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Journal articles on the topic 'Ore deposition'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Lüders, Volker, and Peter Möller. "Fluid evolution and ore deposition in the Harz Mountains (Germany)." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 5 (October 14, 1992): 1053–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/5/1053.

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2

Barnes, H. L. "Energetics of Hydrothermal Ore Deposition." International Geology Review 42, no. 3 (March 2000): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810009465079.

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3

Banks, David A., and Michael J. Russell. "Fluid mixing during ore deposition at the Tynagh base-metal deposit, Ireland." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 5 (October 14, 1992): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/5/0921.

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4

Geng, Shu Hua, Wei Zhong Ding, Shu Qiang Guo, and Xiong Gang Lu. "The Carbon Deposition during Iron Ore Reduction in Carbon Monoxide." Advanced Materials Research 625 (December 2012): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.625.243.

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Iron ore reduction and carbon deposition in pure CO was investigated by using thermogravimetric (TG) method over the temperature range of 0-1200°C. The results of the work may be summarized as follows: in CO stream, carbon deposition occurred below 900°C, no carbon deposition was found above 1000°C. X-Ray analysis of the reacted sample indicated that the carbon deposition occurred with the iron was reduced. The iron reduction process and carbon deposition occurred simultaneously. The rate of carbon deposition changed with the transformation of iron oxides. The specific surface area and pore structure of reduced samples were analyzed. The specific surface area changed with the amount of carbon deposition.

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5

Heinrich, Christoph A. "The chemistry of hydrothermal tin(-tungsten) ore deposition." Economic Geology 85, no. 3 (May 1, 1990): 457–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.85.3.457.

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6

Bortnikov, N. S., O. N. Zaozerina, A. D. Genkin, and G. N. Muravitskaya. "STANNITE-SPHALERITEINTERGROWTHS—POSSIBLE INDICATORS OF CONDITIONS OF ORE DEPOSITION." International Geology Review 32, no. 11 (November 1990): 1132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819009465845.

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7

Markl, Gregor, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, and Thomas Wagner. "Iron isotope fractionation during hydrothermal ore deposition and alteration." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 12 (June 2006): 3011–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.02.028.

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8

Rostovtsev, V. I., S. A. Kondrat’ev, and I. I. Baksheeva. "Improvement of Copper–Nickel Ore Concentration under Energy Deposition." Journal of Mining Science 53, no. 5 (September 2017): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739117052945.

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9

Naesstroem, Himani, Frank Brueckner, and Alexander F. H. Kaplan. "From mine to part: directed energy deposition of iron ore." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 11 (July 19, 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2020-0243.

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Purpose This paper aims to gain an understanding of the behaviour of iron ore when melted by a laser beam in a continuous manner. This fundamental knowledge is essential to further develop additive manufacturing routes such as production of low cost parts and in-situ reduction of the ore during processing. Design/methodology/approach Blown powder directed energy deposition was used as the processing method. The process was observed through high-speed imaging, and computed tomography was used to analyse the specimens. Findings The experimental trials give preliminary results showing potential for the processability of iron ore for additive manufacturing. A large and stable melt pool is formed in spite of the inhomogeneous material used. Single and multilayer tracks could be deposited. Although smooth and even on the surface, the single layer tracks displayed porosity. In case of multilayered tracks, delamination from the substrate material and deformation can be seen. High-speed videos of the process reveal various process phenomena such as melting of ore powder during feeding, cloud formation, melt pool size, melt flow and spatter formation. Originality/value Very little literature is available that studies the possible use of ore in additive manufacturing. Although the process studied here is not industrially useable as is, it is a step towards processing cheap unprocessed material with a laser beam.

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10

Eugster, Hans P. "Granites and hydrothermal ore deposits: a geochemical framework." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 350 (March 1985): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.350.02.

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AbstractThe geochemical evolution of tin-tungsten deposits and their associated sulphides can be discussed in terms of four sequential processes: acquisition of the ore-forming elements (OFEs) by the granitic magma, emplacement of these elements in minerals and residual melt of the crystallizing granite, release of the OFEs to the circulating hydrothermal fluids and transport to the depositional sites, and finally, deposition of ore minerals through interaction of these fluids with the wall rock. Based on their crystallographic behaviour, it is useful to distinguish three principal classes of OFEs, here identified as BOC, LHC, and ALC elements. BOC (bivalent octahedral cation) elements are similar to ferrous iron and here are represented mainly by Zn, Mn, and perhaps Cu. Li also belongs to this class, although it is monovalent. LHC (large highly charged cations) elements encompass As, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Ta, and W and they are similar to ferric iron or titanium in their crystallographic role. ALC (alkali-like cations) are capable of occupying alkali positions and are represented mainly by Pb, Ag, and Hg.LHCs are rejected from the polymerized silicate liquid network and become enriched in the roof of the acid magma chamber, where more non-bridging oxygens are available. Transport to the roof may be enhanced by the formation of hydrous complexes, as is the pronounced enrichment of Na and Li. BOCs, along with Cl, F, and B, fractionate strongly into the vapour phase during vesiculation. HCl in the ore fluid is crucial for the alteration process and can be produced during boiling by a hydrolysis reaction of the NaCl dissolved or immiscibly present in the silicate magma.Considerable laboratory information is available concerning release mechanisms of the OFEs to hydrothermal fluids. We can distinguish congruent and incongruent dissolution, both in response to acid buildup, as well as congruent and incongruent exchange not involving HCl. Melt-fluid fractionation is also thought to be important, though the physical mechanisms are not well understood. Any of these release mechanisms may be coupled with reduction or oxidation reactions. LHC, BOC, and ALC elements respond differently to each of these mechanisms, and these differences may in part be responsible for the observed separation of ore minerals in space and time. It is suggested that LHC elements are released preferentially during acid, non-oxidizing conditions typical of early stages, while BOC elements respond more readily to later acid-oxidizing environments, as well as exchange reactions with or without oxidation.Depositional reactions have been formulated with respect to two contrasting types of country rocks: carbonates and schists. Differences are related to the process of neutralization of the HCl produced by ore deposition: carbonate dissolution on one hand and feldspar-muscovite or biotite-muscovite conversion on the other. In carbonate rocks, evaporite-related sulphates may provide the H2S necessary for sulphide precipitation, while in schists disseminated sulphides and organic matter may be important sulphur reservoirs in addition to the sulphur liberated from the granite. A variety of situations can be envisaged with respect to the sources of the OFEs and the sulphur species required for ore deposition, including granite and wall rocks. Chloride is recognized as the crucial anion for OFE release, transport, and deposition, although F and B play a role yet to be evaluated. Final HCl neutralization is an essential step in the reactions responsible for the deposition of ore minerals.The ultimate sources of the OFEs must be related to the continental material involved in the process of melt production by partial melting. Oxidized sediments provide sources for LHC and ALC elements in the form of heavy minerals and clastic feldspars and micas. Organic-rich reduced sediments are hosts to BOC and LHC elements as sulphides and ALC elements in organic matter. Remelting of igneous and metamorphic rocks can enrich LHC, BOC, and ALC elements in the melt by extraction from opaques, Fe-Mg silicates, feldspars, and micas.

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11

Yan, Zhi Wei, Hui Li Liu, Zhi Gan Zhang, and Shui Xin Li. "A New Metal Ore Karst Deposition Form - Case Study for Dolomite Residual Deposit in Dongxiang Copper Mine, Jiangxi Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 1830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.1830.

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The Kcd (Karst colluvium and deluvium) deposit of Dongxiang copper mine had long been considered as a kind of ancient diluvium, alluvium and proluvium in Cretaceous Karst depression. Based on lithology and morphology analysis of Kcd, and further research for regional hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry, it was considered as a new special Karst deposition form of metal ore in this project. In the oxidation zone of sulfide mineral deposit, Kcd was a deposition mixture of dolomite powder (sand) and eluvium of dolomite wall rock, which were generated by the action of sulfuric acid water on wall rock, and the collapse deposition from the overlying K2n red beds. This kind of deposition was still generating and developing today. The monoclinal structure, primary sulfide mineral deposit occurred in clastic rock and claystone, dolomite and siliceous dolomite with 160m deep in underground water system, all that provided the development conditions of metal ore Karst deposition. This viewpoint could not only guide the copper ore exploration of Dongxiang type, but also provide a good case for Karst development in sulfide mineral areas.

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12

Ambo, AI, HJ Glassa, and C. Peng. "Electrodeposition behaviour of copper from ore leachate and copper ammonium sulphate." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 55, no. 3 (September 24, 2020): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v55i3.49397.

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The deposition behaviour of copper ammonia complexes from ore leachate and synthetic copper ammonium sulphate solutions was investigated using cyclic voltammetrywith platinumas counter electrode. The work is carried out to understand the deposition behaviour of the ore for hydrometallurgical and electro winning application. The chemical reduction and deposition of copper from both solutions consisted of two reversible electrochemical processes, each involving the transfer of a single electron. The Cu(NH3)4 2+ complex in the copper leachate is first reduced to Cu(NH3)4 + before being reduced to metallic copper. With synthetic copper ammonium sulphate (Cu(NH3)4SO4), the reduction to metallic copper is a ligand-coupled electron transfer reaction which proceeds as two sequential, single-electron transfer processes. The Cu/Cu(NH3)4 2+ redox reaction during deposition of copper from the leachate is fast compared to that of the Cu/Cu2+ redox reaction in the Cu(NH3)4SO4 synthetic solution. Investigation of the electrochemical kinetics shows that the linear relationship between the peak current and the square root of the scan rate is an indication that the Cu(NH3)4 + and Cu(NH3)4SO4 reduction to Cu proceeds through a diffusion-controlled process. Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(3), 229-236, 2020

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13

Marinin, M. A., and V. V. Dolzhikov. "Blasting preparation for selective mining of complex structured ore deposition." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 87, no. 5 (October 2017): 052016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/87/5/052016.

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14

Duan, Zhijie, Hai Shi, Quanming Li, Qianhui Liu, and Yuzhen Yu. "Experimental Characterization of the Influence of Ore Drawing Parameters on Tailing Deposition." Geofluids 2022 (April 21, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7963836.

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The sedimentary structure is important for the engineering design, operation, and safety evaluation of tailing dams. For upstream-method tailing dams, tailing slurry flows and deposits in the pond and forms a complex dam structure. Ore drawing parameters (e.g., slurry concentration and flow rate) have significant influence on the sedimentary structure of tailing dams. However, there is a lack of unified and quantitative understanding of the complicated effects of ore drawing parameters on the deposition behaviour of tailings. In the present study, flume tests were applied to investigate the characteristics of the sedimentary structure of tailing dams. Seven ore drawing experiments were conducted to simulate different slurry concentrations and flow rates. The distribution of characteristic particle sizes d 50 and d 10 of sediment was obtained. Furthermore, considering two dominant features of particle size distribution, a mathematical model for the equation between characteristic particle size and deposition distance was established. The exponential part of this equation describes the decreasing trend of the characteristic particle size, and a smooth step function is introduced to characterize the abrupt decrease in particle size. The experimental data of d 50 and d 10 in all these test cases can be approximated by the equation with correlation coefficients R 2 greater than 0.861. As the slurry concentration of ore drawing increases, the hydraulic sorting gradually weakens. The characteristic particle size distribution curves corresponding to a larger flow rate are generally located above those corresponding to a small flow rate, indicating that the larger the flow rate is, the coarser the sediment. This study provided useful information for the determination of ore drawing parameters in actual tailing dams. The mathematical model of tailings’ particle size distribution can be further used for refined modelling of tailing dams, so as to analyse the safety and stability of the dams.

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15

Hoshino, Kenichi, Tom Itami, Ryouta Shiokawa, and Makoto Watanabe. "A Possible Role of Boiling in Ore Deposition: A Numerical Approach." Resource Geology 56, no. 1 (March 2006): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00267.x.

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16

Yeroshchev-Shak, V. A., G. A. Karpov, F. A. Kireyev, and R. A. Bochko. "THERMAL LAKE FUMAROL'NOYE: A BASIN OF ACTIVE ORE DEPOSITION IN KAMCHATKA." International Geology Review 27, no. 10 (October 1985): 1135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818509466489.

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17

Belova, L. L., G. N. Krichevets, Ye M. Shmariovich, Yu P. Salmin, and M. A. Tatarkin. "MECHANISM OF NEAR-FAULT ORE DEPOSITION IN STRATAL INFILTRATION URANIUM DEPOSITS." International Geology Review 28, no. 4 (April 1986): 461–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818609466286.

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18

Akimov, V. G., and A. N. Shadrin. "FACTORS IN THE DEPOSITION OF GOLD ORE OF THE KURANAKH TYPE." International Geology Review 30, no. 9 (September 1988): 1038–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206818809466082.

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19

Jaireth, S., and M. Sharma. "Physico-chemical conditions of ore deposition in Malanjkhand copper sulphide deposit." Journal of Earth System Science 95, no. 2 (July 1986): 209–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02871866.

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20

Gaál, G. "Tectonic styles of Early Proterozoic ore deposition in the Fennoscandian Shield." Precambrian Research 46, no. 1-2 (January 1990): 83–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(90)90068-2.

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21

Biryukov, A. A., A. V. Volkov, K. Yu Murashov, and A. A. Sidorov. "Features of ore formation of gold deposits of Glukharinsky District (Prikolyma Terrain)." Доклады Академии наук 484, no. 1 (May 1, 2019): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-5652484166-70.

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This study discusses new data on the isotopy of δ34S, δ18O, microelements, and rare earth elements (REE) in the Au deposits of the Glukarinsky ore cluster. The identified geochemical features are indicative of the reducing conditions of ore deposition, participation of magmatogenic fluid in ore formation, and the enclosing rocks being the possible sources of ore material. Isotope studies indicate that the ore-forming fluid has a mixed, metamorphogenic–magmatogenic composition. The obtained results make it possible to qualify the examined objects as Au deposits associated with granitoid intrusives.

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22

Geng, Shu Hua, Wei Zhong Ding, Shu Qiang Guo, Zhan Fang, and Xiong Gang Lu. "The Study on the Carbon Deposition in H₂-CO Mixtures." Advanced Materials Research 239-242 (May 2011): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.239-242.445.

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Iron ore reduction and carbon deposition under H2-CO mixtures were investigated by using the non-isothermal method. Iron ore in three different configurations were used in this work: pellet, coarse granularity particles and fine granularity particles. The reduced samples were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and accelerated surface area and porosimetry System(ASAP 2020M+C). In pure CO, the carbon deposition increases with decreasing of the sample size. In H2-CO mixtures, the rate of carbon deposition is accelerated dramatically. Morphologies of samples treated in different reducing ambinent were investigated. Specific surface area of the treated sample increases with higher level of carbon deposition.

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23

Oberthür, Thomas, Frank Melcher, Tobias Fusswinkel, Alfons M. van den Kerkhof, and Graciela M. Sosa. "The hydrothermal Waterberg platinum deposit, Mookgophong (Naboomspruit), South Africa. Part 1: Geochemistry and ore mineralogy." Mineralogical Magazine 82, no. 3 (April 12, 2018): 725–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2017.081.073.

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ABSTRACTThe Waterberg platinum deposit is an extraordinary example of a vein-type hydrothermal quartz-hematite-PGE (platinum-group element) mineralization. This study concentrates on the geochemical character of the ores and the platinum-group mineral (PGM) assemblage by application of reflected-light and scanning electron microscopy followed by electron probe microanalysis.The PGM-bearing quartz veins show multiple banding indicating numerous pulses of fluid infiltration. Mineralization was introduced contemporaneously with the earliest generation of vein quartz and hematite. High oxygen and low sulfur fugacities of the mineralizing fluids are indicated by hematite as the predominant opaque mineral and the lack of sulfides.The ‘Waterberg type’ mineralization is characterized by unique metal proportions, namely Pt>Pd>Au, interpreted as a fingerprint to the cradle of the metals, namely rocks and ores of the Bushveld Complex, or reflecting metal fractionation during ascent of an oxidized, evolving fluid. The PGM assemblage signifies three main depositional and alteration events. (1) Deposition of native Pt and Pt–Pd alloys (>90% of the PGM assemblage) and Pd–Sb–As compounds (Pt-rich isomertieite and mertieite II) from hydrothermal fluids. (2) Hydrothermal alteration of Pt by Cu-rich fluids and formation of Pt–Cu alloys and hongshiite [PtCu]. (3) Weathering/oxidation of the ores producing Pd/Pt-oxides/hydroxides.Platinum-group element transport was probably by chloride complexes in moderately acidic and strongly oxidizing fluids of relatively low salinity, and depositional temperatures were in the range 400–200°C. Alternatively, quartz and ore textures may hint to noble metal transport in a colloidal form and deposition as gels.The source of the PGE is probably in platiniferous rocks or ores of the Bushveld Complex which were leached by hydrothermal solutions. If so, further Waterberg-type deposits may be present, and a prime target area would be along the corridor of the Thabazimbi-Murchison-Lineament where geothermal springs are presently still active.

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24

Schmidt, Christian, Matthias Gottschalk, Rongqing Zhang, and Jianjun Lu. "Oxygen fugacity during tin ore deposition from primary fluid inclusions in cassiterite." Ore Geology Reviews 139 (December 2021): 104451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104451.

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25

Fajziev, A. R. "The role of crystallomorphology in evaluation of fluorite ore deposition in Tajikistan." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 52, a1 (August 8, 1996): C569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767396076866.

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26

Kříbek, B. "Metallogeny, structural, lithological and time controls of ore deposition in anoxic environments." Mineralium Deposita 26, no. 2 (April 1991): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00195259.

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27

BONDARENKO, Nikolay, Ludmila SHATILOVA, Natalya POZDNYAKOVA, and Elena KOVALCHUK. "Typomorphic features of native gold within the Uchuysky ore node (Adycha-Taryn zone, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia))." Domestic geology, no. 2 (May 25, 2022): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-7175-2022-10008.

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This work presents the study of typomorphic features of native gold from three ore fields within the Uchuysky ore node: Uchuyskoye, Gan-Andreevskoye and Luch. The obtained data (the gold particle shapes, composition and internal structure, the nature of the surface) show the multi-stage process of ore deposition near the granite massif in the tectonically active zone and further transformations of native gold under the influence of high-temperature hydrothermal-metasomatic processes.

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28

Marzuki, Hasan, Alya Naili Rozhan, and Hadi Purwanto. "Utilization of Empty Fruit Bunch Derived Vapor for Carbon Deposition within Iron Ores." Key Engineering Materials 908 (January 28, 2022): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-3po47q.

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Metallurgical coke is the main source of fuel and reducing agent for iron and steel industry. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) biomass which is abundantly available in Malaysia could be utilized as a source of energy as well as reducing agent in iron making process. This research presents carbon infiltration within low-grade iron ore via chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) method from EFB pyrolysis vapor. Low-grade iron ore was first heated to remove the combined water (CW) that consequently created pore network within the iron ore. These pores would act as sites for carbon infiltration in the iron ore. The EFB treatment on iron ore has been carried out at different temperatures and the effect of pyrolysis temperature on the carbon infiltration has been investigated. The Brunauer−Emmet−Teller (BET) and Barrett−Joyner−Halenda (BJH) methods have been performed to analyze pore surface and pore volumes of the iron ore. Pore surface and pore volume decreased as the temperature increased indicated that more carbon has been deposited. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, it was shown that the low-grade iron ore has been transformed into iron (Fe). The infiltrated carbon from the EFB pyrolysis vapor in the pore surface iron ore is proven to be able to be utilized as source of energy and reducing agent to partially replace metallurgical coke in the blast furnace in order to reduce emission of harmful gas.

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29

Yang, Guang Shu, Yong Feng Yan, and Peng Yu Feng. "Ore-Forming Fluid System of the Anqing Cu-Fe Deposit, Anhui Province, China." Advanced Materials Research 734-737 (August 2013): 135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.734-737.135.

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Fluid inclusions, carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions were discussed to understanding the ore-forming fluid system of Anqing Cu-Fe deposit. Homogeneous temperatures of fluid inclusions ranged from 124°C to 570°C, δ13CPDBvalues of the gangue minerals ranged from-3.3 to-0.9, and δ18O values ranged from 9.4 to 10.7, respectively. The results reveal that the primary ore-forming fluid was magmatic hydrothermal fluid characterized by high temperature, the boiling and mixing of fluids occurred in the main mineralization stage, the magmatic water was dominant in the ore-forming process, the physicochemical condition changes of the fluid system led to the formation of skarn and the deposition of the ore minerals. The ore-forming materials were mainly derived from magma, partly provided by sedimentary strata.

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30

Maia, M., N. Moreira, S. Vicente, J. Mirão, F. Noronha, and P. Nogueira. "Multi-Stage Fluid System Responsible for Ore Deposition in the Ossa-Morena Zone (Portugal): Constraints in Cu-Ore Deposits Formation." Geology of Ore Deposits 62, no. 6 (November 2020): 508–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1075701520060094.

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31

Marignac, Christian. "A case of ore deposition associated with paleogeothermal activity: The polymetallic ore veins of A�n Barbar (NE Constantinois, Algeria)." Mineralogy and Petrology 39, no. 2 (November 1988): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01184818.

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32

Mârza, Ioan, Călin Gabriel Tămaș, Romulus Tetean, Alina Andreica, Ioan Denuț, and Réka Kovács. "Epithermal Bicolor Black and White Calcite Spheres from Herja Ore Deposit, Baia Mare Neogene Ore District, Romania-Genetic Considerations." Minerals 9, no. 6 (June 8, 2019): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9060352.

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White, black, or white and black calcite spheres were discovered during the 20th century within geodes from several Pb-Zn ± Au-Ag epithermal vein deposits from the Baia Mare ore district, Eastern Carpathians, Romania, with the Herja ore deposit being the maiden occurrence. The black or black and white calcite spheres are systematically accompanied by needle-like sulfosalts which are known by the local miners as “plumosite”. The genesis of epithermal spheres composed partly or entirely of black calcite is considered to be related to the deposition of calcite within voids filled by hydrothermal fluids that contain acicular crystals of sulfosalts, mostly jamesonite in suspension. The proposed genetic model involves gravitational concentration of sulfosalt acicular crystals towards the base of open spaces within paleochannels of epithermal fluid flow and the subsequent formation of calcite spheres by geochemical self organization of amorphous calcium carbonate that crystallized to calcite via vaterite.

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33

Ozguner, Abdullah Mete. "Factors Controlling the Hydrothermal Sulphur Ore Deposition in Keciborlu Mine Area (SW Turkey)." Resource Geology 56, no. 1 (March 2006): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00269.x.

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34

Kholodov, V. N., and G. Yu Butuzova. "Siderite formation and evolution of sedimentary iron ore deposition in the Earth’s history." Geology of Ore Deposits 50, no. 4 (August 2008): 299–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s107570150804003x.

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35

Zhao, Jing, Longjun Xu, Taiping Xie, and Chao Xie. "Preparation of Mn3O4 from low-grade rhodochrosite ore by chemical bath deposition method." Chinese Journal of Geochemistry 34, no. 1 (February 4, 2015): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11631-014-0020-8.

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36

Borisov, Michael, Dmitry Bychkov, Mariya Volkova, and Yury Shvarov. "Role of water/rock interaction in the formation of ore-bearing solutions and deposition of hydrothermal ore, Sadon Mining District, North Caucasus Mountains, Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199805003.

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REE distribution patterns of the ores and host rocks of the Dzhimidon vein lead-zinc deposit (North Caucasus, Ossetia, Sadon mining district, Russia) have been analyzed to elucidate the source(s) of hydrothermal ore deposits. Two types of prevailing rocks are involved in ore formation - Paleozoic granites (the main ore-hosting rocks at the majority of deposits) and Precambrian schists (specific only the for host rocks of the Dzhimidon deposit). The source of ore components tends to be complex and includes host rocks in variable proportions that could be characterized by REE distribution in ores. Interaction of water with combined sources was thermodynamically modeled. Critical differences were found in the ore-forming models, with variable sequence and rock proportions during interaction with barren fluid.

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37

CHOQUE FERNANDEZ, Oscar, and Pablo FERNANDEZ. "TEXTURAS DOS MINERAIS DE MINÉRIO DA REGIÃO AMAZÔNICA. PARTE 1." Boletim do Museu de Geociências da Amazônia 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31419/issn.2594-942x.v92022i1a5ocf.

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Ore minerals are usually characterized to the formation of mineral deposits. Textures can provide evidence of the nature of processes such as initial ore deposition, post-deposition rebalancing or metamorphism, deformation, annealing and weathering. The recognition and interpretation of textures is usually the most important step in understanding the origin and evolution of an ore. As they are ores that contain high economic value, and their study is necessary to correctly define the metallurgical alternatives for an adequate process of obtaining metallic products. Among the most important mines that are operating in Carajás are N4 (iron), Azul (manganese), Sossego and Salobo (copper) and Onca Puma (nickel). Most ores, show opaque characteristics that can be well studied by microscopy of opaque minerals, but others with SEM/EDS. The textures of these ore minerals are distinctive among them, highlighting the disseminated copper minerals subject to mineral liberation and micritic manganese minerals and fines granulates nickel-bearing minerals, ready for metallurgical extraction. Keywords: bornite; chalcopyrite; cryptomelane; chysotile; lizardite.

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Damdinova, L. B., and B. B. Damdinov. "Mineral composition and formation conditions of the Inkur tungsten deposit ores (Dzhidinsky ore field, South-Western Transbaikalia)." Earth sciences and subsoil use 43, no. 3 (October 7, 2020): 290–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2020-43-3-290-306.

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The aim of the study is to clarify the mineral composition and determine the conditions of the formation of the quartz-hubnerite veins of the Inkur stockwork tungsten deposit (the Dzhidinsky ore field, South-Western Transbaikalia). The research methods include a mineralogical and petrographic description of the ore quartz-hubnerite veins; an electron microprobe analysis of the mineral associations; thermometry, cryometry, and Raman spectroscopy of the individual fluid inclusions in quartz, fluorite, hubnerite, and muscovite. The mineralogical and petrographic studies has made it possible to clarify the mineral composition of the Inkur deposit ores and determine the mineral paragenesis formation sequence. The fluid inclusion studies have established that the ore deposition was occurring in the relatively low-salinity (~5.7–14.6 wt. % eq. NaCl) homogeneous solutions due to a decrease of the temperature. The study of the salt composition of the solutions has identified Ca chloride as a prevailing component, with NaCl, KCl, and MgCl as admixtures. CO2 and N2 have been identified in the gas phase of inclusions. Two stages of mineral formation have been defined: high-temperature (≥300 °С) and low-temperature (≥2.00–300 °С). The conducted studies allow qualitative estimation of the chemical composition of the ore-forming solutions. It has been established that one of the main factors of the hubnerite deposition is a temperature factor.

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Disnar, J. R., B. Gauthier, A. Chabin, and J. Trichet. "Early biodégradation of ligneous organic materials and its relation to ore deposition in the tréves zn-pb ore body (gard, france)." Organic Geochemistry 10, no. 4-6 (January 1986): 1005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(86)80039-0.

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Damdinova, Damdinov, Huang, Bryansky, Khubanov, and Yudin. "Age, Conditions of Formation, and Fluid Composition of the Pervomaiskoe Molybdenum Deposit (Dzhidinskoe Ore Field, South-Western Transbaikalia, Russia)." Minerals 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2019): 572. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9100572.

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The article discusses the composition of studied ore-forming solutions and the P-T conditions of molybdenum mineralization in the Pervomaisky stockwork deposit which is situated within the Dzhidinsky ore field (South-Western Transbaikalia, Russia). New geochronological data of zircons from granites, muscovite, and molybdenite from the ore zones indicates the association of the granite formation and ore deposition processes which occurred 119–128 million years ago. Quartz-molybdenite veins of the Pervomaisky deposit were formed at the temperature of ≥314–186 °C with some boiling periods. Fluid inclusions in these veins have total salt concentration of 6.3–12.7 wt. % NaCl equivalent (eq. NaCl). The salt solution is composed of chlorides of Na, Ca, K, and Fe. The gas phase contains CO2, CH4, and N2. A series of elements were determined in fluid inclusions by laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS: Li, Be, B, F, Na, Mg, Al, Cl, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Nb, Mo, Ag, Sn, La, Ce, Ta, W, Au, Pb, Th, U. The Mo content reaches 559 ppm (average of 228 ± 190 ppm) in high-grade quartz-molybdenite veinlets, whereas Mo content is up to 212 ppm (average of 25 ± 29 ppm) in the low-grade veinlets. High-grade veinlets were formed by near-neutral solutions with a higher content of Mo, S, and F, while relatively low-grade veinlets were deposited from alkaline solutions. Our results demonstrate the pH of the solutions as one of the key factors for ore deposition.

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Damdinova, Ludmila, and Bulat Damdinov. "Tungsten Ores of the Dzhida W-Mo Ore Field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia): Mineral Composition and Physical-Chemical Conditions of Formation." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070725.

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This article discusses the peculiarities of mineral composition and a fluid inclusions (FIs further in the text) study of the Kholtoson W and Inkur W deposits located within the Dzhida W-Mo ore field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia). The Mo mineralization spatially coincides with the apical part of the Pervomaisky stock (Pervomaisky deposit), and the W mineralization forms numerous quartz veins in the western part of the ore field (Kholtoson vein deposit) and the stockwork in the central part (Inkur stockwork deposit). The ore mineral composition is similar at both deposits. Quartz is the main gangue mineral; there are also present muscovite, K-feldspar, and carbonates. The main ore mineral of both deposits is hubnerite. In addition to hubnerite, at both deposits, more than 20 mineral species were identified; they include sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, etc.), sulfosalts (tetrahedrite, aikinite, stannite, etc.), oxides (scheelite, cassiterite), and tellurides (hessite). The results of mineralogical and fluid inclusions studies allowed us to conclude that the Inkur W and the Kholtoson W deposits were formed by the same hydrothermal fluids, related to the same ore-forming system. For both deposits, the fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures varied within the range ~195–344 °C. The presence of cogenetic liquid- and vapor-dominated inclusions in the quartz from the ores of the Kholtoson deposit allowed us to estimate the true temperature range of mineral formation as 413–350 °C. Ore deposition occurred under similar physical-chemical conditions, differing only in pressures of mineral formation. The main factors of hubnerite deposition from hydrothermal fluids were decreases in temperature.

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Sizaret, Stanislas, Eric Marcoux, Alice Boyce, Michel Jebrak, Roos Stevenson, and Rob Ellam. "Isotopic (S, Sr, Sm/Nd, D, Pb) evidences for multiple sources in the Early Jurassic Chaillac F-Ba ore deposit (Indre, France)." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180, no. 2 (March 1, 2009): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.180.2.83.

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AbstractDuring the earliest Jurassic, a widespread hydrothermal event occurred in western Europe producing large veins and stratiform F-Ba-Pb-Zn ore deposits. Previous work argued about genetic processes involving circulation of mineralising brines. Two main alternative genetic models are proposed. The first one proposes a convection of brines through the crust to produce ore deposits, the second an early infiltration of brine in the basement followed by expulsion during Mesozoic extension. In the northern French Massif Central, new data on the F-Ba Chaillac deposit suggest that the genesis of these mineralising brines requires a new discussion.Located in the northern French Massif Central, the Chaillac barite and fluorite ore deposit is an exceptional site where a stratiform deposit is rooted onto a vein. The ore deposition is split in two stages: 1) precipitation of green and purple fluorite within the vein (Fg-p stage), with associated fluid inclusions indicating 135°C for deposition from a low salinity fluid, and 2) yellow fluorite and barite stage (Fy-Ba) filling the vein and forming the stratiform deposit. Fluid inclusions depict a mineralising brine at 110°C. The 87Sr/86Sr and 143Nd/144Nd isotopic ratios measured in the fluorite are compared to those of French Massif Central rocks. The ratios in green and purple fluorite are similar to those of monzogranite and granodiorite of the basement; those measured in yellow fluorite involve the granulites and other metamorphic rocks of the basement. Measurements of the Sr isotopic ratio and δ34SCDT in barite and δD in fluorite fluid inclusions suggest a deposition process by the mixing of a hydrothermal fluid with meteoric water.At the scale of the northern Massif Central district, the successive hydrothermal fluid salinities are highly contrasted as in Chaillac deposit. We propose that the two types of hydrothermal fluids have been produced by the boiling of a single fluid at depth.

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Tharalson, Erik, Thomas Monecke, T. Reynolds, Lauren Zeeck, Katharina Pfaff, and Nigel Kelly. "The Distribution of Precious Metals in High-Grade Banded Quartz Veins from Low-Sulfidation Epithermal Deposits: Constraints from µXRF Mapping." Minerals 9, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9120740.

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High-grade ore zones in low-sulfidation epithermal deposits are commonly associated with the occurrence of banded quartz veins. The ore minerals in these veins are heterogeneously distributed and are mostly confined to ginguro bands, which can be identified in hand specimen based on their distinct dark gray to black color. Micro-X-ray fluorescence element maps obtained on representative samples of banded quartz veins show that Au occurs together with Ag minerals in some of the ginguro bands, but Au can also be present in quartz bands that are light gray to white and cannot be macroscopically distinguished from barren bands. The occurrence of compositionally distinct ginguro and gankin bands, the latter being a new term coined here for colloform quartz bands containing primarily electrum or native gold, can be explained by temporal changes in the composition of the ore-forming thermal waters or variations in the conditions of ore deposition. Textural relationships, including the dendritic shape of ore minerals that appear to have grown in a matrix of silica microspheres, suggest that the ginguro and gankin bands have formed as a result of rapid deposition associated with vigorous boiling or flashing of the thermal waters.

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Gigon, Joséphine, Etienne Deloule, Julien Mercadier, David L. Huston, Antonin Richard, Irvine R. Annesley, Andrew S. Wygralak, Roger G. Skirrow, Terrence P. Mernagh, and Kristian Masterman. "Tracing metal sources for the giant McArthur River Zn-Pb deposit (Australia) using lead isotopes." Geology 48, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 478–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g47001.1.

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Abstract Giant hydrothermal ore deposits form where fluids carrying massive amounts of metals scavenged from source rocks or magmas encounter conditions favorable for their localized deposition. However, in most cases, the ultimate origin of metals remains highly disputed. Here, we show for the first time that two metal sources have provided, in comparable amounts, the 8 Mt of lead of the giant McArthur River zinc-lead deposit (McArthur Basin, Northern Territory, Australia). By using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis of lead isotopes in galena, we demonstrate that the two metal sources were repeatedly involved in the metal deposition in the different ore lenses ca. 1640 Ma. Modeling of lead isotope fractionation between mantle and crustal reservoirs implicates felsic rocks of the crystalline basement and the derived sedimentary rocks in the basin as the main lead sources that were leached by the ore-forming fluids. This sheds light on the crucial importance of metal tracing as a prerequisite to constrain large-scale ore-forming systems, and calls for a paradigm shift in the way hydrothermal systems form giant ore deposits: leaching of metals from several sources may be key in accounting for their huge metal tonnage.

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El Arbaoui, Amal, Ismaïla N’Diaye, Zaineb Hajjar, Amina Wafik, Abdelhak Boutaleb, Said Ilmen, Abderrahim Essaifi, and Mohammed Bouabdellah. "Fluid Origin and Evolution of the Roc Blanc Silver Deposit (Jebilet Massif, Variscan Belt, Morocco): Constraints from Geology and Fluid Inclusions." Geofluids 2022 (December 7, 2022): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3882516.

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The Roc Blanc Pb-Zn-Ag-Au vein deposit is located in the NW of Marrakech, in the Central Jebilet massif. It is spatially related to Bramram-Tabouchennt-Bamega (BTB) granodioritic pluton (ca. 330 Ma) metamorphism aureole. The main veins hosted in black shales are oriented N-S to NNW-SSE. Pb-Zn-Ag-Au ore is associated with quartz, chlorite, sericite, and carbonate gangue minerals. Two major stages of ore deposition were distinguished. The preore stage (stage I) comprises two quartz-mineralised vein generations with Fe, As, Zn, and Cu ores (vg1 and vg2). The main ore stage (stage II) consists mainly on Ag, Au, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Sb ores, which is hosted by carbonaceous vein (vg3) and by two late quartz generations veins (vg4 and vg5 with a geodic quartz). Three types of fluid inclusions have been recognized in silver mineralisation bearing quartz veins according to petrographic investigations, microthermometry, and Raman spectroscopy studies: (i) liquid-rich H2O-N2-CH4±CO2-(salt) fluid inclusions (type 1), (ii) vapour-rich H2O-CO2-CH4-N2-(salt) fluid inclusions (type 2), and (iii) aqueous H2O-(salt) fluid inclusions (type 3). The interpretation of fluid inclusion data shows a mixing of two fluids that are metamorphic and surface to subsurface origin, trapped at boiling state. The first mineralised stage was deposited at 350 ± 20 ° C (this temperature of ore deposition was supported also by chlorite geothermometry) with salinity of 13.7 wt% NaCl equiv., while the deposition of the argentiferous stage, which consists of the main economic mineralisation of the Roc Blanc deposit, occurs during decreasing temperature at 150°C with a salinity of 12.1 wt% NaCl equiv. The all-mineralised ore was deposited at relatively low pressure, below ~1-1.1 kbar. So, fluid dilution and cooling are probably the main factor for silver deposition in the Roc Blanc polymetallic vein deposit. In addition, fluid inclusion studies reveal that the mineralising fluid corresponds to a mixture of metamorphic fluid (H2O-CH4-N2-CO2) with surface to subsurface aqueous gas-free fluids (H2O-salt, meteoric, or brine).

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Castillo, Paterno R. "Arc magmatism and porphyry-type ore deposition are primarily controlled by chlorine from seawater." Chemical Geology 589 (February 2022): 120683. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2021.120683.

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47

Bayirli, Mehmet. "The geometrical approach of the manganitise compound deposition on the surface of manganisite ore." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 353 (August 2005): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2004.12.057.

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48

Rashid, Rusila Zamani Abd, Hadi Purwanto, Hamzah Mohd Salleh, Mohd Hanafi Ani, Nurul Azhani Yunus, and Tomohiro Akiyama. "Carbon Doped Iron Ore Using Palm Kernel Shell." Advanced Materials Research 701 (May 2013): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.701.28.

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This paper pertains to the reduction process of local low grade iron ore using palm kernel shell (PKS). It is well known that low grade iron ores contain high amount of gangue minerals and combined water. Biomass waste (aka agro-residues) from the palm oil industry is an attractive alternative fuel to replace coal as the source of energy in mineral processing, including for the treatment and processing of low grade iron ores. Both iron ore and PKS were mixed with minute addition of distilled water and then fabricated with average spherical diameter of 10-12mm. The green composite pellets were subjected to reduction test using an electric tube furnace. The rate of reduction increased as temperature increases up to 900 °C. The Fe content in the original ore increased almost 12% when 40 mass% of PKS was used. The reduction of 60:40 mass ratios of iron ore to PKS composite pellet produced almost 11.97 mass% of solid carbon which was dispersed uniformly on the surface of iron oxide. The aim of this work is to study carbon deposition of PKS in iron ore through reduction process. Utilization of carbon deposited in low grade iron ore is an interesting method for iron making process as this solid carbon can act as energy source in the reduction process.

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Lima, Luciana M. K., and Waldyr L. O. Filho. "Formation of Fine Iron Ore Tailings Deposits." Soils and Rocks 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.352141.

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Deposit formation back analysis of a two-year iron ore slime impoundment managed by the sub-aerial method is performed using two complementary approaches. The first one tries to identify the deposit stratigraphy and its formation history. This is made possible through sorted document review (reports, design documents, personal communication, photos, etc.) and by means of an extensive geotechnical investigation program, including laboratory and field testing. The second approach, considered more quantitative, deals with modeling the sub-aerial deposition method, using a numerical solution for events such as large strain consolidation and desiccation of fine, soft tailings, following filling and waiting periods, according to that disposal technique. For modeling, the computer program CONDES is used with constitutive functions of available material, also using actual slime management data. The numerical model rendered a final deposit height of 8.16 m, very close to the actual height measured in the field, providing the model validation. The analyses suggest that the desiccation process inherent to the sub-aerial method had a minimal effect or did not even occur during the impoundment operation. Other potential disposal schemes were also evaluated and comparisons were made. The study has shown the ability to understand the formation of fine iron ore mining tailing deposits, and how to make use of this tool in projects.

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Zhao, Kui, Yulong Zhuo, Xiaojun Wang, and Wen Zhong. "Aggregate Evolution Mechanism during Ion-Adsorption Rare Earth Ore Leaching." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (November 21, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4206836.

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The phenomenon of particle aggregation occurs when ammonium chloride is used as a leaching reagent to infiltrate rare earth samples. To reveal the formation and evolution mechanisms of aggregates, a self-developed column leaching experimental device was employed in conjunction with nuclear magnetic resonance technology. The relationships among the amount of rare earth leaching, the evolution of the microscopic pore structure, the porosity, and the leaching time were obtained. A comparative analysis of pure water and ammonium chloride test groups revealed that aggregates were present only in the latter. Consequently, the results of comprehensive analyses indicate that the formation of aggregates is a temporary particle deposition phenomenon caused by the settling of fine soil particles migrating from the top to the bottom of a sample. Furthermore, chemical exchanges constitute the main cause of aggregate formation.

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