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Journal articles on the topic 'Organ culture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 January 2023

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1

Jackson, Kevin S., Kari Inoue, David A. Davis, Tyvette S. Hilliard, and Joanna E. Burdette. "Three-Dimensional Ovarian Organ Culture as a Tool to Study Normal Ovarian Surface Epithelial Wound Repair." Endocrinology 150, no. 8 (May 7, 2009): 3921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1674.

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Ovarian cancers are primarily derived from a single layer of epithelial cells surrounding the ovary, the ovarian surface epithelium (OSE). Ovarian surface proliferation is associated with ovulation and has been suggested to play a role in ovarian surface transformation and cancer progression. Aspects of ovarian surface repair after ovulation include proliferation, migration, and surface regeneration. To study ovarian surface repair, an organ culture system was developed that supports the proliferation, encapsulation, and repair of an artificially wounded surface. Wounded mouse ovaries embedded into an alginate hydrogel matrix have normal OSE cells as demonstrated by expression of cytokeratin 8, vimentin, N-cadherin, and a lack of E-cadherin. Normal OSE cells began proliferating and migrating around wounded surfaces after 1 d of culture. Organ cultures were propagated in medium supplemented with BSA and fetal bovine serum to determine optimal growth conditions. BSA cultured organs had OSE that proliferated significantly more than controls until d 4, whereas fetal bovine serum cultured organs had significantly more surface area encapsulated by OSE. Overall, a three-dimensional ovarian organ culture supports the growth of normal OSE in response to artificial wounding and provides a novel system for investigating wound repair as it relates to the possible role of ovulation and ovarian cancer.

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2

Ehlers, Niels. "Cornea in organ culture." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 4 (August 1990): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199001040-00005.

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3

Ehlers, Niels. "Cornea in organ culture." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 1, no. 4 (August 1990): 354–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00055735-199008000-00005.

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4

Haynes, Jeffrey H., Thomas M. Krummel, Louise C. Flood, I. Kelman Cohen, and Robert F. Diegelmann. "Fetal Skin Organ Culture." Journal of Investigative Surgery 3, no. 4 (January 1990): 349–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/08941939009140361.

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5

Tammi, Raija, and Howard Maibach. "Skin Organ Culture: Why?" International Journal of Dermatology 26, no. 3 (April 1987): 150–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4362.1987.tb00881.x.

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6

Erickson-Lamy, Kristine A., and James A. Nathanson. "Epinephrine in organ culture." Experimental Eye Research 55 (September 1992): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-4835(92)90484-a.

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7

Anderson, G., and E. J. Jenkinson. "Fetal Thymus Organ Culture." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2007, no. 8 (August 1, 2007): pdb.prot4808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot4808.

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8

BORDERIE, V. M., M. LOPEZ, and L. LAROCHE. "Donor corneo-scleral rim cultures after organ culture." British Journal of Ophthalmology 81, no. 6 (June 1, 1997): 513d. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjo.81.6.513d.

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9

Lim, Chung S., Serafim Kiriakidis, Ewa M. Paleolog, and Alun H. Davies. "Cell death pattern of a varicose vein organ culture model." Vascular 21, no. 3 (May 13, 2013): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1708538113478413.

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The study aimed to investigate the viability of a varicose vein (VV) organ culture model by assessing cell death pattern. To assess pattern of cell death with time, VV organ cultures were incubated for up to 14 days with regular medium changed. To assess viability, cell death of VV organ cultures treated with sodium azide and their untreated counterparts was assayed. Increased cell death was measured in VV organ cultures from day 0 to 2. Cell death decreased gradually after day 2 and plateaued from day 8 to 14. VV organ cultures treated with sodium azide demonstrated significantly more cell death in tissue ( P = 0.001). Cell death measured in cultures treated with sodium azide continued to increase until day 7. In conclusion, this study demonstrated the viability of a VV organ culture model with most cell death occurred within the first two days and then declined to a relatively low level.

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10

Walkenbach, Ronald J., and James G. Corwin. "Corneal deturgescence during organ culture." Current Eye Research 6, no. 2 (January 1987): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02713688709025191.

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11

PONZIN, D. "Hypothermic storage or organ culture?" Acta Ophthalmologica 91 (August 2013): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.2013.2671.x.

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12

Hong, Richard, and Ann L. Moore. "ORGAN CULTURE FOR THYMUS TRANSPLANTATION1." Transplantation 61, no. 3 (February 1996): 444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007890-199602150-00023.

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13

Duncker, Gernot I. W., Ute Reich, and Rea Krausse. "Cefmenoxime in Corneal Organ Culture." Ophthalmologica 208, no. 5 (1994): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000310505.

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14

Cruickshank, Sheena M., Jennifer Southgate, and Ludwik K. Trejdosiewicz. "Normal human liver organ culture." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 37, no. 4 (April 2001): 231–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02577534.

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15

Kratochwil, K., F. Ekblom, N. Fusenig, G. Cunha, M. Darmon, and R. I. Freshney. "Organ development and organotypic culture." Cytotechnology 2, S3 (August 1989): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02279719.

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16

Saxén, Lauri, and Eero Lehtonen. "Embryonic kidney in organ culture." Differentiation 36, no. 1 (November 1987): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1432-0436.1987.tb00176.x.

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17

CRUICKSHANK, SHEENA M., JENNIFER SOUTHGATE, and LUDWIK K. TREJDOSIEWICZ. "NORMAL HUMAN LIVER ORGAN CULTURE." In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal 37, no. 4 (2001): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1290/1071-2690(2001)037<0231:nhloc>2.0.co;2.

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18

Resau, James H., Kosaku Sakamoto, John R. Cottrell, Eric A. Hudson, and Stephen J. Meltzer. "Explant organ culture: A review." Cytotechnology 7, no. 3 (November 1991): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00365924.

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19

Kondo, S., T. Onodera, and K. Aso. "Organ culture of human hair." Journal of Dermatological Science 1, no. 2 (March 1990): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-1811(90)90356-i.

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20

Hu, Diane, and Jill Helms. "Organ Culture of Craniofacial Primordia." Methods 24, no. 1 (May 2001): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/meth.2001.1156.

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21

Quaroni, A. "Development of fetal rat intestine in organ and monolayer culture." Journal of Cell Biology 100, no. 5 (May 1, 1985): 1611–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.100.5.1611.

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Maturation and differentiation of intestinal epithelial cells was demonstrated in segments of fetal rat small intestine, maintained for more than a month in suspension organ culture, by ultrastructural, biochemical, and immunological criteria. Over a 5-7 d period, fragments of fetal intestine evolved into globular structures covered with a single columnar epithelium ultrastructurally similar to suckling villus cells. Loose mesenchymal cells, cellular debris, and collagen were present inside the structures. After 6 d in culture, goblet cells, not present in the fetal intestine at day 18, were numerous and well developed. Intestinal endocrine cells were also observed. Immunofluorescence studies employing monoclonal antibodies specific for villus and crypt cells in vivo, and various enzyme assays, have demonstrated a level of differentiation and maturation of the cultured epithelial cells similar but not identical to that of suckling intestinal mucosa in vivo. Crypts and crypt cell markers were not observed in the the cultures. Addition of glucocorticoids to the culture medium resulted in the induction of sucrase-isomaltase but failed to promote most of the functional changes characteristic of the intestinal epithelium at weaning in vivo. Epithelial cells were identified in explants derived from the organ cultures by their specific expression of intestinal cytokeratin. Differentiation-specific markers, present in the epithelial cells in primary cultures, were lost upon selection and subculturing of pure epithelial cell populations. These results suggest a requirement for mesenchymal and/or extracellular matrix components in the maintenance of the differentiated state of the epithelial cells. The fetal intestinal organ cultures described here present significant advantages over traditional organ and monolayer culture techniques for the study of the cellular and molecular interactions involved in the development and differentiation of the intestinal epithelium.

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22

Baert, Y., I. Ruetschle, W. Cools, A. Oehme, A. Lorenz, U. Marx, E. Goossens, and I. Maschmeyer. "A multi-organ-chip co-culture of liver and testis equivalents: a first step toward a systemic male reprotoxicity model." Human Reproduction 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 1029–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/humrep/deaa057.

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Abstract STUDY QUESTION Is it possible to co-culture and functionally link human liver and testis equivalents in the combined medium circuit of a multi-organ chip? SUMMARY ANSWER Multi-organ-chip co-cultures of human liver and testis equivalents were maintained at a steady-state for at least 1 week and the co-cultures reproduced specific natural and drug-induced liver–testis systemic interactions. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Current benchtop reprotoxicity models typically do not include hepatic metabolism and interactions of the liver–testis axis. However, these are important to study the biotransformation of substances. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Testicular organoids derived from primary adult testicular cells and liver spheroids consisting of cultured HepaRG cells and hepatic stellate cells were loaded into separate culture compartments of each multi-organ-chip circuit for co-culture in liver spheroid-specific medium, testicular organoid-specific medium or a combined medium over a week. Additional multi-organ-chips (single) and well plates (static) were loaded only with testicular organoids or liver spheroids for comparison. Subsequently, the selected type of medium was supplemented with cyclophosphamide, an alkylating anti-neoplastic prodrug that has demonstrated germ cell toxicity after its bioactivation in the liver, and added to chip-based co-cultures to replicate a human liver–testis systemic interaction in vitro. Single chip-based testicular organoids were used as a control. Experiments were performed with three biological replicates unless otherwise stated. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The metabolic activity was determined as glucose consumption and lactate production. The cell viability was measured as lactate dehydrogenase activity in the medium. Additionally, immunohistochemical and real-time quantitative PCR end-point analyses were performed for apoptosis, proliferation and cell-specific phenotypical and functional markers. The functionality of Sertoli and Leydig cells in testicular spheroids was specifically evaluated by measuring daily inhibin B and testosterone release, respectively. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Co-culture in multi-organ chips with liver spheroid-specific medium better supported the metabolic activity of the cultured tissues compared to other media tested. The liver spheroids did not show significantly different behaviour during co-culture compared to that in single culture on multi-organ-chips. The testicular organoids also developed accordingly and produced higher inhibin B but lower testosterone levels than the static culture in plates with testicular organoid-specific medium. By comparison, testosterone secretion by testicular organoids cultured individually on multi-organ-chips reached a similar level as the static culture at Day 7. This suggests that the liver spheroids have metabolised the steroids in the co-cultures, a naturally occurring phenomenon. The addition of cyclophosphamide led to upregulation of specific cytochromes in liver spheroids and loss of germ cells in testicular organoids in the multi-organ-chip co-cultures but not in single-testis culture. LARGE-SCALE DATA N/A LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION The number of biological replicates included in this study was relatively small due to the limited availability of individual donor testes and the labour-intensive nature of multi-organ-chip co-cultures. Moreover, testicular organoids and liver spheroids are miniaturised organ equivalents that capture key features, but are still simplified versions of the native tissues. Also, it should be noted that only the prodrug cyclophosphamide was administered. The final concentration of the active metabolite was not measured. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This co-culture model responds to the request of setting up a specific tool that enables the testing of candidate reprotoxic substances with the possibility of human biotransformation. It further allows the inclusion of other human tissue equivalents for chemical risk assessment on the systemic level. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by research grants from the Scientific Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (scientific fund Willy Gepts) and the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Y.B. is a postdoctoral fellow of the FWO. U.M. is founder, shareholder and CEO of TissUse GmbH, Berlin, Germany, a company commercializing the Multi-Organ-Chip platform systems used in the study. The other authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

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23

Horner, M. J., S. M. Ward, W. T. Gerthoffer, K. M. Sanders, and B. Horowitz. "Maintenance of morphology and function of canine proximal colon smooth muscle in organ culture." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 272, no. 3 (March 1, 1997): G669—G680. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1997.272.3.g669.

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We have determined that serum source plays a critical role in optimizing conditions for an organ culture model of canine proximal colon. Previous studies using equine serum in the medium have shown that some properties of canine colonic smooth muscle can be maintained in organ culture. However, many characteristics of the tissue were altered by the culture conditions. The aims of the present study were to determine whether serum isolated from canine blood would improve the preservation of physiological properties of canine proximal colon in organ culture. Strips of canine colonic smooth muscle were cultured in 10% canine serum medium, and electrical, mechanical, morphological, and molecular analyses were performed after 0, 3, and 6 days in culture. Unlike organ culture in equine serum, in which Na+-K+-adenosinetriphosphatase (Na+-K+-ATPase) expression declined, culture in canine serum maintained Na+-K+-ATPase expression, and resting membrane potential of smooth muscle cells along the submucosal surface of the circular muscle in cultured tissue remained unchanged during the culture period. Increased sensitivity in the contractile response to acetylcholine, previously observed with tissues cultured in equine serum, was not observed. However, the mechanical performance of the muscle (maximal contractile activity) declined over time in culture. Ultrastructural organization of cellular organelles and myofilaments remained intact in the majority of cells; however, some cells possessed regions devoid of contractile filaments. The results of these studies suggest that organ cultured strips of smooth muscle may provide a useful tool for evaluating electrical and mechanical events in conjunction with molecular analysis of functional components.

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24

Adamczyk-Rogozińska, Urszula, and Halina Wysokińska. "Organ and plantlet regeneration of Menyanthes trifoliata through tissue culture." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 67, no. 2 (2014): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1998.018.

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The conditions for the regeneration of plants through organogenesis from callus tissues of <em>Menyanthes trifoliata</em> are described. The shoot multiplication rate was affected by basal culture media, the type and concentration of cytokinin and subculture number. The best response was obtained when caulogenic calli were cultured on the modified Schenk and Hildebrandt medium (SH-M) containing indole-3-acetic acid (IAA 0,5 mg/l) and 6-benzyladenine (BA 1 mg/l) or zeatin (2 mg/l). Under these conditions ca 7 shoots (mostly 1 cm or more in length) per culture in the 5th and 6th passages could be developed. In older cultures (after 11-12 passages) there was a trend for more numerous but shorter shoot formation. All regenerated shoots could be rooted on the SH-M medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l IAA within 6 weeks; 80% of in vitro rooted plantlets survived their transfer to soil.

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25

Zhao, Qianbin, Tim Cole, Yuxin Zhang, and Shi-Yang Tang. "Mechanical Strain-Enabled Reconstitution of Dynamic Environment in Organ-on-a-Chip Platforms: A Review." Micromachines 12, no. 7 (June 28, 2021): 765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi12070765.

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Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) uses the microfluidic 3D cell culture principle to reproduce organ- or tissue-level functionality at a small scale instead of replicating the entire human organ. This provides an alternative to animal models for drug development and environmental toxicology screening. In addition to the biomimetic 3D microarchitecture and cell–cell interactions, it has been demonstrated that mechanical stimuli such as shear stress and mechanical strain significantly influence cell behavior and their response to pharmaceuticals. Microfluidics is capable of precisely manipulating the fluid of a microenvironment within a 3D cell culture platform. As a result, many OOC prototypes leverage microfluidic technology to reproduce the mechanically dynamic microenvironment on-chip and achieve enhanced in vitro functional organ models. Unlike shear stress that can be readily generated and precisely controlled using commercial pumping systems, dynamic systems for generating proper levels of mechanical strains are more complicated, and often require miniaturization and specialized designs. As such, this review proposes to summarize innovative microfluidic OOC platforms utilizing mechanical actuators that induce deflection of cultured cells/tissues for replicating the dynamic microenvironment of human organs.

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26

Eichhorn, M., K. Inada, and E. Lütjen-Drecoll. "Human ciliary body in organ culture." Current Eye Research 10, no. 4 (January 1991): 277–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02713689108996333.

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27

Miura, Yoko. "Retinal pigment epithelium–choroid organ culture." Expert Review of Ophthalmology 6, no. 6 (December 2011): 669–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/eop.11.70.

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28

Ling, Melvin L. H., Matthew Wells, Constantinos Petsoglou, Kehui Luo, Pierre Georges, Raj Devasahayam, Christopher Hodge, Jane Treloggen, Gerard Sutton, and Meidong Zhu. "Factors Affecting Corneal Organ Culture Contamination." Cornea 38, no. 7 (July 2019): 829–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ico.0000000000001936.

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29

Cima, Linda G., Robert Langer, and Joseph P. Vacanti. "Polymers for Tissue and Organ Culture." Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 6, no. 3 (July 1991): 232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088391159100600302.

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30

Girdler, N. M. "Bioengineering of cartilage in organ culture." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 24, no. 4 (August 1995): 318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(95)80044-1.

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31

Lawson, Anne H., Andrew C. Riches, and J. P. A. Weaver. "Human Bladder Tumors in Organ Culture." Journal of Urology 135, no. 5 (May 1986): 1061–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)45975-1.

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32

M�nard, Daniel, and Pierre Arsenault. "Human fetal colon in organ culture." Anatomy and Embryology 176, no. 4 (September 1987): 441–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00310085.

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33

Vatne, Harald Overskott, and Bjørn Nicolaissen. "The human choriocapillaris in organ culture." Acta Ophthalmologica 66, no. 6 (May 27, 2009): 623–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1988.tb04051.x.

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34

Lass, Jonathan H., Jack V. Greiner, Patricio Meneses, Douglas C. Morgan, S. Kent Medcalf, Donald M. Collie, Debra L. Skelnik, and Thomas Glonek. "pH of organ-culture-stored corneas." Acta Ophthalmologica 66, no. 5 (May 27, 2009): 538–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-3768.1988.tb04377.x.

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35

IMAI, RYUSUKE, TOSHIMASA JINDO, YUKO MIURA, KOKI MOCHIDA, KENJI TAKAMORI, and HIDEOKI OGAWA. "Organ culture of human hair follicles." Juntendo Medical Journal 37, no. 4 (1992): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14789/pjmj.37.535.

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36

Hulse, Raymond E., J. Winterfield, Phillip E. Kunkler, and Richard P. Kraig. "Astrocytic clasmatodendrosis in hippocampal organ culture." Glia 33, no. 2 (2001): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1098-1136(200102)33:2<169::aid-glia1016>3.0.co;2-b.

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37

Sweeney, William E., and Ellis D. Avner. "Intact organ culture of murine metanephros." Journal of Tissue Culture Methods 13, no. 3 (September 1991): 163–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02388120.

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38

Chi, Le Lan. "Poor Organ Donation in Vietnam: Resulting from Beliefs, Religions, and Traditional Culture? How to Promote Organ Donation and to Deal with Organ Trading from a Legal Perspective?" International Journal of Criminology and Sociology 10 (July 14, 2021): 1212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4409.2021.10.141.

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In Vietnam, organs are always in great demand while the organ supply from brain dead donors is extremely small, prompting the search for organs supplied by living people. People in need of an organ transplant either have to wait for a legally supplied organ (coming from any voluntary and non-commercial donation) or resort to an illegal supplied one (through organ trading). Therefore, increasing the number of legally supplied organs and controlling illegal source of supply are problems to be solved by Vietnam. This paper discovers whether religions, beliefs, traditional culture, and current legislation impede the organ donation or not. In addition, this paper also aims to find out legal loopholes resulting in ineffective handling of organ trading, then proposing solutions to improve the law to promote the legal supply of organs and effectively combat crimes related to organs illegally supplied by organ trading.

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39

Teh, H. S., and M. Ho. "Ontogeny of proliferative and cytotoxic responses to interleukin 2 and concanavalin A in murine fetal thymus." Journal of Immunology 134, no. 3 (March 1, 1985): 1653–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.134.3.1653.

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Abstract The ontogeny of proliferative and cytotoxic responses to concanavalin A (Con A) and interleukin 2 (IL 2) in C57BL/6J (B6) fetal thymus (FT) was investigated. Embryonic thymocytes were either taken from embryos at different times of gestation or from 14 day B6 FT that were maintained as organ cultures for various times. It was found that the B6 FT could proliferate to Con A and EL4 SN (an IL 2 containing culture supernatant) in a synergistic fashion. This synergy between Con A and EL4 SN was first observed at the 16th to 17th day of gestation. A similar differentiation process took place in 14-day FT that had been maintained as organ cultures; the synergy between Con A and EL4 SN was first observed after 3 days in organ culture. This synergy increased with increasing time of organ culture, and was most evident after 10 days. The synergy between Con A and EL4 SN was also observed when the EL4 SN was replaced with IL 2 which had been purified from crude EL4 SN to apparent homogeneity. B6 FT could also form cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) on stimulation with Con A and EL4 SN. Con A-activated CTL (polyspecific) were detected by including phytohemagglutinin in the assay medium. CTL response was first detected in the 17-day fetal thymus by using this assay. In organ cultures, CTL responses were first detected after 4 days in organ culture, and reached peak levels after 12 to 14 days. The CTL precursor (CTL-P) frequencies in the B6 FT after 2, 5, 10, and 14 days in organ culture were less than 1/10,000, 1/2232, 1/297, and 1/70, respectively; the corresponding CTL-P frequency in adult thymus was 1/60. After 6 days in organ culture, B6 FT could also form CTL in response to Con A and pure IL 2. This finding suggests that the ability to synthesize other differentiation factors that are required for CTL responses is acquired at an early time of thymic differentiation.

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40

Schnichels, Sven, Tobias Kiebler, José Hurst, Ana M. Maliha, Marina Löscher, H. Burkhard Dick, Karl-Ulrich Bartz-Schmidt, and Stephanie C. Joachim. "Retinal Organ Cultures as Alternative Research Models." Alternatives to Laboratory Animals 47, no. 1 (March 2019): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261192919840092.

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Ex vivo organ cultures represent unique research models, as they combine the advantages of cell cultures with those of animal models. Being able to mimic in vivo situations through the use of organ cultures provides an excellent opportunity to investigate cellular processes, molecular pathways and cell–cell interactions, as well as structural and synaptic organisation. Human and animal organ cultures are now well established and comprise sensitive, easy-to-manipulate experimental systems that raise minimal ethical concerns. The eye, in particular, is a very complex organ that is not easy to reproduce in vitro. However, a lot of research has been dedicated to the development of suitable ocular organ cultures. This review covers the various ex vivo retinal organ culture systems available for use in ophthalmology research and compares them with commonly used animal models. In particular, bovine and porcine retinal organ culture systems are described, because the size, anatomy, physiology and vessel morphology of bovine and porcine eyes are similar to the human eye in an undisputed way, thus making them good models. In addition, these animals are widely used by the food industry and the eyes are considered surplus material. A short overview of murine, rat, rabbit, cat, canine and simian retinal organ cultures is also provided.

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41

Feldman, C., R. Read, A. Rutman, PK Jeffery, A. Brain, V. Lund, TJ Mitchell, et al. "The interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with intact human respiratory mucosa in vitro." European Respiratory Journal 5, no. 5 (May 1, 1992): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.05050576.

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The interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with human ciliated upper respiratory mucosa was studied in an agar-embedded organ culture of nasal turbinate tissue, which only exposed the intact epithelial surface and its secretion. The ciliary beat frequency, measured along the edge of the organ culture, was slowed by 13% in the presence of S. pneumoniae after 16 h (p less than 0.05) compared with the control, and by 24% after 24 h (p less than 0.01). Light microscopy showed bacteria in a thickened gelatinous layer, which obscured the surface of the organ culture. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the association of bacteria with the gelatinous layer above an epithelial surface which showed only minor changes compared to uninfected control organ cultures. Contact between bacteria and normal or damaged epithelial cells was not seen. S. pneumoniae in organ culture developed projections from their surface, which were not present after broth culture. S. pneumoniae interactions with epithelial-derived secretions, the formation of a thickened gelatinous layer, and the effects of bacterial toxins on ciliary motility, may be important during colonization of the respiratory tract.

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42

Bottaro, Andrea, Igor Kuzin, Hongliang Sun, Safiekhatoon Moshkani, Athanasios Mantalaris, and JH David Wu. "Long-term functional culture of human tonsil lymphocytes in a three-dimensional bioreactor system (144.32)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 144.32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.144.32.

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Abstract Peripheral lymphoid organs are the primary sites of adaptive immune responses, and harbor characteristic anatomical and histological features reflecting separation of cellular subsets (e.g. T and B lymphocytes) and functional compartments. Disruption of lymphoid organ structure by genetic mutations, pharmacological treatments or infection can lead to defective immunity, highlighting the role of tissue organization in immune responses. The generation of in vitro culture systems recapitulating salient features of peripheral lymphoid organs for experimental, biotechnological and clinical applications would be highly desirable, but has so far been hampered by the complexity of these organ systems and has encountered only limited success. We have previously developed a 3D bioreactor system capable of supporting long-term, functional human bone marrow cultures. Here we show that the same system can be adapted for culture of human primary peripheral lymphoid tissue (tonsil) cells for periods up to several weeks in the absence of specific external growth factors or activators. Cells in this system display extended survival, maintain population diversity and phenotypes largely comparable to primary cells, and organize in cellular aggregates with identifiable separation of T and B cell clusters analogous to primary organs. Strikingly, we also show that these cultures are capable of supporting the generation of antibody-producing cells in response to a panel of diverse antigens.

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Nishide, Shin-ya, Kazuaki Hashimoto, Takuya Nishio, Ken-ichi Honma, and Sato Honma. "Organ-specific development characterizes circadian clock gene Per2 expression in rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 306, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): R67—R74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00063.2013.

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To explore developmental changes in circadian organization of central and peripheral oscillators, circadian rhythms in clock gene expression were examined in 12 organs in transgenic rats carrying a bioluminescence reporter for Per2. Organ slices were obtained from different developmental stages starting at postnatal day 5 and tissue was cultured for more than 6 days. In addition, four organs were examined from embryonic day 20. Robust circadian rhythms in bioluminescence were detected in all organs examined. The circadian period in vitro was specific to each organ and remained essentially the same during development. The circadian peak phase on the first day of culture was significantly different not only among organs but also in the same organ. Three patterns in circadian phase were detected during development. Thus, during development, circadian phase did not change in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, adrenal gland, and liver, whereas delay shifts were seen in the pineal, lung, heart, kidney, spleen, thymus, and testis. Finally, circadian phase advanced at postnatal day 10–15 and subsequently delayed in skeletal muscle and stomach.Circadian amplitude also showed developmental changes in several organs. These findings indicate that the temporal orders of physiological functions of various organs change during development. Such age-dependent and organ-specific changes in the phase relationship among circadian clocks most likely reflect entrainment to organ-specific time cues at different developmental stages.

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Won, Natalie, Jorge Castillo-Prado, Xinzhu Tan, John Ford, David Heath, Laura Ioana Mazilescu, Markus Selzner, and Ian M. Rogers. "Ex Vivo Perfusion Using a Mathematical Modeled, Controlled Gas Exchange Self-Contained Bioreactor Can Maintain a Mouse Kidney for Seven Days." Cells 11, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 1822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11111822.

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Regenerative medicine requires better pre-clinical tools in order to increase the efficiency of novel therapies transitioning to the clinic. Current monolayer cell culture methods are suboptimal for effectively testing new therapies and live mouse models are expensive, time consuming and require invasive procedures. Fetal organ culture, organoids, microfluidics and culture of thick sections of adult organs all aim to fill the knowledge gap between monolayer culture and live mouse studies. Here we report on an ex vivo organ perfusion system that can support whole adult mouse organs. Ex vivo perfusion of healthy and diseased mouse organs allows for real-time analysis that provides immediate feedback and accurate data collection throughout the experiment. Having a suitable normothermic ex vivo perfusion system for mouse organs provides a tool that will help contribute to our understanding of kidney physiology and disease and can take advantage of the many mouse models of human disease that already exist. Furthermore, an ex vivo kidney perfusion system can be used for testing novel cell therapies, drug screening, drug validation and for the detection of nephrotoxic substances. Critical to the success of mouse ex vivo organ perfusion is having a suitable bioreactor to maintain the organ. Here we have focused on the mouse kidney and mathematically modeled, built and validated a bioreactor that can maintain a kidney for 7 days. The long duration of the ex vivo perfusion will help to advance studies on kidney disease and can rapidly test for new regenerative medicine therapies compared to whole animal studies.

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Park, Hyun-Jung, Won-Young Lee, Mingtian Zhang, Kwon-Ho Hong, Chankyu Park, Jin-Hoi Kim, and Hyuk Song. "Evaluation of Resmethrin Toxicity to Neonatal Testes in Organ Culture." Toxicological Sciences 173, no. 1 (October 8, 2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kfz212.

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Abstract Resmethrin is a widely used pyrethroid insecticide, which causes low toxicity in mammals. However, its toxicity in testes has not been fully investigated. Therefore, we evaluated the toxicity of resmethrin in mouse testes using an in vitro organ culture. Mouse testicular fragments (MTFs) derived from neonates were cultured in medium containing resmethrin for 30 days. Effects on spermatogenesis in the cultured testes were investigated as functions of both time and dose. Resmethrin significantly downregulated the transcription levels of marker genes for spermatogonia and the number of spermatogenic germ cells relative to those of the controls, according to quantitative PCR and immunostaining. In addition, spermatocyte was observed in the control, but not in 50 μM resmethrin-exposed cultures. Levels of the SYCP3 meiotic marker and phosphorylated H2AX decreased by resmethrin treatment, as observed by Western blotting. Toxic or apoptotic effects of resmethrin in Sertoli and Leydig cells from MTFs were not observed by immunostaining and Tunnel assay. No changes in the expression of steroidogenic enzymes were noted. Apoptosis was only detected in the germ cells of resmethrin-treated MTFs. Thus, the highest dose of resmethrin tested (50 μM) completely inhibited spermatogenesis, because of apoptosis of germ cells and spermatocytes. Although the in vivo toxicity of resmethrin has not yet been studied in detail, significant evidence for cytotoxicity was observed in our organ cultures. This methodological approach is useful for the study of reproductive toxicity before proceeding to animal models, as it greatly reduces the use of laboratory animals.

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Srinivasan, M., K. Kumar, K. Kumutha, and P. Marimuthu. "Establishing monoxenic culture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices through root organ culture." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 6, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 290–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.417.

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Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are soil fungi distributed worldwide, forming symbiosis with most of the vascular plants for their growth and survival, which is used for sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management. This study investigated the establishment of monoxenic cultures of Glomus intraradices in association with transformed carrot hairy root. The G.intraradices spores were isolated from sugarcane rhizosphere by wet sieving and decanting technique and propagated in open pot culture. Transformation in to carrot hairy root was done using Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Surface sterilization of G.intraradices spores co-cultured with transformed carrot hairy root in Modified Strulla and Romand (MSR) medium was found the host root growth as well as for germination AM spores. After three months of incubation in dark condition, significant production of extensive hyphal growth on MSR medium and an average of 8500-9000 spores per petri dish was observed. The in vitro inoculum exhibited higher potential of root colonization due to numerous intraradices mycelium with extensive spore load. The produced monoxenic inoculum can be used in place of traditional system where it has a advantage of producing contaminant free propagulas. Thus the monoxenic culture system, a powerful tool, of AM sporulation, can be used for the mass production of monoxenic inoculum of AM fungi besides studying its biology.

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Yan, Zhengjian, Liangjun Yin, Zhongliang Wang, Jixing Ye, Zhonglin Zhang, Ruifang Li, Sahitya K. Denduluri, et al. "A Novel Organ Culture Model of Mouse Intervertebral Disc Tissues." Cells Tissues Organs 201, no. 1 (October 9, 2015): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000439268.

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The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a fibrocartilaginous joint between two vertebral bodies. An IVD unit consists of a gelatinous central nucleus pulposus, encased by the annulus fibrosus, which is sandwiched between cartilaginous endplates (EPs). The IVD homeostasis can be disrupted by injuries, ageing and/or genetic predispositions, leading to degenerative disc disorders and subsequent lower back pain. The complex structure and distinct characteristics of IVDs warrant the establishment of robust in vitro IVD organ culture for studying the etiology and treatment of disc degeneration. Here, we isolate mouse lumbar IVDs and culture the minimal IVD units in submersion or suspension medium supplemented with 2% bovine serum or 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). We find the minimal IVD units remain healthy for up to 14 days when cultured in submersion culture supplemented with 10% FBS. New bone formation in the EPs of the cultured IVDs can be assessed with calcein labeling. Furthermore, the cultured IVDs can be effectively transduced by recombinant adenovirus, and transgene expression lasts for 2 weeks. Thus, our findings demonstrate that the optimized IVD organ culture system can be used to study IVD biology and screen for biological factors that may prevent, alleviate and/or treat disc degeneration.

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Thorne, George D., and Richard J. Paul. "Effects of organ culture on arterial gene expression and hypoxic relaxation: role of the ryanodine receptor." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 284, no. 4 (April 1, 2003): C999—C1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00158.2002.

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Organ culture specifically inhibits vasorelaxation to acute hypoxia and preferentially decreases specific voltage-dependent K+channel expression over other K+ and Ca2+channel subtypes. To isolate further potential oxygen-sensing mechanisms correlated with altered gene expression, we performed differential display analysis on RNA isolated from control and cultured coronary arterial rings. We hypothesize that organ culture results in altered gene expression important for vascular smooth muscle contractility important to the mechanism of hypoxia-induced relaxation. Our results indicate a milieu of changes suggesting both up- and downregulation of several genes. The altered expression pattern of two positive clones was verified by Northern analysis. Subsequent screening of a porcine cDNA library indicated homology to the ryanodine receptor (RyR). RT-PCR using specific primers to the three subtypes of RyR shows an upregulation of RyR2 and RyR3 after organ culture. Additionally, the caffeine- and/or ryanodine-sensitive intracellular Ca2+store was significantly more responsive to caffeine activation after organ culture. Our data indicate that organ culture increases expression of specific RyR subtypes and inhibits hypoxic vasorelaxation. Importantly, ryanodine blunted hypoxic relaxation in control coronary arteries, suggesting that upregulated RyR might play a novel role in altered intracellular Ca2+ handling during hypoxia.

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Zhang, Tianzi, Daniel Lih, Ryan J. Nagao, Jun Xue, Erwin Berthier, Jonathan Himmelfarb, Ying Zheng, and Ashleigh B. Theberge. "Open microfluidic coculture reveals paracrine signaling from human kidney epithelial cells promotes kidney specificity of endothelial cells." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 319, no. 1 (July 1, 2020): F41—F51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00069.2020.

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Endothelial cells (ECs) from different human organs possess organ-specific characteristics that support specific tissue regeneration and organ development. EC specificity is identified by both intrinsic and extrinsic cues, among which the parenchyma and organ-specific microenvironment are critical contributors. These extrinsic cues are, however, largely lost during ex vivo cultures. Outstanding challenges remain to understand and reestablish EC organ specificity for in vitro studies to recapitulate human organ-specific physiology. Here, we designed an open microfluidic platform to study the role of human kidney tubular epithelial cells in supporting EC specificity. The platform consists of two independent cell culture regions segregated with a half wall; culture media are added to connect the two culture regions at a desired time point, and signaling molecules can travel across the half wall (paracrine signaling). Specifically, we report that in the microscale coculture device, primary human kidney proximal tubule epithelial cells (HPTECs) rescued primary human kidney peritubular microvascular EC (HKMEC) monolayer integrity and fenestra formation and that HPTECs upregulated key HKMEC kidney-specific genes (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 homeobox B, adherens junctions-associated protein 1, and potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily J member 16) and endothelial activation genes (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, matrix metalloproteinase-7, and matrix metalloproteinase-10) in coculture. Coculturing with HPTECs also promoted kidney-specific genotype expression in human umbilical vein ECs and human pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs. Compared with culture in HPTEC conditioned media, coculture of ECs with HPTECs showed increased upregulation of kidney-specific genes, suggesting potential bidirectional paracrine signaling. Importantly, our device is compatible with standard pipettes, incubators, and imaging readouts and could also be easily adapted to study cell signaling between other rare or sensitive cells.

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Moore, Krista, Ebbing Lautenbach, Emily Blumberg, Jennifer Han, Dong Heun Lee, Heather Clauss, Richard Hasz, et al. "1385. Impact of Deceased Organ Donor Injection Drug Use on Donor Culture Positivity." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (November 1, 2021): S778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1577.

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Abstract Background With the ongoing opioid epidemic in the US, there has been an increase in the proportion of deceased organ donors with a history of injection drug use (IDU), raising concern for additional infectious risks to transplantation.We sought to determine how recent IDU among deceased organ donors impacted donor culture results. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted at four transplant centers in Philadelphia between 1/1/2015 and 6/30/2016. All deceased organ donors who donated ≥ 1 organ to one of the centers were included. Exposed donors were those with a recent history of IDU (defined by use in the prior 12 months based on donor chart review). Unexposed donors were those with no recent history of IDU. The primary outcome was any positive donor culture (taken during the terminal hospitalization or at the time of organ procurement) for bacteria or Candida. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the association between recent IDU and donor culture positivity. Secondarily, the association between donor IDU and isolation of (1) a multidrug-resistant organism (MDRO) on culture, (2) Staphylococcus aureus on culture, (3) Candida on non-respiratory culture, and (4) bacteria or Candida on blood culture were determined. Results Of 394 total donors, 66 (17%) had a history of recent IDU and 343 (87%) had at least one positive donor culture. On multivariable analysis, recent IDU was associated with significantly increased odds of having at least one positive donor culture (aOR 3.6, 95% CI 1.1-11.9, P=0.04) and Candida on non-respiratory culture (aOR 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-6.2, P=0.03). However, recent IDU was not significantly associated with increased odds of MDRO on culture (OR 0.90, 95% CI 0.41-1.93, P=0.79), S. aureus on culture (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.79-2.28, P=0.27), or positive blood culture (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.32-1.95, P=0.60). Conclusion Donors with a recent history of IDU are more likely to have bacteria or Candida identified on cultures taken during their terminal hospitalization or at organ procurement. This increase does not appear to be driven by MDROs, S. aureus, or bloodstream infections but rather by Candida isolated from non-respiratory sites, potentially alleviating some fears surrounding the acceptance of solid organs from donors with a history of recent IDU. Disclosures Ebbing Lautenbach, MD, MPH, MSCE, Merck (Other Financial or Material Support, Member of Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB)) Emily Blumberg, MD, Amplyx (Other Financial or Material Support, Member of Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB))Hologic (Research Grant or Support)Merck (Grant/Research Support, Other Financial or Material Support, Member of Scientific Advisory Committee)Takeda (Research Grant or Support, Other Financial or Material Support, Member of Scientific Advisory Committee) Jennifer Han, MD, MSCE, GlaxoSmithKline (Employee, Shareholder) Judith A. Anesi, MD, MSCE, Nothing to disclose

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