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Academic literature on the topic 'Ore deposition'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Ore deposition"

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Lüders, Volker, and Peter Möller. "Fluid evolution and ore deposition in the Harz Mountains (Germany)." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 5 (October 14, 1992): 1053–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/5/1053.

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Barnes, H. L. "Energetics of Hydrothermal Ore Deposition." International Geology Review 42, no. 3 (March 2000): 224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206810009465079.

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Banks, David A., and Michael J. Russell. "Fluid mixing during ore deposition at the Tynagh base-metal deposit, Ireland." European Journal of Mineralogy 4, no. 5 (October 14, 1992): 921–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/ejm/4/5/0921.

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Geng, Shu Hua, Wei Zhong Ding, Shu Qiang Guo, and Xiong Gang Lu. "The Carbon Deposition during Iron Ore Reduction in Carbon Monoxide." Advanced Materials Research 625 (December 2012): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.625.243.

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Iron ore reduction and carbon deposition in pure CO was investigated by using thermogravimetric (TG) method over the temperature range of 0-1200°C. The results of the work may be summarized as follows: in CO stream, carbon deposition occurred below 900°C, no carbon deposition was found above 1000°C. X-Ray analysis of the reacted sample indicated that the carbon deposition occurred with the iron was reduced. The iron reduction process and carbon deposition occurred simultaneously. The rate of carbon deposition changed with the transformation of iron oxides. The specific surface area and pore structure of reduced samples were analyzed. The specific surface area changed with the amount of carbon deposition.
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Heinrich, Christoph A. "The chemistry of hydrothermal tin(-tungsten) ore deposition." Economic Geology 85, no. 3 (May 1, 1990): 457–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.85.3.457.

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Bortnikov, N. S., O. N. Zaozerina, A. D. Genkin, and G. N. Muravitskaya. "STANNITE-SPHALERITEINTERGROWTHS—POSSIBLE INDICATORS OF CONDITIONS OF ORE DEPOSITION." International Geology Review 32, no. 11 (November 1990): 1132–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00206819009465845.

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Markl, Gregor, Friedhelm von Blanckenburg, and Thomas Wagner. "Iron isotope fractionation during hydrothermal ore deposition and alteration." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 70, no. 12 (June 2006): 3011–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2006.02.028.

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Rostovtsev, V. I., S. A. Kondrat’ev, and I. I. Baksheeva. "Improvement of Copper–Nickel Ore Concentration under Energy Deposition." Journal of Mining Science 53, no. 5 (September 2017): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1062739117052945.

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Naesstroem, Himani, Frank Brueckner, and Alexander F. H. Kaplan. "From mine to part: directed energy deposition of iron ore." Rapid Prototyping Journal 27, no. 11 (July 19, 2021): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rpj-10-2020-0243.

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Purpose This paper aims to gain an understanding of the behaviour of iron ore when melted by a laser beam in a continuous manner. This fundamental knowledge is essential to further develop additive manufacturing routes such as production of low cost parts and in-situ reduction of the ore during processing. Design/methodology/approach Blown powder directed energy deposition was used as the processing method. The process was observed through high-speed imaging, and computed tomography was used to analyse the specimens. Findings The experimental trials give preliminary results showing potential for the processability of iron ore for additive manufacturing. A large and stable melt pool is formed in spite of the inhomogeneous material used. Single and multilayer tracks could be deposited. Although smooth and even on the surface, the single layer tracks displayed porosity. In case of multilayered tracks, delamination from the substrate material and deformation can be seen. High-speed videos of the process reveal various process phenomena such as melting of ore powder during feeding, cloud formation, melt pool size, melt flow and spatter formation. Originality/value Very little literature is available that studies the possible use of ore in additive manufacturing. Although the process studied here is not industrially useable as is, it is a step towards processing cheap unprocessed material with a laser beam.
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Eugster, Hans P. "Granites and hydrothermal ore deposits: a geochemical framework." Mineralogical Magazine 49, no. 350 (March 1985): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1985.049.350.02.

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AbstractThe geochemical evolution of tin-tungsten deposits and their associated sulphides can be discussed in terms of four sequential processes: acquisition of the ore-forming elements (OFEs) by the granitic magma, emplacement of these elements in minerals and residual melt of the crystallizing granite, release of the OFEs to the circulating hydrothermal fluids and transport to the depositional sites, and finally, deposition of ore minerals through interaction of these fluids with the wall rock. Based on their crystallographic behaviour, it is useful to distinguish three principal classes of OFEs, here identified as BOC, LHC, and ALC elements. BOC (bivalent octahedral cation) elements are similar to ferrous iron and here are represented mainly by Zn, Mn, and perhaps Cu. Li also belongs to this class, although it is monovalent. LHC (large highly charged cations) elements encompass As, Nb, Mo, Sn, Sb, Ta, and W and they are similar to ferric iron or titanium in their crystallographic role. ALC (alkali-like cations) are capable of occupying alkali positions and are represented mainly by Pb, Ag, and Hg.LHCs are rejected from the polymerized silicate liquid network and become enriched in the roof of the acid magma chamber, where more non-bridging oxygens are available. Transport to the roof may be enhanced by the formation of hydrous complexes, as is the pronounced enrichment of Na and Li. BOCs, along with Cl, F, and B, fractionate strongly into the vapour phase during vesiculation. HCl in the ore fluid is crucial for the alteration process and can be produced during boiling by a hydrolysis reaction of the NaCl dissolved or immiscibly present in the silicate magma.Considerable laboratory information is available concerning release mechanisms of the OFEs to hydrothermal fluids. We can distinguish congruent and incongruent dissolution, both in response to acid buildup, as well as congruent and incongruent exchange not involving HCl. Melt-fluid fractionation is also thought to be important, though the physical mechanisms are not well understood. Any of these release mechanisms may be coupled with reduction or oxidation reactions. LHC, BOC, and ALC elements respond differently to each of these mechanisms, and these differences may in part be responsible for the observed separation of ore minerals in space and time. It is suggested that LHC elements are released preferentially during acid, non-oxidizing conditions typical of early stages, while BOC elements respond more readily to later acid-oxidizing environments, as well as exchange reactions with or without oxidation.Depositional reactions have been formulated with respect to two contrasting types of country rocks: carbonates and schists. Differences are related to the process of neutralization of the HCl produced by ore deposition: carbonate dissolution on one hand and feldspar-muscovite or biotite-muscovite conversion on the other. In carbonate rocks, evaporite-related sulphates may provide the H2S necessary for sulphide precipitation, while in schists disseminated sulphides and organic matter may be important sulphur reservoirs in addition to the sulphur liberated from the granite. A variety of situations can be envisaged with respect to the sources of the OFEs and the sulphur species required for ore deposition, including granite and wall rocks. Chloride is recognized as the crucial anion for OFE release, transport, and deposition, although F and B play a role yet to be evaluated. Final HCl neutralization is an essential step in the reactions responsible for the deposition of ore minerals.The ultimate sources of the OFEs must be related to the continental material involved in the process of melt production by partial melting. Oxidized sediments provide sources for LHC and ALC elements in the form of heavy minerals and clastic feldspars and micas. Organic-rich reduced sediments are hosts to BOC and LHC elements as sulphides and ALC elements in organic matter. Remelting of igneous and metamorphic rocks can enrich LHC, BOC, and ALC elements in the melt by extraction from opaques, Fe-Mg silicates, feldspars, and micas.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ore deposition"

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Spencer, Edward. "The transport and deposition of molybdenum in porphyry ore systems." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/27402.

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Approximately 99% of Mo is obtained from porphyry deposits (e.g. Sillitoe, 2010), representing the strongest association of any metal with a single deposit type. Despite this, the controls on the formation of Mo-rich porphyries and the spatial-temporal decoupling of Mo from Cu in these systems remain poorly understood. By combining fieldwork, Re-Os molybdenite dating and a fluid inclusion study at one of the world's largest Cu-Mo porphyries (El Teniente, Chile), this project assesses the magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the system to help constrain the processes controlling Mo enrichment. Results indicate that deposit-wide Mo grades of < 0.06 wt.% are principally controlled by the abundance of main mineralisation-type quartz-molybdenite veins, that develop outwards and upwards into Cu-rich vein types. Parental ore fluids had low salinities (~6.5 wt.% NaCleq) and were exsolved at depth following the emplacement of multiple intrusions that acted as short-lived (< 100,000 years) conduits for mineralising fluids between 6.3 and 4.6 Ma. The decoupled deposition of Mo and Cu surrounding each temporally separate intrusion is attributed to the sequential deposition of Mo then Cu in response to decreasing temperature followed by intermittent fluid boiling and increasing fluid pH in response to sericitic alteration of the mafic host-rocks. Mo grades > 0.06 wt.% correspond to the presence of late mineralisation-type veins and breccias produced by the exsolution of Mo-rich brines ±aqueous fluids from a highly fractionated magma source. Mineralisation in this stage was short-lived and occurred in all parts of the deposit at ~4.6 Ma. The relatively Cu-poor nature of this stage is attributed to the prior preferential extraction of Cu from the underlying magma chamber in earlier mineralising events. In accordance with data from other Mo-rich porphyry systems, results indicate that Mo-Cu decoupling is controlled by both changes in magma chemistry as well as by the evolving P-T-X properties of hydrothermal fluids.
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Archibald, Sandy M. "The role of vapour in the transport and deposition of metals in ore-forming systems /." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82821.

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The solubility of gold and copper chloride in liquid-undersaturated, HCl-bearing water vapour was investigated experimentally at elevated temperatures and pressures. Experimental results show that the solubility of gold and copper is significant, increasing at higher fHCl and fH2O for gold, and at higher fH2O for copper. These increases are attributed to the formation of hydrated gas species, with a metal:chlorine ratio of 1. Hydration numbers vary from 5 at 300°C to 3 at 360°C for gold, and from 7.6 at 280°C, to 6.0 at 300°C, and 6.1 at 320°C for copper; the results reflect the presence of trimer [Cu3Cl3•(H2O)n] or tetramer [Cu4Cl4•(H2O)n] species. Results indicate that solubility for both vapour species is retrograde, i.e., it decreases with increasing temperature, and formed via the reactions: Ausolid+m·HClgas+n·H2 Ogas=AuClm·H2 Ogasn+m 2·Hgas2 3CuClsolid+n·H2Ogas= Cu3Cl3·H2O gasn
Calculations based on the solubility data indicate an economic high-sulphidation Au deposit (e.g., Nansatsu, Japan; 36 tonnes) could form in ~30,000 years, whereas a porphyry copper deposit (e.g., 50 million tonnes at 0.5% Cu) could form in as little as ~20,500 years, assuming transport only in the vapour phase.
Precious- and base-metal-rich composite scales, containing up to 111 ppm Au and 628 ppm Ag, occur in surface pipes at the Momotombo geothermal field, Nicaragua. Polysulphide scale fragments, comprising chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, electrum and hessite grains in a matrix of amorphous silica, formed as a result of cooling and ligand loss induced by boiling, during fluid ascent in well MT-36. Secondary bornite, stromeyerite and chalcocite/digenite replaced chalcopyrite through the addition of Cu and Ag and an increase in fO2 . A drop in pH due to well closure resulted in replacement of primary and secondary sulphides by tetrahedrite.
Reaction-path modelling using the program CHILLER simulates deposition of minerals from the reconstructed deep geothermal fluid, at temperature intervals (depths) along excess enthalpy and isoenthalpic boiling paths. These simulations accurately reproduce the paragenetic sequence of base- and precious-metal mineralization in the scales. The modelling indicates excess enthalpy boiling results in metal precipitation at greater depths than would be expected for isoenthalpic boiling, and that at Momotombo this occurs through the destabilisation of bisulphide complexes in response to loss of CO2 and H2 S during phase separation.
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Törmänen, T. (Tuomo). "Ore mineralogy, geochemistry, and formation of the sediment-hosted sea floor massive sulfide deposits at Escanaba Trough, NE Pacific, with emphasis on the transport and deposition of gold." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2004. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514276264.

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Abstract Recent sea floor sulfide deposits form when seawater, heated within the oceanic crust, discharges to the sea floor. Upon mixing with cold seawater, sulfide-forming elements such as sulfur, iron, copper, and zinc are precipitated from the fluid. Actively forming sea floor massive sulfide deposits are found from different lithologic and tectonic environments varying from mid-ocean ridges to back-arc spreading centers. At a few localities, sulfide deposits are associated with turbiditic sediments that cover the axial valley of the spreading center. The southern part (Escanaba Trough) of the Gorda Ridge (NE Pacific) is one such example. At Escanaba Trough, massive sulfide deposits are associated with small sediment hills, which were uplifted by the intrusion of sills and laccoliths within the sediments. Hydrothermal deposits are dominated by pyrrhotite-rich massive sulfides, with subordinate amounts of sulfate-rich precipitates and polymetallic sulfides. Compared to deposits hosted by volcanites, Escanaba Trough sulfides contain relatively low amounts of copper and zinc. However, the average gold concentration is relatively high for a sediment-hosted deposit, and is comparable with other, Au-enriched, sea floor sulfide deposits. Despite the relatively high Au concentration in many volcanic-hosted sea floor sulfide deposits, discrete Au grains are rare. They occur mostly with sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and tetrahedrite-tennantite. Sixteen of the pyrrhotite-rich samples from Escanaba Trough were found to contain visible Au grains. They occur mostly with native Bi and various BiTe phases, and to lesser degree, with Fe-Co sulfarsenides. Transport of Au in sea floor hydrothermal systems is attributed to the presence of Au(HS)2- complex, which is destabilized when the fluid mixes with seawater. Hydrothermal fluids are generally undersaturated with respect to Au complexes and additional mechanisms, such as remobilizing earlier precipitated Au is required to explain the high Au concentrations encountered in many deposits. At Escanaba Trough the mechanism is attributed to early precipitation of Bi as melt droplets, at temperatures greater its melting temperature, as liquid Bi is capable of collecting Au even from an undersaturated fluid. Upon cooling Au is exsolved from the Bi host as native Au or maldonite (Au2Bi).
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Gapara, Cornwell Sine. "A review of the deposition of iron-formation and genesis of the related iron ore deposits as a guide to exploration for Precambrian iron ore deposits in southern Africa." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1005610.

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Iron-formations are ferruginous sedimentary rocks which have their source from fumarolic activity associated with submarine volcanism, with deposition of iron as oxides, hydroxides, and hydrous oxide-silicate minerals in shallow and/or deep marine sedimentary systems. The Precambrian ironformations of southern Africa have a wide age range, but are more prominently developed before 1.SGa. These iron formations occur in greenstone belts of the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwean cratons, in the Limpopo mobile belt, in cratonic basins and in the Damara mobile belt. The Archaean-Proterozoic sedimentary basins and greenstone belts host iron ore deposits in iron-formation. Iron formations have a lengthy geological history. Most were subjected to intense, and on occasions repeated, tectonic and metamorphic episodes which also included metasomatic processes at times to produce supergene/hypogene high grade iron ores. Iron-formations may be enriched by diagenetic, and metamorphic processes to produce concentrating-grade ironformations. Uplift, weathering and denudation, have influenced the mineral association and composition of the ores, within which magnetite, haematite and goethite constitute the major ore minerals. The iron resources of the southern Africa region include the Sishen deposits, hosting to about 1200 Mt of high grade direct shipping ore, at >63% Fe. Deposits of Zimbabwe have more than 33 000 Mt of beneficiable iron-formation. The evaluation of an iron ore prospect involves many factors which must be individually assessed in order to arrive at an estimate of the probable profitability of the deposit. Many of these are geological and are inherent in the deposit itself. Other factors are inherent aspects of the environment in which the ore is formed. Although the geological character of the ore does not change, technological advances in the processing techniques may have a great effect on the cost of putting the ore into marketable form. Geochemical, geophysical and remote sensing methods would be used for regional exploration. Chip sampling and drilling are useful for detailed exploration. Purely geological exploration techniques are applicable on a prospect scale in the exploration of iron ore deposits. Regional exploration targeting should choose late Archaean greenstone belts containing oxide facies iron-formation or Early Proterozoic basins located at craton margins as they are both known to host high-grade haematite orebodies formed by supergene/hypogene enrichment. Most types of iron ore deposits in southern Africa are described and classified. An attempt is made to emphasize the major controls on mineralisation, in the hope that these may be applicable to exploration both in the southern African region and within analogous settings around the world.
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Bouse, Robin Marie. "Lead isotopic compositions of ore deposition and their host rocks in Arizona: Implications for the crustal inheritance of metals." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187411.

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Pb isotopic compositions of twelve Late Cretaceous-Early Tertiary (LC-ET) igneous complexes in Arizona suggest that there are no isotopic distinctions between productive (those that host a porphyry copper deposit) and barren complexes. Pb isotopic compositions of the LC-ET igneous rocks are similar to those of the Proterozoic basement rocks in which they are located and indicate a regional coherence and inheritance of Pb isotopic compositions. Within the LC-ET igneous complexes, there is commonly a decreasing trend in 206Pb/204Pb from the oldest to youngest pluton. In Arizona, the sulfide mineralization in porphyry copper deposits is generally spatially and temporally associated with the youngest plutons. Pb isotopic compositions of the sulfide mineralization suggest that much of the mineralization was deposited from fluids with an isotopic composition similar to the plutons lowest in 206Pb/204Pb, (the younger plutons). The low 206Pb/204Pb values of the younger plutons and sulfide mineralization suggest derivation from a lower crustal source. Not all the sulfide mineralization has the same Pb isotopic composition. Some distal mineralization, later stage mineralization, and mineralization hosted in Precambrian rocks have Pb isotopic compositions higher in 206Pb/204Pb. The higher 206Pb/204Pb suggests that these mineralizing fluids interacted with upper crustal rocks. Ag/Au ratios of LC-ET igneous complexes and Middle to Late Tertiary metallic mineral districts in Arizona geographically correspond to Pb isotopic provinces. Pb isotopic compositions and model Th/U for sulfide mineralization from 50 of the metallic mineral districts mimic regional Pb isotopic trends defined by Early Proterozoic whole rocks. Crustal provinces with Th/U higher or lower than the crustal average (Th/U≅4) have a higher potential for Au-enriched ore deposits. Crustal provinces with Th/U≅4 have a higher potential for Ag-enriched ore deposits. The Pb isotopic data presented here are consistent with the crustal inheritance of metal ratios. Thus, the crustal inheritance hypothesis can be used as a viable exploration technique at the crustal-province scale. Mass spectrometers that also have the capability of rapid elemental analyses (ICPMS) and aeroradiometric data are useful tools for this exploration method.
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Bao, Zhiwei. "Geochemistry of the sediment-hosted disseminated gold deposits in Southwestern Guizhou Province, China." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2001. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Polteau, Stéphane. "The early proterozoic Makganyene glacial event in South Africa : its implication in sequence stratigraphy interpretations, paleoenvironmental conditions and iron and manganese ore deposition." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007612.

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The Makganyene Formation forms the base of the Postmasburg Group in the Transvaal Supergroup in the Griqualand West Basin. It consists of diamictites, sandstones, banded iron-formations (BIFs), shales, siltstones and carbonates. It is generally accepted that the Makganyene Formation rests on an erosive regional unconformity throughout the Northern Cape Province. However this study demonstrates that this stratigraphic relationship is not universal, and conformable contacts have been observed. One of the principal aims of this study is to identify the nature of the Makganyene basal contact throughout the Griqualand West Basin. Intensive fieldwork was carried out from Prieska in the south, to Danielskuil in the north. In the Sishen and Hotazel areas, only borehole material was available to assess the stratigraphy. The Griquatown Fault Zone delimits the boundary between the deep basin and platform facies. The Koegas Subgroup is only present south of the Griquatown Fault Zone, where it pinches out. However, the transition Griquatown BIFs-Koegas Subgroup occurs in lacustrine deposits on the Ghaap platform (Beukes, 1983). The Griquatown Fault Zone represents the edge of the basin, which corresponds to a hinge rather than a fault zone. The Makganyene Formation rests with a conformable contact on the Koegas Subgroup south of the Griquatown Hinge Zone, and north of it the Makganyene Formation lies unconformably on the Asbestos Hills Subgroup. The Makganyene Formation displays lateral facies changes that reflect the paleogeography of the Griqualand West Basin, and the development of ice sheets/shelves. The Ghaap platform is characterised by coarse immature sand interbedded with the diamictites. The clasts in this area contain local Asbestos Hills material and no dropstones are present. Such settings are typical of sediments that are being deposited below a grounded ice mass. At the Griquatown Hinge Zone, the sandstone lenses are smaller, and the clasts consist of chert, of which a great number are striated and faceted. In the Matsap area, the presence of dropstones is strong evidence for the presence of a floating ice shelf that released its material by basal melting. Further south, the Makganyene Formation contains stromatolitic bioherms that only form if clastic contamination is minimal and therefore the ice that transported the detritus to the basin did not extend far into open sea conditions. The base of the Hotazel Formation also contains diamictite levels. Dropstones have been identified, implying a glacial origin. The Hotazel diamictites are interbedded with hyaloclastites and BIFs. The Makganyene glacial event, therefore, was not restricted to the Makganyene Formation, but also included the Ongeluk Formation, through to the base of the Hotazel Formation. Petrographic studies of the Makganyene Formation and the base of the Hotazel Formation reveal mineral assemblages that are diagnostic of early to late diagenetic crystallisation and of low-grade metamorphism not exceeding the very low green-schist facies. The facies identified display the same sense of basin deepening, from shallow high-energy Hotazel area on the Ghaap platform, to the deep basin in the Matsap area. Whole-rock geochemical analyses reveal that the elemental composition of the Makganyene Formation is very similar to that of the Asbestos Hills BIFs, which were the most important source of clastic detritus for the Makganyene Formation. However, minor amounts of carbonates of the Campbellrand Subgroup, as well as a felsic crustal input from the Archean granitoid basement, made contributions. On the Ghaap platform, the Makganyene diamictite is enriched in iron, calcium, and magnesium, while in the deeper parts of the basin the diamictites are enriched in detrital elements, such as titanium and aluminium, which occur in the fine clay component. The Hotazel diamictite displays a distinct mafic volcanic input, related to the extrusion of the Ongeluk basaltic andesites, which was incorporated in the glacial sediments. Sequence stratigraphy is based on the recognition of contacts separating the different systems tracts that compose a depositional sequence. However, because the basal contact of the Makganyene Formation has not been properly identified in previous work, no correct model has been proposed so far. Therefore correlations between the Griqualand West and the Transvaal basins, based on lithostratigraphic similarities and extrapolations of unconformities, have to be reviewed, especially since the publication of new radiometric ages contradict all previously proposed correlations. It is proposed here that the Transvaal Supergroup in the Griqualand West Basin represents a continuous depositional event that lasted about 200 Ma. The Makganyene glacial event occurred during changing conditions in the chemistries of the atmosphere and ocean, and in the continental configuration. A Snowball Earth event has been proposed as the causative process of such paleoenvironmental changes. However, evidence presented here of less dramatic glacial conditions, with areas of ice-free waters, implies an alternative to the Snowball Earth event. The paleoenvironmental changes are thought to represent a transition from an anaerobic to aerobic atmosphere, that was responsible for the global cooling of the surface of the Earth, Such a glacial event may have aided in the large-scale precipitation of iron and manganese in areas of intense upwellings.
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Laurila, Tea Elisa. "The Metalliferous Sediments of the Atlantis II Deep (Red Sea)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32229.

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The Atlantis II Deep is a location of modern submarine hydrothermal activity along the slowly spreading Red Sea rift axis. Venting of high-temperature hydrothermal fluids, similar to those associated with black smokers, takes place in a brine pool and has led to the accumulation of 90 Mt (dry, salt free) of stratiform, metalliferous sediment. The conditions of mineralization are unique in the modern oceans, but have been widely suggested as a possible analog of some important ancient stratiform base metal ore deposits. This study shows that many of the proposed genetic models for these ancient deposits may be highly simplified and do not take into account rapid diagenetic transformations, widespread non-equilibrium processes, and many other aspects of metal deposition. Sediment cores of the Atlantis II muds were last studied more than 30 years ago. High-resolution sampling and careful re-examination of the mineralogy and geochemistry of the sediments, using modern analytical techniques has significantly improved the understanding of the different processes responsible for the formation of the finely layered metallifeous sediments. The geochemistry of the individual layers is controlled by highly variable detrital, hydrogenic and hydrothermal input. Primary depositional pathways from the brine pool are the main control on basin-wide metal distribution (e.g., increasing Cu/Zn away from the vents) including variable enrichment in trace metals via scavenging from the brine pool and from the enriched pore waters. Cu and Zn have been deposited not only as sulfides but also with poorly crystalline Si-Fe-(oxy)hydroxides. A significant proportion of the original non-sulfide Cu and Zn are diagenetically transformed into sulfides, but also carbonates and clays, in large part reflecting sulfide deficient pore waters. Negative δ34S values, previously unrecognized in the sulfide- and metal-rich units, indicate a source of bacteriogenic sulfide. Syn-diagenetic processes also appear to have been responsible for the sharp laminations in the sediments, as well as distinctive zoning of carbonate and clay minerals around the vent source. The early diagenetic transformations observed in the Atlantis II Deep may not be preserved in the ancient rock record but nevertheless have important implications for metal deposition in some of the world’s largest and richest base metal ore deposits.
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Nilsson, Erik A. A. "Degradation Mechanisms of Heat Resistant Steel at Elevated Temperatures : In an Iron Ore Pelletizing Industry." Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-62162.

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This thesis focuses on the different degradation mechanisms of the stainless steel in a travelling grate in a Grate-Kiln iron ore pellet indurator. The travelling grate is a conveyor belt that transports green-body pellets to a rotary kiln while the pellets are being dried and pre-heated to a temperature of 900-1100 °C by recycled hot air. After unloading of the pellets to the rotary-kiln for further sintering, the travelling grate is cooled in room temperature while returning to the loading zone of the wet pellets. The steel was tested during thermal cycling in a test-rig, in order to simulate the influence of thermo mechanical fatigue and oxide spallation. The influence of erosion-deposition was investigated in a modified horizontal industrial combustion kiln at 800 °C, with slag and coal from production used as erosive media and combustion fuel, respectively. The influence of minor alloying additions of Mn, Si and Ti on the microstructure was explored by eight different casted alloy compositions. Isothermal heat treatments were performed at 800 °C during 200 hours on steel immersed in deposits recovered from a travelling grate in production. The three main degradation mechanisms found in this work are thermal spallation, erosion-deposition and deposit induced accelerated corrosion (DIAC). Thermal spallation of the oxide layer is caused by the thermal expansion difference between the oxide and the metal during heating and cooling. It has been found that Ti improves the spallation resistance while Si reduces it. Spallation of deposits is another cause believed to increase the degradation. Erosion-deposition appears due to simultaneous erosion and deposition of particles on the travelling grate that causes erosion or deposition depending on the amount of alkali metals in the environment. The velocity of the particles also influences erosion and deposition in the way that higher velocities increase erosion. DIAC is proposed to form on the travelling grate due to the concentration of chloride- and sulphate containing alkali metals in the deposits.  Other than these major degrading mechanisms, minor degradation mechanisms such as internal oxidation, sigma formation, carburization and sensitization towards inter-granular attack have been found inside the steel during heating. Thermo mechanical fatigue (TMF) causes intergranular cracks in the material of the travelling grate. Casting issues such as micro-segregation have also been addressed in this thesis. A few different ways to improve degradation resistance have been proposed, such as homogenization heat treatments, optimization of process parameters and inhibitor solutions.
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Stalder, Marcel. "Petrology and mineral chemistry of sulphide ores and associated metalliferous rocks of the Gamsberg Zn-Pb deposit, South Africa : implications for ore genesis and mineral exploration." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16072.

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Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Gamsberg Zn-Pb deposit is a metamorphosed and multiply deformed sediment-hosted base metal deposit in the central Namaqua Province of South Africa. The deposit is hosted by the Bushmanland Group, a late Palaeoproterozoic (2000-1600 Ma) supracrustal succession of quartzite, metapelitic schist and interbedded metavolcanic rocks. Mineralisation occurs within the central part of the Gams Formation, a heterogeneous sequence of metamorphosed metalliferous sediments and fine-grained organic-rich shales. The ore horizon is subdivided into a lower unit of metapelite-hosted ore, an intermediate layer of phosphorite-hosted ore, and an upper unit of banded garnet-apatite ore. The ore body is enveloped by unmineralised silicate-, carbonate- and oxide-facies metalliferous rocks, which originally represented mixtures of Fe-Mn-rich hydrothermal precipitates, authigenic carbonate, and variable concentrations of detrital material. Based on mineralogical and geochemical characteristics, the metalliferous host rocks are subdivided into iron formations, coticules, Fe-Mn silicates, impure marbles and barite/Ba-rich quartzite. Minerals of the Gams Formation mostly represent solid solution between the Fe and Mn end-members of garnet, pyroxene, pyroxenoid, amphibole, olivine, spinel and ilmenite. Calcium-rich rock types are a typical feature and characterized by the occurrence of manganoan calcite, clinopyroxene, andradite-rich garnet and titanite. A successive increase in the (Mn+Ca):Fe value of rocks and minerals is evident with increasing distance from the ore horizon. Amphibole is restricted to Fe-rich ore-bearing assemblages, whereas orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, Fe-rich pyroxenoid and olivine are present in intermediate assemblages, and Mn-rich rhodonite and pyroxmangite in the most manganiferous assemblages. These variations are mimicked by an increase in the Mn:Fe value of coexisting garnet and ilmenite group minerals with increasing distance from ore. LA-ICP-MS analyses have been used to constrain the REE patterns of garnet and apatite. In the ore-body, these minerals display a positive Eu anomaly, which is interpreted to reflect a distinct hydrothermal signature. In contrast, garnet and apatite in unmineralised metalliferous rocks display nil or a negative Eu anomaly. Primary features of the Gams Formation, such as REE patterns, the banded nature of garnet-apatite ore, the presence of diagenetic apatite nodules, and the distribution of the redox-sensitive elements Ba and Mn have been used to constrain palaeo-environmental conditions. The results indicate that metapelitehosted ore has been deposited in a stratified ocean that was characterised by anoxic bottom waters and precipitation of Fe and Zn sulphides into organic matter-rich shales. These rocks were superceded by phosphorite-hosted ore, garnet-apatite ore and metalliferous host rocks that developed in a suboxic to oxic environment. The large size of the deposit, the internal lamination of the ores and the predominance of sphalerite and barite are consistent with a vent-distal setting and precipitation of the ore-forming constituents from dense and reduced hydrothermal fluids, which originated due to reactivation of dormant growth faults. Collectively, the geological evidence indicates that Gamsberg is bridging the gap betweenthe SEDEX and BHT classifications. The relationships demonstrate that differences between these two classes of sediment-hosted Zn-Pb deposits are predominantly related to environmental conditions within localised third order basins and not to fundamental differences in ore-forming processes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Gamsberg Zn-Pb afsetting is ‘n meerfasig vervormde en gemetamorfiseerde sedimentgesetelde onedel metaal afsetting in die sentrale Namakwa Provinsie van Suid Afrika. Die afsetting word geherberg deur die Boesmanland Groep, ‘n laat Paleoproterosoïse (2000 – 1600 Ma) bokors-opeenvolging van kwartsiet, metapelitiese skis en tussengelaagde metavulkaniese gesteente. Mineralisasie word gevind in the sentrale deel van die Gams Formasie. Die Gams Formasie is ‘n heterogene opeenvolging van gemetamorfiseerde metaalhoudende sediment en fynkorrelrige organiese skalie. Die erts horison word onderverdeel in ‘n onderste laag van metapeliet-gesetelde erts, n sentrale laag van fosforiet-gesetelde erts, en ‘n boonste laag van gebande granaat-apatiet erts. Die erts-liggaam word omhuls deur ongemineraliseerde silikaat-, karbonaat- en oksied-fasies metal-ryke rotse. Hierdie gesteentes word geinterpreteer as oorspronklike mengsels van Fe-Mn-ryke hidrotermale partikels, outigeniese karbonaat, en verskeie hoeveelhede detritale materiaal. Gebaseer op mineralogiese en geochemiese kenmerke word hierdie rotse onderverdeel in ysterformasies, „coticules“, Fe-Mn silikate, onsuiwer marmer en barite/Ba-ryke kwartsiet. Minerale van die Gams Formasie form meestal soliede oplossingsreekse tussen die Fe en Mn endlede van granaat, pirokseen, piroksenoid, amfibool, olivien, spinel en ilmeniet. Kalsium-ryke rots tipes is ‘n tipiese kenmerk van die Gams Formasie en word gekenmerk deur mangaan-ryke kalsiet, klinopirokseen, andradiet-ryke granaat en sfeen. Daar word ‘n stapsgewyse vergroting van die (Mn+Ca):Fe verhouding in gesteentes en minerale gevind met toeneemende afstand van die erts horison. Amfibool is beperk tot Fe-ryke ertsdraende gesteentes, ortopirokseen, klinopirokseen, Fe-ryke piroksenoid en olivien tot intermediêre gesteentes, en Mn-ryke rodoniet en piroksmangiet tot Mn-ryke gesteentes. Hierdie variasies gaan gepaard met vergroting van die Mn:Fe verhouding in granaat en ilmeniet-groep minerale met toeneemende afstand van die erts. LA-ICP-MS analises was gebruik om die skaars-aarde element patrone van granaat en apatiet te bepaal. In die erts-liggaam wys hierdie minerale ‘n positiewe Eu anomalie, wat geinterpreteerd word as ‘n hidrotermale kenmerk. In ongemineraliseerde gasheer gesteentes wys granaat en apatiet geen of ‘n negatiewe Eu anomalie. Primêre kenmerke van die Gams Formasie, soos skaars-aarde patrone, the gebande voorkoms van granaat-apatiet erts, die teenwoordigheid van diagenetiese apatiet knolle, en die verspreiding van die redox-sensitiewe elemente Ba en Mn, was gebruik om afleidings oor die paleo-omgewing te maak. Die resultate het gewys dat metapeliet-gesetelde erts afgeset was onder anoksiese bodem water deur presipitasie van Fe en Zn sulfiedes in organiese skalie. Hierdie erts gaan oor in fosforiet-gesetelde erts, granaat-apatiet erts en metaal-ryke gasheer gesteente wat in ‘n suboksiese tot oksiese omgewing ontstaan het. Die grootte van die afsetting, die interne gelaagdheid van die erts, asook die teenwoordigheid van sfaleriet en bariet dui op ‘n distale omgewing relatief tot die hidrotermale bron en presipitasie van die ertsuit digte en gereduseerde hidrotermale vloeistowwe, wat ontstaan het deur die heraktiveering van rustende groeiverskuiwings. Gesaamentlik bewys die geologiese kenmerke van Gamsberg dat gemetamorfiseerde SEDEX en Broken Hill-tipe mineralisasie binne die perke van ‘n enkele afsetting kan voorkom. Die geologiese verhoudings dui aan dat verskille tussen hierdie twee tipes van sedimentgesetelde afsettings meestal veroorsaak word deur omgewings-toestande binne in gelokaliseerde derde orde komme en nie deur fundamentele verskille in ertsvormende prosesse nie.
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Books on the topic "Ore deposition"

1

Empirical metallogeny: Depositional environments, lithologic associations, and metallic ores. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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Laznicka, Peter. Empirical metallogeny: Depositional environments, lithologic associations, and metallic ores. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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Meeting, Society for Geology Applied to Mineral Deposits Anniversary. Source, transport and deposition of metals: Proceedings of the 25 years SGA Anniversary Meeting, Nancy, 30th August-3 september 1991. Rotterdam: Balkema, 1991.

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Van, A. V. Vulkanoklasticheskiĭ material v osadkakh i osadochnykh porodakh. Novosibirsk: Izd-vo "Nauka," Sibirskoe otd-nie, 1985.

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Klaus, Germann, and Schneider H. J. 1923-, eds. Geochemical aspects of ore formation in recent and fossil sedimentary environments: Contributions to the Berlin colloquium 1984 on the occasion of the 60th birthday of Hans-J. Schneider. Berlin: Borntraeger, 1985.

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S, Cronan D., ed. Sedimentation and mineral deposits in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. London: Academic Press, 1986.

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Deposition. Saint Paul, Minn: Graywolf Press, 2002.

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Willoughby, Timothy C. Chemical stability of wet-deposition samples subsampled daily for one week. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1990.

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Dickinson, Kendell A. The geology, carbonaceous materials, and origin of the epigenetic uranium deposits in the Tertiary Sespe Formation in Ventura County, California. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1988.

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Sandstone depositional models for exploration for fossil fuels. 3rd ed. Boston: International Human Resources Development Corp., 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Ore deposition"

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Sorokin, Vladimir I., Tat’yana P. Dadze, and Galina A. Kashirtseva. "Sulphide-sulphate relationships during ore deposition." In Water-Rock Interaction, 833–35. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203734049-207.

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Schütz, W., P. Dulski, and K. Germann. "Geochemical Features of Magmatic Evolution and Ore Deposition in the Pyrite Belt of Southern Spain." In Base Metal Sulfide Deposits in Sedimentary and Volcanic Environments, 240–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02538-3_15.

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Bril, H., Ch Marignac, M. Cathelineau, F. Tollon, M. Cuney, and M. C. Boiron. "Metallogenesis of the French Massif Central: Time-Space Relationships Between Ore Deposition and Tectono-Magmatic Events." In Pre-Mesozoic Geology in France and Related Areas, 379–402. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-84915-2_30.

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Bychkov, A. Yu, Art A. Migdisov, and D. V. Grichuk. "A proposed thermodynamic and geochemical model of present day hydrothermal ore deposition for the Uzon Caldera, Kamchatka, Russia." In Water-Rock Interaction, 787–91. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203734049-196.

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Idriss, Saber, Samir Bouaziz, and Soumyajit Mukherjee. "Travertine-Tufa Deposition in Relation with Gafsa-Jeffara Fault System: Implication on Fluid-Flow (Southern Tunisia)." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 79–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_17.

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Gorini, C., L. Montadert, and B. Haq. "Mediterranean Sea Level and Bathymetry of the Deep Basins During the Salt Giant Deposition: Inference from Seismic and Litho-Facies." In The Structural Geology Contribution to the Africa-Eurasia Geology: Basement and Reservoir Structure, Ore Mineralisation and Tectonic Modelling, 3–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01455-1_1.

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Deus, A. M., and R. Vilar. "One-Dimensional Thermal Model Including the Dependence of Absorptivity on Temperature using Hagen-Rubens Equation." In Laser Processing: Surface Treatment and Film Deposition, 195–201. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0197-1_10.

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Dinescu, Maria, N. Chitica, V. S. Teodorescu, Adriana Lita, A. Luches, M. Martino, A. Perrone, and Maria Gartner. "Laser Reactive Ablation: One Step Procedure for the Synthesis and Deposition of Compound Thin Films." In Laser Processing: Surface Treatment and Film Deposition, 809–21. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-0197-1_42.

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Nurgaliev, T., T. Donchev, V. Tsaneva, S. Miteva, R. Chakalova, A. Mashtakov, G. Ovsyannikov, and A. Spasov. "Deposition and Characterization of One- and Two-Sided YBCO Thin Films for Microwave Devices." In Nano-Crystalline and Thin Film Magnetic Oxides, 321–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4493-3_28.

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Foord, J. S., C. L. Levoguer, and G. J. Davies. "Molecular Processes for Surface Selective Growth on Patterned Substrates; An Investigation of CBE ALAS Deposition." In Low Dimensional Structures Prepared by Epitaxial Growth or Regrowth on Patterned Substrates, 243–52. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0341-1_22.

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Conference papers on the topic "Ore deposition"

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DeDecker, John, and Thomas Monecke. "CHLORITE ALTERATION OF PRE-ORE PYRITE AT THE MCARTHUR RIVER URANIUM DEPOSIT, ATHABASCA BASIN: POSSIBLE IMPLICATIONS TO ORE DEPOSITION." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-297976.

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de Oliveira Filho, Waldyr, Daviely Silva, and Francisco Almeida. "Thickening of iron ore tailings slimes using sub-aerial deposition: field experimental observations." In 16th International Seminar on Paste and Thickened Tailings. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_rep/1363_07_oliveira.

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Czamanske, Gerald K., K. A. Foland, F. A. Kubacher, and J. C. Allen. "The 40Ar/39Ar chronology of caldera formation, intrusive activity and Mo-ore deposition near Questa, New Mexico." In 41st Annual Fall Field Conference. New Mexico Geological Society, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/ffc-41.355.

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Hanculak, Jozef. "DEVELOPMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF HEAVY METALS IN THE VICINITY OF IRON ORE WORKS IN NIZNA SLANA (SLOVAKIA)." In SGEM2011 11th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference and EXPO. Stef92 Technology, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2011/s17.113.

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Pati, Pravat Ranjan, and Alok Satapathy. "Development of Plasma Spray Coatings Using Linz-Donawitz (LD) Slag Particles." In ASME 2015 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2015-1352.

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LD slag (LDS) is a major solid waste generated in huge quantities during steel making. It comes from slag formers such as burned lime/dolomite and from oxidising of silica, iron etc., while refining the iron into steel in the LD furnace. This work aims at utilization of waste LDS to develop surface coatings by plasma spraying technique. This technology has the advantage of being able to process various low-grade ore minerals to obtain value-added products and also to deposit materials, generating near homogeneous coatings with the desired microstructure. Coatings prepared for this investigation are characterized in terms of their thickness, hardness, adhesion strength and porosity. Coating deposition efficiency is calculated in order to assess the coatability of LDS and XRD is carried out in order to ascertain the various phases present in the coating. Premixing of TiO2 powder with LDS is found to substantially improve the interfacial adhesion. It is also found that the operating power levels of the plasma torch affect the adhesion strength, coating deposition efficiency and mean thickness of the coatings. This work reveals that LD slag is eminently coatable and can be gainfully used as a potential cost-effective material for deposition of plasma spray coatings on metallic substrates.
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Nakajima, Yasuharu, Joji Yamamoto, Shigeo Kanada, Sotaro Masanobu, Ichihiko Takahashi, Jun Sadaki, Ryosuke Abe, Katsunori Okaya, Seiji Matsuo, and Toyohisa Fujita. "Study on Seafloor Mineral Processing for Mining of Seafloor Massive Sulfides." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83354.

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Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMSs), which were formed by deposition of precipitates from hydrothermal fluids vented from seafloor, has been expected as one of unconventional mineral resources on deep seafloors in the oceans. The authors have proposed the concept of seafloor mineral processing for SMS mining, where valuable minerals contained in SMS ores are separated on seafloor while gangue minerals are disposed on seafloor in appropriate ways. To confirm the applicability of column flotation, which is one of conventional mineral processing methods, to seafloor mineral processing, the authors carried out experiments simulating column flotation under the pressure conditions corresponding to the water depths down to 1000m in maximum using ore samples containing copper, iron, zinc and lead. In the experiments, formation of fine bubbles suitable to flotation and overflow of froth layer were observed at high pressures. The contents of copper and zinc in the concentrates recovered in the experiments at 1MPa were higher than those in the feed ores while the contents of silicon and calcium in the concentrates were lower than those in the feed ores. These results suggest that column flotation would be applicable to seafloor mineral processing.
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Nakajima, Yasuharu, Shotaro Uto, Shigeo Kanada, Joji Yamamoto, Ichihiko Takahashi, Sho Otabe, Jun Sadaki, Katsunori Okaya, Seiji Matsuo, and Toyohisa Fujita. "Concept of Seafloor Mineral Processing for Development of Seafloor Massive Sulfides." In ASME 2011 30th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2011-49981.

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Seafloor Massive Sulfides (SMS), which were formed by deposition of precipitates from hydrothermal fluids vented from seafloor, is one of unconventional mineral resources beneath deep seafloors in the world. The authors have proposed the concept of seafloor mineral processing for development of SMS, where useful minerals included in SMS ores are separated on seafloor to be lifted while the remaining gangue is disposed on seafloor in appropriate ways. To apply column flotation, one of conventional methods in mineral processing, to seafloor mineral processing, the authors carried out simulating experiments of column flotation on deep seafloor using ores including copper, iron, lead and zinc as metallic elements. Prior to the experiments at high pressures, preparatory experiments at the atmospheric pressure were carried out to find out the optimum condition of the properties of pulp, a mixture of feed ore, water and chemical reagents. In flotation experiments at high pressures, formation and overflow of froth layer by bubbling were observed at 1MPa in both of pulps with pure water and artificial seawater. The analytical data showed that the concentration of metallic elements such as copper and zinc in the concentrates recovered from the experiments was higher than that in the feed ores while the concentration of silicon and calcium, which are assigned to gangue, in the concentrates was lower than that in the feed ores. These results suggest that column flotation can be applied to operation on seafloor.
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Yap, Y. F., F. M. Vargas, and J. C. Chai. "A Level-Set Method for Multi-Species Particle Deposition." In ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2013-17130.

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Often in a general deposition process, there exist multiple species particle depositing simultaneously. These species particles is different from each other both chemically and physically. Prediction of these processes requires separate treatment for each species. This article presents a level-set formulation for multi-species particle deposition where each species particles depositing with its respective deposition reaction order. The approach is verified via a one-dimensional multi-species deposition and the limiting case of one-species deposition. Applications of the framework to multi-species particle deposition in a square enclosure, a channel with flowing fluid and a lid-driven cavity are then demonstrated.
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McClelland, Jabez J., R. E. Scholten, Rajeev Gupta, and Robert J. Celotta. "Laser-focused atomic deposition." In OE/LASE '94, edited by Hai-Lung Dai and Steven J. Sibener. SPIE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.180858.

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Johnson, Stephen L., Richard F. Haglund, and Hee Park. "Deposition of PEDOT:PSS Films by IR Laser Vaporization." In Organic Photonics and Electronics. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ope.2006.optud3.

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Reports on the topic "Ore deposition"

1

Yao, Z. S., Y. Z. Li, and J. E. Mungall. Transport and deposition of sulphide liquid - vectors to ore accumulations. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328979.

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This project aims to model the kinetic controls on sulphide composition due to the extraction of chalcophile elements from silicate magmas, and use the numerical models to deepen our knowledge of the physical constraints that govern sulphide dynamic processes (e.g., breakup, coalescence, transport and deposition) in magmatic system. Based on the new understanding obtained from these forward models, we then take the textural and compositional features of sulphide globules from the field investigation at Raglan komatiite-associated deposits for instance, to better understand the control on entrainment, transport and deposition of sulphide liquids within the ore-forming processes.
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Kirkham, R. V., and J. G. Thurlow. Evaluation of a Resurgent Caldera and Aspects of Ore Deposition and Deformation At Buchans. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/122401.

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Lane, L. S., K. M. Bell, and D. R. Issler. Overview of the age, evolution, and petroleum potential of the Eagle Plain Basin, Yukon. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/326092.

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New mapping, biostratigraphy, geochemistry, and organic petrology results have led to new insights into the structural evolution, depositional history, and resource potential of the Eagle Plain Basin. Apatite fission-track modelling resolves at least two distinct heating-cooling cycles and suggests that sediment was sourced from the east, as well as from the south. A recently identified marine-slope setting in the west of the basin represents a new petroleum play. Advances in understanding the age and depositional history of the Eagle Plain Group derive from new fossil localities, a new bentonite age, and detrital zircon data. Initiated in the Cenomanian, or possibly latest Albian, deposition continued until the late Maastrichtian, although post-Coniacian deposits may have been subsequently eroded, or bypassed across southern parts of the basin. New petroleum resource appraisals include new petroleum exploration-play concepts, as well as qualitative assessments of unconventional oil and gas potential.
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Paradis, S., S. E. Jackson, D. Petts, G. J. Simandl, R. J. D'Souza, and T S Hamilton. Distribution of trace elements in pyrite from carbonate-hosted sulfide deposits of southern British Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328002.

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This paper combines petrography with in situ laser-ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to document trace-element variations in pyrite (Py) from Mississippi Valley-type (MVT) and fracture-controlled replacement (FCR) deposits in the Kootenay Arc, British Columbia. Three generations of pyrite are Py 1, Py 2, and Py 3. Pyrite 1, the earliest (occurring in MVT deposits only), has higher Ag, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, Sb, Sr, Tl, and V than adjacent Py 3. It has higher Ag, Au, Ba, Cu, Ge, Pb, and Tl than Py 2. Pyrite 2 occurs in MVT and FCR deposits. Relative to FCR Py 2, MVT Py 2 is enriched in Co, Ni, Mo, Ba, Tl, and Pb and depleted in other elements. The FCR Py 2 has growth-related compositional banding, which is absent in MVT Py 2. The FCR Py 2 has Ag, Cu, Ga, Ge, In, Sn, and Zn enriched cores, intermediate Au- and As-rich bands, and Co- and Ni-rich rims. Pyrite 3, the latest occurring pyrite, present in MVT and FCR deposits, is enriched in Co and Ni near overgrowths or infillings of sphalerite. Variations in composition of Py reflect mineralogy, characteristics of ore-forming fluids, and differences in physicochemical conditions between MVT and FCR deposits at the time of ore deposition.
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5

Waldecker, James. VAPOR DEPOSITION PROCESS FOR ENGINEERING OF DISPERSED PEMFC ORR Pt/NbOX/C CATALYSTS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1869937.

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Beal, Samuel, Matthew Bigl, and Charles Ramsey. Live-fire validation of command-detonation residues testing using a 60 mm IMX-104 munition. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45266.

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Command detonation (i.e., static firing) provides a method of testing munitions for their postdetonation residues early in the acquisition process. However, necessary modifications to the firing train and cartridge orientation raise uncertainty whether command detonation accurately represents residue deposition as it occurs during live-fire training. This study col-ected postdetonation residues from live-fired 60 mm IMX-104 mortar cartridges and then compared estimated energetic-compound deposition rates between live fire and prior command detonations of the same munition. Average live-fire deposition rates of IMX-104 compounds determined from 11 detonations were 3800 mg NTO (3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one), 34 mg DNAN (2,4-dinitroanisole), 12 mg RDX (1,3,5-Trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-Triazine), and 1.9 mg HMX (1,3,5,7-Tetranitro-1,3,5,7-Tetrazocane) per cartridge. Total live-fire residue deposition (mean ± standard deviation: 3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge) was not significantly different from command detonation using a representative fuze simulator (3800 ± 900 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p = 0.76) but was significantly different from command detonation using a simplified fuze simulator (2200 ± 500 mg/cartridge, n = 7, p < 0.01). While the dominant residue compound NTO was broadly similar between live fire and command detonation, the minor residue compounds RDX and DNAN were underestimated during command detonation by a factor of approximately three to seven.
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Artavanis, Nikolaos, Daniel Paravisini, Claudia Robles Garcia, Amit Seru, and Margarita Tsoutsoura. One Size Doesn’t Fit All: Heterogeneous Depositor Compensation During Periods of Uncertainty. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30369.

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Erdman, Richard, Geoffrey Dahl, Hanina Barash, Israel Bruckental, Avi Shamay, and Anthony Capuco. Management Strategies to Maximize Skeletal Growth Rate in Dairy Heifers. United States Department of Agriculture, July 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7695848.bard.

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The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of recombinant bovine somatotropin (bST) and added dietary rumen undegradable protein (RUP) on organ and tissue weights and body composition in growing dairy heifers. A total of 32 Holstein heifers, 3 months of age at the beginning of the study were used in the experiment. Eight heifers were slaughtered at 3 mo of age to determine pre- treatment body composition. The remaining heifers were randomly assigned to treatments (n=6) consisting of 0.1 mg/kg body weight per day of bST and 2% added dietary RUP (dry matter basis) applied in a 2X2 factorial design. A total of six heifers per treatment group (3 each at 5 and 10 mo of age), were slaughtered to determine body composition an organ masses. There was a trend for increased live and empty body weights (EB:W), carcass and non-carcass components for heifers treated with bST or fed RUP. Added RUP increased rumen and reticulum weights whereas administration of bST tended to increase the weights of small and large intestine at 10 months of age by 22 % and 26%, respectively. Spleen, heart, and kidney weights at 10 months of age were increased 36%, 28% and 23% for bST treatments respectively, compared with controls. Rates of ash and protein deposition between 3 and 10 months of age were increased by bST by 7.2 g/d and 28.9 g/d, respectively, while no treatment differences were observed for rates of fat and energy deposition. Bovine somatotropin significantly altered the metabolism of growing heifers in a manner that led to increased protein and ash deposition, and tended to reduce fat percentage, and there was a similar tendency observed with added RUP. This suggests that nutritional and endocrine manipulations could increase growth rates of skeletal and lean tissues without increasing fat deposition in prepubertal dairy heifers.
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Coltrin, M. E., R. J. Kee, G. H. Evans, E. Meeks, F. M. Rupley, and J. F. Grcar. SPIN (Version 3. 83): A Fortran program for modeling one-dimensional rotating-disk/stagnation-flow chemical vapor deposition reactors. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6248912.

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10

Halevy, Orna, Sandra Velleman, and Shlomo Yahav. Early post-hatch thermal stress effects on broiler muscle development and performance. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7597933.bard.

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In broilers, the immediate post-hatch handling period exposes chicks to cold or hot thermal stress, with potentially harmful consequences to product quantity and quality that could threaten poultry meat marketability as a healthy, low-fat food. This lower performance includes adverse effects on muscle growth and damage to muscle structure (e.g., less protein and more fat deposition). A leading candidate for mediating the effects of thermal stress on muscle growth and development is a unique group of skeletal muscle cells known as adult myoblasts (satellite cells). Satellite cells are multipotential stem cells that can be stimulated to follow other developmental pathways, especially adipogenesis in lieu of muscle formation. They are most active during the first week of age in broilers and have been shown to be sensitive to environmental conditions and nutritional status. The hypothesis of the present study was that immediate post-hatch thermal stress would harm broiler growth and performance. In particular, growth characteristics and gene expression of muscle progenitor cells (i.e., satellite cells) will be affected, leading to increased fat deposition, resulting in long-term changes in muscle structure and a reduction in meat yield. The in vitro studies on cultured satellite cells derived from different muscle, have demonstrated that, anaerobic pectoralis major satellite cells are more predisposed to adipogenic conversion and more sensitive during myogenic proliferation and differentiation than aerobic biceps femoris cells when challenged to both hot and cold thermal stress. These results corroborated the in vivo studies, establishing that chronic heat exposure of broiler chicks at their first two week of life leads to impaired myogenicity of the satellite cells, and increased fat deposition in the muscle. Moreover, chronic exposure of chicks to inaccurate temperature, in particular to heat vs. cold, during their early posthatch periods has long-term effects of BW, absolute muscle growth and muscle morphology and meat quality. The latter is manifested by higher lipid and collagen deposition and may lead to the white striping occurrence. The results of this study emphasize the high sensitivity of muscle progenitor cells in the early posthatch period at a time when they are highly active and therefore the importance of rearing broiler chicks under accurate ambient temperatures. From an agricultural point of view, this research clearly demonstrates the immediate and long-term adverse effects on broiler muscling and fat formation due to chronic exposure to hot stress vs. cold temperatures at early age posthatch. These findings will aid in developing management strategies to improve broiler performance in Israel and the USA. BARD Report - Project4592 Page 2 of 29
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