Journal articles on the topic 'Ore deposit formation'
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Antonijevic, Ivan, and Predrag Mijatovic. "The copper deposits of Bor, eastern Serbia: Geology and origin of the deposits." Annales g?ologiques de la Peninsule balkanique, no. 75 (2014): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gabp1475059a.
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The copper deposits of Bor, volcanic activities in the area and relationship of minerals through time are presented by formations within the Cenomanian-Turonian range. Geology and age of the deposits are given in the geological-time order based on superposition of the Timok mineral-ore Formation and the underlying (Cenomanian) and fossiliferous overlying (Senonian) strata. The concept of dating Bor deposits the Turonian is discussed in this context. Bor deposits lie between the Cenomanian Krivelj Formation and the Senonian epiclastic Metovnica Formation. Embedded between the two formations is the Timok volcanogenic Formation. Described in this paper are principal members of the Timok Formation strata: volcanogenic and subvolcanogenic- intrusive rocks, a zone of hydrothermally altered rocks and main types of the Bor ore deposits: (a) Deposits of massive sulphide coppers; (b) Vein and stockwork-disseminated type of mineralisation; (c) Porphyry mineralisation; and (d) Reworked ore-clasts of copper sulphides of the Novo Okno deposit. Identified deposits, according to the Bor Geological Service records and published works, are systematized and summarized into three geographic units: (1) Group of deposits Severozapad (Brezanik); (2) Central Bor Deposits (Tilva Ros, Coka Dulkan, Tilva Mika, Borska Reka, and Veliki Krivelj) and many ore bodies; (3) Copper deposits Jugoistok (ore bodies X and J) and olistostrome deposit Novo Okno. Information given in this paper, the discussion on relative geologic age of the Bor deposit?s floor and roof in particular, support our concept that the process ceased before the Upper Turonian, and that age of the primary copper mineralization is Turonian.
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Guo, Dongwei, Yanhe Li, Chao Duan, and Changfu Fan. "Involvement of Evaporite Layers in the Formation of Iron Oxide-Apatite Ore Deposits: Examples from the Luohe Deposit in China and the El Laco Deposit in Chile." Minerals 12, no. 8 (August 19, 2022): 1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12081043.
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Iron oxide-apatite (IOA) deposits are important sources of iron. The role of evaporite layers in the formation of IOA ore deposits remains controversial. The Luohe deposit in eastern China and the El Laco deposit in Chile are representative IOA deposits. In this study, the S isotope characteristics of these two deposits are revisited. The formation of the Luohe ore deposit is closely related to marine evaporite layers in the Middle Triassic Dongma’anshan Formation. At Luohe, most of the sulfides and sulfates have high δ34SV-CDT values (concentrated from 6‰ to 10‰ and 16‰ to 20‰, respectively). The δ34SV-CDT values of sulfates are similar to those of marine evaporite layers (28–30‰) in the Dongma’anshan Formation. Estimates show that 46–82% of sulfur in the Luohe deposit is derived from marine evaporite layers. Unlike the Luohe deposit, the El Laco ore deposit formed in close relation to terrestrial evaporite layers from the Cretaceous-Tertiary Salta Group. At El Laco, the sulfides and sulfates have lower δ34SV-CDT values of −2.3‰ to −0.9‰ and 6.8‰ to 10.5‰, respectively. The δ34SV-CDT values of sulfates from the El Laco deposit are similar to those of sulfates from terrestrial evaporite layers (9.5‰) in the Salta Group. Estimates reveal that more than 70% of sulfur comes from terrestrial evaporite layers. These results indicate that evaporite layers have been involved in IOA ore-forming systems of both hydrothermal and magmatic deposits. Evaporite layers are proposed to have played key roles in the ore-forming processes of the Luohe and the Laco deposits and in other IOA deposits elsewhere.
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Nikiforov, Alexander. "ORE CONTROL OF KHIZOVAARA STRUCTURE DEPOSITS." SWS Journal of EARTH AND PLANETARY SCIENCES 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2019): 11–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/eps2019/issue1.02.
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Ore-controlling factors determine the patterns of formation and localization of mineralization within ore regions and deposits. The need for this study arises from the importance of integrated assessment of mineral resources and improvement of metasomatic formation techniques. This is especially important for geological materials which are mined for their direct commercial value (industrial materials). This article is devoted to the study of the ore control of complex industrial minerals. The Khizovaara structure belongs to the Tikshozero greenstone belt. Within the structure, a multistage metamorphism and metasomatism processes are manifested. The totality of lithological, structural and petrologic ore control factors determines the existence within the structure of several deposits. These are deposits of industrial minerals, such as garnet, quartz, muscovite, kyanite, staurolite. In almost all cases, the ores are complex. The following objects were studied: Southern Lens (kyanite + quartz) deposit, Northern lens (kyanite + quartz) deposit, East Khizovaara (muscovite + quartz) deposit, Vysota-181 (garnet + staurolite + kyanite + muscovite + quartz) deposit, ore occurence Fuxit (decorative rocks). For the ores of each site, the processes of regional metamorphism of the amphibolite facies of kyanite-biotite and muscovite-chlorite-kyanite subfacies are important. Metamorphism, tectonic regime and geological connection with rocks has been studied as a ore control factor, based on this, data on the quantitative distribution of industrial minerals of metamorphic genesis have been obtained. Acidic and alkaline metasomatites of each site are considered. On the basis of these data, metasomatic processes that lead to the formation of complex ores are revealed. The process of superposition of metasomatosis products of the late stage on the products of early stage metasomatosis was studied. This process leads to the formation of complex ores of three or four minerals. The result of the work is a general scheme of metamorphic and metasomatic ores control
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Lima, Luciana M. K., and Waldyr L. O. Filho. "Formation of Fine Iron Ore Tailings Deposits." Soils and Rocks 35, no. 2 (May 1, 2012): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.28927/sr.352141.
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Deposit formation back analysis of a two-year iron ore slime impoundment managed by the sub-aerial method is performed using two complementary approaches. The first one tries to identify the deposit stratigraphy and its formation history. This is made possible through sorted document review (reports, design documents, personal communication, photos, etc.) and by means of an extensive geotechnical investigation program, including laboratory and field testing. The second approach, considered more quantitative, deals with modeling the sub-aerial deposition method, using a numerical solution for events such as large strain consolidation and desiccation of fine, soft tailings, following filling and waiting periods, according to that disposal technique. For modeling, the computer program CONDES is used with constitutive functions of available material, also using actual slime management data. The numerical model rendered a final deposit height of 8.16 m, very close to the actual height measured in the field, providing the model validation. The analyses suggest that the desiccation process inherent to the sub-aerial method had a minimal effect or did not even occur during the impoundment operation. Other potential disposal schemes were also evaluated and comparisons were made. The study has shown the ability to understand the formation of fine iron ore mining tailing deposits, and how to make use of this tool in projects.
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STEPANOV, VITALY ALEKSEEVICH, and ANTON VLADIMIROVICH MELNIKOV. "DISCOVERY, DEVELOPMENT AND STUDY OF THE KIROVSKYI GOLD ORE DEPOSIT OF AMUR PROVINCE (AMUR REGION, RUSSIA)." Messenger AmSU, no. 93 (2021): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/jasu.93.24.
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The history of the discovery, development and study of the Kirovskyi gold ore deposit in the Priamur gold-bearing province is considered. The deposit is attributed to the gold-bismuth type of vein deposits of the gold-sulfide-quartz formation. Gold mineralization is genetically related to the formation of the Dzhalinda intrusion of Early Cretaceous granitoids or a series of later dikes of «variegated» composition. The isotopic age of gold mineralization, determined by the Rb-Sr method, is in the fork 131-126 Ma. Further prospects of the deposit are associated with the search for large-volume deposits with stockwork type ore bodies.
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Nurzhanov, Galym Zh, Vladimir V. Kuznetsov, Pavel A. Nicenko, Nelly G. Kudryavtseva, Tatiana P. Kuznetsova, and Mergen M. Murzagulov. "Geological features and genesis of the Dyusembay Central (Sayakhat) ore deposit." Ores and metals, no. 4 (January 11, 2023): 79–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2022-10023.
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The article considers the geological features and ore composition of the Dyusembay Central (Sayakhat) leadzinc deposit in the Karsakpai metallogenic complex in the Central Kazakhstan. Historically, the complex was considered industrially significant in terms of iron ores, rather than of lead, zinc, and copper. It is shown that the ore deposit is composed of tuffaceous, silty-sandstone, carbonaceous-terrigenous (ore-hosting), terrigenous, and volcanogenic rocks assigned to the lower subformation of the Zhilandysai Formation of the Upper Proterozoic. The subvolcanic rocks identified and outlined in the area of the ore deposit belong to vent volcanic facies and are represented by felsic automagmatic breccias. All the rock complexes developed within the deposit have undergone multiple alterations: the regional, postvolcanic, contact, and hydrothermal (near-ore) ones. Commercial ores are represented by veinlet-disseminated sulfide mineralization in carbonaceous mudstones and silty sandstones, regionally and metasomatically altered to varying degrees. The ore bodies are composed of heterogeneous mineral assemblages corresponding to various stages and phases of the ore formation. The composition and structural and textural features of the ores reflect the long and complicated history of their formation. It is concluded that this ore deposit belongs to a new formational type of veinlet-disseminated stratified lead-zinc deposits localized in black shale sequences, with a significant role of volcanic activity and regional metamorphism, and is a remobilized SEDEX-type ore deposit.
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Marques, Diego Machado, Ricardo Hundelshaussen Rubio, João Felipe Coimbra Leite Costa, and Evangelina Maria Apparicio da Silva. "The effect of accumulation in 2D estimates in phosphatic ore." Rem: Revista Escola de Minas 67, no. 4 (December 2014): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0370-44672014670179.
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The geological modeling of stratiform deposits can become very complex, often making use of geological envelopes of small thickness and requiring the use of subblocks (based on Cartesian coordinates) to produce a coherent block model. However, geological events after the formation of the deposit (folds, faults, etc.) can change the direction of spatial continuity of certain attributes, with the mixing of samples belonging to different formation eras (in the case of stratiform deposits) in the same elevation. This study presents a solution for deposits with stratigraphic grades combined with samples of different origins. The solution is a two-dimensional estimate obtained by accumulating the thicknesses of P2O5 in a phosphate deposit (as compared to traditional statistical analysis in three dimensions).
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Lien, Nguyen Thi, and Nguyen Van Pho. "Formation of secondary nonsulfide zinc ore in Cho Dien Pb-Zn deposits." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 40, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 228–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12615.
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In Viet Nam, non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit has been exploited for a long time. Up to the present, zinc ore remains the major exploited ore in Cho Dien. There are numerous studies of Pb-Zn ore in Cho Dien. However, most of the studies have dedicated only to description of mineralogical and chemical composition of Pb-Zn ore. There has been no publication on this non-sulfide zinc ore. Based on the mineralogical studies, the content of Pb and Zn in groundwater determined by reflective microscope, SEM, EPMA and ICP-MS methods, the study explained the formation of secondary non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit. Strong weathering process makes the upper part of ore bodies completely oxidized. Difference in geochemical behavior of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) in the oxidation process of Pb-Zn ore is the reason to form non-sulfide zinc ore in the Cho Dien deposit. Oxidation of primary Pb-Zn ore is mainly sphalerite, pyrite, galena minerals which creates a low pH environment and transforms of zinc from immobile (sphalerite - ZnS) to mobile (Zn2+) and retained in solution under acid pH conditions whereas lead has the tendency to form soluble minerals (anglesite, cerussite). The acid neutralization actions of the surrounding rocks make zinc precipitate, to form secondary non-sulfide zinc minerals.ReferencesAndreas Nuspl, 2009. Genesis of nonsulfide zinc deposits and their future utilization (www.geo.tu-frei berg.de/oberseminar/OS_09/Andreas_Nuspl.pdf.Boland M.B., et al., 2003. The Shaimerden supergene zinc deposit, Kazakhstan: Economic Geology, 98(4), 787-795.Chau N.D., Jadwiga P., Adam P., D.V. Hao, L.K. Phon, J. Paweł, 2017. General characteristics of rare earth and radioactive elements in Dong Pao deposit, Lai Chau, Vietnam, Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 39(1), 14-26.Dao Thai Bac, 2012. Characteristics and distribution law of lead-zinc metallogenic fomations in Viet Bac region. Doctoral thesis.Heyl A.V., Bozion C.N., 1962. Oxidized zinc deposits of the United States, Part 1. General Geology: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1135-A.Hoa T.T., et al., 2010. By-products in lead-zinc and copper ores of Northeast Vietnam. J. Sci. of the Earth, 289-298 (in Vietnamese).Hoang Minh Thao, Tran Thi Hien, Dao Duy Anh, Pham Thi Nga, 2017. Mineralogical characteristics of graphite ore from Bao Ha deposit, Lao Cai Province and proposing a wise use. Vietnam J. Earth Sci., 39(4), 324-336.Jurjovec J., et al., 2002. Acid neutralization mechanisms and metal release in mine tailings: A laboratory column experiment: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 66, 1511-1523.Large D., 2001. The geology of non-sulphide zinc Deposits - an Overview: Erzmetall, 54(5), 264-276.Maria Boni, 2003. Nonsulfide Zinc Deposits: a new - (old) type of economic mineralization. Society for geology applied to mineral deposits (SGA) News, Number 15. https://www.e-sga.org/fileadmin/sga/newsletter/news15/art01.html.McPhail D.C., et al., 2003, The geochemistry and mobility of zinc in the regolith: in Roach, I.C., ed., Advances in Regolith, 287-291.Murray W. Hitzman, et al., 2003. Classification, genesis, and exploration guides for non-sulfide zinc deposits: Economic Geology, 98(4), 685-714.Nguyen V.P., 2013. Wet tropical wethering in Viet Nam. Natural Science and Technology Publisher.Nicola Mondillo, 2013. Supergene Nonsulfide Zinc-Lead Deposits: The Examples of Jabali (Yemen) and Yanque (Peru). Doctoral thesis.Nordstrom D.K., Alpers C.N., 1999. Geochemistry of acid mine waste. Review in Economic Geology, the environmental geochemistry of ore deposits/Eds. G.S.Plumlee, M.J. Logsdon. Part A: Processes, techniques, and health issues, 6A, 133-160.Reynolds N.A., et al., 2003. The Padaeng Supergene Nonsulfide Zinc Deposit, Mae Sod, Thailand. Economic Geology, 98(4), 773-785.Sangameshwar S.R., Barnes H.L., 1983. Supergene Processes in Zinc-Lead-Silver Sulfide Ores in Carbonates: Economic Geology, 78, 1379-1397.Stumm W., Morgan J.J., 1996. Aquatic Chemistry, Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.Takahashi T., 1960. Supergene alteration of zinc and lead deposits in limestone: Economic Geology, 55, 1083-1115.Thornber M.R. and Taylor G.F., 1992. The mechanisms of sulphide oxidation and gossan formation, in: Butt, C.R.M., and Zeegers H., (Eds.)., Regolith exploration geochemistry in tropical and subtropical terrains, in Govett G.J.S., ed., Handbook of exploration geochemistry: Amsterdam, Elsevier, 4, 119-138.Tran Trong Hoa, 2005. Potential assessment of By- products in lead-zinc and copper deposits of Northeast Vietnam. Final report.Tran Tuan Anh, 2010. Studying accompanying component in the types of potential deposits of basic metals and precious - rare metals of north Viet Nam to improve the efficiency of mining and environmental protection. Final report. KC.08.24/06-10.Tran Tuan Anh, et al., 2011. Mineralogical and geochemical characteristics and forming conditions of lead - zinc deposits in Lo Gam structure, northern Vietnam. J. Sci. of the Earth, 33(3DB), 393-408 ( in Vietnamese).Vito Coppola et al., 2009. Nonsulfide zinc deposits in the Silesia - Cracow district, Southern Poland. Springer Link, 44, 559-580.Vito Coppola, et al., 2007. Non-sulfide zinc deposits in Upper Silesia, Southern Poland. Proceeding of the Ninth Biennial SGA Meeting, Dublin, 1401-1404.Williams P.A., 1990. Oxide zone geochemistry: Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK, 286p.
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Damdinova, Ludmila, and Bulat Damdinov. "Tungsten Ores of the Dzhida W-Mo Ore Field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia): Mineral Composition and Physical-Chemical Conditions of Formation." Minerals 11, no. 7 (July 5, 2021): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11070725.
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This article discusses the peculiarities of mineral composition and a fluid inclusions (FIs further in the text) study of the Kholtoson W and Inkur W deposits located within the Dzhida W-Mo ore field (Southwestern Transbaikalia, Russia). The Mo mineralization spatially coincides with the apical part of the Pervomaisky stock (Pervomaisky deposit), and the W mineralization forms numerous quartz veins in the western part of the ore field (Kholtoson vein deposit) and the stockwork in the central part (Inkur stockwork deposit). The ore mineral composition is similar at both deposits. Quartz is the main gangue mineral; there are also present muscovite, K-feldspar, and carbonates. The main ore mineral of both deposits is hubnerite. In addition to hubnerite, at both deposits, more than 20 mineral species were identified; they include sulfides (pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, bornite, etc.), sulfosalts (tetrahedrite, aikinite, stannite, etc.), oxides (scheelite, cassiterite), and tellurides (hessite). The results of mineralogical and fluid inclusions studies allowed us to conclude that the Inkur W and the Kholtoson W deposits were formed by the same hydrothermal fluids, related to the same ore-forming system. For both deposits, the fluid inclusion homogenization temperatures varied within the range ~195–344 °C. The presence of cogenetic liquid- and vapor-dominated inclusions in the quartz from the ores of the Kholtoson deposit allowed us to estimate the true temperature range of mineral formation as 413–350 °C. Ore deposition occurred under similar physical-chemical conditions, differing only in pressures of mineral formation. The main factors of hubnerite deposition from hydrothermal fluids were decreases in temperature.
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Damdinova, L. B., B. B. Damdinov, M. O. Rampilov, and S. V. Kanakin. "Conditions of ore formation of the Aunikskoye F-Be deposit (Western Transbaikal)." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061118-38.
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This study examines the compositions of the ore and the ore formation solutions, conditions of formation, and sources of Be mineralization using the Aunikskoye F-Be deposit, which is an integral part of the Western Transbaikal beryllium-bearing provinces, as a representative example. Further, the main factors responsible for the formation of beryllium mineralization were evaluated. The ore deposits are presented by the feldsparic–fluorspar–phenacite–bertrandite metasomatites formed in the carboniferous limestones during their metasomatic alternation with hydrothermal solutions by introducing F, Be, and other associated elements. The formation of early phenacite–fluorspar association occurred in high-fluorite СО2-containing solutions of elevated alkalinity with a salinity of ~10.5%–12% wt eq. NaCl in a temperature range of ~ 370–260 °С at pressures ranging from 1873 to 1248 bar. More recent fluorite and bertrandite deposits were formed by solutions with a salinity of 6.4%–7.7% wt eq. NaCl in a temperature range of ~156 °C–110 °C and a pressure range of 639–427 bar. The examination of the isotopic signature of the ore association minerals confirmed the apocarbonate nature of the main ore deposit and allowed the determination of the magmatogene nature of the ore-forming paleothermal springs, which are the source of subalkaline leucogranites. The primary factors that influenced the formation of the F-Be ore included the reduction of the F activity in solutions because of the binding of Ca and F in fluorite as well as because of the decrease in temperature during the ore deposition process. The elevated alkalinity of the ore-formation solutions resulted in the low solubility of the Be complexes, which caused a relatively low Be content in the ore and a relatively small amount of mineralization in the deposit.
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Leontev, Vasilii Ivanovich, and Yackov Yur’evich Bushuev. "Ore Mineralization in Adular-Fluorite Metasomatites: Evidence of the Podgolechnoe Alkalic-Type Epithermal Gold Deposit (Central Aldan Ore District, Russia)." Key Engineering Materials 743 (July 2017): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.743.417.
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The Podgolechnoe deposit, which belongs to the alkalic-type (A-type) epithermal gold-ore deposits, lies in the Central Aldan ore district (Russia). Gold-ore mineralization is associated with a volcano-plutonic complex made of rocks of the monzonite-syenite formation (J3–K1). The ore bodies are localized in the crushing zones developed after crystalline schists, gneisses, and granites of the crystalline basement complexes (Ar–Pr). Metasomatic alterations in host rocks have potassic specialization. Vein ore minerals are adular, fluorite, roscoelite, sericite, and carbonate. Ore minerals are pyrite, galena, sphalerite, cinnabar, brannerite, monazite, bismuth telluride, stutzite, hessite, petzite, montbraite, and native gold. The deposit has been explored as a gold-ore deposit, however, due to complex composition of ores there is a need to reveal the possibilities of the integrated development of this deposit. This could provide for a reserve increment and an increase in the gross recoverable value of ores due to the extraction of associated components.
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Boguslavskiy, M. A., V. D. Sagalevich, and V. Yu Prokofiev. "New data on the formation conditions of the Golets Vysochaishiy gold deposit (Bodaibinskiy district, Russia)." Moscow University Bulletin. Series 4. Geology 1, no. 6 (January 29, 2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33623/0579-9406-2021-6-70-76.
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The Golets Vysochaishy deposit has a sub-tabular orebody hosted by black carbonaceous fine-grained aleuropelitic rocks. We have studied fluid inclusions in quartz samples taken from sulfide-quartz veins in the ore zone of the deposit — performed studies made it possible to establish the parameters of the ore-forming fluid. Thus, the fluids of the deposit are characterized by the typical features of orogenic vein gold deposits’ ore-forming fluids. The process of carbon dioxide degassing from the fluid may have contributed to the deposition of native gold.
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Borisov, Michael, Dmitry Bychkov, Mariya Volkova, and Yury Shvarov. "Role of water/rock interaction in the formation of ore-bearing solutions and deposition of hydrothermal ore, Sadon Mining District, North Caucasus Mountains, Russia." E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 05003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199805003.
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REE distribution patterns of the ores and host rocks of the Dzhimidon vein lead-zinc deposit (North Caucasus, Ossetia, Sadon mining district, Russia) have been analyzed to elucidate the source(s) of hydrothermal ore deposits. Two types of prevailing rocks are involved in ore formation - Paleozoic granites (the main ore-hosting rocks at the majority of deposits) and Precambrian schists (specific only the for host rocks of the Dzhimidon deposit). The source of ore components tends to be complex and includes host rocks in variable proportions that could be characterized by REE distribution in ores. Interaction of water with combined sources was thermodynamically modeled. Critical differences were found in the ore-forming models, with variable sequence and rock proportions during interaction with barren fluid.
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Li, Jie, Nan Li, Meiyun Wang, Yingxin Song, Zongyuan Tang, Pu Zhang, Guang Wang, and Lipeng Zhang. "Formation of the Miaoan Au-Polymetallic Deposit in the Northern Taihang Mountain, North China Craton: Ore Geology, Geochronological and Geochemical Perspectives." Minerals 12, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12091144.
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Several gold ore-concentrated areas have been recognized in the destruction zone of the North China Craton (NCC). However, the deposits in the western part of the destruction zone have received less attention. Miaoan, a typical Au-polymetallic deposit in the northern Taihang Mountain, provides a good sample for deepening our understanding of the genesis of gold deposits in the western destruction zone. In this study, detailed ore geology, pyrite Rb-Sr age, trace element and S-C-O isotopes of Au-bearing ores were conducted to constrain the source of ore-forming materials and their tectonic setting. The pyrites obtain an Rb-Sr isochron age of 129.5 ± 2.5 Ma, consistent with those of magmatic rocks in this deposit, suggesting their genetic relationship. The δ34S values ranging from −5.5‰ to 1.6‰ and the high Co/Ni and Y/Ho ratios of pyrites indicate the mantle-crust mixing characteristics of ore-forming fluids. The δ13C (−6.3‰ to −2.0‰) and δ18O (9.3‰ to 17.6‰) values of Au-bearing ores and calcites suggest mixing characteristics as well. Geochronologically, the Miaoan Au-polymetallic deposit was formed during the destruction of the NCC. We propose that the Miaoan Au-polymetallic deposit is a decratonic gold deposit and that its ore-forming materials have a mixed source of mantle and crust.
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Rusinova, Nataliya, and Vasilii Ivanovich Leontev. "Sulfur Isotopic Composition of Sulfides of the Au-Te Ore Mineralization in Podgolechnoe and Samolazovskoe Gold-Ore Deposits (Aldan Shield, Russia)." Key Engineering Materials 769 (April 2018): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.769.227.
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This work presents the results of an analysis of the sulfur isotopic composition of pyrites from different metasomatic rocks of the Samolazovskoe and Podgolechnoe (Central Aldan ore district) deposits. The sulfur isotopic ratio of pyrite from ore-bearing metasomatic rocks of the Podgolechnoe deposit is characterized by δ34S values varying in a range from –1.8 to –5.5 ‰; that of pyrite from the Samolazovskoe deposit is in a range from –6.9 to –12.3‰. This is in agreement with the suggestion that a magmatic source made a significant contribution to the formation of the ore-forming fluid.
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MELNIKOV, ANTON VLADIMIROVICH, VITALY ALEKSEEVICH STEPANOV, and DMITRIY VALERYEVICH YUSUPOV. "DISCOVERY AND STUDY HISTORY POKROVSKY GOLD ORE DEPOSIT IN THE AMUR REGION." Messenger AmSU, no. 91 (2020): 63–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/jasu.11.
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A brief history of the discovery and study of the large Pokrovsky gold ore deposit of the Amur Region, from the ores of which about 63 tons of gold were extracted, is given. The role of scientific and production organizations and individual geologists in the discovery of the deposit is shown. According to the results of almost half a century of research, the deposit is classified as a near-surface gold-silver formation with a typical composition of ores, near-ore metasomatites and native gold for deposits of this type. The closest analogue of Pokrovka is the Kubak deposit of the Omolonsky gold-silver province.
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Guo, Yufeng, Kuo Liu, Shuai Wang, Feng Chen, Zhuang Yang, Lingzhi Yang, and Dongyue Li. "Deposit Formation in a Coal-Fired Rotary Kiln for Fluxed Iron Ore Pellet Production: Effect of MgO Content." Crystals 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 1214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091214.
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During the roasting process of fluxed pellets in a coal-fired rotary kiln, the incomplete combustion of pulverized coal injection accelerates deposit formation, which further limits the production efficiency of fluxed pellets. In order to eliminate the above problem, this study investigated the influence of MgO on deposit formation mechanism. The thermodynamic analysis revealed that MgO could increase the melting temperature of silicates in fluxed pellets with 0.8–1.2 basicity (CaO/SiO2) when roasted at 1200–1250 °C, thereby decreasing the amount of liquid phase that formed initial deposits. XRD and SEM analyses of deposit simulants demonstrated that the addition of MgO was conducive to form magnesium magnetite and ferri-diopside, thereby avoiding the formation of hedenbergite with lower melting temperature. Moreover, the softening-melting performance and adhesivity tests confirmed that MgO had a positive effect on reducing liquid-phase deposition and inhibiting the adhesion of deposits on refractory bricks below 1250 °C. The above studies indicated that the addition of MgO helped to slow down the deposit formation of fluxed pellets prepared by coal-fired rotary kiln.
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Richards, Jeremy P. "Making faults run backwards: the Wilson Cycle and ore deposits." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 51, no. 3 (March 2014): 266–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2013-0094.
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The plate tectonic revolution, culminating with the formulation of the Wilson Cycle, took place over a period of less than a decade in the 1960s and early 1970s. The model provided a framework for understanding the formation of almost every type of mineral deposit then known on Earth, ranging from base and precious metal deposits associated with rifting, to porphyry Cu–Mo and epithermal Au deposits associated with subduction, and collision-related mesothermal Au deposits. By the end of the 1970s, satisfactory tectonic models for most of these deposit types had been established. Modern geological and economic geology research is largely built on these models, which have been expanded in detail but remain largely unchanged in concept and function.
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Lykhin, D. A., V. V. Yarmolyuk, A. A. Vorontsov, and A. V. Travin. "Structure and age of the fluorite-berillium deposit of the field Rainbow, Western Sayan Mountains: to the problem of assessment of metallogenic prospects of the territory." Доклады Академии наук 488, no. 3 (September 26, 2019): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524883282-287.
Full textAbstract:
The age and geochemical parameters of the muscovite-fluorite-euclase-beryl Raduga deposit, which is located within the Kizir-Kazyr zone of rare-metal magmatism, are determined. In contrast to other deposits and ore occurrences of the zone, represented by alkaline granites characterized by rare metal mineralization, the Raduga deposit is associated with metasomatites in carbonate rocks. The age of the deposit, estimated at 40Ar/39Ar by the muscovite method of beryllium fluorite-muscovite greisens, is 469.3± 4.5Ma. It corresponds to the age of the ore-bearing alkaline granites of the zone. The dikes which occur within the deposit are identical by the composition to the dikes of rare-metal alkaline granitic massifs, one of which is located in a few kilometers from the deposit. The nature of the ore Be-Li mineralization of the deposit is in good agreement with the geochemical specialization of the Early Paleozoic Kizir-Kazyr metallogenic zone. The revealed features of the relationship between Raduga deposit and rare-metal deposits in alkaline granites suggests a variety of mechanisms involved in the formation of rare-metal deposits of the Kizir-Kazyr zone. Thus, it allows to expand approaches for prediction and exploration of rare-metal deposits in the region.
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A., Chauvet. "Structural Control of Ore Deposits: The Role of Pre-Existing Structures on the Formation of Mineralised Vein Systems." Minerals 9, no. 1 (January 17, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min9010056.
Full textAbstract:
The major role played by pre-existing structures in the formation of vein-style mineral deposits is demonstrated with several examples. The control of a pre-existing decollement level on the formation of a crustal extension-related (collapse) gold deposit is first illustrated in the Quadrilátero Ferrífero from Brazil. Shear zone and decollement structures were also examined and shown to control veins formation by three distinct processes: (i) re-aperture and re-using of wrench shear zones in the case of Shila gold mines (south Peru); (ii) remobilisation of metal in volcanic-hosted massive sulphide (VHMS) deposit by subsequent tectonic events and formation of a secondary stockwork controlled by structures created during this event (Iberian Pyrite Belt, Spain); (iii) formation of economic stockwork by contrasting deformation behaviours between ductile black schist versus brittle more competent dolomite (Cu-Ifri deposit, Morocco). Two examples involve changing of rheological competence within zones affected by deformation and/or alteration in order to receive the mineralisation (case studies of Achmmach, Morocco, and Mina Soriana, Spain). The last case underscores the significance of the magmatic–hydrothermal transition in the formation of mesothermal gold deposits (Bruès mine, Spain). All these examples clearly demonstrate the crucial role played by previously formed structures and/or texture in the development and formation of ore deposits.
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Maltseva, G. D., M. V. Yakhno, R. N. Ivanova, and G. N. Burueva. "Ore mineral formation stages of the Sredniy site (Mnogovershinnoye deposit)." Earth sciences and subsoil use 45, no. 3 (October 8, 2022): 235–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2686-9993-2022-45-3-235-245.
Full textAbstract:
The Mnogovershinnoye gold deposit (Khabarovsk Territory, Russia) today is a significant industrial facility, which features extension additions as a results of additional in-mine exploration of deep horizons and identification of new objects within the ore field. The purpose of this work is to study the formation stages of ore minerals of one of the deposit sites as well as to identify the mineralogical and structural-textural features of ores. The methods of mineralogical and petrographic study of the material composition of ores are widely used in geological practice and allow to determine the material features of the studied objects as well as describe the ore formation process. The study of ore types was carried out using an Olympus BX51 microscope. Field observations performed by the authors served the base for the mineralogical and petrographic study of ore samples and host rocks of the Sredniy site of the Mnogovershinnoye deposit, which led to a slightly different understanding of formation stages of ore mineralization of this section of the deposit. The study revealed at least three formation stages of the material complex of this site of the deposit. The first stage is a magmatic one. It characterizes with the formation of pyrite of the first generation. The second stage is an ore hydrothermal one, as a result of which the gold-sulfide mineralization was formed including pyrite of the second generation, chalcopyrite, magnetite, kustelite. Gangue quartz was formed at the end of the second stage together with such ore minerals as pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, and an insignificant amount of kustelite and native copper. The third stage is an exogenous one, during which substitution and oxidation structures were formed with iron hydroxide evolution. The studies of the ores of the Mnogovershinnoye deposit have shown once again the presence of polysulfide multistage mineralization, which had been developing in close connection with the magmatic process. Knowledge about the deposit formation stages is an integral part of the creation of geological and structural models of the deposit, which are necessary to increase the efficiency of geological exploration within the studied objects.
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Xue, Song, Yaoling Niu, Yanhong Chen, Yining Shi, Boyang Xia, Peiyao Wang, Hongmei Gong, Xiaohong Wang, and Meng Duan. "Iron Isotope Fractionation during Skarn Cu-Fe Mineralization." Minerals 11, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 444. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11050444.
Full textAbstract:
Fe isotopes have been applied to the petrogenesis of ore deposits. However, the behavior of iron isotopes in the mineralization of porphyry-skarn deposits is still poorly understood. In this study, we report the Fe isotopes of ore mineral separations (magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and pyrrhotite) from two different skarn deposits, i.e., the Tonglvshan Cu-Fe skarn deposit developed in an oxidized hydrothermal system and the Anqing Cu skarn deposit developed in a reduced hydrothermal system. In both deposits, the Fe isotopes of calculated equilibrium fluids are lighter than those of the intrusions responsible for the skarn and porphyry mineralization, corroborating the “light-Fe fluid” hypothesis. Interestingly, chalcopyrite in the oxidized-Tonglvshan skarn deposit has lighter Fe than chalcopyrite in the reduced-Anqing skarn deposit, which is best understood as the result of the prior precipitation of magnetite (heavy Fe) from the ore fluid in the oxidized-Tonglvshan systems and the prior precipitation of pyrrhotite (light Fe) from the ore fluid in the reduced-Anqing system. The δ56Fe for pyrite shows an inverse correlation with δ56Fe of magnetite in the Tonglvshan. In both deposits, the Fe isotope fractionation between chalcopyrite and pyrite is offset from the equilibrium line at 350 °C and lies between the FeS-chalcopyrite equilibrium line and pyrite-chalcopyrite equilibrium line at 350 °C. These observations are consistent with the FeS pathway towards pyrite formation. That is, Fe isotopes fractionation during pyrite formation depends on a path from the initial FeS-fluid equilibrium towards the pyrite-fluid equilibrium due to the increasing extent of Fe isotopic exchange with fluids. This finding, together with the data from other deposits, allows us to propose that the pathway effect of pyrite formation in the Porphyry-skarn deposit mineralization is the dominant mechanism that controls Fe isotope characteristics.
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Nekrasov, E. M. "EXPECTED OCCURRENCE OF THE BLIND ORE BODIES AT THE LOWER LEVELS OF THE BALEI DEPOSIT AND A MECHANISM OF THE RICH ORES FORMATION AT THE NEAR-SURFACE GOLD-SILVER ORE DEPOSITS." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 5 (October 28, 2017): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2017-5-40-51.
Full textAbstract:
The gold ore chimneys of 2 types have been shown to be developed at the near-surface deposits of gold and silver ores. These types are: 1 - bulk ones, of the vein-nested-veinlet ore bodies of stockwork shapes and 2 - small pay streaks of the ore bodies, appeared either in single veins or in the veins, being a part of the wide ore bundles. The example of the first type is the Central ore column of Balei deposit and the column of the Glavnaya (Main) vein of the Karamkenskoe deposit. A deiailed analyses of the graphic material, made by N.V. Petranovskaya for Balei deposit, confirms, that under the bottom of the ore controling vein №2 in the vertical interval from 100 to 250-350 m the rich ores can be prevailed in the zones, which are likely to join with ore bodies of Taseevsky site. The discovery of the new bulk gold ore chimnies is likely to be there. With this, an additional exploration of the south-east flanks of the Balei deposit is needed, that can lead to the discovery of the new bulk gold ore chimnies.
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Shaparenko, Elena, Nadezhda Gibsher, Margarita Khomenko, Anatoly Tomilenko, Anatoly Sazonov, Taras Bul’bak, Sergey Silyanov, Marina Petrova, and Maria Ryabukha. "Parameters for the Formation of the Dobroe Gold Deposit (Yenisei Ridge, Russia): Evidence from Fluid Inclusions and S–C Isotopes." Minerals 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13010011.
Full textAbstract:
The Dobroe deposit with 10 t gold reserves is one of the gold mines located within the Yenisei Ridge Orogenic Belt. The ore-forming conditions of orogenic gold deposits are have recently been widely discussed. A comprehensive study of fluid inclusions revealed that the Dobroe gold deposit was formed by water–carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide–hydrocarbon fluids within a temperature range of 180 to 360 °C, a pressure range of 0.8 to 1.3 kbar, and a salinity range of 1.5 to 15.0 wt.% (NaCl-equiv.). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that ore-forming fluids consisted of H2O, CO2, hydrocarbons, nitrogenated, sulfonated, and chlorinated compounds. The distribution patterns of δ13C in fluid inclusions (−11.3‰–−3.6‰) and δ34S in sulfides (1.9‰–17‰) of the Dobroe deposit indicate a crustal source for ore-bearing fluids.
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Zaitseva, M. N., V. V. Kuznetsov, V. D. Konkin, T. V. Seravina, A. V. Inyakin, N. N. Bogoslavets, and M. M. Khachaturov. "LEAD AND ZINC DEPOSIT FORMATION CONDITIONS WITHIN ANGARA-BOLSHEPITSK MINERAGENIC ZONE, YENISEI RIDGE." Ores and metals, no. 3 (November 11, 2020): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2020-10021.
Full textAbstract:
The paper shows the main characteristics for geological and associated ore formations in the Tungusik formation complex. Ore formation deposit types and ore field types in the region are identified and described. Based on the identified lithofacies, the paleoenvironment of stratiform ore associations formation is characterized. The role of metamorphism and structural factors affecting prospecting conditions are shown. The relationship between the mineral type of ores and organic carbon content in ore-bearing strata for various geological and economic types has been revealed. The obtained and generalized data are of practical interest in designing forecasting/prospecting deposit models and improving prospecting efficiency.
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Gongalsky, B. "Deposits of the Udokan-Chineysky ore-magmatic system of Eastern Siberia." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 962, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/962/1/012051.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aggregate of ore deposits localized in the Udokan-Chineysky ore district is unique and is the result of multi–stage, polygenetic formation. The deposits of copper and other metals formed at various depths occur within a limited area. The oxide and sulfide ore are spatially associated in the sedimentary rocks pertaining to the Paleoproterozoic Udokan Supergroup and the intrusive mafic–ultramafic rocks of the Chineysky Complex. The granite rocks of the Kodar Complex and gabbro rocks of the Chineysky Complex also date back to Paleoproterozoic. The same age has been established for metasomatic Nb–Ta–Zr–REE–Y and U mineralization in the albitized terrigenous rocks of the Udokan Supergroup (Katugin deposit and Chitkanda prospect) and U–Pd prospects hosted in terrigenous rocks. The U–REE mineralization superposed on the titanomagnetite deposits in the Chineysky pluton has not analogues in the world’s practice. The occurrences of uranium mineralization have been noted in form of pitchblende and U–Th rims around chalcopyrite grains at the Unkur copper deposit hosted in sedimentary rocks. The enrichment in U and Pb has been documented in crosscutting quartz veinlets with bornite mineralization at the Udokan deposit.
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Spirina, A. V., V. V. Makarov, I. B. Moiseev, and I. V. Vikentyev. "Morphological features of ore reserves of the Novo-Uchaly vms deposit (Southern Urals)." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration 63, no. 2 (November 5, 2020): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2020-63-2-35-46.
Full textAbstract:
Background. The Novo-Uchaly copper-zinc VMS deposit in the Southern Urals (54°10΄54˝N and 59°20΄45˝E) is represented by a steeply dipping lens of Eifelian volcanics (rhyodacites and basalts), which are crumpled into a strongly compressed anticlinal fold. The ore deposit is blind and localised at the convergence of felsic (bottom) and mafic (top) rocks. The deposit is located at depths of 550 m (in the northern part) and 1050 m (in the southern part). The deposit thickness reaches 186 m. The length along the strike and along the dip equals 1250 m and 900 m, respectively. The ore body is intruded by gabbro-diorite and gabbro-diabase dikes. The main ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite, as well as non-metallic minerals, such as quartz, barite and calcite. Unlike most of the Ural VMS deposits, this deposit is the zinc subtype (Zn >> Cu). The ores are predominantly massive and solid sulphide, being banded or brecciated in some parts. The main elements extracted are copper, zinc and sulphur, but gold, silver, cadmium, indium, cobalt, nickel, selenium and tellurium are also obtained.Aim. To clarify the morphology of the ore deposit, to study the ore mineral composition of the upper horizons of its northern part and to determine the underlying reasons for the complex lenticular structure of the sulphide reserve.Materials and methods. In the period 2017—2019, employees of the Institute of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IGEM RAS) together with geologists of the Uchaly Mining and Processing Plant carried out a geological and mineralogical mapping of the deposit in the course of exploration works.Results. The ore contours and mineral composition of the northern part of the ore body were significantly clarified. A series of dikes of variable morphology was identified. A comparison was made of the results with current theories about the structure of the ore deposit. Detailed geological sections were determined and illustrate the complex lenticular structure of the ore deposit complicated by pinch and swell areas. The deposit was formed by processes of dynamic metamorphism.Conclusion. The geological and mineralogical structure of the deposit determined in the study enabled us to propose a schematic reconstruction of the conditions leading to the formation of its folded structure. The findings will help to re-assess the reserves and improve the system of operational exploration and delineation.
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Mederer, Johannes, Robert Moritz, Massimo Chiaradia, Richard Spikings, Jorge E. Spangenberg, and David Selby. "Ore Formation During Jurassic Subduction of the Tethys Along the Eurasian Margin: Constraints from the Kapan District, Lesser Caucasus, Southern Armenia." Economic Geology 114, no. 7 (November 1, 2019): 1251–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4640.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The Kapan mining district in the southernmost Lesser Caucasus is one of the few locations along the central Tethyan metallogenic belt where ore-forming processes were associated with magmatic arc growth during Jurassic Tethys subduction along the Eurasian margin. Three ore deposits of the Kapan district were investigated in this study: Centralni West, Centralni East, and Shahumyan. The ore deposits are hosted by Middle Jurassic andesitic to dacitic volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks of tholeiitic to transitional affinities below a late Oxfordian unconformity, which is covered by calc-alkaline to transitional Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcanic rocks interlayered with sedimentary rocks. The mineralization consists of veins, subsidiary stockwork, and partial matrix replacement of breccia host rocks, with chalcopyrite, pyrite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, sphalerite, and galena as the main ore minerals. Centralni West is a dominantly Cu deposit, and its host rocks are altered to chlorite, carbonate, epidote, and sericite. At Centralni East, Au is associated with Cu, and the Shahumyan deposit is enriched in Pb and Zn as well as precious metals. Both deposits contain high-sulfidation mineral assemblages with enargite and luzonite. Dickite, sericite, and diaspore prevail in altered host rocks in the Centralni East deposit. At the Shahumyan deposit, phyllic to argillic alteration with sericite, quartz, pyrite, and dickite is dominant with polymetallic veins, and advanced argillic alteration with quartz-alunite ± kaolinite and dickite is locally developed. The lead isotope composition of sulfides and alunite (206Pb/204Pb = 18.17–18.32, 207Pb/204Pb = 15.57–15.61, 208Pb/204Pb = 38.17–38.41) indicates a common metal source for the three deposits and suggests that metals were derived from magmatic fluids that were exsolved upon crystallization of Middle Jurassic intrusive rocks or leached from Middle Jurassic country rocks. The δ18O values of hydrothermal quartz (8.3–16.4‰) and the δ34S values of sulfides (2.0–6.5‰) reveal a dominantly magmatic source at all three deposits. Combined oxygen, carbon, and strontium isotope compositions of hydrothermal calcite (δ18O = 7.7–15.4‰, δ13C = −3.4−+0.7‰, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.70537–0.70586) support mixing of magmatic-derived fluids with seawater during the last stages of ore formation at Shahumyan and Centralni West. 40Ar/39Ar dating of hydrothermal muscovite at Centralni West and of magmatic-hydrothermal alunite at Shahumyan yield, respectively, a robust plateau age of 161.78 ± 0.79 Ma and a disturbed plateau age of 156.14 ± 0.79 Ma. Re-Os dating of pyrite from the Centralni East deposit yields an isochron age of 144.7 ± 4.2 Ma and a weighted average age of the model dates of 146.2 ± 3.4 Ma, which are younger than the age of the immediate host rocks. Two different models are offered, depending on the reliability attributed to the disturbed 40Ar/39Ar alunite age and the young Re-Os age. The preferred interpretation is that the Centralni West Cu deposit is a volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit and the Shahumyan and Centralni East deposits are parts of porphyryepithermal systems, with the three deposits being broadly coeval or formed within a short time interval in a nascent magmatic arc setting, before the late Oxfordian. Alternatively, but less likely, the three deposits could represent different mineralization styles successively emplaced during evolution and growth of a magmatic arc during a longer time frame between the Middle and Late Jurassic.
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Gazaleeva, Galina I., and Konstantin Bulatov. "Choosing special methods of selective disintegration and schemes for complex refractory ore." Izvestiya vysshikh uchebnykh zavedenii. Gornyi zhurnal 1 (February 15, 2022): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.21440/0536-1028-2022-1-45-57.
Full textAbstract:
Introduction. The article highlights a new procedure of choosing special methods of disintegration and schemes for complex refractory ore and develops an integrated approach and criteria to comparing different types of crushers and screens, namely, reduction ratio, grinding degree, slime formation degree, and a new selectivity criterion. Research aims to study a new method and derive an equation to determine the crushing in the layer force and a new selectivity criterion. Research methods. The new methods were tested by comparing Otboynoye deposit tantalum ore, Vishnevogorsky deposit niobium ore, and Zashihinsky deposit tantalum-niobium ore crushing in cone inertial and centrifugal impact crushers and a roller press. The process of crushing in machines was studied in the laboratory and semi-industrial conditions. Different operation modes of crushers and screens were also checked. Object of research is tantalum and niobium ore of different deposits. Research results. The crushing selectivity criterion and reduction ratio comparison demonstrated that centrifugal impact crusher and roller press indexes are lower than the cone inertial crusher (KID) indexes. The reduction ratio for different crushing machines is 10.1 for the centrifugal impact crusher, 10.8 for the roller press, and 14.2 for the cone inertial crusher. The selectivity criterion for the crushing machines is 0.632 units for the centrifugal impact crusher, 0.730 units for the roller press, and 0.848 units for the KID. The KID-300А crusher performed the best for Otboynoye deposit tantalum ore and Vishnevogorsky deposit niobium ore. The KID-300А crusher also has the best slime formation degree criterion. The new method has been tested and approved. Summary. The paper analyses different methods and criteria of selective crushing. A new crushing selectivity criterion was proposed based on optical and electron microscopy data. It describes the ratio of liberation in the crushed product and feed.
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Kadashnikova, A. Yu, A. A. Sorokin, V. A. Ponomarchuk, A. V. Travin, A. V. Ponomarchuk, and L. V. Eyrish. "Localization patterns of mineralization, age, and sources of substance of the Malomyr gold ore field (Eastern part of the Mongolian–Okhotsk fold belt)." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-77706113-17.
Full textAbstract:
To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to reliably assess the age of gold mineralization in the Malomyr field (eastern part of the Mongolian-Okhotsk fold belt), one of the best known deposits in the Far East. The obtained data confirmed that the age of the hydrothermal ore process that resulted in the formation of the Malomyr deposit was ~ 134–130 million years and that the age of the postore dykes was 110–104 million years. Data related to the occurrence of magmatism within the region under consideration were not available, which made it impossible to link the ore mineralization of the Malomyr deposit with the magmatic processes. Based on the data obtained in this investigation, the dislocation processes accompanied by the hydrothermal activity that was confirmed using the structural examinations results evidently played a significant role in ore mobilization and redistribution as well as the formation of the Malomyr deposit. The first Rb-Sr and δ34S results of this research indicated that both the “crust” and “mantle” sources were available among the ore sources.
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Tseluyko, A. S., V. V. Maslennikov, N. R. Aupova, and S. P. Maslennikova. "Mineral and textural-structural features of the ore facies of Yubileynoye massive sulfide deposit (the Southern Urals)." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 4 (August 28, 2017): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2017-4-50-56.
Full textAbstract:
A study of the ore facies of the massive sulfide ores from the Yubileynoe deposit (ore body № 2) has been shown. The sub-seafloor and seafloor hydrothermal, biogenic, clastic and seafloor hypergenic facies have been diagnosed in the studied ores, reflecting different formation conditions within the ore body № 2. The seafloor and sub-seafloor hydrothermal facies occur in the central part of the ore body, while clastic with seafloor hypergenic facies dominate at the flanks of the ore body. Rare minerals are native gold, minerals of Ag, Te, Bi and Pb widespread in seafloor hydrothermal and clastic ore facies. The ratio of the ore facies in the ore body № 2 shows the simiiar ore-forming processes within the Yubileynoe deposit and other massive sulfide deposits of the Urals.
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Wu, Bo Lin, Liang Hu, Chi Yang Liu, Fei Bian, Hai Tong Wang, An Jun Wei, Kun Hong Zhang, and Mei Fang Dai. "The Genesis and Characteristics of Calcified-Wood Alike Carbonation in Zhiluo Group of Ore-Bearing Strata in Dongsheng Uranium Deposit." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 1795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.1795.
Full textAbstract:
Dongsheng deposit at the northeast Ordos Basin is one of the largest sandstone-type uranium deposits in China. Its characteristics are quite different from that of sandstone-type uranium deposit in Turpan Basin and Yili Basin, Xinjiang province. One of the important aspects is that Zhiluo group of ore-bearing stratum in Dongsheng deposit was developed with more discontinuous lenticular carbonation and phenomenon of calcified wood rather than the unique non-plant fossils. This phenomenon of calcified-wood alike carbonation is rarely observed in other uranium deposits in Ordos Basin. The identified rock slice is composed of micritic calcite cemented sandstone and crystalline calcite. The former was formed by sedimentary diagenesis. The latter consists of calcite inclusions, which have been observed in water-based solution and CO2 or CH4-based gas inclusions. The temperature of the most inclusions were in the range of 140~170°C. It indicated that carbonate played an important role as hydrothermal fludis in the process of the formation of calcified wood. The analytic results of sparry calcite carbon and oxygen isotope showed that the most of the carbon sources were provided by the organic matter rather than from the process of diagenesis. Combined with the formation and characteristics of Dongsheng deposit where the area oil and gas dispersion exists, the formation of calcified-wood alike carbonation was the result of geological dispersion of oil and gas, which came from the middle of the basin area in the Paleozoic atmosphere filled by calcite crystals. Understanding the formation mechanism of Zhiluo group of ore-bearing stratum has great significance in prospecting for Dongsheng deposit.
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Znamensky, S. E., and N. M. Znamenskaya. "Voznesenskoe gold ore deposit (Southern Urals): Geological structure, ore-bearing rock geochemistry, geodynamic formation conditions." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 22, no. 3 (July 2, 2022): 391–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2022-22-3-391-403.
Full textAbstract:
Research subject. The geological structure, petro-geochem ical features of the ore-bearing rocks of the Voznesenskoe gold ore deposit (Southern Urals) and the geodynamic conditions of its formation. Methods. The content of petrogenic oxides was determined using silicate analysis; rare elements were determ ined using ICP-MS methods by an EIAH 9000 mass spectrometer and ICP-AES by an ICPE-9000 mass spectrometer. Results. The Voznesenskoe deposit is confined to a fragment of the crustal part of the section of harzburgite-type island-arc ophiolites. The ophiolite section is composed of taxite gabbroids, a sequence of dolerites, basalts, basaltic andesites and their tuffs, in places separated from gabbroids by lenses of serpentinites, and a package of subparallel dikes of porphyry gabbro-dolerites, gabbro-diorites, and diorites. Volcanics and dyke rocks with normal alkalinity and tholeiitic composition exhibit the geochemical characteristics of suprasubduction formations. In terms of chemical composition, they are comparable to the volcanic rocks of the pyritebearing complexes of the Baimak-Buribaevskaya Formation (D1e2). At the same time, the Voznesensky rocks have a number of distinct features, which are likely to be related to the geodynamic setting of their formation. In particular, ore-bearing effusive rocks and dykes differ from volcanic rocks of pyrite-bearing complexes in terms of a higher titanium content, the absence of boninite and silicic volcanic rocks, as well as the predominance of porphyry rock types. Conclusion. The conducted analysis of geochemical data using the V-Ti/1000 and LaN/SmN-TiO2 diagrams suggests that the association of mafic volcanic rocks and ore-bearing dykes of gabbro-dolerites, gabbro-diorites and diorites of the Voznesensky deposit was formed in the back-arc basin of the Late Ems frontal island arc.
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Leng, Yaxing, Jianping Wang, and Dewen Zheng. "Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology of Granite from Duobaoshan Porphyry Cu (Mo) Deposit, Northeast China: Implications for Cooling History and Ore Preservation." Geofluids 2022 (March 8, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/2948701.
Full textAbstract:
The Duobaoshan Cu (Mo) deposit is one of the oldest super large porphyry deposits in the eastern part of the Central Asian orogenic belt. Although ore-forming processes have been extensively concerned, the post-mineralization ore preservation state was poorly focused on. In order to improve the ability of prospecting forecast, it is necessary to consider both deposit formation and deposit preservation. Here, we reported apatite fission track (AFT) data for the Duobaoshan porphyry copper deposits in the belt to reveal the cooling and exhumation history and evaluate ore preservation. The results show that the rapid cooling of the ore-hosting rock body occurred later than the surrounding rock body. The rapid cooling of the surrounding granodiorite occurred between 82 and 72 Ma, with the exhumation depth of 2.33–3.11 km and the exhumation rate of 0.25 mm/a, whereas the ore-hosting granodiorite porphyry was rapid cooling between 71.8 and 50.2 Ma, with the exhumation depth of 2.99–3.86 km and the exhumation rate of 0.22 mm/a. This differential exhumation and cooling event provide favorable geological conditions for the preservation of the ore body.
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Zaitseva, Maria. "Geological structure and localization of mineralization at the Moryanikho-Merkurikhinskoye ore field." Ores and metals, no. 4 (January 10, 2022): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.47765/0869-5997-2021-10029.
Full textAbstract:
The paper discusses the lithological and facial features
of the terrigenous-carbonate (biohermic) ore-bearing
geological formation of the Moryanikho-Merkurikhinskoye
ore field (Yenisei Ridge), which hosts stratiform
lead-zinc deposits in carbonate strata. Ore-hosting lithofacies
and their paleostructural position are characterized.
Based on the previous studies, as well as the author’s
own materials obtained as a result of field work, the
main favorable lithological, facial and structural factors
for hosting Moryanikhinsky-type stratiform lead-zinc
mineralization are defined: the presence of paleodepressions
within the shelf zone; development of carbonate
rocks – dolomites, stromatolite dolomites and limestones,
which are biohermic structures on the slopes of
paleo-uplifts; the presence of an admixture of tuffaceous
material in terrigenous rock varieties.
The influence of tectonic faults on the formation of
ore deposits and the morphology of ore bodies is indicated.
The main types of ores of the Moryanikho-
Merkurikhinsky ore field, as well as their mineral composition
are described. The paper discusses the main ore
types, as well as their mineral composition typical of the
Moryanikho-Merkurikhinskoye ore field. The largest and
well-studied lead and zinc stratiform Moryanikhinskoye
deposit and Merkurikhinskoye ore occurrence located
within the ore field are briefly characterized.
The Moryanikhinskoye deposit is a typical example
for searching for stratiform deposits of lead and zinc in
the carbonate strata of the Angara-Bolshepitskaya mineragenic
zone, which is of practical interest in developing
predictive prospecting models of deposits and improving
the efficiency of prospecting.
36
Serov, Pavel A. "Selective Neodymium Enrichment of Sulfides as a “Fingerprint” of Late Processes of Ore-Formation: Insight into Sm-Nd Isotopes for Sulfides from Magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE Complexes and Hydrothermal Pb-Zn, Au-Mo, and Gold Deposits." Minerals 12, no. 12 (December 19, 2022): 1634. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12121634.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of enrichment with Nd in sulfides from magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE complexes and sulfide ores from hydrothermal Pb-Zn, Au-Mo, and gold deposits was found and characterized. This paper concerns the report and analysis of isotopic geochemical data on the sulfide ores from the large Paleoproterozoic mafic–ultramafic magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE complexes of Fennoscandia and the literature data on sulfide ores from the Qingchengzi Pb-Zn deposit (northeastern China), Tokuzbay gold deposit (southern Altai, northwestern China), and Dahu Au-Mo deposit (central China). The mineral/rock partition coefficients for Nd and Sm (the DNd/DSm ratio) are defined as a prospective tool for the reconstruction of the sulfide mineral formation and geochemical substantiation of possible sources of ore-forming fluids for deposits of various genetic types. The observed selective Nd accumulation indicates either hydrothermal or metamorphic (metasomatic) impact, which is associated with increased Nd mobility and its migration or diffusion. Due to this process, there is a relative Nd accumulation in comparison with Sm and a consequent increase in the DNd/DSm ratio. At the isotopic system level, this leads to a sufficient decrease in the Sm/Nd ratio for the secondary sulfides of such kind. The revealed effect may serve as an isotopic geochemical marker of recent processes. These processes are quite frequently associated with the most important ore formation stages, which bear the commercially valuable concentrations of ore components. Sulfides from magmatic Cu-Ni-PGE complexes are more characterized by the selective accumulation of Nd in the sequential sulfide mineral formation. For sulfides from hydrothermal deposits, the effect of Nd enrichment is more intense and closely related to ore-forming fluids, under the influence of which sulfide mineralization is formed in multiple stages. The study aims at expanding the knowledge about fractionation and the behavior of lanthanides in ore-forming processes and allows the development of additional criteria for the evaluation of the ore potential of deposits with different geneses, ages, and formation conditions.
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Kogarko, L. N. "New geochemical criterion of rare metal mineralization in the peralkaline magmas (Lovozero mineral deposit, Kola Peninsula)." Доклады Академии наук 487, no. 4 (August 27, 2019): 424–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0869-56524874424-427.
Full textAbstract:
Detailed studies have shown that changing the forms of eudialyte release (and the time of its crystallization) is a new geochemical criterion for the ore - bearing of alkaline magmas for rare metal (eudialyte ores). A new ore-bearing principle of alkaline magmas has been formulated: a prerequisite for the formation of an ore deposit is the early saturation of alkaline magmas with respect to the ore mineral. If the concentration of the ore component is significantly lower than the cotectic concentration (saturation), then the melt saturation and crystallization of the ore mineral will be carried out at the later stages of rock formation in a small volume of interstitial melt, when the phenomena of convective-gravity differentiation and segregation of mineral phases in the form of ore deposits are hampered. This leads to the dispersion of ore components in the form of xenomorphic forms of accessory minerals. Rocks of the differentiated complex (lower zone of the Lovozero deposit), and of the Khibiny massif, containing xenomorphic eudialyte, are not promising for eudialyte ores. Eudialyte deposits are associated with the upper zone of the Lovozero intrusion containing idiomorphic early eudialyte. The saturation of the initial magma in relation to eudialyte occurs after crystallization of about 80% of the intrusion. The proposed criterion is applicable to the largest alkaline massifs in the world. With the Ilimaussaksky massif (Greenland), in the rocks of which early, crystallized, idiomorphic eudialyte, there is a superlarge eudialyte ore deposit while in the Khibiny eudialyte ore is absent.
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Richards, Jeremy P. "Porphyry copper deposit formation in arcs: What are the odds?" Geosphere 18, no. 1 (November 16, 2021): 130–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/ges02086.1.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Arc magmas globally are H2O-Cl-S–rich and moderately oxidized (ΔFMQ = +1 to +2) relative to most other mantle-derived magmas (ΔFMQ ≤ 0). Their relatively high oxidation state limits the extent to which sulfide phases separate from the magma, which would otherwise tend to deplete the melt in chalcophile elements such as Cu (highly siderophile elements such as Au and especially platinum-group elements are depleted by even small amounts of sulfide segregation). As these magmas rise into the crust and begin to crystallize, they will reach volatile saturation, and a hydrous, saline, S-rich, moderately oxidized fluid is released, into which chalcophile and any remaining siderophile metals (as well as many other water-soluble elements) will strongly partition. This magmatic-hydrothermal fluid phase has the potential to form ore deposits (most commonly porphyry Cu ± Mo ± Au deposits) if its metal load is precipitated in economic concentrations, but there are many steps along the way that must be successfully negotiated before this can occur. This paper seeks to identify the main steps along the path from magma genesis to hydrothermal mineral precipitation that affect the chances of forming an ore deposit (defined as an economically mineable resource) and attempts to estimate the probability of achieving each step. The cumulative probability of forming a large porphyry Cu deposit at any given time in an arc magmatic system (i.e., a single batholith-linked volcanoplutonic complex) is estimated to be ~0.001%, and less than 1/10 of these deposits will be uplifted and exposed at shallow enough depths to mine economically (0.0001%). Continued uplift and erosion in active convergent tectonic regimes rapidly remove these upper-crustal deposits from the geological record, such that the probability of finding them in older arc systems decreases further with age, to the point that porphyry Cu deposits are almost nonexistent in Precambrian rocks. A key finding of this paper is that most volcanoplutonic arcs above subduction zones are prospective for porphyry ore formation, with probabilities only falling to low values at late stages of magmatic-hydrothermal fluid exsolution, focusing, and metal deposition. This is in part because of the high threshold required in terms of grade and tonnage for a deposit to be considered economic. Thus, the probability of forming a porphyry-type system in any given arc segment is relatively high, but the probability that it will be a large economic deposit is low, dictated to a large extent by mineral economics and metal prices.
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Dai, Mingjian, Yunbiao Peng, Chenjun Wu, Yangquan Jiao, Lu Liu, Aisheng Miao, Chengyong Zhang, Zilong Zhang, and Shuang Chen. "Ore characteristics of the sandstone-type Daying uranium deposit in the Ordos Basin, northwestern China." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 54, no. 8 (August 2017): 893–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2016-0158.
Full textAbstract:
The Ordos Basin is one of the top oil-, gas-, and coal-producing basins in China and is increasingly recognized as an important uranium mineralization province. Uranium deposits occur near the margin of the basin and are mainly hosted in the sandstones of the Jurassic Zhiluo Formation. The Daying uranium deposit in the Ordos Basin is one of the most important large sandstone-type uranium deposits in China. Based on thin section analysis and electron microprobe measurements, we used analytical chemical data to study the characteristics of the Daying uranium deposit, including the type, structure, particle size, material composition, chemical composition, form, and valence state of the uranium. The uranium mainly exists in three forms: an absorbed form, independent minerals, and uranium-bearing minerals. Most of the uranium in the ore is U4+, and the proportion of U6+ ranges from 18% to 55%, with an average of 33%. The proportion of U6+ is relatively high in the cores containing low-grade ore. This study provides a reference for determining the best smelting technology with which to further develop this deposit.
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Li, Li, Hai-Li Li, Guo-Guang Wang, and Jian-Dong Sun. "Geochronology of the Baishi W-Cu Deposit in Jiangxi Province and Its Geological Significance." Minerals 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2022): 1387. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12111387.
Full textAbstract:
The Baishi W-Cu deposit is located in the Nanling metallogenic belt, which is famous for its numerous W deposits and reserves. The formation age of this deposit remains unclear. In order to further infer the formation age of the deposit, this study conducted detailed LA-ICP-MS U-Pb isotopic analyses of zircon and monazite selected from ore-related Baishi granite. The LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb weighted average ages of Baishi granite were determined to be 223 ± 2 Ma and 226 ± 1 Ma, and the LA-ICP-MS U-Pb weighted average ages of monazite were determined to be 224 ± 2 Ma and 223 ± 1 Ma. The BSE image of monazite was homogeneous, and the pattern of rare earth elements had an obvious negative Eu anomaly, indicating that monazite was of magmatic origin. Combining the ages of zircon and monazite, this study inferred that Baishi granite and the Baishi W-Cu deposit formed in the Triassic. The determination of the ore-forming event of the Baishi W-Cu deposit provides new data regarding the important Indosinian (Triassic) mineralization events in the Nanling metallogenic belt and suggests that geologists should strengthen the prospecting work of Indosinian tungsten deposits in the Nanling area. In terms of tectonic setting, it was inferred that the Triassic Baishi W-Cu deposit was formed in the extensional environment after intracontinental orogeny.
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Kong, Yue. "Sedimentary Facies Feature and its Ore-Controlling Role of Middle Permain Liangshan Formation, Southeast District of Guizhou Province." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 1255–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.1255.
Full textAbstract:
The bauxite deposits in the study area belongs to the monohydrate bauxite deposit that were located the eroded surface of carbonate rocks, and the host country rock is the Middle—Permian Liangshan formation strata. In order to understand the development situation of the sedimentary facies of Liangshan formation in different periods and in different regions in the study area as well as the evolutionary process,the authors selected four strata profiles for the comparative analysis from the drilling records.The result indicated that there were two stages of transgression and a stage of marine regression in the study area during the ore—forming period,and the sea water transgressed into the NE part from the SW direction.The paleogeographic frame work played an important role in the deposition of the ore—forming materials,deposit preservation and the secondary enrichment.
42
Savva, N. E., A. V. Volkov, A. A. Sidorov, E. E. Kolova, and K. Yu Murashov. "Primorskoye epithermal Ag-Au deposit (Northeast of Russia): geologic aspects, mineralogic and geochemical features, and ore formation conditions." Геология рудных месторождений 61, no. 1 (January 15, 2019): 52–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0016-777061152-74.
Full textAbstract:
As a potentially large Ag-Au epithermal deposit, Primorskoye comprises the following three areas: Kholodny, Spiridonych, and Teply. This deposit is located in the Omsukchan district of the Magadan Region, where similar deposits, including Dukat, Lunnoye, Goltsovoye, Arylakh, Tidit, and Perevalnoye, have developed. The deposit can be attributed to the Kalalagian volcano-tectonic depression and is localized in a flat-lying rock mass in the Late Cretaceous ignimbrites and rhyolites having thicknesses of greater than 700 m, which is cut through by numerous dykes of medium and major composition. According to the drilling data, the solid mass of leucocratic granites is located in deposits at a depth of 400–500 m with outcrops in the northeastern part of the ore field. The presence of Bi-containing galena and matildite, the availability of mid and high temperature facies of metasomatites (epidote and actinolite), and the specific physical and chemical conditions during the formation of the epithermal Ag-Au ores indicate the intrusive position above and the role of granitoids as generators of high temperature magmatic fluids, which introduced Bi and heated the rocks enclosing the mineralization. The geochemical features of the ores are well correlated with their mineral compositions. The high concentrations of Mn and Ag, elevated concentration of Au, low concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Sb, As, Bi, and Te, low sum of REE, and negative Eu- and positive Се-anomalies were observed. The high values of the Te/Se, Sr/Ba, Y/Ho, and U/Th indicators in the ores are associated with the deposit location in the zone of granitoid massif effect. Further, the physical and chemical parameters of ore formation in the Teply area are unusual and are characterized by high temperatures, low concentrations of salts, and fluid density, which are indicative of the typical “dry steam” conditions. The obtained results allow the Primorskoye epithermal deposit to be attributed to the intermediate class. The information present in the article is practically valuable for the regional forecast and metallogenic developments as well as for searching and assessing the epithermal Ag-Au deposits.
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Zhou, Xiong, Yu Zhou, and Yi Zhang. "Further Studies of Ore-Forming Fluid Sources of Bangpu Molybdenum-Copper Polymetallic Deposit, Tibet." Advanced Materials Research 746 (August 2013): 473–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.746.473.
Full textAbstract:
Bangpu molybdenum-copper polymetallic deposit is located in the eastern section of the Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt of Tibet. It is a typical large porphyry molybdenum copper polymetallic deposit. The isotope study of fluid inclusions H and O in the quartz (calcite) of various mineralization stages shows that, the ore-forming fluid comes mainly from meteoric hydrothermal caused by atmospheric precipitation, which has consistency with ore-forming fluid sources of Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt. The Mo-Cu phase with low δD value (-140.5 ~ -104.0 ) suggests a large-scale magmatic degassing. The alteration and mineralization have been caused precisely by the degassing, and the obvious O isotope drift occurred being accompanied by alteration-mineralization, so that the fluid has a low δ18O (vary from 5.50 to 9.0 ). The statistical research indicates that, the massive magmatic degassing occurred in Gangdese Porphyry Copper Belt, and was gradually increased from east to west, suggesting the direct impact of the magmatic degassing on the formation of the porphyry copper-gold deposit and molybdenum copper deposit: the stronger the magmatic degassing, the more easily to form the molybdenum-based porphyry deposit, otherwise it will be formed the deposits dominated by Cu and Au.
44
Safonova, I. Yu, R. M. Antonyuk, A. V. Gurova, V. M. Kalugin, I. A. Savinsky, A. P. Vnukovsky, and T. Zh Orynbek. "Geological structure and copper mineralization of the Tekturmas ophiolite belt and related structures of central Kazakhstan." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 22, no. 4 (September 2, 2022): 472–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2022-22-4-472-496.
Full textAbstract:
The article presents an overview of the main stages of magmatism and ore mineralization of copper and other metals of the Tekturmas ophiolite belt and related structures of Central Kazakhstan. The age, composition and probable tectonic settings during the formation of Cu-Ni deposits in Central Kazakhstan associated with sulfide mineralization are discussed. The Tekturmas ophiolite belt includes formations of three lithological types: basaltic Karamurun and Kuzek formations, siliceous Tekturmas and Bazarbai formations and clastic Sarytau, Airtau and Yermek formations. The potential ore mineralization of the Tekturmas ophiolite belt is associated with plutonic mafic and ultramafic rocks of the ophiolite section, within the Karamurun and Kuzek formations of the Tekturmas and Bazarbai segments, respectively. The Uspenka rift zone, which is adjacent to the Tekturmas ophiolite belt, includes three volcanogenic-sedimentary associations of Early-Middle Silurian, Early-Middle Devonian and Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous ages. The Uspenska copper deposit is related to the youngest Late Devonian-Early Carboniferous association. The geological structure of the territory, which includes magmatic bodies with Cu-Ni ore mineralization, should serve as a basis for an integrated approach to studying oreforming systems. The most promising locations of copper mineralization within the Tekturmas ophiolite belt and Uspenska rift zone are the Kamkor and Uspenska-Bella deposits and the Urtynjal, Ordobasy and Shopa ore occurrences. All these deposits are associated with mafic and ultramafic intrusive complexes. The main regional and local geological characteristics of these deposits and ore occurrences, along with the types of ore mineralization, are discussed. It is argued that Central Kazakhstan has limited prospects for the discovery of large Cu deposits; however, the discovery of medium-size and small-size deposits of that type is quite possible. The discovery of new large Cu-porphyry deposit in the Tekturmas ophiolite belt is also unlikely; however, additional prospecting works aimed at identification of new ore bodies in the vicinity of already known deposits and ore occurrences presents research interest.
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Sidorov, Evgeny G., Andrey A. Borovikov, Nadezhda D. Tolstykh, Daria S. Bukhanova, Galina A. Palyanova, and Valery M. Chubarov. "Gold Mineralization at the Maletoyvayam Deposit (Koryak Highland, Russia) and Physicochemical Conditions of Its Formation." Minerals 10, no. 12 (December 5, 2020): 1093. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min10121093.
Full textAbstract:
Microthermometry study of fluid inclusions in quartz veins of the Maletoyvayam deposit (Koryak Highland, Russia) was carried out. This epithermal gold deposit contains unique Au compounds including maletoyvayamite, which has not been reported anywhere else. Two paragenetic mineral associations (pyrite-quartz and maletoyvayamite-quartz) with quartz of different generations corresponding to different pulses were also described. Only early generations of quartz (Q1) include ore minerals: pyrite for the first mineral assemblage, and in Au-bearing minerals, sulfosalts, bismuthinite, and others—for the second assemblage. A study on fluid inclusions in quartz showed a salinity (mainly NaCl + KCl) range from 0.2 to 4.3 wt.% NaCl eq., increasing from the first mineral association to the second due to boiling fluids. The obtained temperature variations for quartz crystallization were 295–135 °C, the fluid pressure ranged from 79 to 4 bar. On the other hand, the range of conditions obtained for the gold productive ore association is more narrow: salinity of the fluid inclusions is 4.3 wt.% NaCl eq., the temperatures vary from 255 °C to 245 °C, and the pressure from 39 to 32 bar. These physicochemical characteristics of the Maletoyvayam ore deposit greatly coincide with other HS-type epithermal deposits; however, within the Central Kamchatka Volcanic Belt it is so far the only deposit of this type reported.
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Parafiniuk, Jan, Rafał Siuda, and Andrzej Borkowski. "Sulphate and arsenate minerals as environmental indicators in the weathering zones of selected ore deposits, Western Sudetes, Poland." Acta Geologica Polonica 66, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 496–511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agp-2016-0022.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The results of a complex investigation of the sulphate and arsenate assemblages forming in the weathering zone of selected ore deposits in the Sudetes are presented. The development of the weathering zone has been characterised in the polymetallic ore deposits at Miedzianka-Ciechanowice and Radzimowice, and the pyrite deposit at Wieściszowice, which differ in the chemical compositions of the ore and barren minerals and the hydrological conditions. Secondary sulphate and arsenate mineral assemblages vary significantly among the ore deposits under study. Their crystallization is discussed, taking into consideration the stability of particular minerals and the paths of their transformation. It is shown that these minerals have great potential as indicators of weathering processes. A significant role for microorganisms in the formation of the weathering zone of the ore deposits under study is also proven.
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Courtney-Davies, Liam, Cristiana L. Ciobanu, Simon R. Tapster, Nigel J. Cook, Kathy Ehrig, James L. Crowley, Max R. Verdugo-Ihl, Benjamin P. Wade, and Daniel J. Condon. "OPENING THE MAGMATIC-HYDROTHERMAL WINDOW: HIGH-PRECISION U-Pb GEOCHRONOLOGY OF THE MESOPROTEROZOIC OLYMPIC DAM Cu-U-Au-Ag DEPOSIT, SOUTH AUSTRALIA." Economic Geology 115, no. 8 (August 27, 2020): 1855–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4772.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Establishing timescales for iron oxide copper-gold (IOCG) deposit formation and the temporal relationships between ores and the magmatic rocks from which hydrothermal, metal-rich fluids are sourced is often dependent on low-precision data, particularly for deposits that formed during the Proterozoic. Unlike accessory minerals routinely used to track hydrothermal mineralization, iron oxides are dominant components of IOCG systems and are therefore pivotal to understanding deposit evolution. The presence of ubiquitous, magmatic-hydrothermal U-(Pb)-W-Sn-Mo–bearing zoned hematite resolves a range of geochronological issues concerning formation of the ~1.6 Ga Olympic Dam IOCG deposit, South Australia, at up to ~0.05% precision (207Pb/206Pb weighted mean; 2σ) using isotope dilution-thermal ionization mass spectrometry (ID-TIMS). Coupled with chemical abrasion-ID-TIMS zircon dates from host granite and volcanic rocks within and enclosing the ore-body, a confident magmatic-hydrothermal chronology is defined. The youngest zircon date from the granite intrusion hosting Olympic Dam indicates magmatism was occurring up until 1593.28 ± 0.26 Ma. The orebody was principally formed during a major mineralizing event following granite uplift and during cupola collapse, whereby the hematite with the oldest age is recorded in the outer shell of the deposit at 1591.27 ± 0.89 Ma, ~2 m.y. later than the youngest documented magmatic zircon. Hematite dates captured throughout major lithologies, different ore zones, and the ~2-km vertical extent of the deposit support ~2 m.y. of hydrothermal activity. New age constraints on the spatial-temporal evolution of the formation of Olympic Dam are considered with respect to a mantle to crustal continuum model. Cyclical tapping of magma reservoirs to maintain crystal mushes for extended time periods and incremental building of batholiths on the million-year scale prior to main mineralization pulses can explain the ~2-m.y. temporal window temporal window inferred from the data. Despite the challenge of reconciling such an extended window with contemporary models for porphyry deposits (≤1 m.y.), formation of Proterozoic ore deposits has been addressed at high-precision and supports the case that giant IOCG deposits may form over millions of years.
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Wang, Shuai, Yufeng Guo, Kuo Liu, Zhuang Yang, Yajing Liu, Ying Jiang, Feng Chen, Fuqiang Zheng, and Lingzhi Yang. "The Deposit Formation Mechanism in Coal-Fired Rotary Kiln for Iron Ore Pellet Production: A Review." Crystals 11, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080974.
Full textAbstract:
The deposit-forming problem is one of the main bottlenecks restricting the yield and production benefit of iron ore pellets produced by coal-fired rotary kilns. In order to implement measures to ensure the efficient production of pellets by coal-fired rotary kilns, the mechanism and influencing factors on the deposit formation were reviewed. The pellet powder and coal ash come together to form the material base of the deposit. Meanwhile, the local reducing atmosphere caused by the continued combustion of residual carbon increases the FeO content, resulting in the formation of low-melting-point silicates. Moreover, alkali metal elements in coal ash can also promote liquid phase formation to cause serious deposit aggregation problems. During high-temperature roasting, the liquid phase corrodes the surface of the refractory brick to form the initial deposit, whereafter, it binds the pellet powder and coal ash from the material layer, which causes the deposit to accumulate continuously. The deposit formation of coal-fired rotary kilns is the result of interaction between many factors, which includes the quality of the green pellets, the composition of coal ash, the combustion efficiency of pulverized coal, roasting temperature, FeO content and alkali metal input. Finally, it is recommended that some measures to mitigate deposit formation can be adopted, such as increasing the compression strength of preheated pellets, choosing high-quality raw materials with low alkali metals, improving the combustion of pulverized coal.
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Kotelnikov, Alexander E., Daria A. Kolmakova, and Elena M. Kotelnikova. "Determination of the copper-nickel ores formation sequence of the Kun-Manye deposit (Amur region)." RUDN Journal of Engineering Researches 21, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8143-2020-21-1-48-57.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of the article is to determine the sequence of mineral formation of copper-nickel ores of Kun-Manie deposit, which is located in Zeya district of Amur region. Three ore chutes take part in the structure of the deposit. Ore-bearing formations are sheet and sheetlike bodies of ultra-basic composition of the Kun-Manien complex, lying among rocks of crystal foundation of the Early Archean. Among the rocks, hornblende differences of gabbro-pyroxenites and pyroxenites predominate. In addition to nickel, the ores contain a wide range of associated components. The ores oxidation zone within the deposit and the entire ore field is not developed. The relevance of the work is due to the fact that detailed studies of ore minerals have not previously been carried out. The study presented in the work was conducted by polarizing ore microscope on polished ore samples characterizing different zones of the ore body. The result of the study was the establishment of mineral paragenesis and the sequence of mineral formation. It has been determined that the main ore minerals are pyrrhotine, pentlandite, also found - pyrite, chalcopyrite, less often - ilmenite, magnetite, sphalerite, platinum group elements. Ore mineralization formed in two stages. The magmatic stage is an early and main mineral formation phases including pyrite-magnetite, polymetallic and pentlandite associations. The hydrothermal stage is a late phase involving a pyrite association.
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Stepanov, V. A. "Reference couple gold deposit — placer as a basis for forecasting of the new gold deposits in Amur river basin." Proceedings of higher educational establishments. Geology and Exploration, no. 6 (January 3, 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.32454/0016-7762-2018-6-49-58.
Full textAbstract:
About 1400 placers and several dozens of ore gold deposits are known in the Amur gold-bearing province. Placers are to a large degree worked out, so the future of the province is seen to be in the discovery of the new gold deposits. The paper shows the dependence of the productivity and composition of the native gold placers on the size and formational affiliation of the placer-forming gold deposit. The reference couples have been identified: the gold deposit and the placer formed due to the erosion of its' upper part. For example, the Tokur gold-quartz deposit is a channel-fill placer in Tokur stream, gold-sulphide-quartz deposit Pioneer—the placer in Ulungi river, gold-sulphide-quartz deposit Bamskoe—the placer of Chulbangro river, Berezitovoye gold-polymetallic deposit—placer of the Konstantinovsky stream and gold-silver field Pokrovskoye—placer of Sergeevsky stream. A forecast of new gold deposits of a certain formation has been made according to the parameters of the placer and the composition of the native gold. A similar selection of reference couples of a gold deposit and a placer with the subsequent forecasting of new deposits can be one of the methods for predicting gold deposits in the other gold-bearing provinces.