancer transmission risk based on information available at referral (perceived) versus subsequently obtained (verified) detailed medical history, and to identify any missed opportunities for donation. We used data from the NSW Biovigilance Register, a cohort study of deceased organ donor referrals in New South Wales (NSW) 2010-2015. Referrals from NSW who had consent and were otherwise suitable for donation (except for perceived or verified tumour) were analysed. Perceived tumour details were obtained from NSW Organ and Tissue Donation Service referral logs, while verified details were based on the Central Cancer Registry and Admitted Patient Data Collection. Cancer transmission risk was graded using Transplantation Society of Australia and New Zealand guidelines. ResultsAmong 772 referrals otherwise suitable for donation, 601 (78%) had accurately classified cancer transmission risk (κ=0.59). Overall, 53 suitable referrals were rejected due to cancer transmission risk (missed opportunities), including 49 (92%) with overestimated risk (perceived high, verified low/none), and 4 (8%) due to excessive risk aversion (perceived and verified low risk). Missed opportunities had overestimated transmission risk for tumours including leukaemia (8, 16%), lung (8, 16%), melanoma (7, 14%), brain (6, 12%), and breast (6, 12%). Conclusion / ImplicationsDespite time pressure and limited information availability, there is moderate agreement between perceived and verified cancer transmission risk. Nevertheless, improved information availability (e.g. via data linkage) could meaningfully increase the number of actual donors.

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Fayed, Mohamed, Raju Pusapati, Neil Widdicombe, Matthew Sypek, Rowaa Ibrahim, Nicholas Yeldo, and Donald H. Penning. "Characteristics of Organ Donors Who Died From Suicide by Hanging in Australia and New Zealand: A Retrospective Study." Cureus, November 3, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7759/cureus.19243.

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Reeta Dar. "Use of Coping Mechanisms in Organ Donation and Transplantation with Distinctive Orientation to Brain Stem Death." International Journal of Indian Psychology 3, no. 4 (September 25, 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.25215/0304.093.

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This paper talks about psychodynamic theory of psychology wherein individuals adopt various defense mechanisms in order to cope with unpleasant thoughts, emotions or behaviors while dealing with multifaceted processes of organ donation and transplantation. Organ donation from brain stem dead donors and transplantation involves certain psychological defense mechanisms like sublimation, introjections, projection, intellectualization, and denial that are explained through a few case studies of organ donor families, non-donor families, recipients of organs, families of recipients, organ transplant coordinators and doctors. The author discusses how individuals behave in different ways in order to deal with the unpleasant thoughts, emotions or behaviors that are intertwined with intricate debates, dilemmas and convolutions of organ donation and transplantation especially from brain stem dead donors. The organs donated by brain stem dead donors are used for transplantation into people struggling for life with end stage organ failures. The paper represents the narratives of individuals through diagrams that explain the nature of defense mechanisms adopted by people and professionals in organ donation and transplantation. Through these case studies the author wants the authorities to focus on issues that could resolve some problems that are encountered in day to day activities by professionals especially organ transplant coordinators in India. There are a number of areas wherein government needs to put efforts like making easy permissions from police, preventing double permission from police as is required in Medico Legal Cases if the accident has happened in one place and the organ retrieval at the other. There is a dire need to start extensive awareness programmes in all related ministries. The government needs to be sensitive to the plight of poor people who wait for long hours to get back the body once they decide to donate organs in Govt. hospitals. They deserve some care in government hospitals during waiting period. Some budgetary provisions needs to be made for the same. One of the very important things is to introduce a topic on defense mechanisms in organ transplant coordinators course to make them understand the coping mechanisms better. Such efforts will help them in understanding each other better and help them to become effective team members.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Organ donors Australia Psychology'

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